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Kim W, Li M, Jin H, Yang H, Türkez H, Uhlén M, Zhang C, Mardinoglu A. Characterization of an in vitro steatosis model simulating activated de novo lipogenesis in MAFLD patients. iScience 2023; 26:107727. [PMID: 37674987 PMCID: PMC10477067 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is the critical pathway involved in the progression of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). We present an in vitro steatosis model for MAFLD that induces steatosis through activated DNL. This model utilizes insulin and LXR receptor ligand T0901317, eliminating the need for fatty acid treatment. Significant increases in triglycerides (TAGs) and expression of DNL-related transcription factors were observed. Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct gene expression profiles between the DNL and conventional oleic acid (OA)-induced steatosis model. DNL steatosis model exhibited elevated pathways related to glycolysis, cholesterol homeostasis, and bile acid metabolism, reflecting its clinical relevance to MAFLD. Moreover, C75 and JNK-IN-5A compounds effectively reduced TAG accumulation and steatosis-related protein expression in the DNL model, whereas they had no significant impact on TAG accumulation in the OA model. In conclusion, we introduce an ideal model for steatosis study, which could help in understanding the MAFLD mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonghee Kim
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Mengzhen Li
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Han Jin
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Hong Yang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Hasan Türkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Nasl-Khameneh AM, Mirshafiey A, Moghadasi AN, Yekaninejad MS, Parastouei K, Nejati S, Saboor-Yaraghi AA. The immunomodulatory effects of all-trans retinoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid combination treatment on the expression of IL-2, IL-4, T-bet, and GATA3 genes in PBMCs of multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Res 2023; 45:510-519. [PMID: 36598970 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2162222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Neither the pathogenesis nor the effectiveness of treatment of MS has been fully understood. This in vitro trial evaluated the beneficial immunomodulatory effects of single and combined treatments of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients who were receiving interferon beta (IFN-β). METHODS The PBMCs of 15 RRMS patients were isolated, cultured, and treated with single and combined treatments of ATRA and DHA. The expressions of IL-2, IL-4, T-bet, and GATA3 genes were evaluated using real-time PCR. RESULTS The results showed that a single treatment of ATRA could significantly suppress the gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-2 (P < 0.05), and related transcription factor, T-bet (P < 0.001). The gene expression level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-4, and its transcription factor, GATA3, were not significantly changed. The expression of IL-2 and T-bet genes was significantly decreased in combination treatments of ATRA and DHA (P < 0.001). Significant suppression of IL-2 and T-bet (P < 0.001) was observed in ATRA and DHA combination therapy with half doses of their single treatment, which suggested a synergistic effect of these components. DISCUSSION Co-administration of vitamin A and DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid derivative, may exert a synergistic effect in modulating the immune system in MS patients; however, more studies are needed to evaluate the exact effects and mechanism of their actions on the immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateke Mousavi Nasl-Khameneh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Department of Neurology and MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karim Parastouei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Nejati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Modulating cell differentiation in cancer models. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1803-1816. [PMID: 34436513 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has been traditionally viewed as a disease characterised by excessive and uncontrolled proliferation, leading to the development of cytotoxic therapies against highly proliferating malignant cells. However, tumours frequently relapse due to the presence of slow-cycling cancer stem cells eluding chemo and radiotherapy. Since these malignant stem cells are largely undifferentiated, inducing their lineage commitment has been proposed as a potential intervention strategy to deplete tumours from their most resistant components. Pro-differentiation approaches have thus far yielded clinical success in the reversion of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), and new developments are fast widening their therapeutic applicability to solid carcinomas. Recent advances in cancer differentiation discussed here highlight the potential and outstanding challenges of differentiation-based approaches.
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Augimeri G, Montalto FI, Giordano C, Barone I, Lanzino M, Catalano S, Andò S, De Amicis F, Bonofiglio D. Nutraceuticals in the Mediterranean Diet: Potential Avenues for Breast Cancer Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:2557. [PMID: 34444715 PMCID: PMC8400469 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Mediterranean Diet constitutes a food model that refers to the dietary patterns of the population living in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea in the early 1960s. A huge volume of literature data suggests that the Mediterranean-style diet provides several dietary compounds that have been reported to exert beneficial biological effects against a wide spectrum of chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer including breast carcinoma. Among bioactive nutrients identified as protective factors for breast cancer, natural polyphenols, retinoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antitumoral properties. The multiple anticancer mechanisms involved include the modulation of molecular events and signaling pathways associated with cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, antioxidant enzymes and immune responses. This review summarizes the anticancer action of some polyphenols, like resveratrol and epigallocatechin 3-gallate, retinoids and omega-3 PUFAs by highlighting the important hallmarks of cancer in terms of (i) cell cycle growth arrest, (ii) apoptosis, (iii) inflammation and (iv) angiogenesis. The data collected from in vitro and in vivo studies strongly indicate that these natural compounds could be the prospective candidates for the future anticancer therapeutics in breast cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Augimeri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.); (F.I.M.); (C.G.); (I.B.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (F.D.A.)
| | - Francesca Ida Montalto
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.); (F.I.M.); (C.G.); (I.B.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (F.D.A.)
| | - Cinzia Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.); (F.I.M.); (C.G.); (I.B.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (F.D.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Ines Barone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.); (F.I.M.); (C.G.); (I.B.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (F.D.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Marilena Lanzino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.); (F.I.M.); (C.G.); (I.B.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (F.D.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Stefania Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.); (F.I.M.); (C.G.); (I.B.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (F.D.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.); (F.I.M.); (C.G.); (I.B.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (F.D.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca De Amicis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.); (F.I.M.); (C.G.); (I.B.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (F.D.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (G.A.); (F.I.M.); (C.G.); (I.B.); (M.L.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (F.D.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Bobde Y, Paul M, Patel T, Biswas S, Ghosh B. Polymeric micelles of a copolymer composed of all-trans retinoic acid, methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol), and b-poly(N-(2 hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) as a doxorubicin-delivery platform and for combination chemotherapy in breast cancer. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120866. [PMID: 34237409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of combination chemotherapeutic agents to the tumor via nanovesicles has the potential for superior tumor suppression and reduced toxicity. Herein, we prepare a block copolymer (mPH-RA) composed of methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG), b-poly(N-(2 hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (pHPMA), and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) by conjugating ATRA to the pre-formed copolymer, mPEG-b-pHPMA(mP-b-pH). Doxorubicin-loaded micelles, Dox@mP-b-pH, and Dox@mPH-RA were characterized by determining particle size, zeta potential, % DL, EE, Dox release, hemolysis study, and by DSC. The Dox@mPH-RA micelles (mPH-RA: Dox ratios of 10:0.5-2) displayed nano-size (36-45 nm), EE. 26-74%, and DL. 2.9-5.6%. Dox@mPH-RA micelles displayed the highest penetrability and cytotoxicity than free Dox and Dox@mP-b-pH micelles in breast cancer cell lines. Dox@mPH-RA exhibited the highest induction of apoptosis (94.1 ± 3%) than Dox (52.1 ± 4.5%), and Dox@mP-b-pH (81.7 ± 3%), and arrested cells in the highest population in G2 and S phase. Dox@mPH-RA increased the t1/2 and Cmax of Dox and demonstrated improved therapeutic efficacy and highest Dox distribution to the tumor. The Dox@mPH-RA increased the levels of apoptosis markers, caspase 3, 7, Ki-67, and caused the highest DNA fragmentation. The presence of RA improved the micelles' physicochemical properties, Dox-loading ability, and the therapeutic potential in Dox@mPH-RA via the combination therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Bobde
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, India; Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Milan Paul
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Tarun Patel
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, India.
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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Zipper L, Jassmann D, Burgmer S, Görlich B, Reiff T. Ecdysone steroid hormone remote controls intestinal stem cell fate decisions via the PPARγ-homolog Eip75B in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:e55795. [PMID: 32773037 PMCID: PMC7440922 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental studies revealed fundamental principles on how organ size and function is achieved, but less is known about organ adaptation to new physiological demands. In fruit flies, juvenile hormone (JH) induces intestinal stem cell (ISC) driven absorptive epithelial expansion balancing energy uptake with increased energy demands of pregnancy. Here, we show 20-Hydroxy-Ecdysone (20HE)-signaling controlling organ homeostasis with physiological and pathological implications. Upon mating, 20HE titer in ovaries and hemolymph are increased and act on nearby midgut progenitors inducing Ecdysone-induced-protein-75B (Eip75B). Strikingly, the PPARγ-homologue Eip75B drives ISC daughter cells towards absorptive enterocyte lineage ensuring epithelial growth. To our knowledge, this is the first time a systemic hormone is shown to direct local stem cell fate decisions. Given the protective, but mechanistically unclear role of steroid hormones in female colorectal cancer patients, our findings suggest a tumor-suppressive role for steroidal signaling by promoting postmitotic fate when local signaling is deteriorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zipper
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Denise Jassmann
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sofie Burgmer
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Bastian Görlich
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Reiff
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
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Lasch A, Alarcan J, Lampen A, Braeuning A, Lichtenstein D. Combinations of LXR and RXR agonists induce triglyceride accumulation in human HepaRG cells in a synergistic manner. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1303-1320. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhang Z, Zhang HY, Zhang Y, Li H. Inactivation of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis alleviates diabetic mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction through suppression of corpus cavernosal endothelial cell apoptosis by inhibiting HMGCS2 expression. Endocrine 2019; 63:615-631. [PMID: 30460485 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction (DMED) represents a significant complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) that greatly affects human life quality. Various reports have highlighted the involvement of mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) in the regulation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, which has also been linked with DM. Through bioinformatics analysis, HMGCS2 was determined to be a novel target among DM patients suffering from erectile dysfunction (ED), and enriched in the Ras/ERK/PPAR signaling axis. Owing to the fact that the key mechanism HMGCS2 involved in DM remains largely unknown, we set out to investigate the role of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis and HMGCS2 in the corpus cavernosal endothelial cells (CCECs) of rats with DMED. METHODS Firstly, bioinformatics analysis was used to screen out differentially expressed genes in DMED. Then, to investigate the influence of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis and HMGCS2 on DMED, a rat model of DMED was established and injected with Simvastatin and si-Hmgcs2. The individual expression patterns of Ras, MAPK, PPARγ and HMGCS2 were determined by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis methods. Afterwards, to investigate the mechanism of Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis and HMGCS2, CCECs were isolated from DMED rats and transfected with agonists and inhibitors of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis and siRNA of HMGCS2, with their respective functions in apoptosis and impairment of CCECs evaluated using TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. RESULTS Microarray analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that Ras/ERK/PPAR signaling axis mediated HMGCS2 in DMED. Among the DMED rats, the Ras/MAPK/PPAR signaling axis was also activated while the expression of HMGCS2 was upregulated. The activation of Ras was determined to be capable of upregulating ERK expression which resulted in the inhibition of the transcription of PPARγ and subsequent upregulation of HMGCS2 expression. The inhibited activation of the Ras/ERK/PPAR signaling axis and silencing HMGCS2 were observed to provide an alleviatory effect on the injury of DMED while acting to inhibit the apoptosis of CCECs. CONCLUSION Collectively, the key findings suggested that suppression of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis could downregulate expression of HMGCS2, so as to alleviate DMED. This study defines the potential treatment for DMED through inhibition of the Ras/MAPK/PPARγ signaling axis and silencing HMGCS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130000, Changchun, P.R. China.
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Bougarne N, Weyers B, Desmet SJ, Deckers J, Ray DW, Staels B, De Bosscher K. Molecular Actions of PPARα in Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:760-802. [PMID: 30020428 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor of clinical interest as a drug target in various metabolic disorders. PPARα also exhibits marked anti-inflammatory capacities. The first-generation PPARα agonists, the fibrates, have however been hampered by drug-drug interaction issues, statin drop-in, and ill-designed cardiovascular intervention trials. Notwithstanding, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which PPARα works will enable control of its activities as a drug target for metabolic diseases with an underlying inflammatory component. Given its role in reshaping the immune system, the full potential of this nuclear receptor subtype as a versatile drug target with high plasticity becomes increasingly clear, and a novel generation of agonists may pave the way for novel fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bougarne
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Basiel Weyers
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie J Desmet
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Deckers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - David W Ray
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- INSERM, U1011, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
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Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid inhibits cancer cell migration and angiogenesis and induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 56:26-34. [PMID: 29454996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE We have previously shown that apo-10'-lycopenoic acid (ALA), a derivative of lycopene through cleavage by carotene-9',10'-oxygenase, inhibits tumor progression and metastasis in both liver and lung cancer animal models. The underlying mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that ALA inhibits cancer cell motility and angiogenesis by up-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) which is involved in controlling angiogenesis, tumor progression and metastasis. METHODS AND RESULTS ALA treatment, in dose-dependent manner, was effective at inhibiting migration and invasion of liver and lung cancer cells (HuH7 and A549) in both Transwell and wound-healing models, as well as suppressing actin remodeling and ruffling/lamellipodia formation in HuH7 and immortalized lung BEAS-2B cells. ALA treatment resulted in suppression of angiogenesis in both tube formation and aortic ring assays and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and activation in both HuH7 and A549 cells. Additionally, ALA dose-dependently increased the mRNA expression and protein levels of PPARγ in human THLE-2 liver cells. CONCLUSION ALA inhibits cancer cell motility and angiogenesis and induces PPARγ expression, which could be one of the potential mechanisms for ALA protecting against tumor progression.
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Puerarin Protects against Cardiac Fibrosis Associated with the Inhibition of TGF- β1/Smad2-Mediated Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. PPAR Res 2017. [PMID: 28638404 PMCID: PMC5468594 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2647129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Puerarin is a kind of flavonoids and is extracted from Chinese herb Kudzu root. Puerarin is widely used as an adjuvant therapy in Chinese clinics. But little is known about its effects on regulating cardiac fibrosis. Methods Mice were subjected to transverse aorta constriction (TAC) for 8 weeks; meanwhile puerarin was given 1 week after TAC. Cardiac fibrosis was assessed by pathological staining. The mRNA and protein changes of CD31 and vimentin in both animal and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) models were detected. Immunofluorescence colocalization of CD31 and vimentin and scratch test were carried out to examine TGF-β1-induced changes in HUVECs. The agonist and antagonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) were used to explore the underlying mechanism. Results Puerarin mitigated TAC-induced cardiac fibrosis, accompanied with suppressed endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). The consistent results were achieved in HUVECs model. TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway was blunted and PPAR-γ expression was upregulated in puerarin-treated mice and HUVECs. Pioglitazone could reproduce the protective effect in HUVECs, while GW9662 reversed this effect imposed by puerarin. Conclusion Puerarin protected against TAC-induced cardiac fibrosis, and this protective effect may be attributed to the upregulation of PPAR-γ and the inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad2-mediated EndMT.
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Parodi PW. Cooperative action of bioactive components in milk fat with PPARs may explain its anti-diabetogenic properties. Med Hypotheses 2016; 89:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Certo M, Endo Y, Ohta K, Sakurada S, Bagetta G, Amantea D. Activation of RXR/PPARγ underlies neuroprotection by bexarotene in ischemic stroke. Pharmacol Res 2015; 102:298-307. [PMID: 26546745 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification of novel drug targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke is currently an urgent challenge. Recent experimental findings have highlighted the neuroprotective potential of immunomodulatory strategies, based on polarization of myeloid cells toward non-inflammatory, beneficial phenotypes. Given the role of retinoid X receptors (RXR) in myeloid cells differentiation and polarization, here we have explored the neuroprotective potential of the RXR agonist bexarotene in mice subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Acute administration of bexarotene significantly reduced blood brain barrier leakage, brain infarct damage and neurological deficit produced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice, without affecting cerebral blood flow. The rexinoid exerted neuroprotection with a wide time-window, being effective when administered up to 4.5h after the insult. The amelioration of histological outcome, as well as the ability of bexarotene to revert middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo)-induced spleen atrophy, was antagonised by BR1211, a pan-RXR antagonist, or by the selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), highlighting the involvement of the RXR/PPARγ heterodimer in the beneficial effects exerted by the drug. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that bexarotene elevates Ym1-immunopositive N2 neutrophils both in the ipsilateral hemisphere and in the spleen of mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, pointing to a major role for peripheral neutrophil polarization in neuroprotection. Thus, our findings suggest that the RXR agonist bexarotene exerts peripheral immunomodulatory effects under ischemic conditions to be effectively repurposed for the acute therapy of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Certo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Yasuyuki Endo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiminori Ohta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinobu Sakurada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy.
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14
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A Role for Acyclic Retinoid in the Chemoprevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Therapeutic Strategy Targeting Phosphorylated Retinoid X Receptor-α. Diseases 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/diseases2030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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15
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Yamamoto A, Kakuta H, Sugimoto Y. Involvement of glucocorticoid receptor activation on anti-inflammatory effect induced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:204-8. [PMID: 24975659 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are effective anti-inflammatory agents widely used for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent in vitro studies have proposed that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation is involved in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist-induced effects. In this study, to examine the involvement of the GR in PPARγ agonist- and retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, we tested the anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone (a GR agonist) with pioglitazone (a PPARγ agonist) or 6-[N-ethyl-N-(3-isopropoxy-4-isopropylphenyl)-amino] nicotinic acid (NEt-3IP; an RXR agonist) by using an experimental model of carrageenan-induced inflammation. We also evaluated the effects of a GR antagonist on PPARγ agonist- or RXR agonist-induced anti-inflammatory effects. Results showed that the GR antagonist RU486 reduced the anti-inflammatory effects of GR or PPARγ agonists but not those of the RXR agonist. In addition, combinations of GR and PPARγ agonists or GR and RXR agonists had no effect on carrageenan-induced paw edema. Moreover, the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 and RXR antagonist 6-[N-4-(trifluoromethyl)-benzenesulfonyl-N-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-amino] nicotinic acid (NS-4TF) had no effect on the anti-inflammatory effect of the GR agonist dexamethasone. Therefore, it is suggested that GR activation in vivo does not play a direct role in PPARγ/RXR heterodimer signaling. In contrast, pioglitazone showed a partial anti-inflammatory effect via GR activation. These data provide evidence for the pro-inflammatory activity of pioglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Yamamoto
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yukio Sugimoto
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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16
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Liu Y, Zhu ZA, Zhang SN, Mou J, Liu L, Cui T, Pei DS. Combinational effect of PPARγ agonist and RXR agonist on the growth of SGC7901 gastric carcinoma cells in vitro. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2409-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Shimizu M, Shirakami Y, Imai K, Takai K, Moriwaki H. Acyclic retinoid in chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: Targeting phosphorylated retinoid X receptor-α for prevention of liver carcinogenesis. J Carcinog 2012; 11:11. [PMID: 23230390 PMCID: PMC3515920 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the high rate of intrahepatic recurrence that correlates with poor prognosis. Therefore, in order to improve the clinical outcome for patients with HCC, development of a chemopreventive agent that can decrease or delay the incidence of recurrence is a critical issue for urgent investigation. Acyclic retinoid (ACR), a synthetic retinoid, successfully improves HCC patient survival by preventing recurrence and the formation of secondary tumors. A malfunction of the retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα) due to phosphorylation by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway plays a critical role in liver carcinogenesis, and ACR exerts chemopreventive effects on HCC development by inhibiting RXRα phosphorylation. Here, we review the relationship between retinoid signaling abnormalities and liver disease, the mechanisms of how RXRα phosphorylation contributes to liver carcinogenesis, and the detailed effects of ACR on preventing HCC development, especially based on the results of our basic and clinical research. We also outline the concept of “clonal deletion and inhibition” therapy, which is defined as the removal and inhibition of latent malignant clones from the liver before they expand into clinically detectable HCC, because ACR prevents the development of HCC by implementing this concept. Looking toward the future, we discuss “combination chemoprevention” using ACR as a key drug since it can generate a synergistic effect, and may thus be an effective new strategy for the prevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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18
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Skelhorne-Gross G, Nicol CJB. The Key to Unlocking the Chemotherapeutic Potential of PPARγ Ligands: Having the Right Combination. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:946943. [PMID: 22966225 PMCID: PMC3395155 DOI: 10.1155/2012/946943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive preclinical evidence that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ activation protects against tumourigenesis, results from a few clinical trials using PPARγ ligands as monotherapy show modest success. In spite of this, several groups reported exciting results with therapeutic regimens that combine PPARγ ligands with other compounds: chemotherapeutic agents, retinoid x receptor (RXR)α agonists, statins, or cell-to-cell signaling molecules in preclinical cancer models and human trials. Here we have compiled an extensive review, consolidating the existing literature, which overwhelmingly supports a beneficial effect of treating with PPARγ ligands in combination with existing chemotherapies versus their monotherapy in cancer. There are many examples in which combination therapy resulted in synergistic/additive effects on apoptosis, differentiation, and the ability to reduce cell growth and tumour burden. There are also studies that indicate that PPARγ ligand pretreatment overcomes resistance and reduces toxicities. Several mechanisms are explored to explain these protective effects. This paper highlights each of these studies that, collectively, make a very strong case for the use of PPARγ ligands in combination with other agents in the treatment and management of several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Skelhorne-Gross
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Christopher J. B. Nicol
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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19
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E-cadherin as a predictive marker of brain metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer, and its regulation by pioglitazone in a preclinical model. J Neurooncol 2012; 109:219-27. [PMID: 22576972 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-012-0890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) develop brain metastasis during or after standard therapy. We attempted to identify biological markers that predict brain metastasis, and investigated how to modulate expression of such markers. A case-control study of patients who were newly diagnosed with NSCLC and who had developed brain metastasis during follow-up was conducted between 2004 and 2009. These patients were compared with a control group of patients who had NSCLC but no evidence of brain metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis of expression of Ki-67, p53, Bcl-2, Bax, vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, caspase-3, and E-cadherin was conducted. The methylation status of the genes for O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, TIMP-3, and death-associated protein-kinase was also determined, by use of a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. A significantly increased risk of developing brain metastasis was associated with the presence of primary tumors with low E-cadherin expression in patients with NSCLC. We also investigated the effects of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-activating drug, in tumor-bearing mouse models. We found that E-cadherin expression was proportional to pioglitazone exposure time. Interestingly, pioglitazone pretreatment before cancer cell inoculation prevented loss of E-cadherin expression and reduced expression of MMP9 and fibronectin, compared with the control group. E-cadherin expression could be a predictor of brain metastasis in patients with NSCLC. Preventive treatment with pioglitazone may be useful for modulating E-cadherin expression.
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20
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Vamecq J, Colet JM, Vanden Eynde JJ, Briand G, Porchet N, Rocchi S. PPARs: Interference with Warburg' Effect and Clinical Anticancer Trials. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:304760. [PMID: 22654896 PMCID: PMC3357561 DOI: 10.1155/2012/304760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic/cell signaling basis of Warburg's effect ("aerobic glycolysis") and the general metabolic phenotype adopted by cancer cells are first reviewed. Several bypasses are adopted to provide a panoramic integrated view of tumoral metabolism, by attributing a central signaling role to hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1) in the expression of aerobic glycolysis. The cancer metabolic phenotype also results from alterations of other routes involving ras, myc, p53, and Akt signaling and the propensity of cancer cells to develop signaling aberrances (notably aberrant surface receptor expression) which, when present, offer unique opportunities for therapeutic interventions. The rationale for various emerging strategies for cancer treatment is presented along with mechanisms by which PPAR ligands might interfere directly with tumoral metabolism and promote anticancer activity. Clinical trials using PPAR ligands are reviewed and followed by concluding remarks and perspectives for future studies. A therapeutic need to associate PPAR ligands with other anticancer agents is perhaps an important lesson to be learned from the results of the clinical trials conducted to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Vamecq
- Inserm, HMNO, CBP, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille, France
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, HMNO, CBP, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marie Colet
- Department of Human Biology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, UMons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Gilbert Briand
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, HMNO, CBP, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille, France
| | - Nicole Porchet
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, HMNO, CBP, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Rocchi
- Inserm U1065, IFR 50, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine, 06204 Nice, France
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21
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Youssef J, Badr M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and cancer: challenges and opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:68-82. [PMID: 21449912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, function as transcription factors and modulators of gene expression. These actions allow PPARs to regulate a variety of biological processes and to play a significant role in several diseases and conditions. The current literature describes frequently opposing and paradoxical roles for the three PPAR isotypes, PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ, in cancer. While some studies have implicated PPARs in the promotion and development of cancer, others, in contrast, have presented evidence for a protective role for these receptors against cancer. In some tissues, the expression level of these receptors and/or their activation correlates with a positive outcome against cancer, while, in other tissue types, their expression and activation have the opposite effect. These disparate findings raise the possibility of (i) PPAR receptor-independent effects, including effects on receptors other than PPARs by the utilized ligands; (ii) cancer stage-specific effect; and/or (iii) differences in essential ligand-related pharmacokinetic considerations. In this review, we highlight the latest available studies on the role of the various PPAR isotypes in cancer in several major organs and present challenges as well as promising opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Youssef
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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22
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Abstract
In this article we review the evolution of cancer research involving PPARgamma, including mechanisms, target genes, and clinical applications. For the last thirteen years, the effects of PPARgamma activity on tumor biology have been studied intensely. Most of this research has focused upon the potential for employing agonists of this nuclear receptor in cancer treatment. As a monotherapy such agonists have shown little success in clinical trials, while they have shown promise as components of combination treatments both in culture and in animal models. Other investigations have explored a possible role for PPARgamma as a tumor suppressor, and as an inducer of differentiation of cancer stem cells. Whereas early studies have yielded variable conclusions regarding the prevalence of PPARgamma mutations in cancer, the protein level of this receptor has been more recently identified as a significant prognostic marker. We predict that indicators of PPARgamma activity may also serve as predictive markers for tailoring treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Robbins
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
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23
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Involvement of the Retinoid X Receptor Ligand in the Anti-Inflammatory Effect Induced by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Agonist In Vivo. PPAR Res 2011; 2011:840194. [PMID: 22190910 PMCID: PMC3236425 DOI: 10.1155/2011/840194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) forms a heterodimeric DNA-binding complex with retinoid X receptors (RXRs). It has been reported that the effect of the PPAR agonist is reduced in hepatocyte RXR-deficient mice. Therefore, it is suggested that the endogenous RXR ligand is involved in the PPARγ agonist-induced anti-inflammatory effect. However, the participation of the RXR ligand in the PPARγ-induced anti-inflammatory effect is unknown. Here, we investigated the influence of RXR antagonist on the anti-inflammatory effect of PPARγ agonist pioglitazone in carrageenan test. In addition, we also examined the influence of PPAR antagonist on the anti-inflammatory effect induced by RXR agonist NEt-3IP. The RXR antagonist suppressed the antiedema effect of PPARγ agonist. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect of RXR agonist was suppressed by PPARγ antagonist. PPARγ agonist-induced anti-inflammatory effects were reversed by the RXR antagonist. Thus, we showed that the endogenous RXR ligand might contribute to the PPARγ agonist-induced anti-inflammatory effect.
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24
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Dawson MI, Xia Z. The retinoid X receptors and their ligands. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:21-56. [PMID: 22020178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the current status of studies on the structural and molecular biology of the retinoid X receptor subtypes α, β, and γ (RXRs, NR2B1-3), their nuclear and cytoplasmic functions, post-transcriptional processing, and recently reported ligands. Points of interest are the different changes in the ligand-binding pocket induced by variously shaped agonists, the communication of the ligand-bound pocket with the coactivator binding surface and the heterodimerization interface, and recently identified ligands that are natural products, those that function as environmental toxins or drugs that had been originally designed to interact with other targets, as well as those that were deliberately designed as RXR-selective transcriptional agonists, synergists, or antagonists. Of these synthetic ligands, the general trend in design appears to be away from fully aromatic rigid structures to those containing partial elements of the flexible tetraene side chain of 9-cis-retinoic acid. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia I Dawson
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burn Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 93207, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Proline is metabolized by its own specialized enzymes with their own tissue and subcellular localizations and mechanisms of regulation. The central enzyme in this metabolic system is proline oxidase, a flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing enzyme which is tightly bound to mitochondrial inner membranes. The electrons from proline can be used to generate ATP or can directly reduce oxygen to form superoxide. Although proline may be derived from the diet and biosynthesized endogenously, an important source in the microenvironment is from degradation of extracellular matrix by matrix metalloproteinases. Previous studies showed that proline oxidase is a p53-induced gene and its overexpression can initiate proline-dependent apoptosis by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Another important factor regulating proline oxidase is peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Importantly, in several cancer cells, proline oxidase may be an important mediator of the PPARγ-stimulated generation of ROS and induction of apoptosis. Knockdown of proline oxidase expression by antisense RNA markedly decreased these PPARγ-stimulated effects. These findings suggest an important role in the proposed antitumor effects of PPARγ. Moreover, it is possible that proline oxidase may contribute to the other metabolic effects of PPARγ.
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26
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and ligand-activated transcription factors. PPARγ plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation, lipid storage and energy dissipation in adipose tissue, and is involved in the control of inflammatory reactions as well as in glucose metabolism through the improvement of insulin sensitivity. Growing evidence has demonstrated that activation of PPARγ has an antineoplastic effect in tumors, including colorectal cancer. High expression of PPARγ is detected in human colon cancer cell lines and adenocarcinoma. This review describes the molecular mechanisms by which PPARγ regulates tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer, and examines current clinical trials evaluating PPARγ agonists as therapeutic agents for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Yun Dai, Wei-Hong Wang, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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27
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Reka AK, Kurapati H, Narala VR, Bommer G, Chen J, Standiford TJ, Keshamouni VG. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation inhibits tumor metastasis by antagonizing Smad3-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 9:3221-32. [PMID: 21159608 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was shown to confer tumor cells with abilities essential for metastasis, including migratory phenotype, invasiveness, resistance to apoptosis, evading immune surveillance, and tumor stem cell traits. Therefore, inhibition of EMT can be an important therapeutic strategy to inhibit tumor metastasis. Here, we show that activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) inhibits transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced EMT in lung cancer cells and prevents metastasis by antagonizing Smad3 function. Activation of PPAR-γ by synthetic ligands (troglitazone and rosiglitazone) or by a constitutively active form of PPAR-γ prevents TGF-β-induced loss of E-cadherin expression and inhibits the induction of mesenchymal markers (vimentin, N-cadherin, fibronectin) and matrix metalloproteases. Consistently, activation of PPAR-γ also inhibited EMT-induced migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Furthermore, effects of PPAR-γ ligands were attenuated by siRNA-mediated knockdown of PPAR-γ, indicating that the ligand-induced responses are PPAR-γ dependent. Selective knockdown of Smad2 and Smad3 by siRNA showed that TGF-β-induced EMT is Smad3 dependent in lung cancer cells. Activation of PPAR-γ inhibits TGF-β-induced Smad transcriptional activity but had no effect on the phosphorylation or nuclear translocation of Smads. Consistently, PPAR-γ activation prevented TGF-β-induced transcriptional repression of E-cadherin promoter and inhibited transcriptional activation of N-cadherin promoter. Finally, treatment of mice with troglitazone or knockdown of Smad3 in tumor cells significantly inhibited TGF-β-induced experimental metastasis in SCID-Beige mice. Together, with the low toxicity profile of PPAR-γ ligands, our data show that these ligands may serve as potential therapeutic agents to inhibit metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Reka
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4062 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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28
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Abstract
Proline, the only proteinogenic secondary amino acid, is metabolized by its own family of enzymes responding to metabolic stress and participating in metabolic signaling. Collagen in extracellular matrix, connective tissue, and bone is an abundant reservoir for proline. Matrix metalloproteinases degrading collagen are activated during stress to make proline available, and proline oxidase, the first enzyme in proline degradation, is induced by p53, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and its ligands, and by AMP-activated protein kinase downregulating mTOR. Metabolism of proline generates electrons to produce ROS and initiates a variety of downstream effects, including blockade of the cell cycle, autophagy, and apoptosis. The electrons can also enter the electron transport chain to produce adenosine triphosphate for survival under nutrient stress. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate, the product of proline oxidation, is recycled back to proline with redox transfers or is sequentially converted to glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate. The latter augments the prolyl hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and its proteasomal degradation. These effects of proline oxidase, as well as its decreased levels in tumors, support its role as a tumor suppressor. The mechanism for its decrease is mediated by a specific microRNA. The metabolic signaling by proline oxidase between oxidized low-density lipoproteins and autophagy provides a functional link between obesity and increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Phang
- Metabolism and Cancer Susceptibility Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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29
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Dai Y, Wang WH. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2010; 2:159-64. [PMID: 21160824 PMCID: PMC2999174 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v2.i3.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and ligand-activated transcription factors. PPARγ plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation, lipid storage and energy dissipation in adipose tissue, and is involved in the control of inflammatory reactions as well as in glucose metabolism through the improvement of insulin sensitivity. Growing evidence has demonstrated that activation of PPARγ has an antineoplastic effect in tumors, including colorectal cancer. High expression of PPARγ is detected in human colon cancer cell lines and adenocarcinoma. This review describes the molecular mechanisms by which PPARγ regulates tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer, and examines current clinical trials evaluating PPARγ agonists as therapeutic agents for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Yun Dai, Wei-Hong Wang, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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30
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Garcia-Bates TM, Baglole CJ, Bernard MP, Murant TI, Simpson-Haidaris PJ, Phipps RP. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands enhance human B cell antibody production and differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6903-12. [PMID: 19915048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protective humoral immune responses critically depend on the optimal differentiation of B cells into Ab-secreting cells. Because of the important role of Abs in fighting infections and in successful vaccination, it is imperative to identify mediators that control B cell differentiation. Activation of B cells through TLR9 by CpG-DNA induces plasma cell differentiation and Ab production. Herein, we examined the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma/RXRalpha pathway on human B cell differentiation. We demonstrated that activated B cells up-regulate their expression of PPARgamma. We also show that nanomolar levels of natural (15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2)) or synthetic (rosiglitazone) PPARgamma ligands enhanced B cell proliferation and significantly stimulated plasma cell differentiation and Ab production. Moreover, the addition of GW9662, a specific PPARgamma antagonist, abolished these effects. Retinoid X receptor (RXR) is the binding partner for PPARgamma and is required to produce an active transcriptional complex. The simultaneous addition of nanomolar concentrations of the RXRalpha ligand (9-cis-retinoic acid) and PPARgamma ligands to CpG-activated B cells resulted in additive effects on B cell proliferation, plasma cell differentiation, and Ab production. Furthermore, PPARgamma ligands alone or combined with 9-cis-retinoic acid enhanced CpG-induced expression of Cox-2 and the plasma cell transcription factor BLIMP-1. Induction of these important regulators of B cell differentiation provides a possible mechanism for the B cell-enhancing effects of PPARgamma ligands. These new findings indicate that low doses of PPARgamma/RXRalpha ligands could be used as a new type of adjuvant to stimulate Ab production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Garcia-Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Papi A, Tatenhorst L, Terwel D, Hermes M, Kummer MP, Orlandi M, Heneka MT. PPARgamma and RXRgamma ligands act synergistically as potent antineoplastic agents in vitro and in vivo glioma models. J Neurochem 2009; 109:1779-90. [PMID: 19457135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma represent the most common primary brain tumor in adults and are currently considered incurable. We investigated antiproliferative and anti-invasive mechanisms of 6-OH-11-O-hydroxyfenantrene (IIF), a retinoid X receptor ligand, and pioglitazone (PGZ), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activator, in three different glioblastoma cell lines. A dose-dependent reduction of tumor invasion and strong decrease of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 expression was observed, especially when a combination therapy of IIF and PGZ was administered. Combined treatment also markedly reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis in all glioma cell lines tested. This was in particular accompanied by decrease of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl2 and p53, while simultaneously pro-apoptotic cytochrome c, cleaved caspase 3, Bax and Bad levels increased. These in vitro findings were further substantiated in a murine glioma model in vivo, where oral administration of PGZ and IIF resulted in significantly reduced tumor volume and proliferation. Of note, treatment with nuclear receptor ligands was not only effective when the treatment was initiated shortly after the intraparenchymal seeding of the glioma cells, but even when initiated in the last third of the observation period. Collectively, our results demonstrate the effectiveness of a combined treatment of ligands of proliferator-activated receptor and retinoid X receptor against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Papi
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Shimizu M, Takai K, Moriwaki H. Strategy and mechanism for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: phosphorylated retinoid X receptor alpha is a critical target for hepatocellular carcinoma chemoprevention. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:369-74. [PMID: 19068086 PMCID: PMC11159360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health care problem worldwide. The prognosis of patients with HCC is poor because even in the early stages when surgical treatment might be expected to be curative, the incidence of recurrence in patients with underlying cirrhosis is very high due to multicentric carcinogenesis. Therefore, strategies to prevent recurrence and second primary HCC are required to improve the prognosis. One of the most practical approaches to prevent the multicentric development of HCC is 'clonal deletion' therapy, which is defined as the removal of latent (i.e. invisible) (pre)malignant clones from the liver in a hypercarcinogenic state. Retinoids, a group of structural and functional analogs of vitamin A, exert their biological function primarily through two distinct nuclear receptors, retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors (RXR), and abnormalities in the expression and function of these receptors are highly associated with the development of various cancers, including HCC. In particular, a malfunction of RXRalpha due to phosphorylation by the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway is profoundly associated with the development of HCC and thus may be a critical target for HCC chemoprevention. Acyclic retinoid, which has been clinically shown to reduce the incidence of a post-therapeutic recurrence of HCC, can inhibit Ras activity and phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and RXRalpha proteins. In conclusion, the inhibition of RXRalpha phosphorylation and the restoration of its physiological function as a master regulator for nuclear receptors may be a potentially effective strategy for HCC chemoprevention and clonal deletion. Acyclic retinoid, which targets phosphorylated RXRalpha, may thus play a critical role in preventing the development of multicentric HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
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