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Park D, Rho J, Kim E, Kim Y. Comparison of Absolute and Relative Grip Strength to Predict Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: A Prospective Cohort Study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2024; 22:463-470. [PMID: 38634825 DOI: 10.1089/met.2024.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the association between absolute grip strength (AGS), relative grip strength (RGS) levels, and the risk of developing diabetes in middle-aged adults, utilizing longitudinal data. Methods: A total of 1935 participants, 51-81 years of age, were engaged in surveys both in 2017-2018 and during the subsequent follow-up survey in 2019-2020. Diabetes diagnosis and treatment were the criteria for categorizing individuals as "diabetic." Grip strength was measured using the JAMA-5030J1 equipment (SAEHAN, Korea), and AGS and RGS were also categorized into tertiles by gender. A proportional hazards Cox regression model was used to evaluate the relationship among AGS, RGS, and the risk of developing diabetes. Subsequently, we computed the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the risk of developing diabetes. Results: After adjusting for various confounding variables, a significant reduction in diabetes risk was observed in the high grip strength group, adjusted for body mass index (RGS1) and body weight (RGS2), compared with the low RGS1 and RGS2 groups (RGS1 HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.36-0.80; RGS2 HR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.34-0.73). However, there were no significant associations between AGS and diabetes risk. Furthermore, significant differences in the relationship among AGS, RGS levels, and the risk of developing diabetes were found across gender and insulin resistance levels. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of RGS levels in predicting the incidence of diabetes, with AGS, RGS1, and RGS2 emerging as significant predictive indicators for assessing diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- DooYong Park
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - JinWon Rho
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunkyung Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - YeonSoo Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Wu H, Gu Y, Wang X, Meng G, Rayamajhi S, Thapa A, Zhang Q, Liu L, Zhang S, Zhang T, Cao Z, Dong J, Zheng X, Zhang X, Dong X, Wang X, Sun S, Jia Q, Song K, Huang J, Huo J, Zhang B, Ding G, Niu K. Association Between Handgrip Strength and Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study and Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1383-1391. [PMID: 36504134 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both absolute (kg) and relative (kg per kg of body weight) handgrip strength (HGS) have been used as indicators of HGS. Multiple studies have explored HGS associations with type 2 diabetes (T2DM); however, prognostic values were inconsistent. We aimed to examine the associations between both absolute and relative HGS and incident T2DM. METHODS A total of 12,957 participants aged 40 years and older (mean age 51.0 years, 58.4% men) were followed and enrolled in the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) Cohort Study. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the association of HGS with incident T2DM. Other prospective studies on HGS and risk of T2DM were identified by searching several electronic databases up to November 31, 2021. Meta-analysis was performed by combining the results from the TCLSIH study and previous prospective cohort studies. RESULTS From the TCLSIH Cohort study, after adjustment, relative HGS was inversely associated with T2DM (hazard ratio per 0.1 higher relative HGS 0.667, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.616, 0.722). However, no significant association between absolute HGS and incident T2DM was found. The meta-analyses showed that per 5 kg higher HGS was associated with a 5% (95% CI 2%, 8%) lower risk of T2DM and each 0.1 higher relative HGS was associated with a 22% (95% CI 14%, 29%) lower risk of T2DM. CONCLUSION The results from our cohort study and meta-analysis suggest that relative HGS was better than absolute HGS in predicting incident T2DM. Adiposity was an important factor that mediates the association between HGS and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wu
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
- School of Public Health of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yeqing Gu
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuena Wang
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Meng
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sabina Rayamajhi
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Amrish Thapa
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunming Zhang
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingjing Zhang
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixia Cao
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zheng
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinrong Dong
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaomei Sun
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiyu Jia
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Song
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China
| | - Junsheng Huo
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China
| | - Gangqiang Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Radiation Epidemiology Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
- School of Public Health of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Gorący I, Łoniewska B, Lewandowska K, Boroń A, Grzegorczyk M, Nowak R, Clark JSC, Ciechanowicz A. Association of the rs3039851 Insertion/Deletion in the Gene PPP3R1, Which Encodes the Regulatory Calcineurin Subunit B Type 1, with Left Ventricular Mass in Polish Full-Term Newborns. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051415. [PMID: 37239086 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The five base-pair (bp) insertion/deletion (rs3039851) polymorphism in the PPP3R1 gene, which encodes calcineurin subunit B type 1, has been found to be associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in hypertensive patients and in athletes. The aim of this study is to analyze the possible association between PPP3R1:rs3039851 polymorphism and left ventricular mass (LVM) in full-term healthy newborns. METHODS The study group consisted of 162 consecutive, full-term, healthy newborns. Two-dimensional M-mode echocardiography was used to assess LVM. The PPP3R1:rs3039851 polymorphism was identified by PCR-RFLP in genomic DNA extracted from cord blood leukocytes. RESULTS No significant differences were found between newborns homozygous for the reference allele (5I/5I, n = 135) and newborns carrying at least one 5D allele (n = 27) for LVM standardized for body mass, body length or body surface area (LVM/BM, LVM/BL or LVM/BSA, respectively). However, the frequency of PPP3R1:rs3039851 genotypes with a 5D allele (5I/5D + 5D/5D) among newborns with the largest LVM/BM or LVM/BSA (upper tertile) was statistically significantly higher compared with the prevalence in individuals with the lowest values of both indices (lower tertile). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the PPP3R1:rs3039851 polymorphism may contribute to subtle variation in left ventricular mass at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gorący
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Łoniewska
- Department of Neonatal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Lewandowska
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Boroń
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grzegorczyk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-650 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jeremy Simon C Clark
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Bagrowski B. Perspectives for the application of neurogenetic research in programming Neurorehabilitation. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 91:101149. [PMID: 36253186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Certain genetic variants underlie the proper functioning of the nervous system. They affect the nervous system in all aspects - molecular, systemic, cognitive, computational and sensorimotor. The greatest changes in the nervous system take place in the process of its maturation in the period of psychomotor development, as well as during neurorehabilitation, the task of which is to rebuild damaged neuronal pathways, e.g. by facilitating movement or training cognitive functions. Certain genetic polymorphisms affect the effectiveness of the processes of reconstruction or restoration of neural structures, which is clearly reflected in the effects of neurorehabilitation. This review presents the perspectives for the application of neurogenetic research in programming neurorehabilitation by determining the relationship of as many as 16 different genetic polymorphisms with specific functions of importance in rehabilitation. Thanks to this broad view, it may be possible to predict the effectiveness of rehabilitation on the basis of genetic testing, which would significantly contribute to the development of personalized medicine and to the optimal management of medical services in healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Bagrowski
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Mother and Child Health, Department of Practical Training in Obstetrics, Poland; Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinical Hospital of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rehabilitation Center for Children, Poland.
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5
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Vann CG, Morton RW, Mobley CB, Vechetti IJ, Ferguson BK, Haun CT, Osburn SC, Sexton CL, Fox CD, Romero MA, Roberson PA, Oikawa SY, McGlory C, Young KC, McCarthy JJ, Phillips SM, Roberts MD. An intron variant of the GLI family zinc finger 3 (GLI3) gene differentiates resistance training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy in younger men. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21587. [PMID: 33891350 PMCID: PMC8234740 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100113rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between genotype and resistance training-induced changes (12 wk) in dual x-ray energy absorptiometry (DXA)-derived lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) as well as muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA; vastus lateralis; n = 109; age = 22 ± 2 y, BMI = 24.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2 ). Over 315 000 genetic polymorphisms were interrogated from muscle using DNA microarrays. First, a targeted investigation was performed where single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) identified from a systematic literature review were related to changes in LSTM and fCSA. Next, genome-wide association (GWA) studies were performed to reveal associations between novel SNP targets with pre- to post-training change scores in mean fCSA and LSTM. Our targeted investigation revealed no genotype-by-time interactions for 12 common polymorphisms regarding the change in mean fCSA or change in LSTM. Our first GWA study indicated no SNP were associated with the change in LSTM. However, the second GWA study indicated two SNP exceeded the significance level with the change in mean fCSA (P = 6.9 × 10-7 for rs4675569, 1.7 × 10-6 for rs10263647). While the former target is not annotated (chr2:205936846 (GRCh38.p12)), the latter target (chr7:41971865 (GRCh38.p12)) is an intron variant of the GLI Family Zinc Finger 3 (GLI3) gene. Follow-up analyses indicated fCSA increases were greater in the T/C and C/C GLI3 genotypes than the T/T GLI3 genotype (P < .05). Data from the Auburn cohort also revealed participants with the T/C and C/C genotypes exhibited increases in satellite cell number with training (P < .05), whereas T/T participants did not. Additionally, those with the T/C and C/C genotypes achieved myonuclear addition in response to training (P < .05), whereas the T/T participants did not. In summary, this is the first GWA study to examine how polymorphisms associate with the change in hypertrophy measures following resistance training. Future studies are needed to determine if the GLI3 variant differentiates hypertrophic responses to resistance training given the potential link between this gene and satellite cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Vann
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert W Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher B Mobley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ivan J Vechetti
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | | | | | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Carlton D Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Sara Y Oikawa
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
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Zhang YJ, Yao Y, Zhang PD, Li ZH, Zhang P, Li FR, Wang ZH, Liu D, Lv YB, Kang L, Shi XM, Mao C. Association of regular aerobic exercises and neuromuscular junction variants with incidence of frailty: an analysis of the Chinese Longitudinal Health and Longevity Survey. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:350-357. [PMID: 33527771 PMCID: PMC8061381 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidate genes of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) pathway increased risk of frailty, but the extent and whether can be offset by exercises was unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between aerobic exercises and incident frailty regardless of NMJ pathway-related genetic risk. METHODS A cohort study on participants from Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey was conducted from 2008 to 2011. A total of 7006 participants (mean age of 80.6 ± 10.3 years) without frailty at baseline were interviewed to record aerobic exercise status, and 4053 individuals among them submitted saliva samples. NMJ pathway-related genes were genotyped and weighted genetic risk scores were constructed. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 3.1 years (19 634 person-years), there were 1345 cases (19.2%) of incident frailty. Persistent aerobic exercises were associated with a 26% lesser frailty risk [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64-0.85]. This association was stronger in a subgroup of 1552 longevous participants (age between 90 and 111 years, adjusted HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.60-0.87). High genetic risk was associated with a 35% increased risk of frailty (adjusted HR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.16-1.58). Of the participants with high genetic risk and no persistent aerobic exercises, there was a 59% increased risk of frailty (adjusted HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.20-2.09). HRs for the risk of frailty increased from the low genetic risk with persistent aerobic exercise to high genetic risk without persistent aerobic exercise (P trend <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Both aerobic exercises and NMJ pathway-related genetic risk were significantly associated with frailty. Persistent aerobic exercises can partly offset NMJ pathway-related genetic risk to frailty in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Dong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Rong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-He Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Bin Lv
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Shi
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Mao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Nemet D, Kassem E, Eliakim A. The combined frequencies of the IL-6 G-174C and IGFBP3 A-202C polymorphisms among swimmers and runners. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 51:17-21. [PMID: 31978779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have demonstrated that compared to runners, swimmers carry a higher prevalence of the IL-6 -174C polymorphism and lower single nucleotide polymorphism frequencies of the IGF system. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess the combined frequency of the IL-6 -174G/C and IGFBP3 -202A/C polymorphisms among track and field athletes and swimmers. METHODS Track and field athletes were divided into long-distance runners (major event 5000 m-marathon, n = 63) and power athletes (major event 100-200 m sprints and long jump, n = 67). Swimmers were divided into long-distance swimmers (major event: 400-1500 m, n = 50), and short-distance swimmers (major event: 50-100 m, n = 43). All participants had achieved results that ranked them among the top all-time Israeli athletes in their event, and competed at national and/or international level on a regular basis. RESULTS Carrying both IL-6C and IGFBP3C mutations was significantly greater among long-distance swimmers (LDS - 44%) compared to long distance runners (LDR - 21%, p < .01), and among short distance swimmers (SDS - 49%) compared to sprinters and jumpers (S/J - 28%, p < .05). Among runners, the prevalence of those not carrying either of the two mutations was significantly higher among LDR (25%) compared to S/J (10%, p < .03). CONCLUSION The prevalence of carrying both IL-6C and IGFBP3C mutations was significantly higher among the swimmers compared to runners. It is possible that carrying the IGFBP3C polymorphism is required to compensate for the potential genetically non-beneficial effects of a higher IL-6C genotype and an attenuated IGF system among the swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- The Academic College at the Wingate, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel.
| | - Yoav Meckel
- The Academic College at the Wingate, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Kfar Saba, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eias Kassem
- Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Pediatric Department, Hadera, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Pediatric Department, Hadera, Israel
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8
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Pratt J, Boreham C, Ennis S, Ryan AW, De Vito G. Genetic Associations with Aging Muscle: A Systematic Review. Cells 2019; 9:E12. [PMID: 31861518 PMCID: PMC7016601 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength and function known as 'sarcopenia' is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, functional disability and mortality. While skeletal muscle properties are known to be highly heritable, evidence regarding the specific genes underpinning this heritability is currently inconclusive. This review aimed to identify genetic variants known to be associated with muscle phenotypes relevant to sarcopenia. PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were systematically searched (from January 2004 to March 2019) using pre-defined search terms such as "aging", "sarcopenia", "skeletal muscle", "muscle strength" and "genetic association". Candidate gene association studies and genome wide association studies that examined the genetic association with muscle phenotypes in non-institutionalised adults aged ≥50 years were included. Fifty-four studies were included in the final analysis. Twenty-six genes and 88 DNA polymorphisms were analysed across the 54 studies. The ACTN3, ACE and VDR genes were the most frequently studied, although the IGF1/IGFBP3, TNFα, APOE, CNTF/R and UCP2/3 genes were also shown to be significantly associated with muscle phenotypes in two or more studies. Ten DNA polymorphisms (rs154410, rs2228570, rs1800169, rs3093059, rs1800629, rs1815739, rs1799752, rs7412, rs429358 and 192 bp allele) were significantly associated with muscle phenotypes in two or more studies. Through the identification of key gene variants, this review furthers the elucidation of genetic associations with muscle phenotypes associated with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedd Pratt
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; (C.B.); (G.D.V.)
- Genomics Medicine Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.); (A.W.R.)
| | - Colin Boreham
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; (C.B.); (G.D.V.)
| | - Sean Ennis
- Genomics Medicine Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.); (A.W.R.)
- UCD ACoRD, Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anthony W. Ryan
- Genomics Medicine Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.); (A.W.R.)
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; (C.B.); (G.D.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
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9
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The Effect of Exercise on Glucoregulatory Hormones: A Countermeasure to Human Aging: Insights from a Comprehensive Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101709. [PMID: 31096708 PMCID: PMC6572009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hormones are secreted in a circadian rhythm, but also follow larger-scale timetables, such as monthly (hormones of the menstrual cycle), seasonal (i.e., winter, summer), and, ultimately, lifespan-related patterns. Several contexts modulate their secretion, such as genetics, lifestyle, environment, diet, and exercise. They play significant roles in human physiology, influencing growth of muscle, bone, and regulating metabolism. Exercise training alters hormone secretion, depending on the frequency, duration, intensity, and mode of training which has an impact on the magnitude of the secretion. However, there remains ambiguity over the effects of exercise training on certain hormones such as glucoregulatory hormones in aging adults. With advancing age, there are many alterations with the endocrine system, which may ultimately alter human physiology. Some recent studies have reported an anti-aging effect of exercise training on the endocrine system and especially cortisol, growth hormone and insulin. As such, this review examines the effects of endurance, interval, resistance and combined training on hormones (i.e., at rest and after) exercise in older individuals. We summarize the influence of age on glucoregulatory hormones, the influence of exercise training, and where possible, examine masters' athletes' endocrinological profile.
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10
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Pickering C, Kiely J. Hamstring injury prevention: A role for genetic information? Med Hypotheses 2018; 119:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Rader EP, Naimo MA, Ensey J, Baker BA. VCAM-1 upregulation accompanies muscle remodeling following resistance-type exercise in Snell dwarf (Pit1 dw/dw ) mice. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12816. [PMID: 29992743 PMCID: PMC6156491 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Snell dwarf mice (Pit1dw/dw ) exhibit deficiencies in growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormone. Besides being an experimental model of hypopituitarism, these mice are long-lived (>40% lifespan extension) and utilized as a model of slowed/delayed aging. Whether this longevity is accompanied by a compromised quality of life in terms of muscular performance has not yet been characterized. In this study, we investigated nontrained and trained muscles 1 month following a general validated resistance-type exercise protocol in 3-month-old Snell dwarf mice and control littermates. Nontrained Snell dwarf gastrocnemius muscles exhibited a 1.3-fold greater muscle mass to body weight ratio than control values although muscle quality, maximum isometric torque normalized to muscle mass, and fatigue recovery were compromised. For control mice, training increased isometric torque (17%) without altering muscle mass. For Snell dwarf mice, isometric torque was unaltered by training despite decreased muscle mass that rendered muscle mass to body weight ratio comparable to control values. Muscle quality and fatigue recovery improved twofold and threefold, respectively, for Snell dwarf mice. This accompanied a fourfold increase in levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), a mediator of progenitor cell recruitment, and muscle remodeling in the form of increased number of central nuclei, additional muscle fibers per unit area, and altered fiber type distribution. These results reveal a trade-off between muscle quality and longevity in the context of anterior pituitary hormone deficiency and that resistance-type training can diminish this trade-off by improving muscle quality concomitant with VCAM-1 upregulation and muscle remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Rader
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Marshall A. Naimo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
- Division of Exercise Physiology; West Virginia School of Medicine; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - James Ensey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Brent A. Baker
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
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12
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Shahen M, Guo Z, Shar AH, Ebaid R, Tao Q, Zhang W, Wu Z, Bai Y, Fu Y, Zheng C, Wang H, Shar PA, Liu J, Wang Z, Xiao W, Wang Y. Dengue virus causes changes of MicroRNA-genes regulatory network revealing potential targets for antiviral drugs. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:2. [PMID: 29301573 PMCID: PMC5753465 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV) is an increasing global health threat and associated with induction of both a long-lived protective immune response and immune-suppression. So far, the potency of treatment of DENV via antiviral drugs is still under investigation. Recently, increasing evidences suggest the potential role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating DENV. The present study focused on the function of miRNAs in innate insusceptible reactions and organization of various types of immune cells and inflammatory responses for DENV. Three drugs were tested including antiviral herbal medicine ReDuNing (RDN), Loratadine (LRD) and Acetaminophen. RESULTS By the microarray expression of miRNAs in 165 Patients. Results showed that 89 active miRNAs interacted with 499 potential target genes, during antiviral treatment throughout the critical stage of DENV. Interestingly, reduction of the illness threats using RDN combined with LRD treatment showed better results than Acetaminophen alone. The inhibitions of DENV was confirmed by decrease concentrations of cytokines and interleukin parameters; like TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-17; after treatment and some coagulants factors increased. CONCLUSIONS This study showed a preliminary support to suggest that the herbal medicine RDN combined with LRD can reduce both susceptibility and the severity of DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shahen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Zihu Guo
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Akhtar Hussain Shar
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Reham Ebaid
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Qin Tao
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ziyin Wu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yaofei Bai
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yingxue Fu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chunli Zheng
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - He Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Piar Ali Shar
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jianling Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222001, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222001, China.
| | - Yonghua Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China. .,Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Hua L, Xia H, Zhou P, Li D, Li L. Combination of microRNA expression profiling with genome-wide SNP genotyping to construct a coronary artery disease-related miRNA-miRNA synergistic network. Biosci Trends 2015; 8:297-307. [PMID: 25641175 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2014.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) were found to play critical roles in many important biological processes. On the other hand, the rapid development of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) help identify potential genetic variants associated with the disease phenotypic variance. Therefore, we suggested a combined analysis of microRNA expression profiling with genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotyping to identify potential disease-related biomarkers. Considering functional SNPs in miRNA genes or target sites might be important signals associated with human complex diseases, we constructed a miRNA-miRNA synergistic network related to coronary artery disease (CAD) by performing a genome-wide scan for SNPs in human miRNA 3' -untranslated regions (UTRs) target sites and computed potential SNP cooperation effects contributing to disease based on potential miRNA-SNP interactions reported recently. Furthermore, we identified some potential CAD-related miRNAs by analyzing the constructed miRNAmiRNA synergistic network. As a result, the predicted miRNA-miRNA network and miRNA clusters were validated by significantly high interaction effects of CAD-related miRNAs. Accurate classification performances were obtained for all of the identified miRNA clusters, and the sensitivity and specificity were all more than 90%. The network topological analysis confirmed some novel CAD-related miRNAs identified recently by experiments. Our method might help to understand miRNA function and CAD disease, as well as to explore the novel mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hua
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University.
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14
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Kim H, Suzuki T, Kim M, Kojima N, Ota N, Shimotoyodome A, Hase T, Hosoi E, Yoshida H. Effects of exercise and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplementation on body composition, physical function, and hematological parameters in community-dwelling frail Japanese women: a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled, follow-up trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116256. [PMID: 25659147 PMCID: PMC4319727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the combined and separate effects of exercise and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplementation on frailty, physical function, physical activity level, and hematological parameters in community-dwelling elderly Japanese women. Methods A total of 131 frail, elderly women over 75 years were randomly assigned to one of four groups: exercise and MFGM supplementation (Ex+MFGM), exercise and placebo (Ex+Plac), MFGM supplementation, or the placebo group. The exercise group attended a 60-minute training program twice a week for three months, and the MFGM group ingested 1g of the MFGM supplement in pill form, daily for 3 months. The primary outcome measure was change in frailty status based on Fried’s frailty phenotype. Secondary outcome measures included body composition, physical function and hematological parameters, and interview survey components assessing lifestyle factors. Participants were followed for 4 months post-intervention. Results Significant group×time interactions were observed for usual walking speed (P = 0.005), timed up & go (P<0.001), and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 / insulin-like growth factor 1 ratio (P = 0.013). The frailty components revealed that weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, and slow walking speed were reversed, but low muscle strength did not significantly changed. Frailty reversal rate was significantly higher in the Ex+MFGM (57.6%) than in the MFGM (28.1%) or placebo (30.3%) groups at post-intervention (χ2 = 8.827, P = 0.032), and at the follow-up was also significantly greater in the Ex+MFGM (45.5%) and Ex+Plac (39.4%) groups compared with the placebo (15.2%) group (χ2 = 8.607, P = 0.035). The exercise+MFGM group had the highest odds ratio (OR) for frailty reversal at post-intervention and follow-up (OR = 3.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–8.60; and OR = 4.67, 95% CI = 1.45–15.08, respectively). Conclusion This study suggests that interventions including exercise and nutrition can improve frailty status. Statistically significant additive effects of MFGM with exercise could not be confirmed in this population, and further investigation in larger samples is necessary. Trial Registration The Japan Medical Association Clinical Trial Registry (JMACCT)JMA-IIA00069
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunkyung Kim
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takao Suzuki
- National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miji Kim
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narumi Kojima
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Ota
- Biological Science Laboratories, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akira Shimotoyodome
- Biological Science Laboratories, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hase
- Biological Science Laboratories, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Erika Hosoi
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyo Yoshida
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Kwasniewski W, Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A, Kotarska M, Polak G, Barczynski B, Broniarczyk J, Nowak W, Wolun-Cholewa M, Kwasniewska A, Kotarski J. Analysis of cytosine-adenine repeats in P1 promoter region of IGF-1 gene in peripheral blood cells and cervical tissue samples of females with cervical intraepithelial lesions and squamous cervical cancer. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:766-74. [PMID: 25384883 PMCID: PMC4262512 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
High oncogenic risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are closely associated with cancer of the cervix. However, HPV infection alone may not be sufficient to cause cervical cancer, and other factors or cofactors may have a cumulative effect on the risk of progression from cervical HPV infection to cancer. The present study investigates the cytosine-adenine (CA) repeat polymorphism in the P1 promoter region of the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene among cervical precancerous and cancer patients and healthy control females. The association between these polymorphisms, tissue and blood serum levels of IGF-1, and cervical cancer risk and progression is evaluated. The material for analysis consisted of blood cells and postoperative tissues from patients diagnosed with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (L-SILs), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (H-SILs) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC). A polymerase chain reaction amplification and the sequencing of DNA were used for the identification of (CA)n repeats in the IGF-1 P1 region and detection of HPV DNA. The blood serum concentration of IGF was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The identification of the IGF-1 protein in the cervical tissues was performed by immunohistochemical analysis. The range of the length of the CA repeats in the study DNA was 11 to 21. However, the most common allele length and genotype in the control and study patients from serum and tissues was 19 CA repeats and a homozygous genotype of CA19/19. Statistically significant differences in the concentration of IGF-1 in the blood serum were observed between H-SILs and controls, only (p=0.047). However, the concentration of IGF-1 in the group of females with CA19/19, CA19<19 and CA19>19 was significantly higher in the group of patients with H-SIL (P=0.041) and ICC (P=0.048) in comparison with the control group. An association was detected between CA repeat length <19 and/or >19, IGF concentration in blood serum and tissues and the development of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kwasniewski
- Department of Gynecological Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | | | - Maria Kotarska
- Rush Medical College, Rush Medical Center, Chicago, IL 606-12, USA
| | - Grzegorz Polak
- Department of Gynecological Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Barczynski
- Department of Gynecological Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | - Justyna Broniarczyk
- Department of Molecular Virology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Witold Nowak
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Maria Wolun-Cholewa
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60-806, Poland
| | - Anna Kwasniewska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | - Jan Kotarski
- Department of Gynecological Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
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17
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Garatachea N, Lucia A. Genes, physical fitness and ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:90-102. [PMID: 23022740 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Persons aged 80 years and older are the fastest growing segment of the population. As more individuals live longer, we should try to understand the mechanisms involved in healthy ageing and preserving functional independence in later life. In elderly people, functional independence is directly dependent on physical fitness, and ageing is inevitably associated with the declining functions of systems and organs (heart, lungs, blood vessels, skeletal muscles) that determine physical fitness. Thus, age-related diminished physical fitness contributes to the development of sarcopenia, frailty or disability, all of which severely deteriorate independent living and thus quality of life. Ageing is a complex process involving many variables that interact with one another, including - besides lifestyle factors or chronic diseases - genetics. Thus, several studies have examined the contribution of genetic endowment to a decline in physical fitness and subsequent loss of independence in later life. In this review, we compile information, including data from heritability, candidate-gene association, linkage and genome-wide association studies, on genetic factors that could influence physical fitness in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Garatachea
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.
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18
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Griffin P, Michel JJ, Huysman K, Logar AJ, Vallejo AN. Integration of immunity with physical and cognitive function in definitions of successful aging. Aging Dis 2012; 3:34-50. [PMID: 22500270 PMCID: PMC3320803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies comparing chronologically "young" versus "old" humans document age-related decline of classical immunological functions. However, older adults aged ≥65 years have very heterogeneous health phenotypes. A significant number of them are functionally independent and are surviving well into their 8(th)-11(th) decade life, observations indicating that aging or old age is not synonymous with immune incompetence. While there are dramatic age-related changes in the immune system, not all of these changes may be considered detrimental. Here, we review evidences for novel immunologic processes that become elaborated with advancing age that complement preserved classical immune functions and promote immune homeostasis later in life. We propose that elaboration such of late life immunologic properties is indicative of beneficial immune remodeling that is an integral component of successful aging, an emerging physiologic construct associated with similar age-related physiologic adaptations underlying maintenance of physical and cognitive function. We suggest that a systems approach integrating immune, physical, and cognitive functions, rather than a strict immunodeficiency-minded approach, will be key towards innovations in clinical interventions to better promote protective immunity and functional independence among the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; and Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Joshua J. Michel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; and Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Kristy Huysman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; and Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Alison J. Logar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; and Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Abbe N. Vallejo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; and Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Immunology, the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the McGowan Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Alfred T, Ben-Shlomo Y, Cooper R, Hardy R, Cooper C, Deary IJ, Gaunt TR, Gunnell D, Harris SE, Kumari M, Martin RM, Sayer AA, Starr JM, Kuh D, Day INM. A multi-cohort study of polymorphisms in the GH/IGF axis and physical capability: the HALCyon programme. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29883. [PMID: 22253814 PMCID: PMC3254646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low muscle mass and function have been associated with poorer indicators of physical capability in older people, which are in-turn associated with increased mortality rates. The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis is involved in muscle function and genetic variants in genes in the axis may influence measures of physical capability. METHODS As part of the Healthy Ageing across the Life Course (HALCyon) programme, men and women from seven UK cohorts aged between 52 and 90 years old were genotyped for six polymorphisms: rs35767 (IGF1), rs7127900 (IGF2), rs2854744 (IGFBP3), rs2943641 (IRS1), rs2665802 (GH1) and the exon-3 deletion of GHR. The polymorphisms have previously been robustly associated with age-related traits or are potentially functional. Meta-analysis was used to pool within-study genotypic effects of the associations between the polymorphisms and four measures of physical capability: grip strength, timed walk or get up and go, chair rises and standing balance. RESULTS Few important associations were observed among the several tests. We found evidence that rs2665802 in GH1 was associated with inability to balance for 5 s (pooled odds ratio per minor allele = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82-0.98, p-value = 0.01, n = 10,748), after adjusting for age and sex. We found no evidence for other associations between the polymorphisms and physical capability traits. CONCLUSION Our findings do not provide evidence for a substantial influence of these common polymorphisms in the GH/IGF axis on objectively measured physical capability levels in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamuno Alfred
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Urso ML. Disuse atrophy of human skeletal muscle: cell signaling and potential interventions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 41:1860-8. [PMID: 19727028 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a6458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In response to atrophic stimuli, physical alterations include decreases in fiber diameter and contractile protein content. Despite the fact that these phenotypical alterations have been well characterized, the signaling pathways that mediate these adaptations are still under investigation. There have been significant advances in the past few years delineating signal transduction pathways that regulate protein turnover. In the process of evaluating the effect of various atrophy-inducing stimuli on signal transduction pathways in skeletal muscle, it is apparent that differences do exist concerning both transcriptional and translational adaptations. To this end, it is hypothesized that the processes responsible for invoking skeletal muscle atrophy are unique, despite similar upstream signals and downstream phenotypical adaptations. If this is the case, countermeasures to attenuate atrophy may be more effective if they are designed to accommodate molecular alterations specific to the atrophic stimulus. The aim of this review was to characterize the recent work in humans elucidating the molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy in response to immobilization, unloading, spinal cord injury, and detraining to highlight the possibility that all skeletal muscle atrophy is not the same. With an increased understanding of the unique signaling pathways that regulate skeletal muscle protein turnover in the face of various atrophy models, it is possible to exploit these pathways to develop countermeasures to prevent or attenuate atrophy. Eugenics, gene therapy, pharmacology, nutritional, and physical countermeasures are discussed concerning their potential to treat or mitigate atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Urso
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA.
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HE ZIHONG, HU YANG, LI YANCHUN, YVERT THOMAS, SANTIAGO CATALINA, GÓMEZ-GALLEGO FÉLIX, RUIZ JONATANR, LUCIA ALEJANDRO. Are Calcineurin Genes Associated with Athletic Status? A Function, Replication Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1433-40. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31820e7f38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for sarcopenia. Hum Genet 2011; 131:1-31. [PMID: 21706341 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, which is characterized by a progressive decrease of skeletal muscle mass and function with aging, is closely related to several common diseases (such as cardiovascular and airway diseases) and functional impairment/disability. Strong genetic determination has been reported for muscle mass and muscle strength, two most commonly recognized and studied risk phenotypes for sarcopenia, with heritability ranging from 30 to 85% for muscle strength and 45-90% for muscle mass. Sarcopenia has been the subject of increasing genetic research over the past decade. This review is designed to comprehensively summarize the most important and representative molecular genetic studies designed to identify genetic factors associated with sarcopenia. We have methodically reviewed whole-genome linkage studies in humans, quantitative trait loci mapping in animal models, candidate gene association studies, newly reported genome-wide association studies, DNA microarrays and microRNA studies of sarcopenia or related skeletal muscle phenotypes. The major results of each study are tabulated for easy comparison and reference. The findings of representative studies are discussed with respect to their influence on our present understanding of the genetics of sarcopenia. This is a comprehensive review of molecular genetic studies of gene identification for sarcopenia, and an overarching theme for this review is that the currently accumulating results are tentative and occasionally inconsistent and should be interpreted with caution pending further investigation. Consequently, this overview should enhance recognition of the need to validate/replicate the genetic variants underlying sarcopenia in large human cohorts and animal. We believe that further progress in understanding the genetic etiology of sarcopenia will provide valuable insights into important fundamental biological mechanisms underlying muscle physiology that will ultimately lead to improved ability to recognize individuals at risk for developing sarcopenia and our ability to treat this debilitating condition.
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Sood S, Hanson ED, Delmonico MJ, Kostek MC, Hand BD, Roth SM, Hurley BF. Does insulin-like growth factor 1 genotype influence muscle power response to strength training in older men and women? Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:743-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mora M, Perales MJ, Serra-Prat M, Palomera E, Buquet X, Oriola J, Puig-Domingo M. Aging phenotype and its relationship with IGF-I gene promoter polymorphisms in elderly people living in Catalonia. Growth Horm IGF Res 2011; 21:174-180. [PMID: 21658593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genetic variations in the Insulin/IGF-I genes pathway have been related to longevity, dementia, metabolic diseases and cancer. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the 192 bp allele of IGF-I gene promoter and its relationship with metabolic syndrome (MS) components, mental and nutritional state, muscle strength and functional capacity in an aged Spanish population. DESIGN Population-based study (Mataró Ageing Study), including 292 subjects (144 men and 148 women, mean age 77.0±5.4). Anthropometric variables, lipid profile, glucose and blood pressure (BP) were measured; mental state (MMSE), nutritional state (MNA) and Barthel scale were performed, and were correlated to the presence of the 192 bp allele of IGF-1 gene promoter polymorphisms. RESULTS MS (ATP-III criteria) was found in 49.5% (41.4% in men and 57.6% in women). The 192 bp allele of IGF-I gene promoter was distributed as: 41.9% homozygous, 44.3% heterozygous and 13.9% were non-carriers of this allele. A lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome was observed in homozygous (41.9% vs 54.9% in heterozygous+non-carriers, p=0.031). Mental state (MMSE), nutritional state (MNA) and Barthel scale were better in homozygous individuals compared to heterozygous and non-carriers (p=0.015, p=0.026 and 0.047, respectively). In men, MNA was better in homozygous with no differences in MMSE and Barthel scales. In homozygous women, BP was lower (p=0.009) and Barthel scale was better (p=0.05) with no differences in MMSE and MNA. CONCLUSION Homozygosity for the 192 bp allele of the IGF-I gene polymorphism suggests a healthier aging condition, with less prevalence of cardiometabolic disturbances, and better mental, nutritional and functional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Mora
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic i Universitari of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Pillard F, Laoudj-Chenivesse D, Carnac G, Mercier J, Rami J, Rivière D, Rolland Y. Physical activity and sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med 2011; 27:449-70. [PMID: 21824557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity can be a valuable countermeasure to sarcopenia in its treatment and prevention. In considering physical training strategies for sarcopenic subjects, it is critical to consider personal and environmental obstacles to access opportunities for physical activity for any patient with chronic disease. This article presents an overview of current knowledge of the effects of physical training on muscle function and the physical activity recommended for sarcopenic patients. So that this countermeasure strategy can be applied in practice, the authors propose a standardized protocol for prescribing physical activity in chronic diseases such as sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Pillard
- Respiratory Exploration Department and Sports Medicine Department, Larrey University Hospital, Toulouse CEDEX, France.
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26
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Ando D, Hosaka Y, Suzuki K, Yamagata Z. The influence of adiponectin G276T gene polymorphism on changes in total and high molecular weight adiponectin levels by exercise training. Health (London) 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2011.312122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Erskine RM, Jones DA, Williams AG, Stewart CE, Degens H. Inter-individual variability in the adaptation of human muscle specific tension to progressive resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:1117-25. [PMID: 20703498 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable variation exists between people in the muscle response to resistance training, but there are numerous ways muscle might adapt to overload that might explain this variable response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the range of responses concerning the training-induced change in maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) knee joint torque, quadriceps femoris (QF) maximum muscle force (F), physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and specific tension (F/PCSA). It was hypothesized that the variable change in QF specific tension between individuals would be less than that of MVC. Fifty-three untrained young men performed progressive leg-extension training three times a week for 9 weeks. F was determined from MVC torque, voluntary muscle activation level, antagonist muscle co-activation and patellar tendon moment arm. QF specific tension was established by dividing F by QF PCSA, which was calculated from the ratio of QF muscle volume to muscle fascicle length. MVC torque increased by 26 ± 11% (P < 0.0001; range -1 to 52%), while F increased by 22 ± 11% (P < 0.0001; range -1 to 44%). PCSA increased by 6 ± 4% (P < 0.001; range -3 to 18%) and specific tension increased by 17 ± 11% (P < 0.0001; range -5 to 39%). In conclusion, training-induced changes in F and PCSA varied substantially between individuals, giving rise to greater inter-individual variability in the specific tension response compared to that of MVC. Furthermore, it appears that the change in specific tension is responsible for the variable change in MVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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28
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Kostek MC, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Harris TB, Thompson PD, Clarkson PM, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Garcia M, Li R, Zmuda JM, Delmonico MJ, Kanaya A, Hoffman EP. A polymorphism near IGF1 is associated with body composition and muscle function in women from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:315-24. [PMID: 20490824 PMCID: PMC2928925 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported associations of polymorphisms in the IGF1 gene with phenotypes of body composition (BC). The purpose of this study was to identify phenotypes of BC and physical function that were associated with the IGF1 promoter polymorphism (rs35767, −C1245T). Subjects from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, white males and females (n = 925/836) and black males and females (533/705) aged 70–79 years were genotyped for the polymorphism. Phenotypes of muscle size and function, bone mineral density, and BC were analyzed for associations with this polymorphism. To validate and compare these findings, a cohort of young (mean age = 24.6, SD = 5.9) white men and women (n = 173/296) with similar phenotypic measurements were genotyped. An association with BC was identified in elderly females when significant covariates (physical activity, age, smoking status, body mass index) were included. White women with C/C genotype had 3% more trunk fat and 2% more total fat than those with C/T (P < 0.05). Black women with C/C genotype had 3% less total lean mass and 3% less muscle mass than their T/T counterparts (P < 0.05). Associations were identified with muscle strength in white women (P < 0.01) that were in agreement with the C/C genotype having lower muscle function. Thus, in an elderly population but not a young population, a polymorphism in the IGF1 gene may be predictive of differences in body composition, primarily in black females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Kostek
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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29
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Are calcineurin genes associated with endurance phenotype traits? Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:359-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Walsh S, Kelsey BK, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Bilbie S, Thompson PD, Hoffman EP, Price TB, Devaney JM, Pescatello LS. CNTF 1357 G -> A polymorphism and the muscle strength response to resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:1235-40. [PMID: 19628720 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90835.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined associations between the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) 1357 G --> A polymorphism and the muscle strength response to a unilateral, upper arm resistance-training (RT) program among healthy, young adults. Subjects were 754 Caucasian men (40%) and women (60%) who were genotyped and performed a training program of the nondominant (trained) arm with the dominant (untrained) arm as a comparison. Peak elbow flexor strength was measured with one repetition maximum, isometric strength with maximum voluntary contraction, and bicep cross-sectional area with MRI in the trained and untrained arms before and after training. Women with the CNTF GG genotype gained more absolute isometric strength, as measured by MVC (6.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 5.2 +/- 0.5 kg), than carriers of the CNTF A1357 allele in the trained arm pre- to posttraining (P < 0.05). No significant associations were seen in men. Women with the CNTF GG genotype gained more absolute dynamic (1.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.1 kg) and allometric (0.022 +/- 0.0 vs. 0.015 +/- 0.0 kg/kg(-0.67)) strength, as measured by 1 RM, than carriers of the CNTF A1357 allele in the untrained arm pre- to posttraining (P < 0.05). No significant associations were seen in men. No significant associations, as measured by cross-sectional area, were seen in men or women. The CNTF 1357 G --> A polymorphism explains only a small portion of the variability in the muscle strength response to training in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Walsh
- Department of Kinesiology & Human Performance Laboratory, Neag School of Education, Univ. of Connecticut, Gampel Pavilion Rm. 206, 2095 Hillside Rd., U-1110, Storrs, CT 06269-1110, USA
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Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006-2007 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:35-73. [PMID: 19123262 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181844179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes covers the research advances reported in 2006 and 2007. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or a fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in responses to acute exercise, or for training-induced adaptations are positioned on the map of all autosomes and sex chromosomes. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or a locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. A brief discussion on the nature of the evidence and on what to look for in assessing human genetic studies of relevance to fitness and performance is offered in the introduction, followed by a review of all studies published in 2006 and 2007. The findings from these new studies are added to the appropriate tables that are designed to serve as the cumulative summary of all publications with positive genetic associations available to date for a given phenotype and study design. The fitness and performance map now includes 214 autosomal gene entries and quantitative trait loci plus seven others on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 18 mitochondrial genes that have been shown to influence fitness and performance phenotypes. Thus,the map is growing in complexity. Although the map is exhaustive for currently published accounts of genes and exercise associations and linkages, there are undoubtedly many more gene-exercise interaction effects that have not even been considered thus far. Finally, it should be appreciated that most studies reported to date are based on small sample sizes and cannot therefore provide definitive evidence that DNA sequence variants in a given gene are reliably associated with human variation in fitness and performance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Bray
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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