1
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Bustad E, Mudrock E, Nilles EM, Mcquate A, Bergado M, Gu A, Galitan L, Gleason N, Ou HC, Raible DW, Hernandez RE, Ma S. In vivo screening for toxicity-modulating drug interactions identifies antagonism that protects against ototoxicity in zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1363545. [PMID: 38515847 PMCID: PMC10955247 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1363545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ototoxicity is a debilitating side effect of over 150 medications with diverse mechanisms of action, many of which could be taken concurrently to treat multiple conditions. Approaches for preclinical evaluation of drug-drug interactions that might impact ototoxicity would facilitate design of safer multi-drug regimens and mitigate unsafe polypharmacy by flagging combinations that potentially cause adverse interactions for monitoring. They may also identify protective agents that antagonize ototoxic injury. Methods: To address this need, we have developed a novel workflow that we call Parallelized Evaluation of Protection and Injury for Toxicity Assessment (PEPITA), which empowers high-throughput, semi-automated quantification of ototoxicity and otoprotection in zebrafish larvae via microscopy. We used PEPITA and confocal microscopy to characterize in vivo the consequences of drug-drug interactions on ototoxic drug uptake and cellular damage of zebrafish lateral line hair cells. Results and discussion: By applying PEPITA to measure ototoxic drug interaction outcomes, we discovered antagonistic interactions between macrolide and aminoglycoside antibiotics that confer protection against aminoglycoside-induced damage to lateral line hair cells in zebrafish larvae. Co-administration of either azithromycin or erythromycin in zebrafish protected against damage from a broad panel of aminoglycosides, at least in part via inhibiting drug uptake into hair cells via a mechanism independent from hair cell mechanotransduction. Conversely, combining macrolides with aminoglycosides in bacterial inhibition assays does not show antagonism of antimicrobial efficacy. The proof-of-concept otoprotective antagonism suggests that combinatorial interventions can potentially be developed to protect against other forms of toxicity without hindering on-target drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Bustad
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Emma Mudrock
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Nilles
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrea Mcquate
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Monica Bergado
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alden Gu
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Louie Galitan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Natalie Gleason
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Henry C. Ou
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David W. Raible
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- VM Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rafael E. Hernandez
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shuyi Ma
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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2
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Schindler M, Endlich N. Zebrafish as a model for podocyte research. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F369-F381. [PMID: 38205541 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00335.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocytes, specialized postmitotic cells, are central players in various kidney-related diseases. Zebrafish have become a valuable model system for studying podocyte biology because they are genetically easy to manipulate, transparent, and their glomerular structure is similar to that of mammals. This review provides an overview of the knowledge of podocyte biology in zebrafish larvae, with particular focus on their essential contribution to understanding the mechanisms that underlie kidney diseases as well as supporting drug development. In addition, special attention is given to advances in live-imaging techniques allowing the observation of dynamic processes, including podocyte motility, podocyte process behavior, and glomerulus maturation. The review further addresses the functional aspects of podocytes in zebrafish larvae. This includes topics such as glomerular filtration, ultrastructural analyses, and evaluation of podocyte response to nephrotoxic insults. Studies presented in this context have provided important insights into the maintenance and resistance of the glomerular filtration barrier in zebrafish larvae and explored the potential transferability of these findings to mammals such as mice, rats, and most importantly, humans. The recent ability to identify potential therapeutic targets represents a promising new way to identify drugs that could effectively treat podocyte-associated glomerulopathies in humans. In summary, this review gives an overview about the importance of zebrafish as a model for podocyte-related disease and targeted drug development. It also highlights the key role of advanced imaging techniques in transparent zebrafish larvae, improving our understanding of glomerular diseases and the significant potential for translation of these findings to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schindler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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3
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Bustad E, Mudrock E, Nilles EM, McQuate A, Bergado M, Gu A, Galitan L, Gleason N, Ou HC, Raible DW, Hernandez RE, Ma S. In vivo screening for toxicity-modulating drug interactions identifies antagonism that protects against ototoxicity in zebrafish. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.08.566159. [PMID: 37986751 PMCID: PMC10659329 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.08.566159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Ototoxicity is a debilitating side effect of over 150 medications with diverse mechanisms of action, many of which could be taken concurrently to treat multiple conditions. Approaches for preclinical evaluation of drug interactions that might impact ototoxicity would facilitate design of safer multi-drug regimens and mitigate unsafe polypharmacy by flagging combinations that potentially cause adverse interactions for monitoring. They may also identify protective agents that antagonize ototoxic injury. To address this need, we have developed a novel workflow that we call Parallelized Evaluation of Protection and Injury for Toxicity Assessment (PEPITA), which empowers high-throughput, semi-automated quantification of ototoxicity and otoprotection in zebrafish larvae. By applying PEPITA to characterize ototoxic drug interaction outcomes, we have discovered antagonistic interactions between macrolide and aminoglycoside antibiotics that confer protection against aminoglycoside-induced damage to lateral line hair cells in zebrafish larvae. Co-administration of either azithromycin or erythromycin in zebrafish protected against damage from a broad panel of aminoglycosides, at least in part via inhibiting drug uptake into hair cells via a mechanism independent from hair cell mechanotransduction. Conversely, combining macrolides with aminoglycosides in bacterial inhibition assays does not show antagonism of antimicrobial efficacy. The proof-of-concept otoprotective antagonism suggests that combinatorial interventions can potentially be developed to protect against other forms of toxicity without hindering on-target drug efficacy.
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4
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Sree Kumar H, Wisner AS, Refsnider JM, Martyniuk CJ, Zubcevic J. Small fish, big discoveries: zebrafish shed light on microbial biomarkers for neuro-immune-cardiovascular health. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1186645. [PMID: 37324381 PMCID: PMC10267477 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1186645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a powerful model to study the gut microbiome in the context of human conditions, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and immune dysfunction. Here, we highlight zebrafish as a tool to bridge the gap in knowledge in linking the gut microbiome and physiological homeostasis of cardiovascular, neural, and immune systems, both independently and as an integrated axis. Drawing on zebrafish studies to date, we discuss challenges in microbiota transplant techniques and gnotobiotic husbandry practices. We present advantages and current limitations in zebrafish microbiome research and discuss the use of zebrafish in identification of microbial enterotypes in health and disease. We also highlight the versatility of zebrafish studies to further explore the function of human conditions relevant to gut dysbiosis and reveal novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemaa Sree Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurological Disorders, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Alexander S. Wisner
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- Center for Drug Design and Development, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Jeanine M. Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, OH, United States
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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5
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Wu F, Zuo HJ, Ren XQ, Wang PX, Li F, Li JJ. Gastrodin Regulates the Notch-1 Signal Pathway via Renin-Angiotensin System in Activated Microglia. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:40-52. [PMID: 35749056 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Notch-1 and renin angiotensin system (RAS) are involved in microglia activation. It has been reported that gastrodin inhibited inflammatory responses mediated by activated microglia. This study explored the possible interaction between this two pathways, and to determine whether gastrodin would exert its effects on both of them. Expression of RAS, Notch-1 signaling and proinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated BV-2 microglia subjected to various treatments was determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The protein expression of RAS, Notch-1 pathway and TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly increased in activated microglia. Exogenous Ang II markedly enhanced the expression of these biomarkers. Meanwhile, Azilsartan [a specific inhibitor of AT1 (AT1I)] inhibited the expression of Notch-1 pathway and proinflammatory cytokines. When Notch-1 signaling was inhibited with DAPT, ACE and AT1 expression remained unaffected, indicating that RAS can regulate the Notch-1 pathway in activated microglia but not reciprocally. Additionally, we showed here that gastrodin inhibited the RAS, Notch-1 pathway and inflammatory response. Remarkably, gastrodin did not exert any effect on expression of Notch-1 signaling when RAS was blocked by AT1I, suggesting that gastrodin acts on the RAS directly, not through the Notch-1 pathway. Furthermore, TNF-α and IL-1β expression was significantly increased in activated microglia treated with exogenous Ang II; the expression, however, was suppressed by gastrodin. Of note, expression of proinflammatory cytokines was further decreased in gastrodin and AT1I combination treatment. The results suggest that gastrodin acts via the RAS which regulates the Notch-1 signaling and inflammation in LPS-induced microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Han-Jun Zuo
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xue-Qi Ren
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China.
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6
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Farhadi A, Liu Y, Xu C, Wang X, Li E. The role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in salinity adaptation in Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1089419. [PMID: 36589833 PMCID: PMC9798321 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1089419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormonal system that plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis in mammals. In fishes, the RAS pathway participates in osmoregulation and salinity adaptation. However, the role of the RAS pathway in invertebrates, particularly in crustaceans, remains unknown. In this study, four key genes of the RAS pathway (LV-ACE, LV-APN, LV-AT1R, and LV-RR) were cloned, characterized, and their expression levels were detected in the eyestalk, hepatopancreas, and muscle of Litopenaeus vannamei during long-term and short-term low salinity stress. The results showed that LV-ACE, LV-APN, LV-AT1R, and LV-RR encode 666, 936, 175, and 323 amino acids, respectively. Low salinity stress downregulated the expression levels of LV-ACE, LV-APN, LV-AT1R, and LV-RR in L. vannamei, indicating that the RAS pathway was suppressed under low salinity. Moreover, these genes play important roles in the regulation of drinking rate, controlling urine output, blood glucose, and blood pressure, indicating that their downregulation probably affected the homeostasis of shrimps. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism of salinity adaptation in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardavan Farhadi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Erchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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7
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Farhadi A, Liu Y, Xu C, Han T, Wang X, Li E. Evidence from transcriptome analysis unravelled the roles of eyestalk in salinity adaptation in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 329:114120. [PMID: 36055397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Eyestalk is considered the main neuroendocrine organ in crustaceans. Eyestalk regulates reproduction, molting, and energy metabolism by secreting several neurohormones. However, the role of eyestalk in salinity adaptation in crustaceans remains unclear. To reveal the role of eyestalk in salinity adaptation in Litopenaeus vannamei, we performed RNA-seq to compare the transcriptomic response of the eyestalk under low salinity (salinity 3) with that of the control group (salinity 25) for 8 weeks. A total of 479 mRNAs, including 150 upregulated and 329 downregulated mRNAs, were differentially expressed between the two salinity groups. The majority of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in biological pathways related to osmoregulation, metabolism and energy production, and oxidative stress. The most important DEGs associated with osmoregulation were CA4, ATP1A, ATP2B, ABCB1, ABCC4, PhoA, PhoB, NOS1, ACE, ANPEP, and the V-type H+-ATPase E-subunit. The metabolism-related DEGs were divided into three main categories: carbohydrate and energy metabolism (i.e., G6PC, UGT), protein and amino acid metabolism (i.e., SLC15A1, AhcY, GFAT), and lipid and fatty acid metabolism (i.e., GPAT3_4, CYP2J). The key DEGs related to the oxidative stress response were UGT, NDUFB1, QCR7, QCR8, P5CDh, COX6B, and CES1. These results provide evidence for the existence of an eyestalk-salinity adaptation-stress endocrine axis in L. vannamei. These findings provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying salinity adaptation in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardavan Farhadi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Erchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
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8
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Naylor RW, Watson E, Williamson S, Preston R, Davenport JB, Thornton N, Lowe M, Williams M, Lennon R. Basement membrane defects in CD151-associated glomerular disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:3105-3115. [PMID: 35278129 PMCID: PMC9587066 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD151 is a cell-surface molecule of the tetraspanin family. Its lateral interaction with laminin-binding integrin ɑ3β1 is important for podocyte adhesion to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Deletion of Cd151 in mice induces glomerular dysfunction, with proteinuria and associated focal glomerulosclerosis, disorganisation of GBM and tubular cystic dilation. Despite this, CD151 is not routinely screened for in patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria. We aimed to better understand the relevance of CD151 in human kidney disease. METHODS Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to detect the variant in CD151. Electron and light microscopy were used to visualise the filtration barrier in the patient kidney biopsy, and immunoreactivity of patient red blood cells to anti-CD151/MER2 antibodies was performed. Further validation of the CD151 variant as disease-causing was performed in zebrafish using CRISPR-Cas9. RESULTS We report a young child with nail dystrophy and persistent urinary tract infections who was incidentally found to have nephrotic-range proteinuria. Through targeted NGS, a novel, homozygous truncating variant was identified in CD151, a gene rarely reported in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Electron microscopy imaging of patient kidney tissue showed thickening of GBM and podocyte effacement. Immunofluorescence of patient kidney tissue demonstrated that CD151 was significantly reduced, and we did not detect immunoreactivity to CD151/MER2 on patient red blood cells. CRISPR-Cas9 depletion of cd151 in zebrafish caused proteinuria, which was rescued by injection of wild-type CD151 mRNA, but not CD151 mRNA containing the variant sequence. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a novel variant in CD151 is associated with nephrotic-range proteinuria and microscopic haematuria and provides further evidence for a role of CD151 in glomerular disease. Our work highlights a functional testing pipeline for future analysis of patient genetic variants. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Naylor
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Elizabeth Watson
- South West Genomic Laboratory Hub, Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Pathology Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Samantha Williamson
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Preston
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - J Bernard Davenport
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nicole Thornton
- International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Filton, Bristol, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maggie Williams
- South West Genomic Laboratory Hub, Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Pathology Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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Naylor RW, Lemarie E, Jackson-Crawford A, Davenport JB, Mironov A, Lowe M, Lennon R. A novel nanoluciferase transgenic reporter measures proteinuria in zebrafish. Kidney Int 2022; 102:815-827. [PMID: 35716957 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.19.452884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish is an important animal system for modeling human diseases. This includes kidney dysfunction as the embryonic kidney (pronephros) shares considerable molecular and morphological homology with the human nephron. A key clinical indicator of kidney disease is proteinuria, but a high-throughput readout of proteinuria in the zebrafish is currently lacking. To remedy this, we used the Tol2 transposon system to generate a transgenic zebrafish line that uses the fabp10a liver-specific promoter to over-express a nanoluciferase molecule fused with the D3 domain of Receptor-Associated Protein (a type of molecular chaperone) which we term NL-D3. Using a luminometer, we quantified proteinuria in NL-D3 zebrafish larvae by measuring the intensity of luminescence in the embryo medium. In the healthy state, NL-D3 is not excreted, but when embryos were treated with chemicals that affected either proximal tubular reabsorption (cisplatin, gentamicin) or glomerular filtration (angiotensin II, Hanks Balanced Salt Solution, Bovine Serum Albumin), NL-D3 is detected in fish medium. Similarly, depletion of several gene products associated with kidney disease (nphs1, nphs2, lrp2a, ocrl, col4a3, and col4a4) also induced NL-D3 proteinuria. Treating col4a4 depleted zebrafish larvae (a model of Alport syndrome) with captopril reduced proteinuria in this system. Thus, our findings validate the use of the NL-D3 transgenic zebrafish as a robust and quantifiable proteinuria reporter. Hence, given the feasibility of high-throughput assays in zebrafish, this novel reporter will permit screening for drugs that ameliorate proteinuria, thereby prioritizing candidates for further translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Naylor
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Emmanuel Lemarie
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - J Bernard Davenport
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Aleksandr Mironov
- EM Core Facility (RRID: SCR_021147), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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10
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Naylor RW, Lemarie E, Jackson-Crawford A, Davenport JB, Mironov A, Lowe M, Lennon R. A novel nanoluciferase transgenic reporter measures proteinuria in zebrafish. Kidney Int 2022; 102:815-827. [PMID: 35716957 PMCID: PMC7614274 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is an important animal system for modeling human diseases. This includes kidney dysfunction as the embryonic kidney (pronephros) shares considerable molecular and morphological homology with the human nephron. A key clinical indicator of kidney disease is proteinuria, but a high-throughput readout of proteinuria in the zebrafish is currently lacking. To remedy this, we used the Tol2 transposon system to generate a transgenic zebrafish line that uses the fabp10a liver-specific promoter to over-express a nanoluciferase molecule fused with the D3 domain of Receptor-Associated Protein (a type of molecular chaperone) which we term NL-D3. Using a luminometer, we quantified proteinuria in NL-D3 zebrafish larvae by measuring the intensity of luminescence in the embryo medium. In the healthy state, NL-D3 is not excreted, but when embryos were treated with chemicals that affected either proximal tubular reabsorption (cisplatin, gentamicin) or glomerular filtration (angiotensin II, Hanks Balanced Salt Solution, Bovine Serum Albumin), NL-D3 is detected in fish medium. Similarly, depletion of several gene products associated with kidney disease (nphs1, nphs2, lrp2a, ocrl, col4a3, and col4a4) also induced NL-D3 proteinuria. Treating col4a4 depleted zebrafish larvae (a model of Alport syndrome) with captopril reduced proteinuria in this system. Thus, our findings validate the use of the NL-D3 transgenic zebrafish as a robust and quantifiable proteinuria reporter. Hence, given the feasibility of high-throughput assays in zebrafish, this novel reporter will permit screening for drugs that ameliorate proteinuria, thereby prioritizing candidates for further translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Naylor
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Emmanuel Lemarie
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - J Bernard Davenport
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Aleksandr Mironov
- EM Core Facility (RRID: SCR_021147), Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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11
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Hoffmann S, Mullins L, Rider S, Brown C, Buckley CB, Assmus A, Li Z, Sierra Beltran M, Henderson N, Del Pozo J, De Goes Martini A, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA, Mullins J. Comparative Studies of Renin-Null Zebrafish and Mice Provide New Functional Insights. Hypertension 2022; 79:e56-e66. [PMID: 35000430 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system is highly conserved across vertebrates, including zebrafish, which possess orthologous genes coding for renin-angiotensin system proteins, and specialized mural cells of the kidney arterioles, capable of synthesising and secreting renin. METHODS We generated zebrafish with CRISPR-Cas9-targeted knockout of renin (ren-/-) to investigate renin function in a low blood pressure environment. We used single-cell (10×) RNA sequencing analysis to compare the transcriptome profiles of renin lineage cells from mesonephric kidneys of ren-/- with ren+/+ zebrafish and with the metanephric kidneys of Ren1c-/- and Ren1c+/+ mice. RESULTS The ren-/- larvae exhibited delays in larval growth, glomerular fusion and appearance of a swim bladder, but were viable and withstood low salinity during early larval stages. Optogenetic ablation of renin-expressing cells, located at the anterior mesenteric artery of 3-day-old larvae, caused a loss of tone, due to diminished contractility. The ren-/- mesonephric kidney exhibited vacuolated cells in the proximal tubule, which were also observed in Ren1c-/- mouse kidney. Fluorescent reporters for renin and smooth muscle actin (tg(ren:LifeAct-RFP; acta2:EGFP)), revealed a dramatic recruitment of renin lineage cells along the renal vasculature of adult ren-/- fish, suggesting a continued requirement for renin, in the absence of detectable angiotensin metabolites, as seen in the Ren1YFP Ren1c-/- mouse. Both phenotypes were rescued by alleles lacking the potential for glycosylation at exon 2, suggesting that glycosylation is not essential for normal physiological function. CONCLUSIONS Phenotypic similarities and transcriptional variations between mouse and zebrafish renin knockouts suggests evolution of renin cell function with terrestrial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Hoffmann
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Mullins
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Rider
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Now with DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | - Cara Brown
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte B Buckley
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Now with Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom (C.B.B.)
| | - Adrienne Assmus
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ziwen Li
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Sierra Beltran
- Centre for Inflammation Research (M.S.B., N.H.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research (M.S.B., N.H.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.H.)
| | - Jorge Del Pozo
- Veterinary Pathology, Royal (Dick)School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, United Kingdom (J.d.P.)
| | - Alexandre De Goes Martini
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.D.G.M., M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.D.G.M., M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.D.G.M., M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - John Mullins
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.H., L.M., S.R., C.B., C.B.B., A.A., Z.L., J.M.), The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Apelt K, Bijkerk R, Lebrin F, Rabelink TJ. Imaging the Renal Microcirculation in Cell Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051087. [PMID: 34063200 PMCID: PMC8147454 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal microvascular rarefaction plays a pivotal role in progressive kidney disease. Therefore, modalities to visualize the microcirculation of the kidney will increase our understanding of disease mechanisms and consequently may provide new approaches for evaluating cell-based therapy. At the moment, however, clinical practice is lacking non-invasive, safe, and efficient imaging modalities to monitor renal microvascular changes over time in patients suffering from renal disease. To emphasize the importance, we summarize current knowledge of the renal microcirculation and discussed the involvement in progressive kidney disease. Moreover, an overview of available imaging techniques to uncover renal microvascular morphology, function, and behavior is presented with the associated benefits and limitations. Ultimately, the necessity to assess and investigate renal disease based on in vivo readouts with a resolution up to capillary level may provide a paradigm shift for diagnosis and therapy in the field of nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Apelt
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (K.A.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Bijkerk
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (K.A.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franck Lebrin
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (K.A.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (K.A.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
- Einthoven Laboratory of Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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13
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Abstract
Renin cells are essential for survival perfected throughout evolution to ensure normal development and defend the organism against a variety of homeostatic threats. During embryonic and early postnatal life, they are progenitors that participate in the morphogenesis of the renal arterial tree. In adult life, they are capable of regenerating injured glomeruli, control blood pressure, fluid-electrolyte balance, tissue perfusion, and in turn, the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells. Throughout life, renin cell descendants retain the plasticity or memory to regain the renin phenotype when homeostasis is threatened. To perform all of these functions and maintain well-being, renin cells must regulate their identity and fate. Here, we review the major mechanisms that control the differentiation and fate of renin cells, the chromatin events that control the memory of the renin phenotype, and the major pathways that determine their plasticity. We also examine how chronic stimulation of renin cells alters their fate leading to the development of a severe and concentric hypertrophy of the intrarenal arteries and arterioles. Lastly, we provide examples of additional changes in renin cell fate that contribute to equally severe kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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14
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Nishimura H, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Phylogeny and ontogeny of the renin-angiotensin system: Current view and perspectives. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 254:110879. [PMID: 33385525 PMCID: PMC7920990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) evolved early among vertebrates and remains functioning throughout the vertebrate phylogeny and has adapted to various environments. The RAS is crucial for the regulation of blood pressure, fluid-electrolyte balance and tissue homeostasis. The RAS is also expressed during early ontogeny in renal and extra-renal tissues, and exerts unique vascular growth and differentiation functions. In this brief review, we describe advances from molecular-genetic and whole animal approaches and discuss similarities and unique aspects of the RAS in the context of embryonic development and vertebrates' phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nishimura
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate Sch. of Med. & Dent. Sci., Niigata, Japan.
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15
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Postlethwait JH, Massaquoi MS, Farnsworth DR, Yan YL, Guillemin K, Miller AC. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor and other key components of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System related to COVID-19 are expressed in enterocytes in larval zebrafish. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio058172. [PMID: 33757938 PMCID: PMC8015242 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
People with underlying conditions, including hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, are especially susceptible to negative outcomes after infection with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. Hypertension and respiratory inflammation are exacerbated by the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which normally protects from rapidly dropping blood pressure via Angiotensin II (Ang II) produced by the enzyme Ace. The Ace paralog Ace2 degrades Ang II, counteracting its chronic effects, and serves as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Ace, the coronavirus, and COVID-19 comorbidities all regulate Ace2, but we do not yet understand how. To exploit zebrafish (Danio rerio) to help understand the relationship of the RAAS to COVID-19, we must identify zebrafish orthologs and co-orthologs of human RAAS genes and understand their expression patterns. To achieve these goals, we conducted genomic and phylogenetic analyses and investigated single cell transcriptomes. Results showed that most human RAAS genes have one or more zebrafish orthologs or co-orthologs. Results identified a specific type of enterocyte as the specific site of expression of zebrafish orthologs of key RAAS components, including Ace, Ace2, Slc6a19 (SARS-CoV-2 co-receptor), and the Angiotensin-related peptide cleaving enzymes Anpep (receptor for the common cold coronavirus HCoV-229E), and Dpp4 (receptor for the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus, MERS-CoV). Results identified specific vascular cell subtypes expressing Ang II receptors, apelin, and apelin receptor genes. These results identify genes and cell types to exploit zebrafish as a disease model for understanding mechanisms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yi-Lin Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Adam C Miller
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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16
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Guessoum O, de Goes Martini A, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Deciphering the Identity of Renin Cells in Health and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:280-292. [PMID: 33162328 PMCID: PMC7914220 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypotension and changes in fluid-electrolyte balance pose immediate threats to survival. Juxtaglomerular cells respond to such threats by increasing the synthesis and secretion of renin. In addition, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) along the renal arterioles transform into renin cells until homeostasis has been regained. However, chronic unrelenting stimulation of renin cells leads to severe kidney damage. Here, we discuss the origin, distribution, function, and plasticity of renin cells within the kidney and immune compartments and the consequences of distorting the renin program. Understanding how chronic stimulation of these cells in the context of hypertension may lead to vascular pathology will serve as a foundation for targeted molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Guessoum
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexandre de Goes Martini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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17
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Filice M, Barca A, Amelio D, Leo S, Mazzei A, Del Vecchio G, Verri T, Cerra MC, Imbrogno S. Morpho-functional remodelling of the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) heart in response to waterborne angiotensin II exposure. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 301:113663. [PMID: 33220301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII), the principal effector of the Renin-Angiotensin System, is a pluripotent humoral agent whose biological actions include short-term modulations and long-term adaptations. In fish, short-term cardio-tropic effects of AngII are documented, but information on the role of AngII in long-term cardiac remodelling is not fully understood. Here, we describe a direct approach to disclose long-term morpho-functional effects of AngII on the zebrafish heart. Adult fish exposed to waterborne teleost analogue AngII for 8 weeks showed enhanced heart weight and cardio-somatic index, coupled to myocardial structural changes (i.e. augmented compacta thickness and fibrosis), and increased heart rate. These findings were paralleled by an up-regulation of type-1 and type-2 AngII receptors expression, and by changes in the expression of GATA binding protein 4, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 and superoxide dismutase 1 soluble mRNAs, as well as of cytochrome b-245 beta polypeptide protein, indicative of cardiac remodelling. Our results suggest that waterborne AngII can sustain and robustly affect the cardiac morpho-functional remodelling of adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacristina Filice
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniela Amelio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Serena Leo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Aurora Mazzei
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Del Vecchio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Sandra Imbrogno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
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18
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Zanandrea R, Bonan CD, Campos MM. Zebrafish as a model for inflammation and drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:2201-2211. [PMID: 33035664 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish is a small teleost (bony) fish used in many areas of pharmacology and toxicology. This animal model has advantages for the discovery of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as the potential for real-time assessment of cell migration mechanisms. Additionally, zebrafish display a repertoire of inflammatory cells, mediators, and receptors that are similar to those in mammals, including humans. Inflammatory disease modeling in either larvae or adult zebrafish represents a promising tool for the screening of new anti-inflammatory compounds, contributing to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in chronic inflammatory conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of the characterization of inflammatory responses in zebrafish, emphasizing its relevance for drug discovery in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zanandrea
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla D Bonan
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria M Campos
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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19
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Hoy J, Nishimura H, Mehalic T, Yaoita E, Gomez RA, Paxton R, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Ontogeny of renin gene expression in the chicken, Gallus gallus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 296:113533. [PMID: 32561435 PMCID: PMC7678913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Renin or a renin-like enzyme evolved in ancestral vertebrates and is conserved along the vertebrate phylogeny. The ontogenic development of renin, however, is not well understood in nonmammalian vertebrates. We aimed to determine the expression patterns and relative abundance of renin mRNA in pre- and postnatal chickens (Gallus gallus, White Leghorn breed). Embryonic day 13 (E13) embryos show renal tubules, undifferentiated mesenchymal structures, and a small number of developing glomeruli. Maturing glomeruli are seen in post-hatch day 4 (D4) and day 30 (D30) kidneys, indicating that nephrogenic activity still exists in kidneys of 4-week-old chickens. In E13 embryos, renin mRNA measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the adrenal glands is equivalent to the expression in the kidneys, whereas in post-hatch D4 and D30 maturing chicks, renal renin expressions increased 2-fold and 11-fold, respectively. In contrast, relative renin expression in the adrenals became lower than in the kidneys. Furthermore, renin expression is clearly visible by in situ hybridization in the juxtaglomerular (JG) area in D4 and D30 chicks, but not in E13 embryos. The results suggest that in chickens, renin evolved in both renal and extrarenal organs at an early stage of ontogeny and, with maturation, became localized to the JG area. Clear JG structures are not morphologically detectable in E13 embryos, but are visible in 30-day-old chicks, supporting this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Hoy
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hiroko Nishimura
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate Sch. of Med. & Dent. Sci., Niigata, Japan.
| | - Theodore Mehalic
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eishin Yaoita
- Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate Sch. of Med. & Dent. Sci., Niigata, Japan
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robert Paxton
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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20
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Postlethwait JH, Farnsworth DR, Miller AC. An intestinal cell type in zebrafish is the nexus for the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System that contributes to COVID-19 comorbidities. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32908984 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.01.278366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
People with underlying conditions, including hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, are especially susceptible to negative outcomes after infection with the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. These COVID-19 comorbidities are exacerbated by the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), which normally protects from rapidly dropping blood pressure or dehydration via the peptide Angiotensin II (Ang II) produced by the enzyme Ace. The Ace paralog Ace2 degrades Ang II, thus counteracting its chronic effects. Ace2 is also the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Ace , the coronavirus, and COVID-19 comorbidities all regulate Ace2 , but we don't yet understand how. To exploit zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) as a disease model to understand mechanisms regulating the RAAS and its relationship to COVID-19 comorbidities, we must first identify zebrafish orthologs and co-orthologs of human RAAS genes, and second, understand where and when these genes are expressed in specific cells in zebrafish development. To achieve these goals, we conducted genomic analyses and investigated single cell transcriptomes. Results showed that most human RAAS genes have an ortholog in zebrafish and some have two or more co-orthologs. Results further identified a specific intestinal cell type in zebrafish larvae as the site of expression for key RAAS components, including Ace, Ace2, the coronavirus co-receptor Slc6a19, and the Angiotensin-related peptide cleaving enzymes Anpep and Enpep. Results also identified specific vascular cell subtypes as expressing Ang II receptors, apelin , and apelin receptor genes. These results identify specific genes and cell types to exploit zebrafish as a disease model for understanding the mechanisms leading to COVID-19 comorbidities. SUMMARY STATEMENT Genomic analyses identify zebrafish orthologs of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System that contribute to COVID-19 comorbidities and single-cell transcriptomics show that they act in a specialized intestinal cell type.
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21
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Dalmasso C, Chade AR, Mendez M, Giani JF, Bix GJ, Chen KC, Loria AS. Intrarenal Renin Angiotensin System Imbalance During Postnatal Life Is Associated With Increased Microvascular Density in the Mature Kidney. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1046. [PMID: 32982785 PMCID: PMC7491414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress during early life is an important factor that affects the postnatal renal development. We have previously shown that male rats exposed to maternal separation (MatSep), a model of early life stress, are normotensive but display a sex-specific reduced renal function and exacerbated angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated vascular responses as adults. Since optimal AngII levels during postnatal life are required for normal maturation of the kidney, this study was designed to investigate both short- and long-term effect of MatSep on (1) the renal vascular architecture and function, (2) the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components status, and (3) the genome-wide expression of genes in isolated renal vasculature. Renal tissue and plasma were collected from male rats at different postnatal days (P) for intrarenal RAS components mRNA and protein expression measurements at P2, 6, 10, 14, 21, and 90 and microCT analysis at P21 and 90. Although with similar body weight and renal mass trajectories from P2 to P90, MatSep rats displayed decreased renal filtration capacity at P90, while increased microvascular density at both P21 and P90 (p < 0.05). MatSep increased renal expression of renin, and angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors (p < 0.05), but reduced ACE2 mRNA expression and activity from P2-14 compared to controls. However, intrarenal levels of AngII peptide were reduced (p < 0.05) possible due to the increased degradation to AngIII by aminopeptidase A. In isolated renal vasculature from neonates, Enriched Biological Pathways functional clusters (EBPfc) from genes changed by MatSep reported to modulate extracellular structure organization, inflammation, and pro-angiogenic transcription factors. Our data suggest that male neonates exposed to MatSep could display permanent changes in the renal microvascular architecture in response to intrarenal RAS imbalance in the context of the atypical upregulation of angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Alejandro R. Chade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine, and Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Mariela Mendez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jorge F. Giani
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Kuey C. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Analia S. Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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22
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Pérez-Rius C, Castellanos A, Gaitán-Peñas H, Navarro A, Artuch R, Barrallo-Gimeno A, Estévez R. Role of zebrafish ClC-K/barttin channels in apical kidney chloride reabsorption. J Physiol 2019; 597:3969-3983. [PMID: 31177533 DOI: 10.1113/jp278069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We have characterized the zebrafish clc-k and barttin proteins, demonstrating that they form a protein complex mediating chloride flux in a similar manner to their mammalian counterparts. As in mammals, in zebrafish, clc-k and barttin are basically expressed in the kidney. Contrary to what is found in mammals, in zebrafish both proteins show an apical localization in the kidney. We have generated the first knockout in zebrafish of a CLC protein. Lack of clc-k in zebrafish resulted in embryonic lethality, possibly caused by a reduction in total chloride content. As a consequence, there is an up-regulation of other chloride channels and other regulatory mechanisms such as renin or the uro-guanylin receptor in the kidney. barttin is mislocalized in vivo when clc-k is not present, indicating that there is a mutual dependence of the protein expression and localization between barttin and clc-k proteins. ABSTRACT ClC-K/barttin channels are very important for salt transport in the kidney. This function can be clearly seen since mutations in CLCNKB or BSND cause Bartter's syndrome types III and IV, respectively. Working with the freshwater teleost zebrafish, we characterized the genes homologous to the mammalian chloride channel ClC-K and its obligate subunit barttin and we obtained and studied clc-k knockout zebrafish. The zebrafish clc-k/barttin proteins are very similar to their mammalian counterparts, and both proteins are necessary to mediate chloride currents. Localization studies indicated that both proteins are exclusively expressed in the apical membranes of zebrafish kidney tubules. Knockout of clc-k resulted in embryonic lethality. These animals showed barttin mislocalization and a reduction in whole-body chloride concentration, as well as up-regulation of the expression of other chloride channels and renin, and an increase in the kidney expression of the uroguanylin receptor. Our results indicate that apical kidney chloride reabsorption through clc-k/barttin channels is crucial for chloride homeostasis in zebrafish as it is in humans. The zebrafish model could be used as a new in vivo system to study ClC-K function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pérez-Rius
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Castellanos
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Gaitán-Peñas
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Navarro
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Clinical Biochemistry Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Alejandro Barrallo-Gimeno
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Estévez
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Benchoula K, Khatib A, Jaffar A, Ahmed QU, Sulaiman WMAW, Wahab RA, El-Seedi HR. The promise of zebrafish as a model of metabolic syndrome. Exp Anim 2019; 68:407-416. [PMID: 31118344 PMCID: PMC6842808 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster including hyperglycaemia, obesity, hypertension, and
hypertriglyceridaemia as a result of biochemical and physiological alterations and can
increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Fundamental research on this
disease requires validated animal models. One potential animal model that is rapidly
gaining in popularity is zebrafish (Danio rerio). The use of zebrafish as
an animal model conveys several advantages, including high human genetic homology,
transparent embryos and larvae that allow easier visualization. This review discusses how
zebrafish models contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome studies. Different
diseases in the cluster of metabolic syndrome, such as hyperglycaemia, obesity, diabetes,
and hypertriglyceridaemia, have been successfully studied using zebrafish; and the model
is promising for hypertension and cardiovascular metabolic-related diseases due to its
genetic similarity to mammals. Genetic mutation, chemical induction, and dietary
alteration are among the tools used to improve zebrafish models. This field is expanding,
and thus, more effective and efficient techniques are currently developed to fulfil the
increasing demand for thorough investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Benchoula
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Sultan Ahmad Shah Street, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Sultan Ahmad Shah Street, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia.,Central Research and Animal Facility (CREAM), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Sultan Ahamad Shah Street, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ashika Jaffar
- School of Biosciences & Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Qamar Udin Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Sultan Ahmad Shah Street, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Azizi Wan Sulaiman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Sultan Ahmad Shah Street, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Abd Wahab
- Kulliyah of Allied Health Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Sultan Ahmad Shah Street, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Alrayan Medical colleges, Medina 42541, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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24
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Hoffmann S, Mullins L, Buckley C, Rider S, Mullins J. Investigating the RAS can be a fishy business: interdisciplinary opportunities using Zebrafish. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2469-2481. [PMID: 30518571 PMCID: PMC6279434 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is highly conserved, and components of the RAS are present in all vertebrates to some degree. Although the RAS has been studied since the discovery of renin, its biological role continues to broaden with the identification and characterization of new peptides. The evolutionarily distant zebrafish is a remarkable model for studying the kidney due to its genetic tractability and accessibility for in vivo imaging. The zebrafish pronephros is an especially useful kidney model due to its structural simplicity yet complex functionality, including capacity for glomerular and tubular filtration. Both the pronephros and mesonephros contain renin-expressing perivascular cells, which respond to RAS inhibition, making the zebrafish an excellent model for studying the RAS. This review summarizes the physiological and genetic tools currently available for studying the zebrafish kidney with regards to functionality of the RAS, using novel imaging techniques such as SPIM microscopy coupled with targeted single cell ablation and synthesis of vasoactive RAS peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Hoffmann
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Linda Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Sebastien Rider
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - John Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K.
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25
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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26
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Martinez MF, Medrano S, Brown RI, Tufan T, Shang S, Bertoncello N, Guessoum O, Adli M, Belyea BC, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Super-enhancers maintain renin-expressing cell identity and memory to preserve multi-system homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4787-4803. [PMID: 30130256 PMCID: PMC6205391 DOI: 10.1172/jci121361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin cells are crucial for survival - they control fluid-electrolyte and blood pressure homeostasis, vascular development, regeneration, and oxygen delivery to tissues. During embryonic development, renin cells are progenitors for multiple cell types that retain the memory of the renin phenotype. When there is a threat to survival, those descendants are transformed and reenact the renin phenotype to restore homeostasis. We tested the hypothesis that the molecular memory of the renin phenotype resides in unique regions and states of these cells' chromatin. Using renin cells at various stages of stimulation, we identified regions in the genome where the chromatin is open for transcription, mapped histone modifications characteristic of active enhancers such as H3K27ac, and tracked deposition of transcriptional activators such as Med1, whose deletion results in ablation of renin expression and low blood pressure. Using the rank ordering of super-enhancers, epigenetic rewriting, and enhancer deletion analysis, we found that renin cells harbor a unique set of super-enhancers that determine their identity. The most prominent renin super-enhancer may act as a chromatin sensor of signals that convey the physiologic status of the organism, and is responsible for the transformation of renin cell descendants to the renin phenotype, a fundamental process to ensure homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Turan Tufan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen Shang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Omar Guessoum
- Child Health Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Biology, and
| | - Mazhar Adli
- Child Health Research Center
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Child Health Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Biology, and
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27
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Shaw I, Rider S, Mullins J, Hughes J, Péault B. Pericytes in the renal vasculature: roles in health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:521-534. [DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Rider SA, Bruton FA, Collins RG, Conway BR, Mullins JJ. The Efficacy of Puromycin and Adriamycin for Induction of Glomerular Failure in Larval Zebrafish Validated by an Assay of Glomerular Permeability Dynamics. Zebrafish 2018; 15:234-242. [PMID: 29480793 PMCID: PMC5985910 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) play a major role in the onset of human renal diseases. Highly ramified glomerular cells named podocytes are a critical component of the GFB. Injury to podocytes results in abnormal excretion of plasma proteins, which can lead to chronic kidney disease. The conserved paired nephron of larval zebrafish is an excellent model for assessing glomerular function and injury. The efficacy of two known podocyte toxins was tested to refine models of acute podocyte injury in larval zebrafish. The validated compound was then used to test a novel assay of the dynamics of abnormal protein excretion. Injected adriamycin was found to be unsuitable for induction of glomerular injury due to off-target cardiovascular toxicity. In contrast, puromycin treatment resulted in a loss of discriminative filtration, measured by excretion of 70 kDa dextran, and podocyte effacement confirmed by electron microscopy. The dynamics of dextran excretion during puromycin injury modeled the onset of glomerular damage within 24 hours postinjection. These data validate puromycin for induction of acute podocyte injury in zebrafish larvae and describe a semihigh-throughput assay for quantifying the dynamics of abnormal protein excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Andrew Rider
- 1 Univeristy/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Finnius Austin Bruton
- 1 Univeristy/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bryan Ronald Conway
- 1 Univeristy/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John James Mullins
- 1 Univeristy/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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29
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Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that renin-expressing cells have developed throughout evolution as a mechanism to preserve blood pressure and fluid volume homeostasis as well as to counteract a number of homeostatic and immunological threats. In the developing embryo, renin precursor cells emerge in multiple tissues, where they differentiate into a variety of cell types. The function of those precursors and their progeny is beginning to be unravelled. In the developing kidney, renin-expressing cells control the morphogenesis and branching of the renal arterial tree. The cells do not seem to fully differentiate but instead retain a degree of developmental plasticity or molecular memory, which enables them to regenerate injured glomeruli or to alter their phenotype to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. In haematopoietic tissues, renin-expressing cells might regulate bone marrow differentiation and participate in a circulating leukocyte renin-angiotensin system, which acts as a defence mechanism against infections or tissue injury. Furthermore, renin-expressing cells have an intricate lineage and functional relationship with erythropoietin-producing cells and are therefore central to two endocrine systems - the renin-angiotensin and erythropoietin systems - that sustain life by controlling fluid volume and composition, perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery to tissues. However, loss of the homeostatic control of these systems following dysregulation of renin-expressing cells can be detrimental, with serious pathological events.
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30
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Zheng X, Liu G, Cui G, Cheng M, Zhang N, Hu S. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Deletion Polymorphism is Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer Patients in a Chinese Population. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:4926-4931. [PMID: 29032382 PMCID: PMC5655539 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism on the risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Material/Methods We enrolled 146 CRC patients and 106 healthy controls in this study. ACE gene I/D polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was used to assess the goodness of fit of the genotypes. χ2 test was used to calculate the differences of genotype and allele distributions. Odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to analyze the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and LNM in CRC patients. Results Insertion/deletion (ID) and deletion/deletion (DD) genotypes were frequently observed in CRC patients, but only DD genotype and D allele were related to the susceptibility of CRC (P=0.038, OR=2.158, 95%CI=1.039–4.480; P=0.026, OR=1.501, 95%CI=1.048–2.150). DD genotype and D allele also increased the risk of LNM in CRC patients (P=0.028, OR=2.844, 95%CI=1.107–7.038; P=0.026, OR=1.692, 95%CI=1.063–2.693). Conclusions DD genotype and D allele of ACE gene I/D polymorphism might increase the risk of LNM in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of General Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Guoli Liu
- First Department of Geriatrics, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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31
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Usefulness of zebrafish larvae to evaluate drug-induced functional and morphological renal tubular alterations. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:411-423. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Buckley C, Carvalho MT, Young LK, Rider SA, McFadden C, Berlage C, Verdon RF, Taylor JM, Girkin JM, Mullins JJ. Precise spatio-temporal control of rapid optogenetic cell ablation with mem-KillerRed in Zebrafish. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5096. [PMID: 28698677 PMCID: PMC5506062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to kill individual or groups of cells in vivo is important for studying cellular processes and their physiological function. Cell-specific genetically encoded photosensitizing proteins, such as KillerRed, permit spatiotemporal optogenetic ablation with low-power laser light. We report dramatically improved resolution and speed of cell targeting in the zebrafish kidney through the use of a selective plane illumination microscope (SPIM). Furthermore, through the novel incorporation of a Bessel beam into the SPIM imaging arm, we were able to improve on targeting speed and precision. The low diffraction of the Bessel beam coupled with the ability to tightly focus it through a high NA lens allowed precise, rapid targeting of subsets of cells at anatomical depth in live, developing zebrafish kidneys. We demonstrate that these specific targeting strategies significantly increase the speed of optoablation as well as fish survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Buckley
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - M T Carvalho
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - L K Young
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - S A Rider
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - C McFadden
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - C Berlage
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - R F Verdon
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - J M Taylor
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Kelvin Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - J M Girkin
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - J J Mullins
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Martini AG, Danser AHJ. Juxtaglomerular Cell Phenotypic Plasticity. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2017; 24:231-242. [PMID: 28527017 PMCID: PMC5574949 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-017-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin is the first and rate-limiting step of the renin-angiotensin system. The exclusive source of renin in the circulation are the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, which line the afferent arterioles at the entrance of the glomeruli. Normally, renin production by these cells suffices to maintain homeostasis. However, under chronic stimulation of renin release, for instance during a low-salt diet or antihypertensive therapy, cells that previously expressed renin during congenital life re-convert to a renin-producing cell phenotype, a phenomenon which is known as “recruitment”. How exactly such differentiation occurs remains to be clarified. This review critically discusses the phenotypic plasticity of renin cells, connecting them not only to the classical concept of blood pressure regulation, but also to more complex contexts such as development and growth processes, cell repair mechanisms and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Góes Martini
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rider SA, Christian HC, Mullins LJ, Howarth AR, MacRae CA, Mullins JJ. Zebrafish mesonephric renin cells are functionally conserved and comprise two distinct morphological populations. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F778-F790. [PMID: 28179256 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish provide an excellent model in which to assess the role of the renin-angiotensin system in renal development, injury, and repair. In contrast to mammals, zebrafish kidney organogenesis terminates with the mesonephros. Despite this, the basic functional structure of the nephron is conserved across vertebrates. The relevance of teleosts for studies relating to the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system was established by assessing the phenotype and functional regulation of renin-expressing cells in zebrafish. Transgenic fluorescent reporters for renin (ren), smooth muscle actin (acta2), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (pdgfrb) were studied to determine the phenotype and secretory ultrastructure of perivascular renin-expressing cells. Whole kidney ren transcription responded to altered salinity, pharmacological renin-angiotensin system inhibition, and renal injury. Mesonephric ren-expressing cells occupied niches at the preglomerular arteries and afferent arterioles, forming intermittent epithelioid-like multicellular clusters exhibiting a granular secretory ultrastructure. In contrast, renin cells of the efferent arterioles were thin bodied and lacked secretory granules. Renin cells expressed the perivascular cell markers acta2 and pdgfrb Transcriptional responses of ren to physiological challenge support the presence of a functional renin-angiotensin system and are consistent with the production of active renin. The reparative capability of the zebrafish kidney was harnessed to demonstrate that ren transcription is a marker for renal injury and repair. Our studies demonstrate substantive conservation of renin regulation across vertebrates, and ultrastructural studies of renin cells reveal at least two distinct morphologies of mesonephric perivascular ren-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien A Rider
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
| | - Helen C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linda J Mullins
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia R Howarth
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J Mullins
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Gomez RA. Fate of Renin Cells During Development and Disease. Hypertension 2017; 69:387-395. [PMID: 28137982 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.
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Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Novel Functions of Renin Precursors in Homeostasis and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:25-33. [PMID: 26661526 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin progenitors appear early and are found in multiple tissues throughout the embryo. Besides their well known role in blood pressure and fluid homeostasis, renin progenitors participate in tissue morphogenesis, repair, and regeneration, and may integrate immune and endocrine responses. In the bone marrow, renin cells offer clues to understand normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Child Health Research Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Renin-angiotensin system in vertebrates: phylogenetic view of structure and function. Anat Sci Int 2016; 92:215-247. [PMID: 27718210 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Renin substrate, biological renin activity, and/or renin-secreting cells in kidneys evolved at an early stage of vertebrate phylogeny. Angiotensin (Ang) I and II molecules have been identified biochemically in representative species of all vertebrate classes, although variation occurs in amino acids at positions 1, 5, and 9 of Ang I. Variations have also evolved in amino acid positions 3 and 4 in some cartilaginous fish. Angiotensin receptors, AT1 and AT2 homologues, have been identified molecularly or characterized pharmacologically in nonmammalian vertebrates. Also, various forms of angiotensins that bypass the traditional renin-angiotensin system (RAS) cascades or those from large peptide substrates, particularly in tissues, are present. Nonetheless, the phylogenetically important functions of RAS are to maintain blood pressure/blood volume homeostasis and ion-fluid balance via the kidney and central mechanisms. Stimulation of cell growth and vascularization, possibly via paracrine action of angiotensins, and the molecular biology of RAS and its receptors have been intensive research foci. This review provides an overview of: (1) the phylogenetic appearance, structure, and biochemistry of the RAS cascade; (2) the properties of angiotensin receptors from comparative viewpoints; and (3) the functions and regulation of the RAS in nonmammalian vertebrates. Discussions focus on the most fundamental functions of the RAS that have been conserved throughout phylogenetic advancement, as well as on their physiological implications and significance. Examining the biological history of RAS will help us analyze the complex RAS systems of mammals. Furthermore, suitable models for answering specific questions are often found in more primitive animals.
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