1
|
Zhang H, Gu W, Wu G, Yu Y. Aging and Autophagy: Roles in Musculoskeletal System Injury. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0362. [PMID: 38913046 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process that ultimately leads to a decline in physiological function and a consequent reduction in the health span, and quality of life in elderly population. In musculoskeletal diseases, aging is often associated with a gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, resulting in reduced functional capacity and an increased risk of chronic metabolic diseases, leading to impaired function and increased mortality. Autophagy is a highly conserved physiological process by which cells, under the regulation of autophagy-related genes, degrade their own organelles and large molecules by lysosomal degradation. This process is unique to eukaryotic cells and is a strict regulator of homeostasis, the maintenance of energy and substance balance. Autophagy plays an important role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes such as cell homeostasis, aging, immunity, tumorigenesis and neurodegenerative diseases. On the one hand, under mild stress conditions, autophagy mediates the restoration of homeostasis and proliferation, reduction of the rate of aging and delay of the aging process. On the other hand, under more intense stress conditions, an inadequate suppression of autophagy can lead to cellular aging. Conversely, autophagy activity decreases during aging. Due to the interrelationship between aging and autophagy, limited literature exists on this topic. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize the current concepts on aging and autophagy in the musculoskeletal system. The aim is to better understand the mechanisms of age-related changes in bone, joint and muscle, as well as the interaction relationship between autophagy and aging. Its goal is to provide a comprehensive perspective for the improvement of diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Gu
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Genbin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinxian Yu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ashcroft SP, Stocks B, Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:278-300. [PMID: 38183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The risk associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality is decreased in individuals who meet the current recommendations for physical activity. Therefore, regular exercise remains a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. An acute bout of exercise results in the coordinated interaction between multiple tissues to meet the increased energy demand of exercise. Over time, the associated metabolic stress of each individual exercise bout provides the basis for long-term adaptations across tissues, including the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gut, and brain. Therefore, regular exercise is associated with a plethora of benefits throughout the whole body, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and glycemic control. Overall, we summarize the exercise-induced adaptations that occur within multiple tissues and how they converge to ultimately improve cardiometabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sakuma K, Hamada K, Yamaguchi A, Aoi W. Current Nutritional and Pharmacological Approaches for Attenuating Sarcopenia. Cells 2023; 12:2422. [PMID: 37830636 PMCID: PMC10572610 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by a gradual slowing of movement due to loss of muscle mass and quality, decreased power and strength, increased risk of injury from falls, and often weakness. This review will focus on recent research trends in nutritional and pharmacological approaches to controlling sarcopenia. Because nutritional studies in humans are fairly limited, this paper includes many results from nutritional studies in mammals. The combination of resistance training with supplements containing amino acids is the gold standard for preventing sarcopenia. Amino acid (HMB) supplementation alone has no significant effect on muscle strength or muscle mass in sarcopenia, but the combination of HMB and exercise (whole body vibration stimulation) is likely to be effective. Tea catechins, soy isoflavones, and ursolic acid are interesting candidates for reducing sarcopenia, but both more detailed basic research on this treatment and clinical studies in humans are needed. Vitamin D supplementation has been shown not to improve sarcopenia in elderly individuals who are not vitamin D-deficient. Myostatin inhibitory drugs have been tried in many neuromuscular diseases, but increases in muscle mass and strength are less likely to be expected. Validation of myostatin inhibitory antibodies in patients with sarcopenia has been positive, but excessive expectations are not warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Sakuma
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;
| | - Kento Hamada
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;
| | - Akihiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Wataru Aoi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Campbell NWC, Patel SH, Ferrandi P, Couture S, Farino DO, Stout J, Sabbaghi A, Carroll CC. Impact of essential amino acid intake, resistance exercise, and aging on the concentration of Achilles peritendinous amino acids and procollagen Iα1 in humans. Amino Acids 2023:10.1007/s00726-023-03268-3. [PMID: 37129720 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that consuming amino acid-rich compounds improves tendon collagen content and biomechanical properties. Yet, it is unclear if the consumption of amino acids alters local (peritendinous) amino acid concentrations. If aging or exercise influence local amino acid concentrations in conjunction with an amino acid bolus is also not known. We conducted two studies. In Study 1, young women (n = 7, 25 ± 2 years) completed two identical resistance training sessions with either essential amino acid (EAA) or placebo consumption. In Study 2, an EAA bolus identical to Study 1 was given to younger (n = 7; 27 ± 1 year) and older adults (n = 6; 68 ± 2 years). Microdialysis was used to determine Achilles peritendinous amino acid and pro-collagen Iα1 (a marker of collagen synthesis) concentrations. In Study 1, amino acid consumption increased peritendinous concentrations of all EAA except histidine (p < 0.05). In Study 2, the peritendinous concentration of EAAs except for methionine, histidine, and lysine (p > 0.05) increased with time (p < 0.05). Further, the concentrations of most measured amino acids were greater in older adults (p < 0.05). Pro-collagen Iα1 concentration (p > 0.05) was unaffected by exercise, EAA, or aging (p > 0.05). Our findings demonstrate the following: (1) when not combined with exercise, an oral EAA bolus leads to only modest increases in Achilles peritendinous amino acid concentrations; (2) when combined with resistance exercise, EAA consumption resulted in greater peritendinous amino acid concentrations compared to no exercise; (3) the basal concentrations of most amino acids were greater in older adults, and (4) neither the EAA bolus nor exercise altered peritendinous pro-collagen concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W C Campbell
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, 800 W. Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shivam H Patel
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, 800 W. Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Peter Ferrandi
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, 800 W. Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Samantha Couture
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, 800 W. Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dominick O Farino
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, 800 W. Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Julianne Stout
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Arman Sabbaghi
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, 250 N University St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chad C Carroll
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, 800 W. Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation Interferes with Anabolic and Catabolic Characteristics of the Aged Human Skeletal Muscle. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8376915. [PMID: 34917235 PMCID: PMC8670932 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8376915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the development of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation (LGSI) characterized by increased circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP). Collective evidence suggests that elevated levels of inflammatory mediators such as CRP, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) are correlated with deteriorated skeletal muscle mass and function, though the molecular footprint of this observation in the aged human skeletal muscle remains obscure. Based on animal models showing impaired protein synthesis and enhanced degradation in response to LGSI, we compared here the response of proteolysis- and protein synthesis-related signaling proteins as well as the satellite cell and amino acid transporter protein content between healthy older adults with increased versus physiological blood hs-CRP levels in the fasted (basal) state and after an anabolic stimulus comprised of acute resistance exercise (RE) and protein feeding. Our main findings indicate that older adults with increased hs-CRP levels demonstrate (i) increased proteasome activity, accompanied by increased protein carbonylation and IKKα/β phosphorylation; (ii) reduced Pax7+ satellite cells; (iii) increased insulin resistance, at the basal state; and (iv) impaired S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation accompanied by hyperinsulinemia following an acute RE bout combined with protein ingestion. Collectively, these data provide support to the concept that age-related chronic LGSI may upregulate proteasome activity via induction of the NF-κB signaling and protein oxidation and impair the insulin-dependent anabolic potential of human skeletal muscle.
Collapse
|
7
|
The effects of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on mTOR signaling and autophagy markers in untrained human skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2913-2924. [PMID: 34196787 PMCID: PMC10150453 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aerobic (AE) and resistance (RE) exercise elicit unique adaptations in skeletal muscle. The purpose here was to compare the post-exercise response of mTOR signaling and select autophagy markers in skeletal muscle to acute AE and RE. METHODS In a randomized, cross-over design, six untrained men (27 ± 3 years) completed acute AE (40 min cycling, 70% HRmax) and RE (8 sets, 10 repetitions, 65% 1RM). Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline, and at 1 h and 4 h following each exercise. Western blot analyses were performed to examine total and phosphorylated protein levels. Upstream regulator analyses of skeletal muscle transcriptomics were performed to discern the predicted activation states of mTOR and FOXO3. RESULTS Compared to AE, acute RE resulted in greater phosphorylation (P < 0.05) of mTORSer2448 at 4 h, S6K1Thr389 at 1 h, and 4E- BP1Thr37/46 during the post-exercise period. However, both AE and RE increased mTORSer2448 and S6K1Thr389 phosphorylation at 4 h (P < 0.05). Upstream regulator analyses revealed the activation state of mTOR was increased for both AE (z score, 2.617) and RE (z score, 2.789). No changes in LC3BI protein were observed following AE or RE (P > 0.05), however, LC3BII protein was decreased after both AE and RE at 1 h and 4 h (P < 0.05). p62 protein content was also decreased at 4 h following AE and RE (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Both acute AE and RE stimulate mTOR signaling and similarly impact select markers of autophagy. These findings indicate the early adaptive response of untrained human skeletal muscle to divergent exercise modes is not likely mediated through large differences in mTOR signaling or autophagy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Effects of acute and chronic strength training on skeletal muscle autophagy in frail elderly men and women. Exp Gerontol 2020; 142:111122. [PMID: 33132146 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with alterations in skeletal muscle autophagy, potentially affecting both muscle mass and quality in a negative manner. Strength training with protein supplementation has been reported to improve both muscle mass and quality in frail elderly individuals, but whether improvements are accompanied by alterations in protein quality control is not known. To address this issue, we investigated protein degradation markers in skeletal muscle biopsies (m. vastus lateralis) from twenty-four frail elderly men and women (86 ± 7 yr) after acute and chronic (10 weeks) strength training with protein supplementation (ST + PRO) or protein supplementation alone (PRO). Acute increases in mRNA expression of genes related to the ubiquitin proteasome system (MuRF-1, MUSA1), autophagy (ATG7, LC3, p62), and mitochondrial fission (DRP1) were observed after the first, but not after the last training session in ST + PRO. Acute changes in gene expression were accompanied by changes in protein levels of both LC3-I and LC3-II. Hence, the acute training-induced activation of proteasomal degradation and autophagy seems to depend on training status, with activation in the untrained, but not trained state. The ten-week training intervention did not affect basal levels of autophagy mRNAs and proteins, and neither markers of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. This suggests that a relatively short period of strength training may not be sufficient to increase the basal rate of protein degradation in frail elderly.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abou Sawan S, Mazzulla M, Moore DR, Hodson N. More than just a garbage can: emerging roles of the lysosome as an anabolic organelle in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C561-C568. [PMID: 32726158 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00241.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue capable of remodeling in response to a range of physiological stimuli, including nutrients and exercise. Historically, the lysosome has been considered an essentially catabolic organelle contributing to autophagy, phagocytosis, and exo-/endocytosis in skeletal muscle. However, recent evidence has emerged of several anabolic roles for the lysosome, including the requirement for autophagy in skeletal muscle mass maintenance, the discovery of the lysosome as an intracellular signaling hub for mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation, and the importance of transcription factor EB/lysosomal biogenesis-related signaling in the regulation of mTORC1-mediated protein synthesis. We, therefore, propose that the lysosome is an understudied organelle with the potential to underpin the skeletal muscle adaptive response to anabolic stimuli. Within this review, we describe the molecular regulation of lysosome biogenesis and detail the emerging anabolic roles of the lysosome in skeletal muscle with particular emphasis on how these roles may mediate adaptations to chronic resistance exercise. Furthermore, given the well-established role of amino acids to support muscle protein remodeling, we describe how dietary proteins "labeled" with stable isotopes could provide a complementary research tool to better understand how lysosomal biogenesis, autophagy regulation, and/or mTORC1-lysosomal repositioning can mediate the intracellular usage of dietary amino acids in response to anabolic stimuli. Finally, we provide avenues for future research with the aim of elucidating how the regulation of this important organelle could mediate skeletal muscle anabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Abou Sawan
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Mazzulla
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Hodson
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Imperlini E, Mancini A, Orrù S, Vitucci D, Di Onofrio V, Gallè F, Valerio G, Salvatore G, Liguori G, Buono P, Alfieri A. Long-Term Recreational Football Training and Health in Aging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062087. [PMID: 32245237 PMCID: PMC7143141 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review aims to critically analyze the effects of exercise on health in aging. Here we discuss the main clinical and biomolecular modifications induced by long-term recreational football training in older subjects. In particular, the effects induced by long-term recreational football training on cardiovascular, metabolic and musculo-skeletal fitness, together with the modifications in the muscle expression of hallmarks related to oxidative metabolism, DNA repair and senescence suppression pathways and protein quality control mechanisms will be provided. All these topics will be debated also in terms of preventing non-communicable metabolic diseases, in order to achieve successful aging over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Vitucci
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Di Onofrio
- Department of Science and Technology, Università Parthenope, 80143 Naples, Italy;
| | - Francesca Gallè
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuliana Valerio
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuliana Salvatore
- IRCCS SDN, 80143 Naples, Italy; (E.I.); (G.S.)
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Liguori
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Andreina Alfieri
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (S.O.); (D.V.); (F.G.); (G.V.); (G.L.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Exercise Mitigates the Loss of Muscle Mass by Attenuating the Activation of Autophagy during Severe Energy Deficit. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112824. [PMID: 31752260 PMCID: PMC6893734 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of skeletal muscle mass with energy deficit is thought to be due to protein breakdown by the autophagy-lysosome and the ubiquitin-proteasome systems. We studied the main signaling pathways through which exercise can attenuate the loss of muscle mass during severe energy deficit (5500 kcal/day). Overweight men followed four days of caloric restriction (3.2 kcal/kg body weight day) and prolonged exercise (45 min of one-arm cranking and 8 h walking/day), and three days of control diet and restricted exercise, with an intra-subject design including biopsies from muscles submitted to distinct exercise volumes. Gene expression and signaling data indicate that the main catabolic pathway activated during severe energy deficit in skeletal muscle is the autophagy-lysosome pathway, without apparent activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Markers of autophagy induction and flux were reduced by exercise primarily in the muscle submitted to an exceptional exercise volume. Changes in signaling are associated with those in circulating cortisol, testosterone, cortisol/testosterone ratio, insulin, BCAA, and leucine. We conclude that exercise mitigates the loss of muscle mass by attenuating autophagy activation, blunting the phosphorylation of AMPK/ULK1/Beclin1, and leading to p62/SQSTM1 accumulation. This includes the possibility of inhibiting autophagy as a mechanism to counteract muscle loss in humans under severe energy deficit.
Collapse
|
12
|
Radak Z, Torma F, Berkes I, Goto S, Mimura T, Posa A, Balogh L, Boldogh I, Suzuki K, Higuchi M, Koltai E. Exercise effects on physiological function during aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 132:33-41. [PMID: 30389495 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The decrease in cognitive/motor functions and physical abilities severely affects the aging population in carrying out daily activities. These disabilities become a burden on individuals, families and society in general. It is known that aging conditions are ameliorated with regular exercise, which attenuates the age-associated decline in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreases in oxidative damage to molecules, and functional impairment in various organs. While benefits of physical exercise are well-documented, the molecular mechanisms responsible for functional improvement and increases in health span are not well understood. Recent findings imply that exercise training attenuates the age-related deterioration in the cellular housekeeping system, which includes the proteasome, Lon protease, autophagy, mitophagy, and DNA repair systems, which beneficially impacts multiple organ functions. Accumulating evidence suggests that exercise lessens the deleterious effects of aging. However, it seems unlikely that systemic effects are mediated through a specific biomarker. Rather, complex multifactorial mechanisms are involved to maintain homeostatic functions that tend to decline with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Ferenc Torma
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Istvan Berkes
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sataro Goto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan, Hungary
| | - Tatsuya Mimura
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Osaka Sangyo University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aniko Posa
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Balogh
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higuchi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Erika Koltai
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mancini A, Vitucci D, Randers MB, Schmidt JF, Hagman M, Andersen TR, Imperlini E, Mandola A, Orrù S, Krustrup P, Buono P. Lifelong Football Training: Effects on Autophagy and Healthy Longevity Promotion. Front Physiol 2019; 10:132. [PMID: 30837897 PMCID: PMC6390296 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a physiological process characterized by a progressive decline of biological functions and an increase in destructive processes in cells and organs. Physical activity and exercise positively affects the expression of skeletal muscle markers involved in longevity pathways. Recently, a new mechanism, autophagy, was introduced to the adaptations induced by acute and chronic exercise as responsible of positive metabolic modification and health-longevity promotion. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating autophagy in response to physical activity and exercise are sparsely described. We investigated the long-term adaptations resulting from lifelong recreational football training on the expression of skeletal muscle markers involved in autophagy signaling. We demonstrated that lifelong football training increased the expression of messengers: RAD23A, HSPB6, RAB1B, TRAP1, SIRT2, and HSBPB1, involved in the auto-lysosomal and proteasome-mediated protein degradation machinery; of RPL1, RPL4, RPL36, MRLP37, involved in cellular growth and differentiation processes; of the Bcl-2, HSP70, HSP90, PSMD13, and of the ATG5-ATG12 protein complex, involved in proteasome promotion and autophagy processes in muscle samples from lifelong trained subjects compared to age-matched untrained controls. In conclusion, our results indicated that lifelong football training positively influence exercise-induced autophagy processes and protein quality control in skeletal muscle, thus promoting healthy aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Morten Bredsgaard Randers
- Department of Sports and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Friis Schmidt
- Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Hagman
- Department of Sports and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rostgaard Andersen
- Department of Sports and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Annalisa Mandola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Muscle protein breakdown (MPB) is an important metabolic component of muscle remodeling, adaptation to training, and increasing muscle mass. Degradation of muscle proteins occurs via the integration of three main systems—autophagy and the calpain and ubiquitin-proteasome systems. These systems do not operate independently, and the regulation is complex. Complete degradation of a protein requires some combination of the systems. Determination of MPB in humans is technically challenging, leading to a relative dearth of information. Available information on the dynamic response of MPB primarily comes from stable isotopic methods with expression and activity measures providing complementary information. It seems clear that resistance exercise increases MPB, but not as much as the increase in muscle protein synthesis. Both hyperaminoacidemia and hyperinsulinemia inhibit the post-exercise response of MPB. Available data do not allow a comprehensive examination of the mechanisms behind these responses. Practical nutrition recommendations for interventions to suppress MPB following exercise are often made. However, it is likely that some degree of increased MPB following exercise is an important component for optimal remodeling. At this time, it is not possible to determine the impact of nutrition on any individual muscle protein. Thus, until we can develop and employ better methods to elucidate the role of MPB following exercise and the response to nutrition, recommendations to optimize post exercise nutrition should focus on the response of muscle protein synthesis. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the state of knowledge, including methodological considerations, of the response of MPB to exercise and nutrition in humans.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hentilä J, Ahtiainen JP, Paulsen G, Raastad T, Häkkinen K, Mero AA, Hulmi JJ. Autophagy is induced by resistance exercise in young men, but unfolded protein response is induced regardless of age. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 224:e13069. [PMID: 29608242 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR) appear to be important for skeletal muscle homoeostasis and may be altered by exercise. Our aim was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise and training on indicators of UPR and autophagy in healthy untrained young men (n = 12, 27 ± 4 years) and older men (n = 8, 61 ± 6 years) as well as in resistance-trained individuals (n = 15, 25 ± 5 years). METHODS Indicators of autophagy and UPR were investigated from the muscle biopsies after a single resistance exercise bout and after 21 weeks of resistance training. RESULTS Lipidated LC3II as an indicator of autophagosome content increased at 48 hours post-resistance exercise (P < .05) and after a resistance training period (P < .01) in untrained young men but not in older men. Several UPRER markers, typically induced by protein misfolding in endoplasmic reticulum, were increased at 48 hours post-resistance exercise in untrained young and older men (P < .05) but were unaltered after the 21-week resistance training period regardless of age. UPR was unchanged within the first few hours after the resistance exercise bout regardless of the training status. Changes in autophagy and UPRER indicators did not correlate with a resistance training-induced increase in muscle strength and size. CONCLUSION Autophagosome content is increased by resistance training in young previously untrained men, but this response may be blunted by ageing. However, unfolded protein response is induced by an unaccustomed resistance exercise bout in a delayed manner regardless of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Hentilä
- Biology of Physical Activity; Neuromuscular Research Center; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - J. P. Ahtiainen
- Biology of Physical Activity; Neuromuscular Research Center; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - G. Paulsen
- The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports; Oslo Norway
| | - T. Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - K. Häkkinen
- Biology of Physical Activity; Neuromuscular Research Center; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - A. A. Mero
- Biology of Physical Activity; Neuromuscular Research Center; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - J. J. Hulmi
- Biology of Physical Activity; Neuromuscular Research Center; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
D’Lugos AC, Patel SH, Ormsby JC, Curtis DP, Fry CS, Carroll CC, Dickinson JM. Prior acetaminophen consumption impacts the early adaptive cellular response of human skeletal muscle to resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:1012-1024. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00922.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance exercise (RE) is a powerful stimulus for skeletal muscle adaptation. Previous data demonstrate that cyclooxygenase (COX)-inhibiting drugs alter the cellular mechanisms regulating the adaptive response of skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prior consumption of the COX inhibitor acetaminophen (APAP) alters the immediate adaptive cellular response in human skeletal muscle after RE. In a double-blinded, randomized, crossover design, healthy young men ( n = 8, 25 ± 1 yr) performed two trials of unilateral knee extension RE (8 sets, 10 reps, 65% max strength). Subjects ingested either APAP (1,000 mg/6 h) or placebo (PLA) for 24 h before RE (final dose consumed immediately after RE). Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were collected at rest and 1 h and 3 h after exercise. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 signaling was assessed through immunoblot and immunohistochemistry, and mRNA expression of myogenic genes was examined via RT-qPCR. At 1 h p-rpS6Ser240/244 was increased in both groups but to a greater extent in PLA. At 3 h p-S6K1Thr389 was elevated only in PLA. Furthermore, localization of mTOR to the lysosome (LAMP2) in myosin heavy chain (MHC) II fibers increased 3 h after exercise only in PLA. mTOR-LAMP2 colocalization in MHC I fibers was greater in PLA vs. APAP 1 h after exercise. Myostatin mRNA expression was reduced 1 h after exercise only in PLA. MYF6 mRNA expression was increased 1 h and 3 h after exercise only in APAP. APAP consumption appears to alter the early adaptive cellular response of skeletal muscle to RE. These findings further highlight the mechanisms through which COX-inhibiting drugs impact the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The extent to which the cellular reaction to acetaminophen impacts the mechanisms regulating the adaptive response of human skeletal muscle to resistance exercise is not well understood. Consumption of acetaminophen before resistance exercise appears to suppress the early response of mTORC1 activity to acute resistance exercise. These data also demonstrate, for the first time, that resistance exercise elicits fiber type-specific changes in the intracellular colocalization of mTOR with the lysosome in human skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. D’Lugos
- Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Shivam H. Patel
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Jordan C. Ormsby
- Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Christopher S. Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Chad C. Carroll
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Jared M. Dickinson
- Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dickinson JM, D'Lugos AC, Naymik MA, Siniard AL, Wolfe AJ, Curtis DR, Huentelman MJ, Carroll CC. Transcriptome response of human skeletal muscle to divergent exercise stimuli. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018. [PMID: 29543133 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00014.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic (AE) and resistance exercise (RE) elicit unique adaptations in skeletal muscle that have distinct implications for health and performance. The purpose of this study was to identify the unique transcriptome response of skeletal muscle to acute AE and RE. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, six healthy, recreationally active young men (27 ± 3 yr) completed acute AE (40 min of cycling, ∼70% maximal HR) and RE [8 sets, 10 reps, ∼65% 1-repetition maximum (1RM)], separated by ∼1 wk. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained before and at 1 and 4 h postexercise. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing (HiSeq2500; Illumina) was performed on cDNA synthesized from skeletal muscle RNA. Sequencing data were analyzed using HTSeq, and differential gene expression was identified using DESeq2 [adjusted P value (FDR) <0.05, >1.5-fold change from preexercise]. RE resulted in a greater number of differentially expressed genes at 1 (67 vs. 48) and 4 h (523 vs. 221) compared with AE. We identified 348 genes that were differentially expressed only following RE, whereas 48 genes were differentially expressed only following AE. Gene clustering indicated that AE targeted functions related to zinc interaction, angiogenesis, and ubiquitination, whereas RE targeted functions related to transcription regulation, cytokine activity, cell adhesion, kinase activity, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. ESRRG and TNFSRF12A were identified as potential targets related to the specific response of skeletal muscle to AE and RE, respectively. These data describe the early postexercise transcriptome response of skeletal muscle to acute AE and RE and further highlight that different forms of exercise stimulate unique molecular activity in skeletal muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing was used to determine the early postexercise transcriptome response of skeletal muscle to acute aerobic (AE) and resistance exercise (RE) in untrained individuals. Although a number of shared genes were stimulated following both AE and RE, several genes were uniquely responsive to each exercise mode. These findings support the need for future research focused to better identify the role of exercise mode as it relates to targeting specific cellular skeletal muscle abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Dickinson
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University , Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Andrew C D'Lugos
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University , Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marcus A Naymik
- Translational Genomics Research Institute , Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Amanda J Wolfe
- Translational Genomics Research Institute , Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | | | - Chad C Carroll
- Midwestern University , Glendale, Arizona.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Recent advances in pharmacological, hormonal, and nutritional intervention for sarcopenia. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:449-460. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
19
|
Halling JF, Pilegaard H. Autophagy-Dependent Beneficial Effects of Exercise. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a029777. [PMID: 28270532 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has long been recognized as a powerful physiological stimulus for a wide variety of metabolic adaptations with implications for health and performance. The metabolic effects of exercise occur during and after each exercise bout and manifest as cumulative adaptive responses to successive exercise bouts. Studies on the beneficial effects of exercise have traditionally focused on the biosynthesis of metabolic proteins and organelles. However, the recycling of cellular components by autophagy has recently emerged as an important process involved in the adaptive responses to exercise. This review covers the regulation of autophagy by exercise, with emphasis on the potential autophagy-dependent beneficial effects of exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Frey Halling
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Impact of Aging and Exercise on Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3165396. [PMID: 28656072 PMCID: PMC5471566 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3165396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are characterized by its pivotal roles in managing energy production, reactive oxygen species, and calcium, whose aging-related structural and functional deteriorations are observed in aging muscle. Although it is still unclear how aging alters mitochondrial quality and quantity in skeletal muscle, dysregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamic controls has been suggested as key players for that. In this paper, we summarize current understandings on how aging regulates muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, while focusing on transcriptional regulations including PGC-1α, AMPK, p53, mtDNA, and Tfam. Further, we review current findings on the muscle mitochondrial dynamic systems in aging muscle: fusion/fission, autophagy/mitophagy, and protein import. Next, we also discuss how endurance and resistance exercises impact on the mitochondrial quality controls in aging muscle, suggesting possible effective exercise strategies to improve/maintain mitochondrial health.
Collapse
|