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Kusewitt DF, Sharma G, Woods CD, Rosas E, Hathaway HJ, Prossnitz ER. GPER expression prevents estrogen-induced urinary retention in obese mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 244:106607. [PMID: 39197539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Long-term administration of exogenous estrogen is known to cause urinary retention and marked, often fatal, bladder distention in both male and female mice. Estrogen-treated mice have increased bladder pressure and decreased urine flow, suggesting that urinary retention in estrogen-treated mice is due to infravesicular obstruction to urine outflow. Thus, the condition is commonly referred to as bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). Obesity can also lead to urinary retention. As the effects of estrogen are mediated by multiple receptors, including estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ and the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), we sought to determine whether GPER plays a role in estrogen-induced BOO, particularly in the context of obesity. Wild type and GPER knockout (KO) mice fed a high-fat diet were ovariectomized or left ovary-intact (sham surgery) and supplemented with slow-release estrogen or vehicle-only pellets. Supplementing both GPER KO and wild type obese mice with estrogen for 8 weeks resulted in weight loss, splenic enlargement, and thymic atrophy, as expected. However, estrogen-treated obese GPER KO mice developed abdominal distension, debilitation, and ulceration of the skin surrounding the urogenital opening. At necropsy, these mice had prominently distended bladders and hydronephrosis. In contrast, estrogen-treated obese wild type mice only rarely displayed these signs. Our results suggest that, under conditions of obesity, estrogen induces BOO as a result of ERα-driven pathways and that GPER expression is protective against BOO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna F Kusewitt
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Geetanjali Sharma
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Christine D Woods
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Emmanuel Rosas
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Helen J Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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2
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Aitken KJ, Schröder A, Haddad A, Sidler M, Penna F, Fernandez N, Ahmed T, Marino V, Bechbache M, Jiang JX, Tolg C, Bägli DJ. Epigenetic insights to pediatric uropathology: Celebrating the fundamental biology vision of Tony Khoury. J Pediatr Urol 2024; 20 Suppl 1:S43-S57. [PMID: 38944627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many pediatric urology conditions affect putatively normal tissues or appear too commonly to be based solely on specific DNA mutations. Understanding epigenetic mechanisms in pediatric urology, therefore, has many implications that can impact cell and tissue responses to settings, such as environmental and hormonal influences on urethral development, uropathogenic infections, obstructive stimuli, all of which originate externally or extracellularly. Indeed, the cell's response to external stimuli is often mediated epigenetically. In this commentary, we highlight work on the critical role that epigenetic machinery, such as DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), Enhancer of Zeste Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Subunit (EZH2), and others play in regulating gene expression and cellular functions in three urological contexts. DESIGN Animal and cellular constructs were used to model clinical pediatric uropathology. The hypertrophy, trabeculation, and fibrosis of the chronically obstructed bladder was explored using smooth muscle cell models employing disorganised vs. normal extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as a new animal model of chronic obstructive bladder disease (COBD) which retains its pathologic features even after bladder de-obstruction. Cell models from human and murine hypospadias or genital tubercles (GT) were used to illustrate developmental responses and epigenetic dependency of key developmental genes. Finally, using bladder urothelial and organoid culture systems, we examined activity of epigenetic machinery in response to non uropathogenic vs. uropathogenic E.coli (UPEC). DNMT and EZH2 expression and function were interrogated in these model systems. RESULTS Disordered ECM exerted a principal mitogenic and epigenetic role for on bladder smooth muscle both in vitro and in CODB in vivo. Key genes, e.g., BDNF and KCNB2 were under epigenetic regulation in actively evolving obstruction and COBD, though each condition showed distinct epigenetic responses. In models of hypospadias, estrogen strongly dysregulated WNT and Hox expression, which was normalized by epigenetic inhibition. Finally, DNA methylation machinery in the urothelium showed specific activation when challenged by uropathogenic E.coli. Similarly, UPEC induces hypermethylation and downregulation of the growth suppressor p16INK4A. Moreover, host cells exposed to UPEC produced secreted factors inducing epigenetic responses transmissible from one affected cell to another without ongoing bacterial presence. DISCUSSION Microenvironmental influences altered epigenetic activity in the three described urologic contexts. Considering that many obstructed bladders continue to display abnormal architecture and dysfunction despite relief of obstruction similar to after resection of posterior valves or BPH, the epigenetic mechanisms described highlight novel approaches for understanding the underlying smooth muscle myopathy of this crucial clinical problem. Similarly, there is evidence for an epigenetic basis of xenoestrogen on development of hypospadias, and UTI-induced pan-urothelial alteration of epigenetic marks and propensity for subsequent (recurrent) UTI. The impact of mechanical, hormonal, infectious triggers on genitourinary epigenetic machinery activity invite novel avenues for targeting epigenetic modifications associated with these non-cancer diseases in urology. This includes the use of deactivated CRISPR-based technologies for precise epigenome targeting and editing. Overall, we underscore the importance of understanding epigenetic regulation in pediatric urology for the development of innovative therapeutic and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Aitken
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; DIYbio Toronto, 1677 St. Clair West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Annette Schröder
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology of the University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Ahmed Haddad
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Sidler
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Penna
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Fernandez
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tabina Ahmed
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Human Biology Programme, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Marino
- DIYbio Toronto, 1677 St. Clair West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Bechbache
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jia-Xin Jiang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Human Biology Programme, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cornelia Tolg
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darius J Bägli
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Lavery TC, Spiegelhoff A, Wang K, Kennedy CL, Ridlon M, Keil Stietz KP. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure in adult female mice can influence bladder contractility. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2023; 11:367-384. [PMID: 37941647 PMCID: PMC10628623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) greatly reduce quality of life. While LUTS etiology is not completely understood, it is plausible that environmental contaminants could play a role. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are a group of persistent environmental toxicants frequently documented in animal and human tissues. PCBs are capable of influencing voiding function in mouse offspring exposed developmentally, however whether PCB exposure during adulthood can also influence voiding dynamics is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether PCB exposure in adult female mice can impact voiding function. As part of a larger study to generate developmentally exposed offspring, adult female C57Bl/6J mice were dosed orally with the MARBLES PCB mixture (0.1, 1, or 6 mg/kg/day) or vehicle control beginning two weeks before mating and throughout gestation and lactation (9 weeks). Adult dosed female dams then underwent void spot assay, uroflowmetry, and anesthetized cystometry to assess voiding function. Bladder contractility was assessed in ex vivo bladder bath assays, and bladders were collected for morphology and histology assessments. While voiding behavior endpoints were minimally impacted, alterations to bladder contractility dynamics were more pronounced. Adult female mice dosed with 1 mg/kg/d PCB showed an increase in urine spots 2-3 cm2 in size, increased bladder contractility in response to electrical field stimulation, and decreased bladder wall thickness compared to vehicle control. PCBs also altered contractile response to cholinergic agonist in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, these results indicate that exposure to PCBs in adult female mice is sufficient to produce changes in bladder physiology. These results also highlight the critical role of timing of exposure in influencing voiding function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cm Lavery
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Audrey Spiegelhoff
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Kathy Wang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Conner L Kennedy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Monica Ridlon
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Kimberly P Keil Stietz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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4
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Spiegelhoff A, Wang K, Ridlon M, Lavery T, Kennedy CL, George S, Stietz KPK. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Impact Prostatic Collagen Density and Bladder Volume in Young Adult Mice Exposed during in Utero and Lactational Development. TOXICS 2023; 11:609. [PMID: 37505574 PMCID: PMC10384510 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants linked to deleterious health outcomes, including voiding dysfunction in developmentally exposed mice. Changes in prostate volume and/or extracellular matrix composition are associated with voiding dysfunction in men and animal models. Whether PCB-induced changes in voiding function in male mice occur in part via alterations to the prostate or an alternate mechanism is unclear. Therefore, we tested whether developmental exposure to the MARBLES PCB mixture altered prostate morphology in young adult offspring. C57Bl/6J female mice were dosed daily with the MARBLES PCB mixture at 0, 0.1, 1 or 6 mg/kg/d for two weeks prior to mating and through gestation and lactation, offspring were collected at 6 weeks of age. Ventral prostate mass was decreased in the 1 mg/kg/d PCB group compared to other PCB groups. There were no PCB-induced changes in prostate smooth muscle thickness, apoptosis, proliferation, or testes mass. PCBs impacted the prostate extracellular matrix; anterior prostate collagen density was decreased in the 1 mg/kg/d PCB group compared to all other groups. Normalized bladder volume was increased in male and female offspring in the 6 mg/kg/d PCB group compared to control. No change in water consumption, bladder mass or bladder smooth muscle thickness accompanied changes in bladder volume. Urine and serum creatinine concentrations were elevated but only in male mice. Together, these results suggest that developmental exposure to PCBs can influence prostate wet weight and prostate/bladder morphology, but PCBs do not promote prostate enlargement. Whether these changes persist throughout adult life and how they contribute to voiding function in animal models and humans is of future interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Spiegelhoff
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kathy Wang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Monica Ridlon
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thomas Lavery
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Conner L Kennedy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Serena George
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kimberly P Keil Stietz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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5
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Sheftel CM, Liu L, Field SL, Weaver SR, Vezina CM, Peñagaricano F, Hernandez LL. Impact of Fluoxetine Treatment and Folic Acid Supplementation on the Mammary Gland Transcriptome During Peak Lactation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:828735. [PMID: 35281892 PMCID: PMC8904566 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.828735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a key regulator of mammary gland homeostasis during lactation. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat peripartum depression, but also modulates mammary gland serotonin concentrations and signaling in part through DNA methylation. The objective of this study was to determine mouse mammary transcriptome changes in response to the SSRI fluoxetine and how methyl donor supplementation, achieved by folic acid supplementation, affected the transcriptome. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed either breeder diet (containing 4 mg/kg folic acid) or supplemented diet (containing 24 mg/kg folic acid) beginning 2 weeks prior to mating, then on embryonic day 13 mice were injected daily with either saline or 20 mg/kg fluoxetine. Mammary glands were harvested at peak lactation, lactation day 10, for transcriptomic analysis. Fluoxetine but not folic acid altered circulating serotonin and calcium concentrations, and folic acid reduced mammary serotonin concentrations, however only fluoxetine altered genes in the mammary transcriptome. Fluoxetine treatment altered fifty-six genes. Elovl6 was the most significantly altered gene by fluoxetine treatment along with gene pathways involving fatty acid homeostasis, PPARγ, and adipogenesis, which are critical for milk fat synthesis. Enriched pathways in the mammary gland by fluoxetine revealed pathways including calcium signaling, serotonin receptors, milk proteins, and cellular response to cytokine stimulus which are important for lactation. Although folic acid did not impact specific genes, a less stringent pathway analysis revealed more diffuse effects where folic acid enriched pathways involving negative regulation of gene expression as expected, but additionally enriched pathways involving serotonin, glycolysis, and lactalbumin which are critical for lactation. In conclusion, peripartal SSRI use and folic acid supplementation altered critical genes related to milk synthesis and mammary gland function that are important to a successful lactation. However, folic acid supplementation did not reverse changes in the mammary gland transcriptome altered by peripartal SSRI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Sheftel
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lihe Liu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sena L Field
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Samantha R Weaver
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Francisco Peñagaricano
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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6
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Nguyen JL, Ricke EA, Liu TT, Gerona R, MacGillivray L, Wang Z, Timms BG, Bjorling DE, Vom Saal FS, Ricke WA. Bisphenol-A analogs induce lower urinary tract dysfunction in male mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114889. [PMID: 34979091 PMCID: PMC9436030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA), an estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical, significantly impacts numerous diseases and abnormalities in mammals. Estrogens are known to play an important role in the biology of the prostate; however, little is known about the role of bisphenols in the etiology of prostate pathologies, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). Bisphenol-F (BPF) and bisphenol-S (BPS) are analogs often used as substitutes for BPA; they are both reported to have in vitro and in vivo estrogenic effects similar to or more potent than BPA. The objective of this study was to assess the role of these bisphenols in the development of LUTD in adult male mice. In adult mice exposed to BPA, BPS or BPF, we examined urinary tract histopathology and physiological events associated with urinary dysfunction. Mice treated with bisphenols displayed increased bladder (p < 0.005) and prostate (p < 0.0001) mass, and there was an increased number of prostatic ducts in the prostatic urethra (p < 0.05) and decreased size of the urethra lumen (p < 0.05) compared to negative controls. After two months of bisphenol exposure, mice displayed notable differences in cystometric tracings compared to controls, consistent with LUTD. Treatment of male mice with all bisphenols also induced voiding dysfunction manifested by detrusor instability and histologic changes in the prostatic urethra of male rodents, consistent with LUTD. Our results implicate BPA and its replacements in the development and progression LUTD in mice and provide insights into the development and progression of BPH/LUTS in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Nguyen
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - E A Ricke
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - T T Liu
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States
| | - R Gerona
- Dept of ObGyn, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - L MacGillivray
- Dept of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States
| | - Z Wang
- Dept of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - B G Timms
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States
| | - D E Bjorling
- Dept of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - F S Vom Saal
- Dept of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - W A Ricke
- Dept of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, United States.
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7
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Turco AE, Oakes SR, Keil Stietz KP, Dunham CL, Joseph DB, Chathurvedula TS, Girardi NM, Schneider AJ, Gawdzik J, Sheftel CM, Wang P, Wang Z, Bjorling DE, Ricke WA, Tang W, Hernandez LL, Keast JR, Bonev AD, Grimes MD, Strand DW, Tykocki NR, Tanguay RL, Peterson RE, Vezina CM. A mechanism linking perinatal 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure to lower urinary tract dysfunction in adulthood. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:271057. [PMID: 34318329 PMCID: PMC8326766 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) affects nearly all men. Symptoms typically present in the fifth or sixth decade and progressively worsen over the remainder of life. Here, we identify a surprising origin of this disease that traces back to the intrauterine environment of the developing male, challenging paradigms about when this disease process begins. We delivered a single dose of a widespread environmental contaminant present in the serum of most Americans [2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1 µg/kg], and representative of a broader class of environmental contaminants, to pregnant mice and observed an increase in the abundance of a neurotrophic factor, artemin, in the developing mouse prostate. Artemin is required for noradrenergic axon recruitment across multiple tissues, and TCDD rapidly increases prostatic noradrenergic axon density in the male fetus. The hyperinnervation persists into adulthood, when it is coupled to autonomic hyperactivity of prostatic smooth muscle and abnormal urinary function, including increased urinary frequency. We offer new evidence that prostate neuroanatomical development is malleable and that intrauterine chemical exposures can permanently reprogram prostate neuromuscular function to cause male LUTD in adulthood. Summary: We describe a new mechanism of benign prostate disease, initiated by fetal chemical exposure, which durably increases prostatic noradrenergic axon density and causes smooth muscle hyperactivity and urinary voiding dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Turco
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Steven R Oakes
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kimberly P Keil Stietz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Cheryl L Dunham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Diya B Joseph
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Nicholas M Girardi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Andrew J Schneider
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joseph Gawdzik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Celeste M Sheftel
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Peiqing Wang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zunyi Wang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Dale E Bjorling
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Weiping Tang
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Janet R Keast
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Adrian D Bonev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Matthew D Grimes
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nathan R Tykocki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 58823, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison, WI 53705, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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8
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Abler LL, O’Driscoll CA, Colopy SA, Stietz KPK, Wang P, Wang Z, Hartmann F, Crader-Smith SM, Oellete JN, Mehta V, Oakes SR, Grimes MD, Mitchell GS, Baan M, Gallagher SJ, Davis DB, Kimple ME, Bjorling DE, Watters JJ, Vezina CM. The influence of intermittent hypoxia, obesity, and diabetes on male genitourinary anatomy and voiding physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F82-F92. [PMID: 34121451 PMCID: PMC8807064 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00112.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We used male BTBR mice carrying the Lepob mutation, which are subject to severe and progressive obesity and diabetes beginning at 6 wk of age, to examine the influence of one specific manifestation of sleep apnea, intermittent hypoxia (IH), on male urinary voiding physiology and genitourinary anatomy. A custom device was used to deliver continuous normoxia (control) or IH to wild-type and Lepob/ob (mutant) mice for 2 wk. IH was delivered during the 12-h inactive (light) period in the form of 90 s of 6% O2 followed by 90 s of room air. Continuous room air was delivered during the 12-h active (dark) period. We then evaluated genitourinary anatomy and physiology. As expected for the type 2 diabetes phenotype, mutant mice consumed more food and water, weighed more, and voided more frequently and in larger urine volumes. They also had larger bladder volumes but smaller prostates, seminal vesicles, and urethras than wild-type mice. IH decreased food consumption and increased bladder relative weight independent of genotype and increased urine glucose concentration in mutant mice. When evaluated based on genotype (normoxia + IH), the incidence of pathogenic bacteriuria was greater in mutant mice than in wild-type mice, and among mice exposed to IH, bacteriuria incidence was greater in mutant mice than in wild-type mice. We conclude that IH exposure and type 2 diabetes can act independently and together to modify male mouse urinary function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea are common in aging men, and both have been linked to urinary voiding dysfunction. Here, we show that metabolic syndrome and intermittent hypoxia (a manifestation of sleep apnea) have individual and combined influences on voiding function and urogenital anatomy in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Abler
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,2University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Chelsea A. O’Driscoll
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,2University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sara A. Colopy
- 3Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kimberly P. Keil Stietz
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Peiqing Wang
- 3Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Zunyi Wang
- 3Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Faye Hartmann
- 4Microbiology Laboratory, UW Veterinary Care, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephanie M. Crader-Smith
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jonathan N. Oellete
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Vatsal Mehta
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Steven R. Oakes
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew D. Grimes
- 5Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gordon S. Mitchell
- 6Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, grid.15276.37University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mieke Baan
- 7Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,8William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Shannon J. Gallagher
- 7Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,8William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dawn B. Davis
- 7Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,8William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michelle E. Kimple
- 7Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,8William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dale E. Bjorling
- 2University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, Madison, Wisconsin,3Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jyoti J. Watters
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin,2University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, Madison, Wisconsin
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9
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Brütting C, Hildebrand P, Brandsch C, Stangl GI. Ability of dietary factors to affect homocysteine levels in mice: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:68. [PMID: 34193183 PMCID: PMC8243555 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine is associated with several diseases, and a series of dietary factors are known to modulate homocysteine levels. As mice are often used as model organisms to study the effects of dietary hyperhomocysteinemia, we collected data about concentrations of vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folate, methionine, cystine, and choline in mouse diets and the associated plasma/serum homocysteine levels. In addition, we more closely examined the composition of the control diet, the impact of the mouse strain, sex and age, and the duration of the dietary intervention on homocysteine levels. In total, 113 out of 1103 reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. In the experimental and control diets, homocysteine levels varied from 0.1 to 280 µmol/l. We found negative correlations between dietary vitamin B12 (rho = − 0.125; p < 0.05), vitamin B6 (rho = − 0.191; p < 0.01) and folate (rho = − 0.395; p < 0.001) and circulating levels of homocysteine. In contrast, a positive correlation was observed between dietary methionine and homocysteine (methionine: rho = 0.146; p < 0.05). No significant correlations were found for cystine or choline and homocysteine levels. In addition, there was no correlation between the duration of the experimental diets and homocysteine levels. More importantly, the data showed that homocysteine levels varied widely in mice fed control diets as well. When comparing control diets with similar nutrient concentrations (AIN-based), there were significant differences in homocysteine levels caused by the strain (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and age of the mice at baseline (r = 0.47; p < 0.05). When comparing homocysteine levels and sex, female mice tended to have higher homocysteine levels than male mice (9.3 ± 5.9 µmol/l vs. 5.8 ± 4.5 µmol/l; p = 0.069). To conclude, diets low in vitamin B12, vitamin B6, or folate and rich in methionine are similarly effective in increasing homocysteine levels. AIN recommendations for control diets are adequate with respect to the amounts of homocysteine-modulating dietary parameters. In addition, the mouse strain and the age of mice can affect the homocysteine level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Brütting
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Pia Hildebrand
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Corinna Brandsch
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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10
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Wegner KA, Ruetten H, Girardi NM, O’Driscoll CA, Sandhu JK, Turco AE, Abler LL, Wang P, Wang Z, Bjorling DE, Malinowski R, Peterson RE, Strand DW, Marker PC, Vezina CM. Genetic background but not prostatic epithelial beta-catenin influences susceptibility of male mice to testosterone and estradiol-induced urinary dysfunction. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2021; 9:121-131. [PMID: 33816700 PMCID: PMC8012832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urinary voiding dysfunction in aging men can cause bothersome symptoms and irreparable tissue damage. Underlying mechanisms are not fully known. We previously demonstrated that subcutaneous, slow-release testosterone and estradiol implants (T+E2) drive a pattern of urinary voiding dysfunction in male mice that resembles that of aging men. The initial goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that prostatic epithelial beta-catenin (Ctnnb1) is required for T+E2-mediated voiding dysfunction. Targeted Ctnnb1 deletion did not significantly change voiding function in control or T+E2 treated mice but led to the surprising discovery that the C57BL/6J × FVB/NJ × 129S1 mixed genetic background onto which Ctnnb1 loss of function alleles were maintained is profoundly susceptible to voiding dysfunction. The mixed background mice develop a more rapid T+E2-mediated increase in spontaneous urine spotting, are more impaired in ability to initiate bladder contraction, and develop larger and heavier bladders than T+E2 treated C57BL/6J pure bred mice. To better understand mechanisms, we separately evaluated contributions of T and E2 and found that E2 mediates voiding dysfunction. Our findings that genetic factors serve as modifiers of responsiveness to T and E2 demonstrate the need to control for genetic background in studies of male voiding dysfunction. We also show that genetic factors could control severity of voiding dysfunction. We demonstrate the importance of E2 as a key mediator of voiding impairment, and show that the concentration of E2 in subcutaneous implants determines the severity of voiding dysfunction in mice, demonstrating that the mouse model is tunable, a factor which is important for future pharmacological intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Wegner
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Hannah Ruetten
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Nicholas M Girardi
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Chelsea A O’Driscoll
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jaskiran K Sandhu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Anne E Turco
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Lisa L Abler
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Peiqing Wang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Zunyi Wang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Dale E Bjorling
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Rita Malinowski
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | | | - Douglas W Strand
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, Texas, USA
| | - Paul C Marker
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Chad M Vezina
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/UMASS Boston/UT-Southwestern George M. O’Brien Center for Benign Urologic ResearchMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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11
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Liss MA, Ashcraft K, Satsangi A, Bacich D. Rise in serum folate after androgen deprivation associated with worse prostate cancer-specific survival. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:682.e21-682.e27. [PMID: 32444177 PMCID: PMC10866043 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High folate has an association with advanced prostate cancer and levels of testosterone. Herein, we perform a translational study to investigate the inverse response of serum folate in prostate cancer patients initiating androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and a mirrored animal model. METHODS A retrospective study was performed using the South Texas Veterans Healthcare System to identify patients with prostate cancer on ADT. We documented testosterone and folate levels before and after ADT initiation (defined by a reduction in testosterone by 50 ng/ml) as compared to those already on ADT (maintenance). Our primary outcome was overall mortality with secondary outcome of prostate cancer-specific mortality. In parallel, we tested castration of C57BL/6J mice on folate-defined diet to determine if folate levels change with response to androgen deprivation. Students' t test on continuous variables and Chi-squared test on dichotomous variables was performed along with Kaplan-Meier for time to event analysis. RESULTS We identified 56 men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation in which folate levels had been determined. 15 out of 16 (94%) men initiating ADT had increases in their folate, which is substantially more than 67% in maintenance group (P = 0.04). We identified more rapid time to death from prostate cancer if folate levels increased to levels >200 ng/ml above their baseline (P = 0.03). Mice models demonstrated a significant rise in serum red blood cell folate after mice were castrated (P = 0.03) by an average of 1.5x over pre-castrated baseline level. By contrast, sham-castrated mice showed no increase in serum folate levels over baseline. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that men with substantial rises in folate after initiating ADT may be associated with worse prostate cancer-specific and overall survival. Our translational experiments in mice confirmed correlation between rising in folate levels post-castration. Given this study, further investigation is warranted on the role of dietary folate consumption during initiation of ADT and progression to castrate-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Liss
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, Department of Urology, San Antonio, TX.
| | - Keith Ashcraft
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, Department of Urology, San Antonio, TX
| | - Arpan Satsangi
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, Department of Urology, San Antonio, TX
| | - Dean Bacich
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, Department of Urology, San Antonio, TX
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12
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Thomas S, Hao L, DeLaney K, McLean D, Steinke L, Marker PC, Vezina CM, Li L, Ricke WA. Spatiotemporal Proteomics Reveals the Molecular Consequences of Hormone Treatment in a Mouse Model of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1375-1382. [PMID: 32108482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia and related lower urinary tract symptoms remain common, costly, and impactful issues for aging males. The etiology and pathogenesis are multifactorial and include steroid hormone changes and inflammation. Noninvasive markers could one day inform personalized medicine, but interindividual variation and lack of healthy age-matched controls hamper research. Experimental models are appealing for insight into disease mechanisms. Here, we present a spatiotemporal proteomics study in a mouse model of hormone-induced urinary dysfunction. Urine samples were collected noninvasively across time: before, during, and after disease onset. A microcomputed tomography analysis implicated the prostate as a spatially relevant contributor to bladder outlet obstruction. Prostates were collected after disease onset and compared with control mice. Notable changes in urine include proteins representing oxidative stress defense and acute phase inflammatory response processes. In the prostate, hormone treatment led to perturbations related to an oxidative stress response and H2O2 metabolism. Several protein changes coincided in both urine and the prostate tissue, including glutathione peroxidase 3, glutathione hydrolase 1 proenzyme, and vitamin D-binding protein. This study supports the concept of noninvasive urinary biomarkers for prostate disease diagnostics. Oxidative stress and acute phase inflammatory processes were identified as key consequences of hormone-induced bladder outlet obstruction. Future research into antioxidants and anti-inflammatories in prostate diseases appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Thomas
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ling Hao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Kellen DeLaney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dalton McLean
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Laura Steinke
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Paul C Marker
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - William A Ricke
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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13
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Turco AE, Thomas S, Crawford LK, Tang W, Peterson RE, Li L, Ricke WA, Vezina CM. In utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure exacerbates urinary dysfunction in hormone-treated C57BL/6J mice through a non-malignant mechanism involving proteomic changes in the prostate that differ from those elicited by testosterone and estradiol. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2020; 8:59-72. [PMID: 32211455 PMCID: PMC7076297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A recent study directed new focus on the fetal and neonatal environment as a risk factor for urinary dysfunction in aging males. Male mice were exposed in utero and via lactation (IUL) to the persistent environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and then administered slow-release, subcutaneous implants of testosterone and estradiol (T+E2) as adults to mimic the hormonal environment of aging men. IUL TCDD exposure worsened T+E2-induced voiding dysfunction. Mice in the previous study were genetically prone to prostatic neoplasia and it was therefore unclear whether TCDD exacerbates voiding dysfunction through a malignant or non-malignant mechanism. We demonstrate here that IUL TCDD exposure acts via a non-malignant mechanism to exacerbate T+E2-mediated male mouse voiding dysfunction characterized by a progressive increase in spontaneous void spotting. We deployed a proteomic approach to narrow the possible mechanisms. We specifically tested whether IUL TCDD exacerbates urinary dysfunction by acting through the same prostatic signaling pathways as T+E2. The prostatic protein signature of TCDD/T+E2-exposed mice differed from that of mice exposed to T+E2 alone, indicating that the mechanism of action of TCDD differs from that of T+E2. We identified 3641 prostatic proteins in total and determined that IUL TCDD exposure significantly changed the abundance of 102 proteins linked to diverse molecular and physiological processes. We shed new light on the mechanism of IUL TCDD-mediated voiding dysfunction by demonstrating that the mechanism is independent of tumorigenesis and involves molecular pathways distinct from those affected by T+E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Turco
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Samuel Thomas
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - LaTasha K Crawford
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Weiping Tang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- George M. O’Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
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14
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Joseph DB, Chandrashekar AS, Chu LF, Thomson JA, Vezina CM. A folic acid-enriched diet attenuates prostate involution in response to androgen deprivation. Prostate 2019; 79:183-194. [PMID: 30298636 PMCID: PMC6420320 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum folate concentrations in the United States have risen since dietary folic acid fortification was first mandated in 1998. Although maternal folic acid offers protection against neural tube defects in conceptuses, its impact on other organ systems and life stages have not been fully examined. Here, we used a mouse model to investigate the impact of a Folic acid (FA) enriched diet on prostate homeostasis and response to androgen deprivation. METHODS Male mice were fed a control diet (4 mg FA/kg feed) or a folic acid supplemented diet (24 mg FA/kg feed) beginning at conception and continuing through early adulthood, when mice were castrated. RESULTS We made the surprising observation that dietary FA supplementation confers partial resistance to castration-mediated prostate involution. At 3, 10, and 14 days post-castration, FA enriched diet fed mice had larger prostates as assessed by wet weight, taller prostatic luminal epithelial cells, and more abundant RNAs encoding prostate secretory proteins than castrated control diet fed mice. Diet did not significantly affect prostate weights of intact mice or serum testosterone concentrations of castrated mice. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the FA enriched diet was associated with a unique prostate gene expression signature, affecting several signaling and metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS Continuous exposure to a FA enriched diet slows prostate involution in response to androgen deprivation. Prostates from FA diet mice have increased secretory gene expression and increased luminal cell heights. The influence of dietary FA supplementation on the prostate response to androgen deprivation raises a future need to consider how dietary folic acid supplementation affects efficacy of androgen-reducing therapies for treating prostate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya B Joseph
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anoop S Chandrashekar
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Li-Fang Chu
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53707-7365, USA
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53707-7365, USA
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Corresponding author Correspondence: Chad M Vezina, Room 201 Hanson Labs, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Phone: 608-890-3235,
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15
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Joseph DB, Strand DW, Vezina CM. DNA methylation in development and disease: an overview for prostate researchers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2018; 6:197-218. [PMID: 30697577 PMCID: PMC6334199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation are critical regulators of organismal development and tissue homeostasis. DNA methylation is the transfer of methyl groups to cytosines, which adds an additional layer of complexity to the genome. DNA methylation marks are recognized by the cellular machinery to regulate transcription. Disruption of DNA methylation with aging or exposure to environmental toxins can change susceptibility to disease or trigger processes that lead to disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the DNA methylation machinery. More specifically, we describe DNA methylation in the context of prostate development, prostate cancer, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) as well as the impact of dietary and environmental factors on DNA methylation in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya B Joseph
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53706, USA
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16
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Toktanis G, Kaya-Sezginer E, Yilmaz-Oral D, Gur S. Potential therapeutic value of transient receptor potential channels in male urogenital system. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1583-1596. [PMID: 30194638 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels comprise a family of cation channels implicated in a variety of cellular processes including light, mechanical or chemical stimuli, temperature, pH, or osmolarity. TRP channel proteins are a diverse family of proteins that are expressed in many tissues. We debated our recent knowledge about the expression, function, and regulation of TRP channels in the different parts of the male urogenital system in health and disease. Emerging evidence suggests that dysfunction of TRP channels significantly contributes to the pathophysiology of urogenital diseases. So far, there are many efforts underway to determine if these channels can be used as drug targets to reverse declines in male urogenital function. Furthermore, developing safe and efficacious TRP channel modulators is warranted for male urogenital disorders in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ecem Kaya-Sezginer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ankara University, Tandogan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Yilmaz-Oral
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ankara University, Tandogan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Serap Gur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ankara University, Tandogan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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17
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Hill WG, Zeidel ML, Bjorling DE, Vezina CM. Void spot assay: recommendations on the use of a simple micturition assay for mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1422-F1429. [PMID: 30156116 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00350.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigators have for decades used mouse voiding patterns as end points for studying behavioral biology. It is only recently that mouse voiding patterns were adopted for study of lower urinary tract physiology. The spontaneous void spot assay (VSA), a popular micturition assessment tool, involves placing a mouse in an enclosure lined by filter paper and quantifying the resulting urine spot pattern. The VSA has advantages of being inexpensive and noninvasive, but some investigators challenge its ability to distinguish lower urinary tract function from behavioral voiding. A consensus group of investigators who regularly use the VSA was established by the National Institutes of Health in 2015 to address the strengths and weaknesses of the assay, determine whether it can be standardized across laboratories, and determine whether it can be used as a surrogate for evaluating urinary function. Here we leverage experience from the consensus group to review the history of the VSA and its uses, summarize experiments to optimize assay design for urinary physiology assessment, and make best practice recommendations for performing the assay and analyzing its results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Hill
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark L Zeidel
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dale E Bjorling
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin-Madison/University of Massachusetts-Boston, George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, Madison, Wisconsin and Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chad M Vezina
- University of Wisconsin-Madison/University of Massachusetts-Boston, George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, Madison, Wisconsin and Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
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18
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Wegner KA, Abler LL, Oakes SR, Mehta GS, Ritter KE, Hill WG, Zwaans BM, Lamb LE, Wang Z, Bjorling DE, Ricke WA, Macoska J, Marker PC, Southard-Smith EM, Eliceiri KW, Vezina CM. Void spot assay procedural optimization and software for rapid and objective quantification of rodent voiding function, including overlapping urine spots. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1067-F1080. [PMID: 29972322 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00245.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse urinary behavior is quantifiable and is used to pinpoint mechanisms of voiding dysfunction and evaluate potential human therapies. Approaches to evaluate mouse urinary function vary widely among laboratories, however, complicating cross-study comparisons. Here, we describe development and multi-institutional validation of a new tool for objective, consistent, and rapid analysis of mouse void spot assay (VSA) data. Void Whizzard is a freely available software plugin for FIJI (a distribution of ImageJ) that facilitates VSA image batch processing and data extraction. We describe its features, demonstrate them by evaluating how specific VSA method parameters influence voiding behavior, and establish Void Whizzard as an expedited method for VSA analysis. This study includes control and obese diabetic mice as models of urinary dysfunction to increase rigor and ensure relevance across distinct voiding patterns. In particular, we show that Void Whizzard is an effective tool for quantifying nonconcentric overlapping void spots, which commonly confound analyses. We also show that mouse genetics are consistently more influential than assay design parameters when it comes to VSA outcomes. None of the following procedural modifications to reduce overlapping spots masked these genetic-related differences: reduction of VSA testing duration, water access during the assay period, placement of a wire mesh cage bottom on top of or elevated over the filter paper, treatment of mesh with a hydrophobic spray, and size of wire mesh opening. The Void Whizzard software and rigorous validation of VSA methodological parameters described here advance the goal of standardizing mouse urinary phenotyping for comprehensive urinary phenome analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Wegner
- George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, and University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lisa L Abler
- George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, and University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Steven R Oakes
- George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, and University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Guneet S Mehta
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - K Elaine Ritter
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Warren G Hill
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bernadette M Zwaans
- Department of Urology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Laura E Lamb
- Department of Urology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan.,Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills, Michigan
| | - Zunyi Wang
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Auburn Hills, Michigan
| | - Dale E Bjorling
- George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, and University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William A Ricke
- George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, and University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jill Macoska
- George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, and University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul C Marker
- George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, and University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, and University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts.,Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Chad M Vezina
- George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urologic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, and University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
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19
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Ricke WA, Lee CW, Clapper TR, Schneider AJ, Moore RW, Keil KP, Abler LL, Wynder JL, López Alvarado A, Beaubrun I, Vo J, Bauman TM, Ricke EA, Peterson RE, Vezina CM. In Utero and Lactational TCDD Exposure Increases Susceptibility to Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Adulthood. Toxicol Sci 2016; 150:429-40. [PMID: 26865671 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, and changes in the ratio of circulating testosterone and estradiol often occur concurrently in aging men and can lead to lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction. To explore the possibility of a fetal basis for the development of LUT dysfunction in adulthood, Tg(CMV-cre);Nkx3-1(+/-);Pten(fl/+) mice, which are genetically predisposed to prostate neoplasia, were exposedin uteroand during lactation to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 1 μg/kg po) or corn oil vehicle (5 ml/kg) after a single maternal dose on 13 days post coitus, and subsequently were aged without further manipulation, or at 8 weeks of age were exposed to exogenous 17 β-estradiol (2.5 mg) and testosterone (25 mg) (T+E2) via slow release subcutaneous implants.In uteroand lactational (IUL) TCDD exposure in the absence of exogenous hormone treatment reduced voiding pressure in adult mice, but otherwise had little effect on mouse LUT anatomy or function. By comparison, IUL TCDD exposure followed by exogenous hormone treatment increased relative kidney, bladder, dorsolateral prostate, and seminal vesicle weights, hydronephrosis incidence, and prostate epithelial cell proliferation, thickened prostate periductal smooth muscle, and altered prostate and bladder collagen fiber distribution. We propose a 2-hit model whereby IUL TCDD exposure sensitizes mice to exogenous-hormone-induced urinary tract dysfunction later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Ricke
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center; Department of Urology; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center; George M. O'Brien Benign Urology Center of Research Excellence
| | | | | | | | | | - Kimberly P Keil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lisa L Abler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | | | | | - Jenny Vo
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center
| | | | | | - Richard E Peterson
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center; School of Pharmacy; and
| | - Chad M Vezina
- *Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center; Department of Urology; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center; George M. O'Brien Benign Urology Center of Research Excellence; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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