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Ruiz WG, Clayton DR, Parakala-Jain T, Dalghi MG, Franks J, Apodaca G. The umbrella cell keratin network: organization as a tile-like mesh, formation of a girded layer in response to bladder filling, and dependence on the plectin cytolinker. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598498. [PMID: 38915686 PMCID: PMC11195278 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The keratin cytoskeleton and associated desmosomes contribute to the mechanical stability of epithelial tissues, but their organization in bladder umbrella cells and their responses to bladder filling are poorly understood. Using super-resolution confocal microscopy, along with 3D image reconstruction and platinum replica electron microscopy, we observed that the apical keratin network of umbrella cells was organized as a dense tile-like mesh comprised of tesserae bordered on their edges by cortical actin filaments, filled with woven keratin filaments, and crosslinked by plectin. A band of keratin was also observed at the cell periphery that was linked to the junction-associated actin ring by plectin. During bladder filling, the junction-localized desmosomal necklace expanded, and a subjacent girded layer was formed that linked the keratin network to desmosomes, including those at the umbrella cell-intermediate cell interface. Disruption of plectin led to focal keratin network dissolution, loss of the junction-associated band of keratin, perturbation of tight junction continuity, and loss of cell-cell cohesion. Our studies reveal a novel tile-like organization of the umbrella cell keratin cytoskeleton that is dependent on plectin, that reorganizes in response to bladder filling, and that likely serves to maintain umbrella cell continuity in the face of mechanical distension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wily G. Ruiz
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and George M. O’Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dennis R. Clayton
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and George M. O’Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tanmay Parakala-Jain
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and George M. O’Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marianela G. Dalghi
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and George M. O’Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Franks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and George M. O’Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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2
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Liu Z, Chiu YC, Chen Y, Huang Y. A Metastatic Cancer Expression Generator (MetGen): A Generative Contrastive Learning Framework for Metastatic Cancer Generation. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1653. [PMID: 38730604 PMCID: PMC11083328 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in tumor biology and clinical therapeutics, metastasis remains the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. While RNA-seq technology has been used extensively to study metastatic cancer characteristics, challenges persist in acquiring adequate transcriptomic data. To overcome this challenge, we propose MetGen, a generative contrastive learning tool based on a deep learning model. MetGen generates synthetic metastatic cancer expression profiles using primary cancer and normal tissue expression data. Our results demonstrate that MetGen generates comparable samples to actual metastatic cancer samples, and the cancer and tissue classification yields performance rates of 99.8 ± 0.2% and 95.0 ± 2.3%, respectively. A benchmark analysis suggests that the proposed model outperforms traditional generative models such as the variational autoencoder. In metastatic subtype classification, our generated samples show 97.6% predicting power compared to true metastatic samples. Additionally, we demonstrate MetGen's interpretability using metastatic prostate cancer and metastatic breast cancer. MetGen has learned highly relevant signatures in cancer, tissue, and tumor microenvironments, such as immune responses and the metastasis process, which can potentially foster a more comprehensive understanding of metastatic cancer biology. The development of MetGen represents a significant step toward the study of metastatic cancer biology by providing a generative model that identifies candidate therapeutic targets for the treatment of metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Yu-Chiao Chiu
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Population Health Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yufei Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Kendall A, Byron JK, Westropp JL, Coates JR, Vaden S, Adin C, Oetelaar G, Bartges JW, Foster JD, Adams LG, Olby N, Berent A. ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:878-903. [PMID: 38217372 PMCID: PMC10937496 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Urinary incontinence (UI) is a disorder of micturition that can occur in dogs of any age, sex, and breed depending on the underlying cause and time of onset. Diagnosis and treatment for various causes of UI in dogs have been described by multiple comprehensive single author review articles, but large prospective clinical trials comparing treatment outcomes in veterinary medicine are lacking. The objectives of this consensus statement therefore are to provide guidelines on both recommended diagnostic testing and treatment for various causes of UI in dogs. Specifically, pathophysiology directly related to the canine urinary system will be reviewed and diagnostic and therapeutic challenges will be addressed. A panel of 12 experts in the field (8 small animal internists [L. Adams, J. Bartges, A. Berent, J. Byron, J. Foster, A. Kendall, S. Vaden, J. Westropp], 2 neurologists [J. Coates, N. Olby], 1 radiologist [G. Oetelaar], and 1 surgeon [C. Adin]) was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer-reviewed literature and to complement it with consensus recommendations using the Delphi method. Some statements were not voted on by all panelists. This consensus statement aims to provide guidance for management of both male and female dogs with underlying storage or voiding disorders resulting in UI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kendall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesNC State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Julie K. Byron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jodi L. Westropp
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of CADavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joan R. Coates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Missouri College of Veterinary MedicineColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Shelly Vaden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesNC State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Chris Adin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Garrett Oetelaar
- VCA Canada Calgary Animal Referral and Emergency (CARE) CentreCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Joe W. Bartges
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - Larry G. Adams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesPurdue University College of Veterinary MedicineWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Natasha Olby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesNC State University College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Allyson Berent
- Service of Interventional Radiology and Interventional EndoscopyAnimal Medical CenterNew York CityNew YorkUSA
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Tyagi P, Moon CH, Connell M, Ganguly A, Cho KJ, Tarin T, Dhir R, Sholosh B, Maranchie J. Intravesical Contrast-Enhanced MRI: A Potential Tool for Bladder Cancer Surveillance and Staging. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:4632-4647. [PMID: 37232808 PMCID: PMC10217503 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article gives an overview of the current state of the art of bladder cancer imaging and then discusses in depth the scientific and technical merit of a novel imaging approach, tracing its evolution from murine cancer models to cancer patients. While the poor resolution of soft tissue obtained by widely available imaging options such as abdominal sonography and radiation-based CT leaves them only suitable for measuring the gross tumor volume and bladder wall thickening, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resolution imaging (DCE MRI) is demonstrably superior in resolving muscle invasion. However, major barriers still exist in its adoption. Instead of injection for DCE-MRI, intravesical contrast-enhanced MRI (ICE-MRI) instills Gadolinium chelate (Gadobutrol) together with trace amounts of superparamagnetic agents for measurement of tumor volume, depth, and aggressiveness. ICE-MRI leverages leaky tight junctions to accelerate passive paracellular diffusion of Gadobutrol (604.71 Daltons) by treading the paracellular ingress pathway of fluorescein sodium and of mitomycin (<400 Daltons) into bladder tumor. The soaring cost of diagnosis and care of bladder cancer could be mitigated by reducing the use of expensive operating room resources with a potential non-surgical imaging option for cancer surveillance, thereby reducing over-diagnosis and over-treatment and increasing organ preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Tyagi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Jafari NV, Rohn JL. An immunoresponsive three-dimensional urine-tolerant human urothelial model to study urinary tract infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1128132. [PMID: 37051302 PMCID: PMC10083561 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1128132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionMurine models of urinary tract infection (UTI) have improved our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. However, given differences between rodent and human bladders which may modulate host and bacterial response, including certain biomarkers, urothelial thickness and the concentration of urine, the development of new human-based models is important to complement mouse studies and to provide a more complete picture of UTI in patients.MethodsWe originally developed a human urothelial three-dimensional (3D) model which was urine tolerant and demonstrated several urothelial biomarkers, but it only achieved human thickness in heterogenous, multi-layered zones and did not demonstrate the comprehensive differentiation status needed to achieve barrier function. We optimised this model by altering a variety of conditions and validated it with microscopy, flow cytometry, transepithelial electrical resistance and FITC-dextran permeability assays to confirm tissue architecture, barrier integrity and response to bacterial infection.ResultsWe achieved an improved 3D urine-tolerant human urothelial model (3D-UHU), which after 18-20 days of growth, stratified uniformly to 7-8 layers comprised of the three expected, distinct human cell types. The apical surface differentiated into large, CD227+ umbrella-like cells expressing uroplakin-1A, II, III, and cytokeratin 20, all of which are important terminal differentiation markers, and a glycosaminoglycan layer. Below this layer, several layers of intermediate cells were present, with a single underlying layer of CD271+ basal cells. The apical surface also expressed E-cadherin, ZO-1, claudin-1 and -3, and the model possessed good barrier function. Infection with both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial classes elicited elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines characteristic of urinary tract infection in humans and caused a decrease in barrier function.DiscussionTaken together, 3D-UHU holds promise for studying host-pathogen interactions and host urothelial immune response.
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Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:287-304. [PMID: 36914746 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is among the ten most common cancers globally, causes considerable morbidity and mortality and is, therefore, a substantial burden for health-care systems. The incidence of bladder cancer is affected by demographic trends, most notably population growth and ageing, as well as exposure to risk factors, especially tobacco smoking. Consequently, the incidence has not been stable throughout the world over time, nor will it be in the near future. Further primary prevention efforts are of the utmost importance to reduce the medical and financial burden of bladder cancer on populations and health-care systems. Simultaneously, less-invasive and lower-cost approaches for the diagnosis of both primary and recurrent bladder cancers are required to address challenges posed by the increasing shortage of health-care professionals and limited financial resources worldwide. In this regard, urinary biomarkers have demonstrated promising diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. Awareness of the risk factors and symptoms of bladder cancer should also be increased in society, particularly among health-care professionals and high-risk groups. Studies investigating the associations between lifestyle factors and bladder cancer outcomes are scarce and should be a research priority. In this Review, we outline global trends in bladder cancer incidence and mortality, and discuss the main risk factors influencing bladder cancer occurrence and outcomes. We then discuss the implications, challenges and opportunities of these epidemiological trends for public health and clinical practice.
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Morris CJ, Rohn JL, Glickman S, Mansfield KJ. Effective Treatments of UTI—Is Intravesical Therapy the Future? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030417. [PMID: 36986339 PMCID: PMC10058863 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) afflicts millions of patients globally each year. While the majority of UTIs are successfully treated with orally administered antibiotics, the impact of oral antibiotics on the host microbiota is under close research scrutiny and the potential for dysbiosis is a cause for concern. Optimal treatment of UTI relies upon the selection of an agent which displays appropriate pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) properties that will deliver appropriately high concentrations in the urinary tract after oral administration. Alternatively, high local concentrations of antibiotic at the urothelial surface can be achieved by direct instillation into the urinary tract. For antibiotics with the appropriate physicochemical properties, this can be of critical importance in cases for which an intracellular urothelial bacterial reservoir is suspected. In this review, we summarise the underpinning biopharmaceutical barriers to effective treatment of UTI and provide an overview of the evidence for the deployment of the intravesical administration route for antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Morris
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jennifer L. Rohn
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | - Kylie J. Mansfield
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-242-215-851
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8
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Jafari NV, Rohn JL. The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1127-1142. [PMID: 36180582 PMCID: PMC9705259 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
All mucosal surfaces must deal with the challenge of exposure to the outside world. The urothelium is a highly specialized layer of stratified epithelial cells lining the inner surface of the urinary bladder, a gruelling environment involving significant stretch forces, osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, toxic substances, and microbial invasion. The urinary bladder plays an important barrier role and allows the accommodation and expulsion of large volumes of urine without permitting urine components to diffuse across. The urothelium is made up of three cell types, basal, intermediate, and umbrella cells, whose specialized functions aid in the bladder's mission. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into urothelial structure, function, development, regeneration, and in particular the role of umbrella cells in barrier formation and maintenance. We briefly review diseases which involve the bladder and discuss current human urothelial in vitro models as a complement to traditional animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila V Jafari
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Rohn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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Montalbetti N, Dalghi MG, Bastacky SI, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Apodaca G, Carattino MD. Bladder infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli increases the excitability of afferent neurons. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F1-F13. [PMID: 34779263 PMCID: PMC8698541 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00167.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) cause bladder hyperactivity and pelvic pain, but the underlying causes of these symptoms remain unknown. We investigated whether afferent sensitization contributes to the bladder overactivity and pain observed in mice suffering from experimentally induced bacterial cystitis. Inoculation of mouse bladders with the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain UTI89 caused pelvic allodynia, increased voiding frequency, and prompted an acute inflammatory process marked by leukocytic infiltration and edema of the mucosa. Compared with controls, isolated bladder sensory neurons from UTI-treated mice exhibited a depolarized resting membrane potential, lower action potential threshold and rheobase, and increased firing in response to suprathreshold stimulation. To determine whether bacterial virulence factors can contribute to the sensitization of bladder afferents, neurons isolated from naïve mice were incubated with supernatants collected from bacterial cultures with or depleted of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Supernatants containing LPS prompted the sensitization of bladder sensory neurons with both tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant and TTX-sensitive action potentials. However, bladder sensory neurons with TTX-sensitive action potentials were not affected by bacterial supernatants depleted of LPS. Unexpectedly, ultrapure LPS increased the excitability only of bladder sensory neurons with TTX-resistant action potentials, but the supplementation of supernatants depleted of LPS with ultrapure LPS resulted in the sensitization of both population of bladder sensory neurons. In summary, the results of our study indicate that multiple virulence factors released from UTI89 act on bladder sensory neurons to prompt their sensitization. These sensitized bladder sensory neurons mediate, at least in part, the bladder hyperactivity and pelvic pain seen in mice inoculated with UTI89.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Urinary tract infection (UTI) produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) promotes sensitization of bladder afferent sensory neurons with tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive action potentials. Lipopolysaccharide and other virulence factors produced by UPEC contribute to the sensitization of bladder afferents in UTI. In conclusion, sensitized afferents contribute to the voiding symptoms and pelvic pain present in mice bladder inoculated with UPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montalbetti
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marianela G Dalghi
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Chen Z, Liu L, Chen Y, Liu M, Peng Xiang A, Deng C, Jiang MH. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:659-673. [PMID: 35648087 PMCID: PMC9216508 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a bladder syndrome of unclear etiology with no generally accepted treatment. Growing evidence suggest that periostin (POSTN) is an important homeostatic component in the tissue repair and regeneration in adulthood, but its function in urinary bladder regeneration is still unknown. Here we investigate whether POSTN is involved in bladder tissue repair in a cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced interstitial cystitis model. POSTN is primarily expressed in bladder stroma (detrusor smooth muscle and lamina propria) and upregulated in response to CYP-induced injury. POSTN deficiency resulted in more severe hematuria, aggravated edema of the bladder, and delayed umbrella cell recovery. Besides, less proliferative urothelial cells (labeled by pHH3, Ki67, and EdU) and lower expression of Krt14 (a urothelial stem cell marker) were detected in POSTN−/− mice post CYP exposure, indicating a limited urothelial regeneration. Further investigations revealed that POSTN could induce Wnt4 upregulation and activate AKT signaling, which together activates β-catenin signaling to drive urothelial stem cell proliferation. In addition, POSTN can promote resident macrophage proliferation and polarization to a pro-regenerative (M2) phenotype, which favors urothelial regeneration. Furthermore, we generated injectable P-GelMA granular hydrogel as a biomaterial carrier to deliver recombinant POSTN into the bladder, which could increase urothelial stem cells number, decrease umbrella cells exfoliation, and hence alleviate hematuria in a CYP-induced interstitial cystitis model. In summary, our findings identify a pivotal role of POSTN in bladder urothelial regeneration and suggest that intravesical biomaterials-assisted POSTN delivery may be an efficacious treatment for interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Minjie Liu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Deng
- Chunhua Deng, Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +86 20 87335633; Fax: +86 20 87332200;
| | - Mei Hua Jiang
- Corresponding authors: Mei Hua Jiang, Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +86 20 87330639; Fax: +86 20 87330709;
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11
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Urinary Metabolic Markers of Bladder Cancer: A Reflection of the Tumor or the Response of the Body? Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110756. [PMID: 34822414 PMCID: PMC8621503 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work will review the metabolic information that various studies have obtained in recent years on bladder cancer, with particular attention to discovering biomarkers in urine for the diagnosis and prognosis of this disease. In principle, they would be capable of complementing cystoscopy, an invasive but nowadays irreplaceable technique or, in the best case, of replacing it. We will evaluate the degree of reproducibility that the different experiments have shown in the indication of biomarkers, and a synthesis will be attempted to obtain a consensus list that is more likely to become a guideline for clinical practice. In further analysis, we will inquire into the origin of these dysregulated metabolites in patients with bladder cancer. For this purpose, it will be helpful to compare the imbalances measured in urine with those known inside tumor cells or tissues. Although the urine analysis is sometimes considered a liquid biopsy because of its direct contact with the tumor in the bladder wall, it contains metabolites from all organs and tissues of the body, and the tumor is separated from urine by the most impermeable barrier found in mammals. The distinction between the specific and systemic responses can help understand the disease and its consequences in more depth.
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12
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Tate T, Xiang T, Wobker SE, Zhou M, Chen X, Kim H, Batourina E, Lin CS, Kim WY, Lu C, Mckiernan JM, Mendelsohn CL. Pparg signaling controls bladder cancer subtype and immune exclusion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6160. [PMID: 34697317 PMCID: PMC8545976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pparg, a nuclear receptor, is downregulated in basal subtype bladder cancers that tend to be muscle invasive and amplified in luminal subtype bladder cancers that tend to be non-muscle invasive. Bladder cancers derive from the urothelium, one of the most quiescent epithelia in the body, which is composed of basal, intermediate, and superficial cells. We find that expression of an activated form of Pparg (VP16;Pparg) in basal progenitors induces formation of superficial cells in situ, that exit the cell cycle, and do not form tumors. Expression in basal progenitors that have been activated by mild injury however, results in luminal tumor formation. We find that these tumors are immune deserted, which may be linked to down-regulation of Nf-kb, a Pparg target. Interestingly, some luminal tumors begin to shift to basal subtype tumors with time, down-regulating Pparg and other luminal markers. Our findings have important implications for treatment and diagnosis of bladder cancer. PPARg is differentially expressed in bladder cancer subtypes. Here, the authors show in mice that when an activated form of PPARg is expressed in basal bladder cells tumours do not form, however in the presence of injury the basal cells differentiate into luminal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Tate
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tina Xiang
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sarah E Wobker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mi Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ekatherina Batourina
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Chyuan-Sheng Lin
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Transgenic Mouse Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - William Y Kim
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - James M Mckiernan
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Cathy Lee Mendelsohn
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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13
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Beča KIK, Girard BM, Heppner TJ, Hennig GW, Herrera GM, Nelson MT, Vizzard MA. The Role of PIEZO1 in Urinary Bladder Function and Dysfunction in a Rodent Model of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2021; 2:748385. [PMID: 35295484 PMCID: PMC8915741 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.748385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the urinary bladder, mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs) underlie the transduction of bladder stretch into sensory signals that are relayed to the PNS and CNS. PIEZO1 is a recently identified MSC that is Ca2+ permeable and is widely expressed throughout the lower urinary tract. Recent research indicates that PIEZO1 is activated by mechanical stretch or by pharmacological agonism via Yoda1. Aberrant activation of PIEZO1 has been suggested to play a role in clinical bladder pathologies like partial bladder outlet obstruction and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). In the present study, we show that intravesical instillation of Yoda1 in female Wistar rats leads to increased voiding frequency for up to 16 hours after administration compared to vehicle treatment. In a cyclophosphamide (CYP) model of cystitis, we found that the gene expression of several candidate MSCs (Trpv1, Trpv4, Piezo1, and Piezo2) were all upregulated in the urothelium and detrusor following chronic CYP-induced cystitis, but not acute CYP-induced cystitis. Functionally with this model, we show that Ca2+ activity is increased in urothelial cells following PIEZO1 activation via Yoda1 in acute and intermediate CYP treatment, but not in naïve (no CYP) nor chronic CYP treatment. Lastly, we show that activation of PIEZO1 may contribute to pathological bladder dysfunction through the downregulation of several tight junction genes in the urothelium including claudin-1, claudin-8, and zona occludens-1. Together, these data suggest that PIEZO1 activation plays a role in dysfunctional voiding behavior and may be a future, clinical target for the treatment of pathologies like IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine I. K. Beča
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Beatrice M. Girard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Thomas J. Heppner
- Department of Pharmacology, The Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Grant W. Hennig
- Department of Pharmacology, The Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Gerald M. Herrera
- Department of Pharmacology, The Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Mark T. Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Margaret A. Vizzard
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- *Correspondence: Margaret A. Vizzard
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14
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Saito T, Hitchens TK, Foley LM, Singh N, Mizoguchi S, Kurobe M, Gotoh D, Ogawa T, Minagawa T, Ishizuka O, Chermansky C, Kaufman J, Yoshimura N, Tyagi P. Functional and histologic imaging of urinary bladder wall after exposure to psychological stress and protamine sulfate. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19440. [PMID: 34593876 PMCID: PMC8484474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To quantify the urinary bladder wall T1 relaxation time (T1) before and after the instillation contrast mixture in rats previously subjected to water avoidance stress (WAS) and/or acute exposure to protamine sulfate (PS). Female Wistar rats were randomized to receive either sham (control) or 1 h of WAS for ten consecutive days before the evaluation of nocturnal urination pattern in metabolic cages. T1 mapping of urinary bladder wall at 9.4 T was performed pre- and post- instillation of 4 mM Gadobutrol in a mixture with 5 mM Ferumoxytol. Subsequently, either T1 mapping was repeated after brief intravesical PS exposure or the animals were sacrificed for histology and analyzing the mucosal levels of mRNA. Compared to the control group, WAS exposure decreased the single void urine volume and shortened the post-contrast T1 relaxation time of mucosa- used to compute relatively higher ingress of instilled Gadobutrol. Compromised permeability in WAS group was corroborated by the urothelial denudation, edema and ZO-1 downregulation. PS exposure doubled the baseline ingress of Gadobutrol in both groups. These findings confirm that psychological stress compromises the paracellular permeability of bladder mucosa and its non-invasive assay with MRI was validated by PS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuichi Saito
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, E313 Montefiore Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Urology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Lesley M Foley
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Nishant Singh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, E313 Montefiore Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shinsuke Mizoguchi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, E313 Montefiore Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Masahiro Kurobe
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, E313 Montefiore Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daisuke Gotoh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, E313 Montefiore Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Teruyuki Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | - Osamu Ishizuka
- Department of Urology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Christopher Chermansky
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, E313 Montefiore Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, E313 Montefiore Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pradeep Tyagi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, E313 Montefiore Hospital, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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15
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Taidi Z, Zhou T, Moore KH, Mansfield KJ, Liu L. P2X7 Receptor Blockade Protects Against Acrolein-Induced Bladder Damage: A Potential New Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Bladder Inflammatory Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:682520. [PMID: 34456718 PMCID: PMC8397461 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.682520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions of the urinary bladder have been shown to be associated with urothelial damage and loss of function. The purinergic P2X7 receptor has been implicated in several inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the P2X7 receptor in acrolein-induced inflammatory damage using the porcine urinary bladder. For this purpose, an ex-vivo model of porcine urothelial damage induced by direct instillation of acrolein into the whole bladder lumen was used. To determine the role of the P2X7 receptor, the bladders were pre-incubated with a selective P2X7 receptor antagonist, A804598 (10 μM), for 1 h. The effects of the acrolein-induced urothelial damage on the bladder’s function were assessed by examining the bladder wall contractile response, structure changes, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in the bladder tissues. The acrolein treatment led to significant damage to the urothelium histology, tight junction expression, and contractile responses. Acrolein also induced apoptosis in the mucosa layer. All these acrolein-induced responses were attenuated by pre-treatment with the P2X7 receptor antagonist A804598. Acrolein also significantly induced DNA oxidation in the submucosal layer; however, the P2X7 receptor antagonism did not show any protective effect towards the acrolein-induced oxidative stress. These findings suggested that the P2X7 receptor is involved in the acrolein-induced damage to the urothelium; therefore, the P2X7 receptor antagonists may be a new therapeutic option for the treatment of bladder inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinoos Taidi
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tommy Zhou
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate H Moore
- St George Hospital, UNSW Sydney, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Kylie J Mansfield
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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16
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Sahu D, Huan J, Wang H, Sahoo D, Casteel DE, Klemke RL, Boss GR, Hansel DE. Bladder Cancer Invasion Is Mediated by Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2-Driven Regulation of Nitric Oxide and Invadopodia Formation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:2203-2218. [PMID: 34428425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer invasion depends on mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) activity, although the downstream mTORC2 effectors that mediate this effect have not been fully defined. One potential downstream effector is the arginine derivative nitric oxide (NO). We identified a stage-associated increase in the expression of the NO-generating enzymes endothelial NO synthase (NOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) in human bladder cancer. Reduction of NOS activity by pharmacologic inhibition or silencing of NOS enzymes reduced cancer cell invasion, with similar effects observed using the NO scavenger cobinamide. By contrast, enhanced invasion was seen with the NO donor Deta-NONOate and an analog of the downstream NO second messenger cGMP. We next evaluated NOS expression in invadopodia, which are cellular protrusions that form the invasive tips of cancer cells. Invadopodia were enriched in both iNOS protein and mTORC2 activity, and invadopodia formation was increased by Deta-NONOate and decreased by cobinamide and ablation of mTORC2 activity. mTORC2 additionally increased expression of iNOS. Using a zebrafish model, injection of iNOS- or rictor-silenced cells reduced the frequency of bladder cancer cell metastasis in zebrafish. These results indicate that mTORC2 can mediate bladder cancer cell invasion through increased iNOS expression, resulting in increased NO and cGMP production in invadopodia and further propagation of invadopodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sahu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jianya Huan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Huawei Wang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Darren E Casteel
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Richard L Klemke
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Donna E Hansel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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17
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Sharma K, Dhar N, Thacker VV, Simonet TM, Signorino-Gelo F, Knott GW, McKinney JD. Dynamic persistence of UPEC intracellular bacterial communities in a human bladder-chip model of urinary tract infection. eLife 2021; 10:66481. [PMID: 34219648 PMCID: PMC8354636 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) proliferate within superficial bladder umbrella cells to form intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) during early stages of urinary tract infections. However, the dynamic responses of IBCs to host stresses and antibiotic therapy are difficult to assess in situ. We develop a human bladder-chip model wherein umbrella cells and bladder microvascular endothelial cells are co-cultured under flow in urine and nutritive media respectively, and bladder filling and voiding mimicked mechanically by application and release of linear strain. Using time-lapse microscopy, we show that rapid recruitment of neutrophils from the vascular channel to sites of infection leads to swarm and neutrophil extracellular trap formation but does not prevent IBC formation. Subsequently, we tracked bacterial growth dynamics in individual IBCs through two cycles of antibiotic administration interspersed with recovery periods which revealed that the elimination of bacteria within IBCs by the antibiotic was delayed, and in some instances, did not occur at all. During the recovery period, rapid proliferation in a significant fraction of IBCs reseeded new foci of infection through bacterial shedding and host cell exfoliation. These insights reinforce a dynamic role for IBCs as harbors of bacterial persistence, with significant consequences for non-compliance with antibiotic regimens. Urinary tract infections are one of the most common reasons people need antibiotics. These bacterial infections are typically caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (also known as UPEC), which either float freely in the urine and wash away when the bladder empties, or form communities inside cells that the bladder struggles to clear. It is possible that the bacteria living within cells are also more protected from the immune system and antibiotics. But this is hard to study in animal models. To overcome this, Sharma et al. built a ‘bladder-chip’ which mimics the interface between the blood vessels and the tissue layers of the human bladder. Similar chip devices have also been made for other organs. However, until now, no such model had been developed for the bladder. On the chip created by Sharma et al. is a layer of bladder cells which sit at the bottom of a channel filled with diluted human urine. These cells were infected with UPEC, and then imaged over time to see how the bacteria moved, interacted with the bladder cells, and aggregated together. Immune cells from human blood were then added to a vascular channel underneath the bladder tissue, which is coated with endothelial cells that normally line blood vessels. The immune cells rapidly crossed the endothelial barrier and entered the bladder tissue, and swarmed around sites of infection. In some instances, they released the contents of their cells to form net-like traps to catch the bacteria. But these traps failed to remove the bacteria living inside bladder cells. Antibiotics were then added to the urine flowing over the bladder cells as well as the vascular channel, similar to how drugs would be delivered in live human tissue. Sharma et al. discovered that the antibiotics killed bacteria residing in bladder cells slower than bacteria floating freely in the urine. Furthermore, they found that bacteria living in tightly packed communities within bladder cells were more likely to survive treatment and go on to re-infect other parts of the tissue. Antibiotic resistance is a pressing global challenge, and recurrent urinary tract infections are a significant contributor. The bladder-chip presented here could further our understanding of how these bacterial infections develop in vivo and how good antibiotics are at removing them. This could help researchers identify the best dosing and treatment strategies, as well as provide a platform for rapidly testing new antibiotic drugs and other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neeraj Dhar
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vivek V Thacker
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Simonet
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francois Signorino-Gelo
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham W Knott
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John D McKinney
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Murray BO, Flores C, Williams C, Flusberg DA, Marr EE, Kwiatkowska KM, Charest JL, Isenberg BC, Rohn JL. Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection: A Mystery in Search of Better Model Systems. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:691210. [PMID: 34123879 PMCID: PMC8188986 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.691210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases worldwide but are significantly understudied. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) accounts for a significant proportion of UTI, but a large number of other species can infect the urinary tract, each of which will have unique host-pathogen interactions with the bladder environment. Given the substantial economic burden of UTI and its increasing antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need to better understand UTI pathophysiology - especially its tendency to relapse and recur. Most models developed to date use murine infection; few human-relevant models exist. Of these, the majority of in vitro UTI models have utilized cells in static culture, but UTI needs to be studied in the context of the unique aspects of the bladder's biophysical environment (e.g., tissue architecture, urine, fluid flow, and stretch). In this review, we summarize the complexities of recurrent UTI, critically assess current infection models and discuss potential improvements. More advanced human cell-based in vitro models have the potential to enable a better understanding of the etiology of UTI disease and to provide a complementary platform alongside animals for drug screening and the search for better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O. Murray
- Centre for Urological Biology, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Flores
- Centre for Urological Biology, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corin Williams
- Department of Bioengineering, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Deborah A. Flusberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth E. Marr
- Department of Bioengineering, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Karolina M. Kwiatkowska
- Centre for Urological Biology, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L. Charest
- Department of Bioengineering, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Brett C. Isenberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Rohn
- Centre for Urological Biology, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Del Favero G, Zeugswetter M, Kiss E, Marko D. Endoplasmic Reticulum Adaptation and Autophagic Competence Shape Response to Fluid Shear Stress in T24 Bladder Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:647350. [PMID: 34012396 PMCID: PMC8126838 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.647350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of xenobiotics and waste metabolites in the urinary bladder is constantly accompanied by shear stress originating from the movement of the luminal fluids. Hence, both chemical and physical cues constantly modulate the cellular response in health and disease. In line, bladder cells have to maintain elevated mechanosensory competence together with chemical stress response adaptation potential. However, much of the molecular mechanisms sustaining this plasticity is currently unknown. Taking this as a starting point, we investigated the response of T24 urinary bladder cancer cells to shear stress comparing morphology to functional performance. T24 cells responded to the shear stress protocol (flow speed of 0.03 ml/min, 3 h) by significantly increasing their surface area. When exposed to deoxynivalenol-3-sulfate (DON-3-Sulf), bladder cells increased this response in a concentration-dependent manner (0.1-1 µM). DON-3-Sulf is a urinary metabolite of a very common food contaminant mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol, DON) and was already described to enhance proliferation of cancer cells. Incubation with DON-3-Sulf also caused the enlargement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), decreased the lysosomal movement, and increased the formation of actin stress fibers. Similar remodeling of the endoplasmic reticulum and area spread after shear stress were observed upon incubation with the autophagy activator rapamycin (1-100 nM). Performance of experiments in the presence of chloroquine (chloroquine, 30 μM) further contributed to shed light on the mechanistic link between adaptation to the biomechanical stimulation and ER stress response. At the molecular level, we observed that ER reshaping was linked to actin organization, with the two components mutually regulating each other. Indeed, we identified in the ER stress-cytoskeletal rearrangement an important axis defining the physical/chemical response potential of bladder cells and created a workflow for further investigation of urinary metabolites, food constituents, and contaminants, as well as for pharmacological profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Zeugswetter
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Endre Kiss
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Wang S, Jin S, Shu Q, Wu S. Strategies to Get Drugs across Bladder Penetrating Barriers for Improving Bladder Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:166. [PMID: 33513793 PMCID: PMC7912621 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a significant public health concern and social burden due to its high recurrence risk. Intravesical drug instillation is the primary therapy for bladder cancer to prevent recurrence. However, the intravesical drug therapeutic effect is limited by bladder penetrating barriers. The inadequate intravesical treatment might cause the low drug concentration in lesions, resulting in a high recurrence/progression rate of bladder cancer. Many strategies to get drugs across bladder penetrating barriers have been developed to improve intravesical treatment, including physical and chemical methods. This review summarizes the classical and updated literature and presents insights into great therapeutic potential strategies to overcome bladder penetrating barriers for improving the intravesical treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (S.W.); (S.J.)
| | - Shaohua Jin
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (S.W.); (S.J.)
| | - Qinghai Shu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (S.W.); (S.J.)
| | - Song Wu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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21
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Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. The Urothelium: Life in a Liquid Environment. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1621-1705. [PMID: 32191559 PMCID: PMC7717127 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra, forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical environment and communicates changes to underlying tissues including afferent nerve fibers and the smooth muscle. The goal of this review is to summarize new insights into urothelial biology and function that have occurred in the past decade. After familiarizing the reader with key aspects of urothelial histology, we describe new insights into urothelial development and regeneration. This is followed by an extended discussion of urothelial barrier function, including information about the roles of the glycocalyx, ion and water transport, tight junctions, and the cellular and tissue shape changes and other adaptations that accompany expansion and contraction of the lower urinary tract. We also explore evidence that the urothelium can alter the water and solute composition of urine during normal physiology and in response to overdistension. We complete the review by providing an overview of our current knowledge about the urothelial environment, discussing the sensor and transducer functions of the urothelium, exploring the role of circadian rhythms in urothelial gene expression, and describing novel research tools that are likely to further advance our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Shiwarski DJ, Tashman JW, Eaton AF, Apodaca G, Feinberg AW. 3D printed biaxial stretcher compatible with live fluorescence microscopy. HARDWAREX 2020; 7:e00095. [PMID: 35097243 PMCID: PMC8794355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2020.e00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical characterization and tensile testing of biological samples is important when determining the material properties of a tissue; however, performing tensile testing and tissue stretching while monitoring cellular changes via fluorescence microscopy is often challenging. Additionally, commercially available cell/tissue stretchers are often expensive, hard to customize, and limited in their fluorescence imaging compatibility. We have developed a 3D printed Open source Biaxial Stretcher (OBS) to be a low-cost stage top mountable biaxial stretching system for use with live cell fluorescence microscopy in both upright and inverted microscope configurations. Our OBS takes advantage of readily available open source desktop 3D printer hardware and software to deliver a fully motorized high precision (10 ± 0.5 μm movement accuracy) low cost biaxial stretching device capable of 4.5 cm of XY travel with a touch screen control panel, and an integrated heated platform with sample bath to maintain cell and tissue viability. Further, we designed a series of tissue mounts and clamps to accommodate varying samples from synthetic materials to biological tissue. By creating a low-profile design, we can directly mount the stretcher onto a microscope stage, and through coordinated biaxial stretching we maintain a constant field of view facilitating real-time sample tracking and time-lapse fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Shiwarski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joshua W. Tashman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Amity F. Eaton
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA United States
| | - Adam W. Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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23
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Wang J, Batourina E, Schneider K, Souza S, Swayne T, Liu C, George CD, Tate T, Dan H, Wiessner G, Zhuravlev Y, Canman JC, Mysorekar IU, Mendelsohn CL. Polyploid Superficial Cells that Maintain the Urothelial Barrier Are Produced via Incomplete Cytokinesis and Endoreplication. Cell Rep 2019; 25:464-477.e4. [PMID: 30304685 PMCID: PMC6351079 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium is an epithelia barrier lined by a luminal layer of binucleated, octoploid, superficial cells. Superficial cells are critical for production and transport of uroplakins, a family of proteins that assemble into a waterproof crystalline plaque that helps protect against infection and toxic substances. Adult urothelium is nearly quiescent, but rapidly regenerates in response to injury. Yet the mechanism by which binucleated, polyploid, superficial cells are produced remains unclear. Here, we show that superficial cells are likely to be derived from a population of binucleated intermediate cells, which are produced from mononucleated intermediate cells via incomplete cytokinesis. We show that binucleated intermediate and superficial cells increase DNA content via endoreplication, passing through S phase without entering mitosis. The urothelium can be permanently damaged by repetitive or chronic injury or disease. Identification of the mechanism by which superficial cells are produced may be important for developing strategies for urothelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ekatherina Batourina
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kerry Schneider
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Spenser Souza
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Theresa Swayne
- Confocal and Specialized Microscopy Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher D George
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tiffany Tate
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hanbin Dan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gregory Wiessner
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yelena Zhuravlev
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julie C Canman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology and Immunology and Center for Reproductive Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cathy Lee Mendelsohn
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Development and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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24
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Varadarajan S, Stephenson RE, Miller AL. Multiscale dynamics of tight junction remodeling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/22/jcs229286. [PMID: 31754042 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.229286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form tissues that generate biological barriers in the body. Tight junctions (TJs) are responsible for maintaining a selectively permeable seal between epithelial cells, but little is known about how TJs dynamically remodel in response to physiological forces that challenge epithelial barrier function, such as cell shape changes (e.g. during cell division) or tissue stretching (e.g. during developmental morphogenesis). In this Review, we first introduce a framework to think about TJ remodeling across multiple scales: from molecular dynamics, to strand dynamics, to cell- and tissue-scale dynamics. We then relate knowledge gained from global perturbations of TJs to emerging information about local TJ remodeling events, where transient localized Rho activation and actomyosin-mediated contraction promote TJ remodeling to repair local leaks in barrier function. We conclude by identifying emerging areas in the field and propose ideas for future studies that address unanswered questions about the mechanisms that drive TJ remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranyaraajan Varadarajan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Rachel E Stephenson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
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25
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Liu C, Tate T, Batourina E, Truschel ST, Potter S, Adam M, Xiang T, Picard M, Reiley M, Schneider K, Tamargo M, Lu C, Chen X, He J, Kim H, Mendelsohn CL. Pparg promotes differentiation and regulates mitochondrial gene expression in bladder epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4589. [PMID: 31597917 PMCID: PMC6785552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The urothelium is an epithelial barrier lining the bladder that protects against infection, fluid exchange and damage from toxins. The nuclear receptor Pparg promotes urothelial differentiation in vitro, and Pparg mutations are associated with bladder cancer. However, the function of Pparg in the healthy urothelium is unknown. Here we show that Pparg is critical in urothelial cells for mitochondrial biogenesis, cellular differentiation and regulation of inflammation in response to urinary tract infection (UTI). Superficial cells, which are critical for maintaining the urothelial barrier, fail to mature in Pparg mutants and basal cells undergo squamous-like differentiation. Pparg mutants display persistent inflammation after UTI, and Nf-KB, which is transiently activated in response to infection in the wild type urothelium, persists for months. Our observations suggest that in addition to its known roles in adipogegnesis and macrophage differentiation, that Pparg-dependent transcription plays a role in the urothelium controlling mitochondrial function development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tiffany Tate
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ekatherina Batourina
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Steven T Truschel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mike Adam
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tina Xiang
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maia Reiley
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Surgery, Ascension/St. John Providence, 16001 West Nine Mile Road, Southfield, MI, 48075, USA
| | - Kerry Schneider
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Manuel Tamargo
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jing He
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Cathy Lee Mendelsohn
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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26
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Musa G, Cazorla‐Vázquez S, Amerongen MJ, Stemmler MP, Eckstein M, Hartmann A, Braun T, Brabletz T, Engel FB. Gpr126 (Adgrg6)
is expressed in cell types known to be exposed to mechanical stimuli. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:96-108. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Musa
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Salvador Cazorla‐Vázquez
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Machteld J. Amerongen
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
| | - Marc P. Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐CenterFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Department of Pathology and AnatomyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Department of Pathology and AnatomyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐CenterFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
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27
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Smith SG, Griffith BE, Zaharoff DA. Analyzing the effects of instillation volume on intravesical delivery using biphasic solute transport in a deformable geometry. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2019; 36:139-156. [PMID: 29659860 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ailments of the bladder are often treated via intravesical delivery-direct application of therapeutic into the bladder through a catheter. This technique is employed hundreds of thousands of times every year, but protocol development has largely been limited to empirical determination. Furthermore, the numerical analyses of intravesical delivery performed to date have been restricted to static geometries and have not accounted for bladder deformation. This study uses a finite element analysis approach with biphasic solute transport to investigate several parameters pertinent to intravesical delivery including solute concentration, solute transport properties and instillation volume. The volume of instillation was found to have a substantial impact on the exposure of solute to the deeper muscle layers of the bladder, which are typically more difficult to reach. Indeed, increasing the instillation volume from 50-100 ml raised the muscle solute exposure as a percentage of overall bladder exposure from 60-70% with higher levels achieved for larger instillation volumes. Similar increases were not seen for changes in solute concentration or solute transport properties. These results indicate the role that instillation volume may play in targeting particular layers of the bladder during an intravesical delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G Smith
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Boyce E Griffith
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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28
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Eaton AF, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Griffiths SE, Rubio ME, Apodaca G. Expansion and contraction of the umbrella cell apical junctional ring in response to bladder filling and voiding. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2037-2052. [PMID: 31166831 PMCID: PMC6727774 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-02-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial junctional complex, composed of tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and an associated actomyosin cytoskeleton, forms the apical junctional ring (AJR), which must maintain its continuity in the face of external mechanical forces that accompany normal physiological functions. The AJR of umbrella cells, which line the luminal surface of the bladder, expands during bladder filling and contracts upon voiding; however, the mechanisms that drive these events are unknown. Using native umbrella cells as a model, we observed that the umbrella cell's AJR assumed a nonsarcomeric organization in which filamentous actin and ACTN4 formed unbroken continuous rings, while nonmuscle myosin II (NMMII) formed linear tracts along the actin ring. Expansion of the umbrella cell AJR required formin-dependent actin assembly, but was independent of NMMII ATPase function. AJR expansion also required membrane traffic, RAB13-dependent exocytosis, specifically, but not trafficking events regulated by RAB8A or RAB11A. In contrast, the voiding-induced contraction of the AJR depended on NMMII and actin dynamics, RHOA, and dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Taken together, our studies indicate that a mechanism by which the umbrella cells retain continuity during cyclical changes in volume is the expansion and contraction of their AJR, processes regulated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity F Eaton
- Department of Medicine, George M. O'Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- Department of Medicine, George M. O'Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, George M. O'Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research
| | - Shawn E Griffiths
- Department of Medicine, George M. O'Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research
| | - Maria Eulalia Rubio
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, George M. O'Brien Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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29
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Montalbetti N, Stocker SD, Apodaca G, Bastacky SI, Carattino MD. Urinary K + promotes irritative voiding symptoms and pain in the face of urothelial barrier dysfunction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5509. [PMID: 30940909 PMCID: PMC6445132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal surface of the bladder is lined by the urothelium, a stratified epithelium that forms an impermeable barrier to water and urine constituents. Abnormalities in the urothelial barrier have been described in certain forms of cystitis and were hypothesized to contribute to irritative voiding symptoms and pain by allowing the permeation of urinary K+ into suburothelial tissues, which then alters afferent signaling and smooth muscle function. Here, we examined the mechanisms underlying organ hyperactivity and pain in a model of cystitis caused by adenoviral-mediated expression of claudin-2 (Cldn2), a tight junction protein that forms paracellular pores and increases urothelial permeability. We found that in the presence of a leaky urothelium, intravesical K+ sensitizes bladder afferents and enhances their response to distension. Notably, dietary K+ restriction, a maneuver that reduces urinary K+, prevented the development of pelvic allodynia and inflammation seen in rats expressing Cldn2. Most importantly, intravesical K+ causes and is required to maintain bladder hyperactivity in rats with increased urothelial permeability. Our study demonstrates that in the face of a leaky urothelium, urinary K+ is the main determinant of afferent hyperexcitability, organ hyperactivity and pain. These findings support the notion that voiding symptoms and pain seen in forms of cystitis that coexist with urothelial barrier dysfunction could be alleviated by cutting urinary K+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montalbetti
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sean D Stocker
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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30
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Durnin L, Kwok B, Kukadia P, McAvera R, Corrigan RD, Ward SM, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Koh SD, Sanders KM, Mutafova-Yambolieva VN. An ex vivo bladder model with detrusor smooth muscle removed to analyse biologically active mediators released from the suburothelium. J Physiol 2018; 597:1467-1485. [PMID: 30289177 DOI: 10.1113/jp276924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Studies of urothelial cells, bladder sheets or lumens of filled bladders have suggested that mediators released from urothelium into suburothelium (SubU)/lamina propria (LP) activate mechanisms controlling detrusor excitability. None of these approaches, however, has enabled direct assessment of availability of mediators at SubU/LP during filling. We developed an ex vivo mouse bladder preparation with intact urothelium and SubU/LP but no detrusor, which allows direct access to the SubU/LP surface of urothelium during filling. Pressure-volume measurements during filling demonstrated that bladder compliance is governed primarily by the urothelium. Measurements of purine mediators in this preparation demonstrated asymmetrical availability of purines in lumen and SubU/LP, suggesting that interpretations based solely on intraluminal measurements of mediators may be inaccurate. The preparations are suitable for assessments of release, degradation and transport of mediators in SubU/LP during bladder filling, and are superior to experimental approaches previously used for urothelium research. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to develop a decentralized (ex vivo) detrusor smooth muscle (DSM)-denuded mouse bladder preparation, a novel model that enables studies on availability of urothelium-derived mediators at the luminal and anti-luminal aspects of the urothelium during filling. Urinary bladders were excised from C57BL6/J mice and the DSM was removed by fine-scissor dissection without touching the mucosa. Morphology and cell composition of the preparation wall, pressure-volume relationships during filling, and fluorescent dye permeability of control, protamine sulfate- and lipopolysaccharide-treated denuded bladders were characterized. The preparation wall contained intact urothelium and suburothelium (SubU)/lamina propria (LP) and lacked the DSM and the serosa. The utility of the model for physiological research was validated by measuring release, metabolism and transport of purine mediators at SubU/LP and in bladder lumen during filling. We determined asymmetrical availability of purines (e.g. ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine) in lumen and at SubU/LP during filling, suggesting differential mechanisms of release, degradation and bilateral transurothelial transport of purines during filling. Some observations were validated in DSM-denuded bladder of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). The novel model was superior to current models utilized to study properties of the urothelium (e.g. cultured urothelial cells, bladder mucosa sheets mounted in Ussing chambers or isolated bladder strips in organ baths) in that it enabled direct access to the vicinity of SubU/LP during authentic bladder filling. The model is particularly suitable for understanding local mechanisms of urothelium-DSM connectivity and for broad understanding of the role of urothelium in regulating continence and voiding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Durnin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0575, USA
| | - Benjamin Kwok
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0575, USA
| | - Priya Kukadia
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0575, USA
| | - Roisin McAvera
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0575, USA
| | - Robert D Corrigan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0575, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0575, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0575, USA
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0575, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0575, USA
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31
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Lu M, Li JR, Alvarez-Lugo L, Li Y, Yu S, Li X, Shi B, Chai TC. Lipopolysaccharide stimulates BK channel activity in bladder umbrella cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 314:C643-C653. [PMID: 29466671 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00339.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bladder urothelium plays an active role in response to bacterial infection. There is little known about the electrophysiological activity in urothelial cells in this process. We used a nonenzymatic method to isolate bladder urothelial tissue and to patch clamp umbrella cells in situ. A 200 pS conductance potassium (K+) channel was detected from female C57BL6 mice. Of 58 total patches, 17.2% patches displayed the 200 pS K+ conductance channel. This K+ conductance channel showed Ca2+ sensitivity and voltage dependence. Specific big-conductance potassium channel (BK) inhibitors (paxilline, iberiotoxin) blocked the 200 pS K+ conductance channel activity. RT-PCR and immunoblot confirmed BK channel pore-forming α-subunit (BK-α) mRNA and protein in urothelium. Immunohistochemistry also showed the BK-α located in urothelium. The above data provided evidence that the 200 pS K+ conductance channel was a BK channel. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, was used to investigate the role of BK channel in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection. BK channel activity as NPo increased threefold within 30 min of exposure to LPS. mRNAs for LPS receptors (TLR4, CD14, MD-2) were expressed in the urothelium but not in lamina propria or detrusor. Blockade of the receptors by an antagonist (polymyxin B) abrogated LPS's effect on BK channel. The involvement of protein kinase A (PKA) on BK channel activity was demonstrated by applying PKA blockers (H89 and PKI). Both PKA inhibitors abolished the BK channel activity induced by LPS. In conclusion, BK channel was identified in bladder umbrella cells, and its activity was significantly increased by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lery Alvarez-Lugo
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - XuanHao Li
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Toby C Chai
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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Yang Q, Xia D, Towner RA, Smith N, Saunders D, Fung KM, Aston CE, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Hurst RE, Madihally SV, Kropp BP, Lin HK. Reduced urothelial regeneration in rat bladders augmented with permeable porcine small intestinal submucosa assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:1778-1787. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Department of Urology; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
| | - Ding Xia
- Department of Urology; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei 430030 People's Republic of China
| | - Rheal A. Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
- Department of Pathology; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Urology; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
- Oklahoma City Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
| | - Christopher E. Aston
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
| | - Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
- Department of Physiology; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
| | - Robert E. Hurst
- Department of Urology; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
| | | | - Bradley P. Kropp
- Department of Urology; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
| | - Hsueh-Kung Lin
- Department of Urology; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
- Department of Physiology; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73104
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Janssen DAW, Schalken JA, Heesakkers JPFA. Urothelium update: how the bladder mucosa measures bladder filling. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:201-217. [PMID: 27804256 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM This review critically evaluates the evidence on mechanoreceptors and pathways in the bladder urothelium that are involved in normal bladder filling signalling. METHODS Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies on (i) signalling pathways like the adenosine triphosphate pathway, cholinergic pathway and nitric oxide and adrenergic pathway, and (ii) different urothelial receptors that are involved in bladder filling signalling like purinergic receptors, sodium channels and TRP channels will be evaluated. Other potential pathways and receptors will also be discussed. RESULTS Bladder filling results in continuous changes in bladder wall stretch and exposure to urine. Both barrier and afferent signalling functions in the urothelium are constantly adapting to cope with these dynamics. Current evidence shows that the bladder mucosa hosts essential pathways and receptors that mediate bladder filling signalling. Intracellular calcium ion increase is a dominant factor in this signalling process. However, there is still no complete understanding how interacting receptors and pathways create a bladder filling signal. Currently, there are still novel receptors investigated that could also be participating in bladder filling signalling. CONCLUSIONS Normal bladder filling sensation is dependent on multiple interacting mechanoreceptors and signalling pathways. Research efforts need to focus on how these pathways and receptors interact to fully understand normal bladder filling signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. W. Janssen
- Department of Urology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - J. A. Schalken
- Department of Urology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - J. P. F. A. Heesakkers
- Department of Urology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Montalbetti N, Rued AC, Taiclet SN, Birder LA, Kullmann FA, Carattino MD. Urothelial Tight Junction Barrier Dysfunction Sensitizes Bladder Afferents. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0381-16.2017. [PMID: 28560313 PMCID: PMC5442440 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0381-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic voiding disorder that presents with pain in the urinary bladder and surrounding pelvic region. A growing body of evidence suggests that an increase in the permeability of the urothelium, the epithelial barrier that lines the interior of the bladder, contributes to the symptoms of IC/BPS. To examine the consequence of increased urothelial permeability on pelvic pain and afferent excitability, we overexpressed in the urothelium claudin 2 (Cldn2), a tight junction (TJ)-associated protein whose message is significantly upregulated in biopsies of IC/BPS patients. Consistent with the presence of bladder-derived pain, rats overexpressing Cldn2 showed hypersensitivity to von Frey filaments applied to the pelvic region. Overexpression of Cldn2 increased the expression of c-Fos and promoted the activation of ERK1/2 in spinal cord segments receiving bladder input, which we conceive is the result of noxious stimulation of afferent pathways. To determine whether the mechanical allodynia observed in rats with reduced urothelial barrier function results from altered afferent activity, we examined the firing of acutely isolated bladder sensory neurons. In patch-clamp recordings, about 30% of the bladder sensory neurons from rats transduced with Cldn2, but not controls transduced with GFP, displayed spontaneous activity. Furthermore, bladder sensory neurons with tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) action potentials from rats transduced with Cldn2 showed hyperexcitability in response to suprathreshold electrical stimulation. These findings suggest that as a result of a leaky urothelium, the diffusion of urinary solutes through the urothelial barrier sensitizes bladders afferents, promoting voiding at low filling volumes and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montalbetti
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Anna C. Rued
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Stefanie N. Taiclet
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Lori A. Birder
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - F. Aura Kullmann
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Marcelo D. Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Host Responses to Urinary Tract Infections and Emerging Therapeutics: Sensation and Pain within the Urinary Tract. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4. [DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.uti-0023-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogenesis is understood increasingly at the level of the uropathogens and the cellular and molecular mediators of host inflammatory responses. However, little is known about the mediators of symptoms during UTI and what distinguishes symptomatic events from asymptomatic bacteriuria. Here, we review bladder physiology and sensory pathways in the context of an emerging literature from murine models dissecting the host and pathogen factors mediating pain responses during UTI. The bladder urothelium is considered a mediator of sensory responses and appears to play a role in UTI pain responses. Virulence factors of uropathogens induce urothelial damage that could trigger pain due to compromised bladder-barrier function. Instead, bacterial glycolipids are the major determinants of UTI pain independent of urothelial damage, and the O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide modulates pain responses. The extent of pain modulation by O-antigen can have profound effects, from abolishing pain responses to inducing chronic pain that results in central nervous system features reminiscent of neuropathic pain. Although these effects are largely dependent upon Toll-like receptors, pain is independent of inflammation. Surprisingly, some bacteria even possess analgesic properties, suggesting that bacteria exhibit a wide range of pain phenotypes in the bladder. In summary, UTI pain is a complex form of visceral pain that has significant potential to inform our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and raises the specter of chronic pain resulting from transient infection, as well as novel approaches to treating pain.
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Moulton DE, Sulzer V, Apodaca G, Byrne HM, Waters SL. Mathematical modelling of stretch-induced membrane traffic in bladder umbrella cells. J Theor Biol 2016; 409:115-132. [PMID: 27590325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bladder is a complex organ that is highly adaptive to its mechanical environment. The umbrella cells in the bladder uroepithelium are of particular interest: these cells actively change their surface area through exo- and endocytosis of cytoplasmic vesicles, and likely form a critical component in the mechanosensing process that communicates the sense of 'fullness' to the nervous system. In this paper we develop a first mechanical model for vesicle trafficking in umbrella cells in response to membrane tension during bladder filling. Recent experiments conducted on a disc of uroepithelial tissue motivate our model development. These experiments subject bladder tissue to fixed pressure differences and exhibit counterintuitive area changes. Through analysis of the mathematical model and comparison with experimental data in this setup, we gain an intuitive understanding of the biophysical processes involved and calibrate the vesicle trafficking rate parameters in our model. We then adapt the model to simulate in vivo bladder filling and investigate the potential effect of abnormalities in the vesicle trafficking machinery on bladder pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Moulton
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - V Sulzer
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G Apodaca
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - H M Byrne
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S L Waters
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Montalbetti N, Rued AC, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Bastacky SI, Prakasam HS, Eaton AF, Kullmann FA, Apodaca G, Carattino MD. Increased urothelial paracellular transport promotes cystitis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F1070-81. [PMID: 26423859 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the urothelial barrier are observed in patients with cystitis, but whether this leads to inflammation or occurs in response to it is currently unknown. To determine whether urothelial barrier dysfunction is sufficient to promote cystitis, we employed in situ adenoviral transduction to selectively overexpress the pore-forming tight junction-associated protein claudin-2 (CLDN-2). As expected, the expression of CLDN-2 in the umbrella cells increased the permeability of the paracellular route toward ions, but not to large organic molecules. In vivo studies of bladder function revealed higher intravesical basal pressures, reduced compliance, and increased voiding frequency in rats transduced with CLDN-2 vs. controls transduced with green fluorescent protein. While the integrity of the urothelial barrier was preserved in the rats transduced with CLDN-2, we found that the expression of this protein in the umbrella cells initiated an inflammatory process in the urinary bladder characterized by edema and the presence of a lymphocytic infiltrate. Taken together, these results are consistent with the notion that urothelial barrier dysfunction may be sufficient to trigger bladder inflammation and to alter bladder function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montalbetti
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna C Rued
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - H Sandeep Prakasam
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amity F Eaton
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - F Aura Kullmann
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
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Abstract
Substantial clinical need persists for improved autologous tissues to augment or replace the urinary bladder and research has begun to address this using tissue engineering techniques. The implantation of both tissue scaffolds which allow for native bladder tissue ingrowth and autologous bladder grafts created from in vitro cellularization of such scaffolds have been tested clinically; however, successful outcomes in both scenarios have been challenged by insufficient vascularity resulting from large graft sizes, which subsequently limits tissue ingrowth and leads to central graft ischemia. Consequently, recent research has focused on developing better methods to produce scaffolds with increased tissue ingrowth and vascularity. This review provides an update on bladder tissue engineering and outlines the challenges that remain to clinical implementation.
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Schulz H, Dahlhoff M, Glogowska A, Zhang L, Arnold GJ, Fröhlich T, Schneider MR, Klonisch T. Betacellulin transgenic mice develop urothelial hyperplasia and show sex-dependent reduction in urinary major urinary protein content. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:33-8. [PMID: 25943456 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like ligands and their cognate ERBB1-4 receptors represent important signaling pathways that regulate tissue and cell proliferation, differentiation and regeneration in a wide variety of tissues, including the urogenital tract. Betacellulin (BTC) can activate all four ERBB tyrosine kinase receptors and is a multifunctional EGF-like ligand with diverse roles in β cell differentiation, bone maturation, formation of functional epithelial linings and vascular permeability in different organs. Using transgenic BTC mice, we have studied the effect of constitutive systemic BTC over-expression on the urinary bladder. BTC was detected in microvascular structures of the stromal bladder compartment and in umbrella cells representing the protective apical lining of the uroepithelium. ERBB1 and ERBB4 receptors were co-localized in the urothelium. Mice transgenic for BTC and double transgenic for both BTC and the dominant kinase-dead mutant of EGFR (Waved 5) developed hyperplasia of the uroepithelium at 5months of age, suggesting that urothelial hyperplasia was not exclusively dependent on ERBB1/EGFR. Mass spectrometric analysis of urine revealed a significant down-regulation of major urinary proteins in female BTC transgenic mice, suggesting a novel role for systemic BTC in odor-based signaling in female transgenic BTC mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Schulz
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maik Dahlhoff
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Glogowska
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Lin Zhang
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Georg J Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis LAFUGA, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; Dept. of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Smith NJ, Hinley J, Varley CL, Eardley I, Trejdosiewicz LK, Southgate J. The human urothelial tight junction: claudin 3 and the ZO-1α + switch. Bladder (San Franc) 2015; 2:e9. [PMID: 26269793 PMCID: PMC4530542 DOI: 10.14440/bladder.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tight junctions are multicomponent structures, with claudin proteins defining paracellular permeability. Claudin 3 is a candidate for the exceptional “tightness” of human urothelium, being localised to the terminal tight junction (TJ) of superficial cells. Our aim was to determine whether claudin 3 plays an instigating and/or a functional role in the urothelial TJ. Materials and Methods Normal human urothelial (NHU) cells maintained as non-immortalised cell lines were retrovirally-transduced to over-express or silence claudin 3 expression. Stable sublines induced to stratify or differentiate were assessed for TJ formation by immunocytochemistry and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). Expression of claudin 3, ZO-1 and ZO-1α+ was examined in native urothelium by immunohistochemistry. Results Claudin 3 expression was associated with differentiation and development of a tight barrier and along with ZO-1 and ZO-1α+ was localised to the apical tight junction in native urothelium. Knockdown of claudin 3 inhibited formation of a tight barrier in three independent cell lines, however, overexpression of claudin 3 was not sufficient to induce tight barrier development in the absence of differentiation. A differentiation-dependent induction of the ZO-1α+ isoform was found to coincide with barrier formation. Whereas claudin 3 overexpression did not induce the switch to co-expression of ZO-1α−/ZO-1α+, claudin 3 knockdown decreased localisation of ZO-1 to the TJ and resulted in compromised barrier function. Conclusions Urothelial cytodifferentiation is accompanied by induction of claudin 3 which is essential for the development of a terminal TJ. A coordinated switch to the ZO-1α+ isotype was also observed and for the first time may indicate that ZO-1α+ is involved in the structural assembly and function of the urothelial terminal TJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Smith
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom ; Pyrah Department of Urology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hinley
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Varley
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Eardley
- Pyrah Department of Urology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Ludwik K Trejdosiewicz
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Southgate
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Apodaca G, Brown WJ. Membrane traffic research: challenges for the next decade. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:52. [PMID: 25364759 PMCID: PMC4207031 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Apodaca
- The Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Brown
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review addresses significant changes in our understanding of urothelial development and regeneration. Understanding urothelial differentiation will be important in the push to find new methods of bladder reconstruction and augmentation, as well as identification of bladder cancer stem cells. RECENT FINDINGS This review will cover recent findings including the identification of novel progenitor cells in the embryo and adult urothelium, function of the urothelium, and regeneration of the urothelium. Using Cre-lox recombination with cell-type-specific Cre lines, lineage studies from our laboratory have revealed novel urothelial cell types and progenitors that are critical for formation and regeneration of the urothelium. Interestingly, our studies indicate that Keratin-5-expressing basal cells, which have previously been proposed to be urothelial stem cells, are a self-renewing unipotent population, whereas P-cells, a novel urothelial cell type, are progenitors in the embryo, and intermediate cells serve as a progenitor pool in the adult. SUMMARY These findings could have important implications for our understanding of cancer tumorigenesis and could move the fields of regeneration and reconstruction forward.
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Han L, Wu Z, Zhao Q. Revealing the molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer by establishing LGALS3-related protein-protein interaction network and identifying signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:581-8. [PMID: 24398765 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
LGALS3 plays a role in colorectal cancer, however, the detailed molecular mechanism remains to be determined, while signaling pathways provide valuable information for understanding the underlying mechanism of the cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore the roles of LGALS3 and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. In this study, microarray data GSE8671 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in colorectal cancer were identified by Significant Analysis of Microarray. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed on the top 500 upregulated and 500 downregulated genes using DAVID. The signaling pathways were predicted by the signaling pathway impact analysis (SPIA) with pGFdr<0.05 and transcription factors were identified by TFats. The LGALS3-related protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was established by STRING and Cytoscape. In total, 6,593 upregulated and 5,897 downregulated DEGs were identified and 41 downregulated genes, including CLND8 and CLND23 were enriched in cell adhesion. In addition, 21 pathways, such as the cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway, were selected. MYC and TCF7L2 were found to be activated while FOXO3 was suppressed in colorectal cancer. Eight downregulated and 10 upregulated genes were identified in the LGALS3 PPI network. Results of the present study shed new light on the molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and these findings have the potential to be used in colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Economics Division, School of Social and International Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Zhixiong Wu
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Shapingba, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Qicheng Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Shapingba, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
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