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Yamanishi K, Hashimoto T, Miyauchi M, Mukai K, Ikubo K, Uwa N, Watanabe Y, Ikawa T, Okuzaki D, Okamura H, Yamanishi H, Matsunaga H. Analysis of genes linked to depressive-like behaviors in interleukin-18-deficient mice: Gene expression profiles in the brain. Biomed Rep 2019; 12:3-10. [PMID: 31839943 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 is an interferon γ-inducing inflammatory cytokine associated with function of the immune system and other physiological functions. IL-18-deficient (Il18 -/-) mice exhibit obesity, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and depressive-like behavioral changes. Therefore, IL-18 has a number of important roles associated with immunity, energy homeostasis and psychiatric conditions. In the present study, gene expression in the brains of Il18 -/- mice was analyzed to identify genes associated with the depressive-like behaviors and other impairments displayed by Il18 -/- mice. Using whole genome microarray analysis, gene expression patterns in the brains of Il18 +/+ and Il18 -/- mice at 6 and 12 weeks of age were examined and compared. Subsequently, genes were categorized using Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA). At 12 weeks of age, 2,805 genes were identified using microarray analysis. Genes related to 'Major depression' and 'Depressive disorders' were identified by IPA core analysis, and 13 genes associated with depression were isolated. Among these genes, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1); protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1 (Ptpn1); and urocortin 3 (Ucn3) were classed as depression-inducing and the other genes were considered depression-suppressing genes. Subsequently, the interactions between the microarray results at 6 weeks of age and the above three depression-inducing genes were analyzed to search for effector genes of depression at 12 weeks of age. This analysis identified cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) and NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4). The microarray analysis results were correlated with the results of reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Overall, the results suggest that Fgfr1, Ptpn1 and Ucn3 may be involved in depression-like changes and Ccnd1 and Nox4 regulate these three genes in IL-18-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Yamanishi
- Department of Psychoimmunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Hashimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyauchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Mukai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ikubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Uwa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Watanabe
- Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0122, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikawa
- Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0122, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruki Okamura
- Department of Psychoimmunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.,Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0122, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yamanishi
- Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0122, Japan
| | - Hisato Matsunaga
- Department of Psychoimmunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Abstract
There is a critical need for new analgesics acting through new mechanisms of action, which could increase the efficacy respect to existing therapies and/or reduce their unwanted effects. Current preclinical evidence supports the modulatory role of the sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) in nociception, mainly based on the pain-attenuated phenotype of σ1R knockout mice and on the antinociceptive effect exerted by σ1R antagonists on pain of different etiology, very consistently in neuropathic pain, but also in nociceptive, inflammatory, and visceral pain. σ1R is highly expressed in different pain areas of the CNS and the periphery, particularly dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and interacts and modulates the functionality of different receptors and ion channels. Accordingly, antinociceptive effects of σ1R antagonists both acting alone and in combination with other analgesics have been reported at both central and peripheral sites. At the central level, behavioral, electrophysiological, neurochemical, and molecular findings support a role for σ1R antagonists in inhibiting augmented excitability secondary to sustained afferent input. Moreover, the involvement of σ1R in mechanisms regulating pain at the periphery has been recently confirmed. Unlike opioids, σ1R antagonists do not modify normal sensory mechanical and thermal sensitivity thresholds but they exert antihypersensitivity effects (antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic) in sensitizing conditions, enabling the reversal of nociceptive thresholds back to normal values. These are distinctive features allowing σ1R antagonists to exert a modulatory effect specifically in pathophysiological conditions such as chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Merlos
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luz Romero
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Zamanillo
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José Miguel Vela
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain.
- Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ashton KJ, Reichelt ME, Mustafa SJ, Teng B, Ledent C, Delbridge LMD, Hofmann PA, Morrison RR, Headrick JP. Transcriptomic effects of adenosine 2A receptor deletion in healthy and endotoxemic murine myocardium. Purinergic Signal 2016; 13:27-49. [PMID: 27696085 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influences of adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) activity on the cardiac transcriptome and genesis of endotoxemic myocarditis are unclear. We applied transcriptomic profiling (39 K Affymetrix arrays) to identify A2AR-sensitive molecules, revealed by receptor knockout (KO), in healthy and endotoxemic hearts. Baseline cardiac function was unaltered and only 37 A2AR-sensitive genes modified by A2AR KO (≥1.2-fold change, <5 % FDR); the five most induced are Mtr, Ppbp, Chac1, Ctsk and Cnpy2 and the five most repressed are Hp, Yipf4, Acta1, Cidec and Map3k2. Few canonical paths were impacted, with altered Gnb1, Prkar2b, Pde3b and Map3k2 (among others) implicating modified G protein/cAMP/PKA and cGMP/NOS signalling. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 20 mg/kg) challenge for 24 h modified >4100 transcripts in wild-type (WT) myocardium (≥1.5-fold change, FDR < 1 %); the most induced are Lcn2 (+590); Saa3 (+516); Serpina3n (+122); Cxcl9 (+101) and Cxcl1 (+89) and the most repressed are Car3 (-38); Adipoq (-17); Atgrl1/Aplnr (-14); H19 (-11) and Itga8 (-8). Canonical responses centred on inflammation, immunity, cell death and remodelling, with pronounced amplification of toll-like receptor (TLR) and underlying JAK-STAT, NFκB and MAPK pathways, and a 'cardio-depressant' profile encompassing suppressed ß-adrenergic, PKA and Ca2+ signalling, electromechanical and mitochondrial function (and major shifts in transcripts impacting function/injury including Lcn2, S100a8/S100a9, Icam1/Vcam and Nox2 induction, and Adipoq, Igf1 and Aplnr repression). Endotoxemic responses were selectively modified by A2AR KO, supporting inflammatory suppression via A2AR sensitive shifts in regulators of NFκB and JAK-STAT signalling (IκBζ, IκBα, STAT1, CDKN1a and RRAS2) without impacting the cardio-depressant gene profile. Data indicate A2ARs exert minor effects in un-stressed myocardium and selectively suppress NFκB and JAK-STAT signalling and cardiac injury without influencing cardiac depression in endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa E Reichelt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S Jamal Mustafa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Bunyen Teng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Lea M D Delbridge
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Polly A Hofmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - R Ray Morrison
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John P Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Center, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4217, Australia.
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Cunha RA. How does adenosine control neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration? J Neurochem 2016; 139:1019-1055. [PMID: 27365148 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1 R) and facilitatory A2A receptors (A2A R) in the brain. The activity-dependent release of adenosine acts as a brake of excitatory transmission through A1 R, which are enriched in glutamatergic terminals. Adenosine sharpens salience of information encoding in neuronal circuits: high-frequency stimulation triggers ATP release in the 'activated' synapse, which is locally converted by ecto-nucleotidases into adenosine to selectively activate A2A R; A2A R switch off A1 R and CB1 receptors, bolster glutamate release and NMDA receptors to assist increasing synaptic plasticity in the 'activated' synapse; the parallel engagement of the astrocytic syncytium releases adenosine further inhibiting neighboring synapses, thus sharpening the encoded plastic change. Brain insults trigger a large outflow of adenosine and ATP, as a danger signal. A1 R are a hurdle for damage initiation, but they desensitize upon prolonged activation. However, if the insult is near-threshold and/or of short-duration, A1 R trigger preconditioning, which may limit the spread of damage. Brain insults also up-regulate A2A R, probably to bolster adaptive changes, but this heightens brain damage since A2A R blockade affords neuroprotection in models of epilepsy, depression, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's disease. This initially involves a control of synaptotoxicity by neuronal A2A R, whereas astrocytic and microglia A2A R might control the spread of damage. The A2A R signaling mechanisms are largely unknown since A2A R are pleiotropic, coupling to different G proteins and non-canonical pathways to control the viability of glutamatergic synapses, neuroinflammation, mitochondria function, and cytoskeleton dynamics. Thus, simultaneously bolstering A1 R preconditioning and preventing excessive A2A R function might afford maximal neuroprotection. The main physiological role of the adenosine modulation system is to sharp the salience of information encoding through a combined action of adenosine A2A receptors (A2A R) in the synapse undergoing an alteration of synaptic efficiency with an increased inhibitory action of A1 R in all surrounding synapses. Brain insults trigger an up-regulation of A2A R in an attempt to bolster adaptive plasticity together with adenosine release and A1 R desensitization; this favors synaptotocity (increased A2A R) and decreases the hurdle to undergo degeneration (decreased A1 R). Maximal neuroprotection is expected to result from a combined A2A R blockade and increased A1 R activation. This article is part of a mini review series: "Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Brain Diseases".
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Induction of murine adenosine A(2A) receptor expression by LPS: analysis of the 5' upstream promoter. Genes Immun 2013; 14:147-53. [PMID: 23328845 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Non-activated macrophages express low levels of A(2A)Rs and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) upregulates A(2A)R expression in an NF-κB-dependent manner. The murine A(2A)R gene is encoded by three exons, m1, m2 and m3. Exons m2 and m3 are conserved, while m1 encodes the 5' untranslated UTR. Three m1 variants have been defined, m1A, m1B and m1C, with m1C being farthest from the transcriptional start site. LPS upregulates A(2A)Rs in primary murine peritoneal and bone-marrow-derived macrophages and RAW264.7 cells by selectively splicing m1C to m2, through a promoter located upstream of m1C. We have cloned ∼1.6 kb upstream of m1C into pGL4.16(luc2CP/Hygro) promoterless vector. This construct in RAW 264.7 cells responds to LPS, and adenosine receptor agonists augmented LPS responsiveness. The NF-κB inhibitors BAY-11 and triptolide inhibited LPS-dependent induction. Deletion of a key proximal NF-κB site (402-417) abrogated LPS responsiveness, while deletion of distal NF-κB and C/EBPβ sites did not. Site-directed mutagenesis of CREB (309-320), STAT1 (526-531) and AP2 (566-569) sites had little effect on LPS and adenosine receptor agonist responsiveness; however, mutation of a second STAT1 site (582-588) abrogated this responsiveness. Further analysis of this promoter should provide valuable insights into regulation of A(2A)R expression in macrophages in response to inflammatory stimuli.
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Yao SQ, Li ZZ, Huang QY, Li F, Wang ZW, Augusto E, He JC, Wang XT, Chen JF, Zheng RY. Genetic inactivation of the adenosine A2Areceptor exacerbates brain damage in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurochem 2012; 123:100-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sun X, Ma SF, Wade MS, Flores C, Pino-Yanes M, Moitra J, Ober C, Kittles R, Husain AN, Ford JG, Garcia JGN. Functional variants of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 gene associate with asthma susceptibility. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:241-9, 249.e1-3. [PMID: 20624651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic mechanisms underlying asthma remain unclear. Increased permeability of the microvasculature is a feature of asthma, and the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR1) is an essential participant regulating lung vascular integrity and responses to lung inflammation. OBJECTIVE We explored the contribution of polymorphisms in the S1PR1 gene to asthma susceptibility. METHODS A combination of gene resequencing for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery, case-control association, functional evaluation of associated SNPs, and protein immunochemistry studies was used. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated significantly decreased S1PR1 protein expression in pulmonary vessels in lungs of asthmatic patients compared with those of nonasthmatic subjects (P < .05). Direct DNA sequencing of 27 multiethnic samples identified 39 S1PR1 variants (18 novel SNPs). Association studies were performed based on genotyping results from cosmopolitan tagging SNPs in 3 case-control cohorts from Chicago and New York totaling 1,061 subjects (502 cases and 559 control subjects). The promoter SNP rs2038366 (-1557G/T) was found to be associated with asthma (P = .03) in European Americans. In African Americans an association was found for both asthma and severe asthma for intronic SNP rs3753194 (c.-164+170A/G; P = .006 and P = .040, respectively) and for promoter SNP rs59317557 (-532C/G) with severe asthma (P = .028). Consistent with predicted in silico functionality, alleles of the promoter SNPs rs2038366 (-1557G/T) and rs59317557 (-532C/G) influenced the activity of a luciferase S1PR1 reporter vector in transfected endothelial cells exposed to growth factors (epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor) known to be increased in asthmatic airways. CONCLUSION These data provide strong support for a role for S1PR1 gene variants in asthma susceptibility and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Sun
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill, USA
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Zhou SJ, Zhu ME, Shu D, Du XP, Song XH, Wang XT, Zheng RY, Cai XH, Chen JF, He JC. Preferential enhancement of working memory in mice lacking adenosine A2A receptors. Brain Res 2009; 1303:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Yu L, Coelho JE, Zhang X, Fu Y, Tillman A, Karaoz U, Fredholm BB, Weng Z, Chen JF. Uncovering multiple molecular targets for caffeine using a drug target validation strategy combining A 2A receptor knockout mice with microarray profiling. Physiol Genomics 2009; 37:199-210. [PMID: 19258493 PMCID: PMC2685498 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90353.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance and has complex pharmacological actions in brain. In this study, we employed a novel drug target validation strategy to uncover the multiple molecular targets of caffeine using combined A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) knockouts (KO) and microarray profiling. Caffeine (10 mg/kg) elicited a distinct profile of striatal gene expression in WT mice compared with that by A(2A)R gene deletion or by administering caffeine into A(2A)R KO mice. Thus, A(2A)Rs are required but not sufficient to elicit the striatal gene expression by caffeine (10 mg/kg). Caffeine (50 mg/kg) induced complex expression patterns with three distinct sets of striatal genes: 1) one subset overlapped with those elicited by genetic deletion of A(2A)Rs; 2) the second subset elicited by caffeine in WT as well as A(2A)R KO mice; and 3) the third subset elicited by caffeine only in A(2A)R KO mice. Furthermore, striatal gene sets elicited by the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor rolipram and the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicucullin, overlapped with the distinct subsets of striatal genes elicited by caffeine (50 mg/kg) administered to A(2A)R KO mice. Finally, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis reveals that adipocyte differentiation/insulin signaling is highly enriched in the striatal gene sets elicited by both low and high doses of caffeine. The identification of these distinct striatal gene populations and their corresponding multiple molecular targets, including A(2A)R, non-A(2A)R (possibly A(1)Rs and pathways associated with PDE and GABA(A)R) and their interactions, and the cellular pathways affected by low and high doses of caffeine, provides molecular insights into the acute pharmacological effects of caffeine in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Poirier R, Cheval H, Mailhes C, Garel S, Charnay P, Davis S, Laroche S. Distinct functions of egr gene family members in cognitive processes. Front Neurosci 2008; 2:47-55. [PMID: 18982106 PMCID: PMC2570062 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.01.002.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The different gene members of the Egr family of transcriptional regulators have often been considered to have related functions in brain, based on their co-expression in many cell-types and structures, the relatively high homology of the translated proteins and their ability to bind to the same consensus DNA binding sequence. Recent research, however, suggest this might not be the case. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the functional roles of the different Egr family members in learning and memory. We briefly outline evidence from mutant mice that Egr1 is required specifically for the consolidation of long-term memory, while Egr3 is primarily essential for short-term memory. We also review our own recent findings from newly generated forebrain-specific conditional Egr2 mutant mice, which revealed that Egr2, as opposed to Egr1 and Egr3, is dispensable for several forms of learning and memory and on the contrary can act as an inhibitory constraint for certain cognitive functions. The studies reviewed here highlight the fact that Egr family members may have different, and in certain circumstances antagonistic functions in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Poirier
- Univ. Paris Sud, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage, de la Mémoire et de la Communication Orsay, France.
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Chen JF, Sonsalla PK, Pedata F, Melani A, Domenici MR, Popoli P, Geiger J, Lopes LV, de Mendonça A. Adenosine A2A receptors and brain injury: Broad spectrum of neuroprotection, multifaceted actions and “fine tuning” modulation. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 83:310-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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