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Ahookhosh K, Vanoirbeek J, Vande Velde G. Lung function measurements in preclinical research: What has been done and where is it headed? Front Physiol 2023; 14:1130096. [PMID: 37035677 PMCID: PMC10073442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1130096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the close interaction of lung morphology and functions, repeatable measurements of pulmonary function during longitudinal studies on lung pathophysiology and treatment efficacy have been a great area of interest for lung researchers. Spirometry, as a simple and quick procedure that depends on the maximal inspiration of the patient, is the most common lung function test in clinics that measures lung volumes against time. Similarly, in the preclinical area, plethysmography techniques offer lung functional parameters related to lung volumes. In the past few decades, many innovative techniques have been introduced for in vivo lung function measurements, while each one of these techniques has their own advantages and disadvantages. Before each experiment, depending on the sensitivity of the required pulmonary functional parameters, it should be decided whether an invasive or non-invasive approach is desired. On one hand, invasive techniques offer sensitive and specific readouts related to lung mechanics in anesthetized and tracheotomized animals at endpoints. On the other hand, non-invasive techniques allow repeatable lung function measurements in conscious, free-breathing animals with readouts related to the lung volumes. The biggest disadvantage of these standard techniques for lung function measurements is considering the lung as a single unit and providing only global readouts. However, recent advances in lung imaging modalities such as x-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging opened new doors toward obtaining both anatomical and functional information from the same scan session, without the requirement for any extra pulmonary functional measurements, in more regional and non-invasive manners. Consequently, a new field of study called pulmonary functional imaging was born which focuses on introducing new techniques for regional quantification of lung function non-invasively using imaging-based techniques. This narrative review provides first an overview of both invasive and non-invasive conventional methods for lung function measurements, mostly focused on small animals for preclinical research, including discussions about their advantages and disadvantages. Then, we focus on those newly developed, non-invasive, imaging-based techniques that can provide either global or regional lung functional readouts at multiple time-points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Ahookhosh
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Centre of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Greetje Vande Velde,
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2
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Liu D, Sun JH, Zhang HC, Jiang JX, Zeng L. Continuous purification and culture of rat type 1 and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells by magnetic cell sorting. Chin J Traumatol 2022; 25:138-144. [PMID: 35078688 PMCID: PMC9125733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of acute lung injury (ALI) in severe trauma patients is 48% and the mortality rate following acute respiratory distress syndrome evolved from ALI is up to 68.5%. Alveolar epithelial type 1 cells (AEC1s) and type 2 cells (AEC2s) are the key cells in the repair of injured lungs as well as fetal lung development. Therefore, the purification and culture of AEC1s and AEC2s play an important role in the research of repair and regeneration of lung tissue. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (3-4 weeks, 120-150 g) were purchased for experiment. Dispase and DNase I were jointly used to digest lung tissue to obtain a single-cell suspension of whole lung cells, and then magnetic bead cell sorting was performed to isolate T1α positive cells as AEC1s from the single-cell suspension by using polyclonal rabbit anti-T1a (a specific AEC1s membrane protein) antibodies combined with anti-rabbit IgG microbeads. Afterwards, alveolar epithelial cell membrane marker protein EpCAM was designed as a key label to sort AEC2s from the remaining T1α-neg cells by another positive immunomagnetic selection using monoclonal mouse anti-EpCAM antibodies and anti-mouse IgG microbeads. Cell purity was identified by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. RESULTS The purity of AEC1s and AEC2s was 88.3% ± 3.8% and 92.6% ± 2.7%, respectively. The cell growth was observed as follows: AEC1s stretched within the 12-16 h, but the cells proliferated slowly; while AEC2s began to stretch after 24 h and proliferated rapidly from the 2nd day and began to differentiate after 3 days. CONCLUSION AEC1s and AEC2s sorted by this method have high purity and good viability. Therefore, our method provides a new approach for the isolation and culture of AEC1s and AEC2s as well as a new strategy for the research of lung repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injuries, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jian-Hui Sun
- Medical Center of Trauma and War Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Hua-Cai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injuries, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jian-Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injuries, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injuries, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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3
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Mammoto T, Hunyenyiwa T, Kyi P, Hendee K, Matus K, Rao S, Lee SH, Tabima DM, Chesler NC, Mammoto A. Hydrostatic Pressure Controls Angiogenesis Through Endothelial YAP1 During Lung Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:823642. [PMID: 35252132 PMCID: PMC8896883 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.823642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary artery (PA) pressure increases during lung growth after unilateral pneumonectomy (PNX). Mechanosensitive transcriptional co-activator, yes-associated protein (YAP1), in endothelial cells (ECs) is necessary for angiogenesis during post-PNX lung growth. We investigate whether increases in PA pressure following PNX control-angiogenesis through YAP1. When hydrostatic pressure is applied to human pulmonary arterial ECs (HPAECs), the expression of YAP1, transcription factor TEAD1, and angiogenic factor receptor Tie2 increases, while these effects are inhibited when HPAECs are treated with YAP1 siRNA or YAP1S94A mutant that fails to bind to TEAD1. Hydrostatic pressure also stimulates DNA synthesis, cell migration, and EC sprouting in HPAECs, while YAP1 knockdown or YAP1S94A mutant inhibits the effects. Gene enrichment analysis reveals that the levels of genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM), cell adhesion, regeneration, or angiogenesis are altered in post-PNX mouse lung ECs, which interact with YAP1. Exosomes are known to promote tissue regeneration. Proteomics analysis reveals that exosomes isolated from conditioned media of post-PNX mouse lung ECs contain the higher levels of ECM and cell-adhesion proteins compared to those from sham-operated mouse lung ECs. Recruitment of host lung ECs and blood vessel formation are stimulated in the fibrin gel containing exosomes isolated from post-PNX mouse lung ECs or pressurized ECs, while YAP1 knockdown inhibits the effects. These results suggest that increases in PA pressure stimulate angiogenesis through YAP1 during regenerative lung growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Tendai Hunyenyiwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Priscilla Kyi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kathryn Hendee
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kienna Matus
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sang H. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Diana M. Tabima
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Naomi C. Chesler
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Akiko Mammoto,
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Kong J, Wen S, Cao W, Yue P, Xu X, Zhang Y, Luo L, Chen T, Li L, Wang F, Tao J, Zhou G, Luo S, Liu A, Bao F. Lung organoids, useful tools for investigating epithelial repair after lung injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:95. [PMID: 33516265 PMCID: PMC7846910 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are derived from stem cells or organ-specific progenitors. They display structures and functions consistent with organs in vivo. Multiple types of organoids, including lung organoids, can be generated. Organoids are applied widely in development, disease modelling, regenerative medicine, and other multiple aspects. Various human pulmonary diseases caused by several factors can be induced and lead to different degrees of lung epithelial injury. Epithelial repair involves the participation of multiple cells and signalling pathways. Lung organoids provide an excellent platform to model injury to and repair of lungs. Here, we review the recent methods of cultivating lung organoids, applications of lung organoids in epithelial repair after injury, and understanding the mechanisms of epithelial repair investigated using lung organoids. By using lung organoids, we can discover the regulatory mechanisms related to the repair of lung epithelia. This strategy could provide new insights for more effective management of lung diseases and the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kong
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,The School of Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Shiyuan Wen
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Wenjing Cao
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Yue
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Xu
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lisha Luo
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Taigui Chen
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lianbao Li
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jian Tao
- The School of Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Guozhong Zhou
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Suyi Luo
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China. .,Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children's Major Diseases Research, The Children's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650030, China.
| | - Fukai Bao
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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5
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Thomen RP, Woods JC, Sturm PF, Jain V, Walkup LL, Higano NS, Quirk JD, Varisco BM. Lung microstructure in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis before and after posterior spinal fusion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240265. [PMID: 33031412 PMCID: PMC7544066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is associated with decreased respiratory quality of life and impaired diaphragm function. Recent hyperpolarized helium (HHe) MRI studies show alveolarization continues throughout adolescence, and mechanical forces are known to impact alveolarization. We therefore hypothesized that patients with AIS would have alterations in alveolar size, alveolar number, or alveolar septal dimensions compared to adolescents without AIS, and that posterior spinal fusion (PSF) might reverse these differences. We conducted a prospective observational trial using HHe MRI to test for changes in alveolar microstructure in control and AIS subjects at baseline and one year. After obtaining written informed consent from subjects’ legal guardians and assent from the subjects, we performed HHe and proton MRI in 14 AIS and 16 control subjects aged 8–21 years. The mean age of control subjects (12.9 years) was significantly less than AIS (14.9 years, p = 0.003). At baseline, there were no significant differences in alveolar size, number, or alveolar duct morphometry between AIS and control subjects or between the concave (compressed) and convex (expanded) lungs of AIS subjects. At one year after PSF AIS subjects had an increase in alveolar density in the formerly convex lung (p = 0.05), likely reflecting a change in thoracic anatomy, but there were no other significant changes in lung microstructure. Modeling of alveolar size over time demonstrated similar rates of alveolar growth in control and AIS subjects in both right and left lungs pre- and post-PSF. Although this study suffered from poor age-matching, we found no evidence that AIS or PSF impacts lung microstructure. Trial registration: Clinical trial registration number NCT03539770.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Thomen
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Woods
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter F. Sturm
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Orthopaedics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Viral Jain
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Orthopaedics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Walkup
- Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nara S. Higano
- Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James D. Quirk
- Mallincrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Varisco
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Dane DM, Cao K, Zhang YA, H Kernstine K, Gazdhar A, Geiser T, Hsia CCW. Inhalational delivery of induced pluripotent stem cell secretome improves postpneumonectomy lung structure and function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1051-1061. [PMID: 32909918 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00205.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free secretory products (secretome) of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been shown to attenuate tissue injury and facilitate repair and recovery. To examine whether iPSC secretome facilitates mechanically induced compensatory responses following unilateral pneumonectomy (PNX), litter-matched young adult female hounds underwent right PNX (removing 55%-58% of lung units), followed by inhalational delivery of either the nebulized-conditioned media containing induced pluripotent stem cell secretome (iPSC CM) or control cell-free media (CFM); inhalation was repeated every 5 days for 10 treatments. Lung function was measured under anesthesia pre-PNX and 10 days after the last treatment (8 wk post-PNX); detailed quantitative analysis of lung ultrastructure was performed postmortem. Pre-PNX lung function was similar between groups. Compared with CFM control, treatment with iPSC CM attenuated the post-PNX decline in lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and membrane diffusing capacity, accompanied by a 24% larger postmortem lobar volume and distal air spaces. Alveolar double-capillary profiles were 39% more prevalent consistent with enhanced intussusceptive angiogenesis. Frequency distribution of the harmonic mean thickness of alveolar blood-gas barrier shifted toward the lowest values, whereas alveolar septal tissue volume and arithmetic septal thickness were similar, indicating septal remodeling and reduced diffusive resistance of the blood-gas barrier. Thus, repetitive inhalational delivery of iPSC secretome enhanced post-PNX alveolar angiogenesis and septal remodeling that are associated with improved gas exchange compensation. Results highlight the plasticity of the remaining lung units following major loss of lung mass that are responsive to broad-based modulation provided by the iPSC secretome.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To examine whether the secreted products of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) facilitate innate adaptive responses following loss of lung tissue, adult dogs underwent surgical removal of one lung, then received repeated administration of iPSC secretory products via inhalational delivery compared with control treatment. Inhalation of iPSC secretory products enhanced capillary formation and beneficial structural remodeling in the remaining lung, leading to improved lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Merrill Dane
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Khoa Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yu-An Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kemp H Kernstine
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Connie C W Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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7
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Mammoto A, Mammoto T. Vascular Niche in Lung Alveolar Development, Homeostasis, and Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:318. [PMID: 31781555 PMCID: PMC6861452 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) constitute small capillary blood vessels and contribute to delivery of nutrients, oxygen and cellular components to the local tissues, as well as to removal of carbon dioxide and waste products from the tissues. Besides these fundamental functions, accumulating evidence indicates that capillary ECs form the vascular niche. In the vascular niche, ECs reciprocally crosstalk with resident cells such as epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and immune cells to regulate development, homeostasis, and regeneration in various organs. Capillary ECs supply paracrine factors, called angiocrine factors, to the adjacent cells in the niche and orchestrate these processes. Although the vascular niche is anatomically and functionally well-characterized in several organs such as bone marrow and neurons, the effects of endothelial signals on other resident cells and anatomy of the vascular niche in the lung have not been well-explored. This review discusses the role of alveolar capillary ECs in the vascular niche during development, homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Mammoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Tadanori Mammoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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8
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Dane DM, Yilmaz C, Gyawali D, Iyer R, Menon J, Nguyen KT, Ravikumar P, Estrera AS, Hsia CCW. Erythropoietin inhalation enhances adult canine alveolar-capillary formation following pneumonectomy. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L936-L945. [PMID: 30785346 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00504.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracrine erythropoietin (EPO) signaling in the lung recruits endothelial progenitor cells, promotes cell maturation and angiogenesis, and is upregulated during canine postpneumonectomy (PNX) compensatory lung growth. To determine whether inhalational delivery of exogenous EPO augments endogenous post-PNX lung growth, adult canines underwent right PNX and received, via a permanent tracheal stoma, weekly nebulization of recombinant human EPO-containing nanoparticles or empty nanoparticles (control) for 16 wk. Lung function was assessed under anesthesia pre- and post-PNX. The remaining lobes were fixed for detailed morphometric analysis. Compared with control treatment, EPO delivery significantly increased serum EPO concentration without altering systemic hematocrit or hemoglobin concentration and abrogated post-PNX lipid oxidative stress damage. EPO delivery modestly increased post-PNX volume densities of the alveolar septum per unit of lung volume and type II epithelium and endothelium per unit of septal tissue volume in selected lobes. EPO delivery also augmented the post-PNX increase in alveolar double-capillary profiles, a marker of intussusceptive capillary formation, in all remaining lobes. EPO treatment did not significantly alter absolute resting lung volumes, lung and membrane diffusing capacities, alveolar-capillary blood volume, pulmonary blood flow, lung compliance, or extravascular alveolar tissue volumes or surface areas. Results established the feasibility of chronic inhalational delivery of growth-modifying biologics in a large animal model. Exogenous EPO selectively enhanced cytoprotection and alveolar angiogenesis in remaining lobes but not whole-lung extravascular tissue growth or resting function; the nonuniform response contributes to structure-function discrepancy, a major challenge for interventions aimed at amplifying the innate potential for compensatory lung growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Merrill Dane
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Cuneyt Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Dipendra Gyawali
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Roshni Iyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Jyothi Menon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Kytai T Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Priya Ravikumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Aaron S Estrera
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Connie C W Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
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9
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Alvira CM, Morty RE. Can We Understand the Pathobiology of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia? J Pediatr 2017; 190:27-37. [PMID: 29144252 PMCID: PMC5726414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Alvira
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305
| | - Rory E. Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center campus of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany,Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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10
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Lechner AJ, Driver IH, Lee J, Conroy CM, Nagle A, Locksley RM, Rock JR. Recruited Monocytes and Type 2 Immunity Promote Lung Regeneration following Pneumonectomy. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:120-134.e7. [PMID: 28506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of immune cells in lung regeneration, we used a unilateral pneumonectomy model that promotes the formation of new alveoli in the remaining lobes. Immunofluorescence and single-cell RNA sequencing found CD115+ and CCR2+ monocytes and M2-like macrophages accumulating in the lung during the peak of type 2 alveolar epithelial stem cell (AEC2) proliferation. Genetic loss of function in mice and adoptive transfer studies revealed that bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) traffic to the lung through a CCL2-CCR2 chemokine axis and are required for optimal lung regeneration, along with Il4ra-expressing leukocytes. Our data suggest that these cells modulate AEC2 proliferation and differentiation. Finally, we provide evidence that group 2 innate lymphoid cells are a source of IL-13, which promotes lung regeneration. Together, our data highlight the potential for immunomodulatory therapies to stimulate alveologenesis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lechner
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ian H Driver
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Carmen M Conroy
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Abigail Nagle
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason R Rock
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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11
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Ito T, Suzuki H, Wada H, Fujiwara T, Nakajima T, Iwata T, Yoshida S, Yoshino I. Concordant pattern of radiologic, morphologic, and genomic changes during compensatory lung growth. J Surg Res 2017; 212:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Hsia CCW. Comparative analysis of the mechanical signals in lung development and compensatory growth. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:687-705. [PMID: 28084523 PMCID: PMC5321790 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review compares the manner in which physical stress imposed on the parenchyma, vasculature and thorax and the thoraco-pulmonary interactions, drive both developmental and compensatory lung growth. Re-initiation of anatomical lung growth in the mature lung is possible when the loss of functioning lung units renders the existing physiologic-structural reserves insufficient for maintaining adequate function and physical stress on the remaining units exceeds a critical threshold. The appropriate spatial and temporal mechanical interrelationships and the availability of intra-thoracic space, are crucial to growth initiation, follow-on remodeling and physiological outcome. While the endogenous potential for compensatory lung growth is retained and may be pharmacologically augmented, supra-optimal mechanical stimulation, unbalanced structural growth, or inadequate remodeling may limit functional gain. Finding ways to optimize the signal-response relationships and resolve structure-function discrepancies are major challenges that must be overcome before the innate compensatory ability could be fully realized. Partial pneumonectomy reproducibly removes a known fraction of functioning lung units and remains the most robust model for examining the adaptive mechanisms, structure-function consequences and plasticity of the remaining functioning lung units capable of regeneration. Fundamental mechanical stimulus-response relationships established in the pneumonectomy model directly inform the exploration of effective approaches to maximize compensatory growth and function in chronic destructive lung diseases, transplantation and bioengineered lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie C W Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9034, USA.
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13
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Dane DM, Yilmaz C, Gyawali D, Iyer R, Ravikumar P, Estrera AS, Hsia CCW. Perfusion-related stimuli for compensatory lung growth following pneumonectomy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:312-23. [PMID: 27150830 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00297.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following pneumonectomy (PNX), two separate mechanical forces act on the remaining lung: parenchymal stress caused by lung expansion, and microvascular distension and shear caused by increased perfusion. We previously showed that parenchymal stress and strain explain approximately one-half of overall compensation; the remainder was presumptively attributed to perfusion-related factors. In this study, we directly tested the hypothesis that perturbation of regional pulmonary perfusion modulates post-PNX lung growth. Adult canines underwent banding of the pulmonary artery (PAB) to the left caudal (LCa) lobe, which caused a reduction in basal perfusion to LCa lobe without preventing the subsequent increase in its perfusion following right PNX while simultaneously exaggerating the post-PNX increase in perfusion to the unbanded lobes, thereby creating differential perfusion changes between banded and unbanded lobes. Control animals underwent sham pulmonary artery banding followed by right PNX. Pulmonary function, regional pulmonary perfusion, and high-resolution computed tomography of the chest were analyzed pre-PNX and 3-mo post-PNX. Terminally, the remaining lobes were fixed for detailed morphometric analysis. Results were compared with corresponding lobes in two control (Sham banding and normal unoperated) groups. PAB impaired the indices of post-PNX extravascular alveolar tissue growth by up to 50% in all remaining lobes. PAB enhanced the expected post-PNX increase in alveolar capillary formation, measured by the prevalence of double-capillary profiles, in both unbanded and banded lobes. We conclude that perfusion distribution provides major stimuli for post-PNX compensatory lung growth independent of the stimuli provided by lung expansion and parenchymal stress and strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Merrill Dane
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Cuneyt Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Dipendra Gyawali
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Roshni Iyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Priya Ravikumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Aaron S Estrera
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Connie C W Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
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14
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Abstract
Structural and functional complexities of the mammalian lung evolved to meet a unique set of challenges, namely, the provision of efficient delivery of inspired air to all lung units within a confined thoracic space, to build a large gas exchange surface associated with minimal barrier thickness and a microvascular network to accommodate the entire right ventricular cardiac output while withstanding cyclic mechanical stresses that increase several folds from rest to exercise. Intricate regulatory mechanisms at every level ensure that the dynamic capacities of ventilation, perfusion, diffusion, and chemical binding to hemoglobin are commensurate with usual metabolic demands and periodic extreme needs for activity and survival. This article reviews the structural design of mammalian and human lung, its functional challenges, limitations, and potential for adaptation. We discuss (i) the evolutionary origin of alveolar lungs and its advantages and compromises, (ii) structural determinants of alveolar gas exchange, including architecture of conducting bronchovascular trees that converge in gas exchange units, (iii) the challenges of matching ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion and tissue-erythrocyte and thoracopulmonary interactions. The notion of erythrocytes as an integral component of the gas exchanger is emphasized. We further discuss the signals, sources, and limits of structural plasticity of the lung in alveolar hypoxia and following a loss of lung units, and the promise and caveats of interventions aimed at augmenting endogenous adaptive responses. Our objective is to understand how individual components are matched at multiple levels to optimize organ function in the face of physiological demands or pathological constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie C.W. Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dallas M. Hyde
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
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15
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Joshi R, Liu S, Brown MD, Young SM, Batie M, Kofron JM, Xu Y, Weaver TE, Apsley K, Varisco BM. Stretch regulates expression and binding of chymotrypsin-like elastase 1 in the postnatal lung. FASEB J 2016; 30:590-600. [PMID: 26443822 PMCID: PMC6994241 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-277350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lung stretch is critical for normal lung development and for compensatory lung growth after pneumonectomy (PNX), but the mechanisms by which strain induces matrix remodeling are unclear. Our prior work demonstrated an association of chymotrypsin-like elastase 1 (Cela1) with lung elastin remodeling, and that strain triggered a near-instantaneous elastin-remodeling response. We sought to determine whether stretch regulates Cela1 expression and Cela1 binding to lung elastin. In C57BL/6J mice, Cela1 protein increased 176-fold during lung morphogenesis. Cela1 was covalently bound to serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 1, resulting in a higher molecular mass in lung homogenate compared to pancreas homogenate. Post-PNX, Cela1 mRNA increased 6-fold, protein 3-fold, and Cela1-positive cells 2-fold. Cela1 was expressed predominantly in alveolar type II cells in the embryonic lung and predominantly in CD90-positive lung fibroblasts postnatally. During compensatory lung growth, Cela1 expression was induced in nonproliferative mesenchymal cells. In ex vivo mouse lung sections, stretch increased Cela1 binding to lung tissue by 46%. Competitive inhibition with soluble elastin completely abrogated this increase. Areas of stretch-induced elastase activity and Cela1 binding colocalized. The stretch-dependent expression and binding kinetics of Cela1 indicate an important role in stretch-dependent remodeling of the peripheral lung during development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashika Joshi
- *Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Clinical Engineering, and Biomedical Research Internship for Minority Students Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sheng Liu
- *Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Clinical Engineering, and Biomedical Research Internship for Minority Students Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Montell D Brown
- *Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Clinical Engineering, and Biomedical Research Internship for Minority Students Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah M Young
- *Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Clinical Engineering, and Biomedical Research Internship for Minority Students Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Batie
- *Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Clinical Engineering, and Biomedical Research Internship for Minority Students Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - J Matthew Kofron
- *Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Clinical Engineering, and Biomedical Research Internship for Minority Students Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- *Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Clinical Engineering, and Biomedical Research Internship for Minority Students Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Timmothy E Weaver
- *Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Clinical Engineering, and Biomedical Research Internship for Minority Students Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Karen Apsley
- *Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Clinical Engineering, and Biomedical Research Internship for Minority Students Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian M Varisco
- *Division of Critical Care Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, and Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Clinical Engineering, and Biomedical Research Internship for Minority Students Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; and Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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16
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Lung Regeneration: Endogenous and Exogenous Stem Cell Mediated Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010128. [PMID: 26797607 PMCID: PMC4730369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue turnover of unperturbed adult lung is remarkably slow. However, after injury or insult, a specialised group of facultative lung progenitors become activated to replenish damaged tissue through a reparative process called regeneration. Disruption in this process results in healing by fibrosis causing aberrant lung remodelling and organ dysfunction. Post-insult failure of regeneration leads to various incurable lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, identification of true endogenous lung progenitors/stem cells, and their regenerative pathway are crucial for next-generation therapeutic development. Recent studies provide exciting and novel insights into postnatal lung development and post-injury lung regeneration by native lung progenitors. Furthermore, exogenous application of bone marrow stem cells, embryonic stem cells and inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) show evidences of their regenerative capacity in the repair of injured and diseased lungs. With the advent of modern tissue engineering techniques, whole lung regeneration in the lab using de-cellularised tissue scaffold and stem cells is now becoming reality. In this review, we will highlight the advancement of our understanding in lung regeneration and development of stem cell mediated therapeutic strategies in combating incurable lung diseases.
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17
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Young SM, Liu S, Joshi R, Batie MR, Kofron M, Guo J, Woods JC, Varisco BM. Localization and stretch-dependence of lung elastase activity in development and compensatory growth. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:921-31. [PMID: 25614601 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00954.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis and remodeling of the lung matrix is necessary for primary and compensatory lung growth. Because cyclic negative force is applied to developing lung tissue during the respiratory cycle, we hypothesized that stretch is a critical regulator of lung matrix remodeling. By using quantitative image analysis of whole-lung and whole-lobe elastin in situ zymography images, we demonstrated that elastase activity increased twofold during the alveolar stage of postnatal lung morphogenesis in the mouse. Remodeling was restricted to alveolar walls and ducts and was nearly absent in dense elastin band structures. In the mouse pneumonectomy model of compensatory lung growth, elastase activity increased threefold, peaking at 14 days postpneumonectomy and was higher in the accessory lobe compared with other lobes. Remodeling during normal development and during compensatory lung growth was different with increased major airway and pulmonary arterial remodeling during development but not regeneration, and with homogenous remodeling throughout the parenchyma during development, but increased remodeling only in subpleural regions during compensatory lung growth. Left lung wax plombage prevented increased lung elastin during compensatory lung growth. To test whether the adult lung retains an innate capacity to remodel elastin, we developed a confocal microscope-compatible stretching device. In ex vivo adult mouse lung sections, lung elastase activity increased exponentially with strain and in peripheral regions of lung more than in central regions. Our study demonstrates that lung elastase activity is stretch-dependent and supports a model in which externally applied forces influence the composition, structure, and function of the matrix during periods of alveolar septation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Marie Young
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sheng Liu
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rashika Joshi
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew R Batie
- Clinical Engineering, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew Kofron
- Department of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jinbang Guo
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jason C Woods
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; and Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Brian Michael Varisco
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
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18
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Abstract
In humans, disrupted repair and remodeling of injured lung contributes to a host of acute and chronic lung disorders which may ultimately lead to disability or death. Injury-based animal models of lung repair and regeneration are limited by injury-specific responses making it difficult to differentiate changes related to the injury response and injury resolution from changes related to lung repair and lung regeneration. However, use of animal models to identify these repair and regeneration signaling pathways is critical to the development of new therapies aimed at improving pulmonary function following lung injury. The mouse pneumonectomy model utilizes compensatory lung growth to isolate those repair and regeneration signals in order to more clearly define mechanisms of alveolar re-septation. Here, we describe our technique for performing mouse pneumonectomy and sham pneumonectomy. This technique may be utilized in conjunction with lineage tracing or other transgenic mouse models to define molecular and cellular mechanism of lung repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Jeffrey Cimprich
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Brian M Varisco
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center;
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19
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Hogan BLM, Barkauskas CE, Chapman HA, Epstein JA, Jain R, Hsia CCW, Niklason L, Calle E, Le A, Randell SH, Rock J, Snitow M, Krummel M, Stripp BR, Vu T, White ES, Whitsett JA, Morrisey EE. Repair and regeneration of the respiratory system: complexity, plasticity, and mechanisms of lung stem cell function. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:123-38. [PMID: 25105578 PMCID: PMC4212493 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is the third leading cause of death in the industrialized world. Consequently, the trachea, lungs, and cardiopulmonary vasculature have been the focus of extensive investigations. Recent studies have provided new information about the mechanisms driving lung development and differentiation. However, there is still much to learn about the ability of the adult respiratory system to undergo repair and to replace cells lost in response to injury and disease. This Review highlights the multiple stem/progenitor populations in different regions of the adult lung, the plasticity of their behavior in injury models, and molecular pathways that support homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Harold A Chapman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connie C W Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laura Niklason
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calle
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Andrew Le
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason Rock
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Melinda Snitow
- Perleman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Krummel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Thiennu Vu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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20
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Thane K, Ingenito EP, Hoffman AM. Lung regeneration and translational implications of the postpneumonectomy model. Transl Res 2014; 163:363-76. [PMID: 24316173 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung regeneration research is yielding data with increasing translational value. The classical models of lung development, postnatal alveolarization, and postpneumonectomy alveolarization have contributed to a broader understanding of the cellular participants including stem-progenitor cells, cell-cell signaling pathways, and the roles of mechanical deformation and other physiologic factors that have the potential to be modulated in human and animal patients. Although recent information is available describing the lineage fate of lung fibroblasts, genetic fate mapping, and clonal studies are lacking in the study of lung regeneration and deserve further examination. In addition to increasing knowledge concerning classical alveolarization (postnatal, postpneumonectomy), there is increasing evidence for remodeling of the adult lung after partial pneumonectomy. Though limited in scope, compelling data have emerged describing restoration of lung tissue mass in the adult human and in large animal models. The basis for this long-term adaptation to pneumonectomy is poorly understood, but investigations into mechanisms of lung regeneration in older animals that have lost their capacity for rapid re-alveolarization are warranted, as there would be great translational value in modulating these mechanisms. In addition, quantitative morphometric analysis has progressed in conjunction with developments in advanced imaging, which allow for longitudinal and nonterminal evaluation of pulmonary regenerative responses in animals and humans. This review focuses on the cellular and molecular events that have been observed in animals and humans after pneumonectomy because this model is closest to classical regeneration in other mammalian systems and has revealed several new fronts of translational research that deserve consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Thane
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Mass
| | - Edward P Ingenito
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Andrew M Hoffman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Mass.
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21
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Ravikumar P, Yilmaz C, Dane DM, Bellotto DJ, Estrera AS, Hsia CCW. Defining a stimuli-response relationship in compensatory lung growth following major resection. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:816-24. [PMID: 24481960 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01291.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Major lung resection is a robust model that mimics the consequences of loss-of-functioning lung units. We previously observed in adult canines, following 42% and 58% lung resection, a critical threshold of stimuli intensity for the initiation of compensatory lung growth. To define the range and limits of this stimuli-response relationship, we performed morphometric analysis on the remaining lobes of adult dogs, 2-3 years after surgical removal of ∼ 70% of lung units in the presence or absence of mediastinal shift. Results were expressed as ratios to that in corresponding control lobes. Lobar expansion and extravascular tissue growth (∼ 3.8- and ∼ 2.0-fold of normal, respectively) were heterogeneous; the lobes remaining next to the diaphragm exhibited a greater response. Tissue growth and capillary formation, indexed by double-capillary profiles, increased, regardless of mediastinal shift. Septal collagen fibers increased up to 2.7-fold, suggesting a greater need for structural support. Compared with previous cohorts following less-extensive resection, tissue volume and gas-exchange surface areas increased significantly only in the infracardiac lobe following 42% resection, exceeded two- to threefold in all lobes following 58% resection, and then exhibited diminished gains following ∼ 70% resection. In contrast, alveolar-capillary formation increased with incremental resection without reaching an upper limit. Overall structural regrowth was most vigorous and uniform following 58% resection. The diminishment of gains in tissue growth, following ∼ 70% resection, could reflect excessive or maldistributed mechanical stress that threatens septal integrity. Results also suggest additional independent stimuli of alveolar-capillary formation, possibly related to the postresection augmentation of regional perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ravikumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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22
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Paisley D, Bevan L, Choy KJ, Gross C. The pneumonectomy model of compensatory lung growth: insights into lung regeneration. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:196-205. [PMID: 24333263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonectomy (PNX) in experimental animals leads to a species- and age-dependent compensatory growth of the remaining lung lobes. PNX mimics the loss of functional gas exchange units observed in a number of chronic destructive lung diseases. However, unlike in disease models, this tissue loss is well defined, reproducible and lacks accompanying inflammation. Furthermore, compensatory responses to the tissue loss can be easily quantified. This makes PNX a potentially useful model for the study of the cellular and molecular events which occur during realveolarisation. It may therefore help to get a better understanding of how to manipulate these pathways, in order to promote the generation of new alveolar tissue as therapies for destructive lung diseases. This review will explore the insights that experimental PNX has provided into the physiological factors which promote compensatory lung growth as well as the importance of age and species in the rate and extent of compensation. In addition, more recent studies which are beginning to uncover the key cellular and molecular pathways involved in realveolarisation will be discussed. The potential relevance of experimental pneumonectomy to novel therapeutic strategies which aim to promote lung regeneration will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Paisley
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom.
| | - Luke Bevan
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine J Choy
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Gross
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, United Kingdom
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23
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24
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Ravikumar P, Yilmaz C, Bellotto DJ, Dane DM, Estrera AS, Hsia CCW. Separating in vivo mechanical stimuli for postpneumonectomy compensation: imaging and ultrastructural assessment. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:961-70. [PMID: 23329819 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01394.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following right pneumonectomy (PNX), the remaining lung expands and its perfusion more than doubles. Tissue and microvascular mechanical stresses are putative stimuli for compensatory lung growth and remodeling, but their relative contribution remains uncertain. To temporally separate expansion- and perfusion-related stimuli, we replaced the right lung of adult dogs with a customized inflated prosthesis. Four months later, the prosthesis was either acutely deflated (DEF) or kept inflated (INF). Thoracic high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was performed pre- and post-PNX before and after prosthesis deflation. Lungs were fixed for morphometric analysis ∼12 mo post-PNX. The INF prosthesis prevented mediastinal shift and lateral lung expansion while allowing the remaining lung to expand 27-38% via caudal elongation, associated with reversible capillary congestion in dependent regions at low inflation and 40-60% increases in the volumes of alveolar sepal cells, matrix, and fibers. Delayed prosthesis deflation led to further significant increases in lung volume, alveolar tissue volumes, and alveolar-capillary surface areas. At postmortem, alveolar tissue volumes were 33% higher in the DEF than the INF group. Lateral expansion explains ∼65% of the total post-PNX increase in left lung volume assessed in vivo or ex vivo, ∼36% of the increase in HRCT-derived (tissue + microvascular blood) volume, ∼45% of the increase in ex vivo septal extravascular tissue volume, and 60% of the increase in gas exchange surface areas. This partition agrees with independent physiological measurements obtained in these animals. We conclude that in vivo signals related to lung expansion and perfusion contribute separately and nearly equally to post-PNX growth and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ravikumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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