1
|
Dey AD, Mannan A, Dhiman S, Singh TG. Unlocking new avenues for neuropsychiatric disease therapy: the emerging potential of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as promising therapeutic targets. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1491-1516. [PMID: 38801530 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that regulate various physiological processes such as inflammation, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that targeting PPARs could be beneficial in treating neuropsychiatric disorders by modulating neuronal function and signaling pathways in the brain. PPAR-α, PPAR-δ, and PPAR-γ have been found to play important roles in cognitive function, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection. Dysregulation of PPARs has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders like bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, major depression disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. The limitations and side effects of current treatments have prompted research to target PPARs as a promising novel therapeutic strategy. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential of PPAR agonists and antagonists to improve symptoms associated with these disorders. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of PPARs in neuropsychiatric disorders, their potential as therapeutic targets, and the challenges and future directions for developing PPAR-based therapies. METHODS An extensive literature review of various search engines like PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out with the keywords "PPAR, Neuropsychiatric disorders, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, Major depression disorder, Autism spectrum disorder, molecular pathway". RESULT & CONCLUSION Although PPARs present a hopeful direction for innovative therapeutic approaches in neuropsychiatric conditions, additional research is required to address obstacles and convert this potential into clinically viable and individualized treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Deka Dey
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Sonia Dhiman
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Yu H, Li X, Li F, Chen H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Xu R, Gao F, Wang J, Liu P, Shi Y, Qin D, Li Y, Liu S, Ding S, Gao XY, Wang ZH. A TrkB cleavage fragment in hippocampus promotes Depressive-Like behavior in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:56-83. [PMID: 38555992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Decreased hippocampal tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) level is implicated in the pathophysiology of stress-induced mood disorder and cognitive decline. However, how TrkB is modified and mediates behavioral responses to chronic stress remains largely unknown. Here the effects and mechanisms of TrkB cleavage by asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) were examined on a preclinical murine model of chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced depression. CRS activated IL-1β-C/EBPβ-AEP pathway in mice hippocampus, accompanied by elevated TrkB 1-486 fragment generated by AEP. Specifi.c overexpression or suppression of AEP-TrkB axis in hippocampal CaMKIIα-positive cells aggravated or relieved depressive-like behaviors, respectively. Mechanistically, in addition to facilitating AMPARs internalization, TrkB 1-486 interacted with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPAR-δ) and sequestered it in cytoplasm, repressing PPAR-δ-mediated transactivation and mitochondrial function. Moreover, co-administration of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone and a peptide disrupting the binding of TrkB 1-486 with PPAR-δ attenuated depression-like symptoms not only in CRS animals, but also in Alzheimer's disease and aged mice. These findings reveal a novel role for TrkB cleavage in promoting depressive-like phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yamei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ruifeng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jiabei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Pai Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Yuke Shi
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yiyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Songyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shuai Ding
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xin-Ya Gao
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Laboratory of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abulaban AA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Elekhnawy E, Alanazi A, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Batiha GES. Role of fenofibrate in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:113. [PMID: 38336772 PMCID: PMC10854163 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The underlying pathophysiology of MS is the destruction of myelin sheath by immune cells. The formation of myelin plaques, inflammation, and injury of neuronal myelin sheath characterizes its neuropathology. MS plaques are multiple focal regions of demyelination disseminated in the brain's white matter, spinal cords, deep grey matter, and cerebral cortex. Fenofibrate is a peroxisome proliferative activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) that attenuates the inflammatory reactions in MS. Fenofibrate inhibits differentiation of Th17 by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory signaling. According to these findings, this review intended to illuminate the mechanistic immunoinflammatory role of fenofibrate in mitigating MS neuropathology. In conclusion, fenofibrate can attenuate MS neuropathology by modulating different pathways, including oxidative stress, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory-signaling pathways, and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Abulaban
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Neurology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Departments, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Asma Alanazi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Research & Development, Funogen, Athens, Greece
- Department of Research & Development, AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sheinin M, Mondal S, Roy A, Rangasamy SB, Poddar J, Pahan K. Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice by β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate, a Body-Building Supplement in Humans. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:187-198. [PMID: 37314416 PMCID: PMC10330056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although several immunomodulatory drugs are available for multiple sclerosis (MS), most present significant side effects with long-term use. Therefore, delineation of nontoxic drugs for MS is an important area of research. β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is accessible in local GNC stores as a muscle-building supplement in humans. This study underlines the importance of HMB in suppressing clinical symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, an animal model of MS. Dose-dependent study shows that oral HMB at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight/d or higher significantly suppresses clinical symptoms of EAE in mice. Accordingly, orally administered HMB attenuated perivascular cuffing, preserved the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier, inhibited inflammation, maintained the expression of myelin genes, and blocked demyelination in the spinal cord of EAE mice. From the immunomodulatory side, HMB protected regulatory T cells and suppressed Th1 and Th17 biasness. Using peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α-/- and PPARβ-/- mice, we observed that HMB required PPARβ, but not PPARα, to exhibit immunomodulation and suppress EAE. Interestingly, HMB reduced the production of NO via PPARβ to protect regulatory T cells. These results describe a novel anti-autoimmune property of HMB that may be beneficial in the treatment of MS and other autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sheinin
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Susanta Mondal
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Suresh B. Rangasamy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Jit Poddar
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xiang G, Liu X, Wang J, Lu S, Yu M, Zhang Y, Sun B, Huang B, Lu XY, Li X, Zhang D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activation facilitates contextual fear extinction and modulates intrinsic excitability of dentate gyrus neurons. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:206. [PMID: 37322045 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus encodes contextual information associated with fear, and cell activity in the DG is required for acquisition and extinction of contextual fear. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we show that mice deficient for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) exhibited a slower rate of contextual fear extinction. Furthermore, selective deletion of PPARα in the DG attenuated, while activation of PPARα in the DG by local infusion of aspirin facilitated extinction of contextual fear. The intrinsic excitability of DG granule neurons was reduced by PPARα deficiency but increased by activation of PPARα with aspirin. Using RNA-Seq transcriptome we found that the transcription level of neuropeptide S receptor 1 (Npsr1) was tightly correlated with PPARα activation. Our results provide evidence that PPARα plays an important role in regulating DG neuronal excitability and contextual fear extinction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jiangong Wang
- Institute of Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256600, China
| | - Shunshun Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Bin Sun
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, 250012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakanishi T, Izumi M, Suzuki R, Yamaguchi K, Sugamoto K, Erickson L, Kawahara S. In vitro characterization of anti-inflammatory activities of 3 RS, 7 R, 11 R-phytanic acid. J DAIRY RES 2023; 90:1-8. [PMID: 36815363 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029923000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research described here was to investigate the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of 3RS, 7R, 11R-phytanic acid (3RS-PHY) from the perspective of efficacy against autoimmune diseases. 3RS-PHY is a milk component with strong agonist activity at the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR). As PPAR is a therapeutic target for several human diseases, 3RS-PHY intake may have possible health benefits. Recently, we chemically synthesized a preparation of 3RS-PHY and demonstrated that 3RS-PHY inhibited T-cell production of interferon (IFN)-γ. However, the overall immunomodulatory effects were not evaluated. In this study, mouse splenocytes, purified T-cells and B-cells were stimulated by mitogens and incubated with 3RS-PHY, followed by evaluation of cytokine and antibody production. A macrophage-like cell line J774.1 was also incubated with 3RS-PHY to evaluate nitric oxide production. 3RS-PHY decreased mRNA levels not only of IFN-γ but also of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10 and IL-17A in splenocytes and similar effects were confirmed at the protein level. In addition, 3RS-PHY had a direct action on T-cells with preferential inhibitory effects on Th1 and Th17 cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-17A. Furthermore, 3RS-PHY suppressed antibody secretion by B-cells and nitric oxide production by J774.1 almost completely, indicating that 3RS-PHY is a bioactive fatty acid with anti-inflammatory properties. These findings encourage further investigations, including in vivo experiments, to evaluate whether 3RS-PHY actually shows the potential to prevent autoimmune diseases, and provide basic information to produce milk and dairy products with an increased 3RS-PHY concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nakanishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mikihisa Izumi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoji Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kohta Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Laurie Erickson
- Department of Biology, Harold Washington City College of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, Blitstein Institute of Hebrew Theological College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Satoshi Kawahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Breen MS, Fan X, Levy T, Pollak RM, Collins B, Osman A, Tocheva AS, Sahin M, Berry-Kravis E, Soorya L, Thurm A, Powell CM, Bernstein JA, Kolevzon A, Buxbaum JD. Large 22q13.3 deletions perturb peripheral transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles in Phelan-McDermid syndrome. HGG ADVANCES 2023; 4:100145. [PMID: 36276299 PMCID: PMC9579712 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused at least in part by haploinsufficiency of the SHANK3 gene, due to sequence variants in SHANK3 or subtelomeric 22q13.3 deletions. Phenotypic differences have been reported between PMS participants carrying small "class I" mutations and large "class II" mutations; however, the molecular perturbations underlying these divergent phenotypes remain obscure. Using peripheral blood transcriptome and serum metabolome profiling, we examined the molecular perturbations in the peripheral circulation associated with a full spectrum of PMS genotypes spanning class I (n = 37) and class II mutations (n = 39). Transcriptomic data revealed 52 genes with blood expression profiles that tightly scale with 22q.13.3 deletion size. Furthermore, we uncover 208 underexpressed genes in PMS participants with class II mutations, which were unchanged in class I mutations. These genes were not linked to 22q13.3 and were strongly enriched for glycosphingolipid metabolism, NCAM1 interactions, and cytotoxic natural killer (NK) immune cell signatures. In silico predictions estimated a reduction in CD56+ CD16- NK cell proportions in class II mutations, which was validated by mass cytometry time of flight. Global metabolomics profiling identified 24 metabolites that were significantly altered in PMS participants with class II mutations and confirmed a general reduction in sphingolipid metabolism. Collectively, these results provide new evidence linking PMS participants carrying class II mutations with decreased expression of cytotoxic cell signatures, reduced relative proportions of NK cells, and lower sphingolipid metabolism. These findings highlight alternative avenues for therapeutic development and offer new mechanistic insights supporting genotype-to-phenotype associations in PMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Breen
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuanjia Fan
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tess Levy
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca M Pollak
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brett Collins
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aya Osman
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Latha Soorya
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Craig M Powell
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang X, Huang X, Yang Q, Yan Z, Wang P, Gao X, Luo R, Gun S. TMT labeled comparative proteomic analysis reveals spleen active immune responses during Clostridium perfringens type C infected piglet diarrhea. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13006. [PMID: 35402105 PMCID: PMC8988937 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type C is the principal pathogenic clostridia of swine, frequently causing hemorrhagic diarrhea, even necrotic enteritis in piglets, leading to severe economic loss for swine industr ies worldwide. However, there are no specific and effective prevention measures. Therefore, clarifying the molecular mechanisms of hosts against pathogenesis infection is very important to reduce the incidence of C. perfringens type C infected piglet diarrhea disease. Methods We performed an TMT labeling-based quantitative spleen proteomic analysis of the control group (SC), tolerance group (SR) and susceptible group (SS) to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and screened potential molecular markers of piglet spleen tissues in response to C. perfringens type C infection. Results In this study, a total of 115, 176 and 83 DEPs were identified in SR vs SC, SS vs SC, and SR vs SC, respectively, which may play the important regulatory roles in the process of piglet spleens in response toC. perfringens type C-infected diarrhea diseases. GO enrichment analysis revealed that the DEPs were mostly significantly enriched in acute inflammatory response, defense response, antimicrobial response, transporter activity, cellular metabolic process and so on, and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the significantly enriched immune related pathways of the PPAR signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation, which hints at the immune defense process of piglet spleen against C. perfringens infection. This study helps to elucidate the protein expressional pattern of piglet spleen against C. perfringens type C-infected diarrhea disease, which can contribute to the prevention and control for pig diarrhea disease and the further development of diarrhea resistant pig breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Guizhou Institute of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Science, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ruirui Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee D, Tomita Y, Allen W, Tsubota K, Negishi K, Kurihara T. PPARα Modulation-Based Therapy in Central Nervous System Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111168. [PMID: 34833044 PMCID: PMC8622664 DOI: 10.3390/life11111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) is increasing globally. There are various risk factors for the development and progression of CNS diseases, such as inflammatory responses and metabolic derangements. Thus, curing CNS diseases requires the modulation of damaging signaling pathways through a multitude of mechanisms. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear hormone receptors (PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ), and they work as master sensors and modulators of cellular metabolism. In this regard, PPARs have recently been suggested as promising therapeutic targets for suppressing the development of CNS diseases and their progressions. While the therapeutic role of PPARγ modulation in CNS diseases has been well reviewed, the role of PPARα modulation in these diseases has not been comprehensively summarized. The current review focuses on the therapeutic roles of PPARα modulation in CNS diseases, including those affecting the brain, spinal cord, and eye, with recent advances. Our review will enable more comprehensive therapeutic approaches to modulate PPARα for the prevention of and protection from various CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deokho Lee
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (T.K.); Tel.: +1-617-919-2533 (Y.T.); +81-3-5636-3204 (T.K.)
| | - William Allen
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | | | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (T.K.); Tel.: +1-617-919-2533 (Y.T.); +81-3-5636-3204 (T.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Basso PJ, Sales-Campos H, Nardini V, Duarte-Silva M, Alves VBF, Bonfá G, Rodrigues CC, Ghirotto B, Chica JEL, Nomizo A, Cardoso CRDB. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Mediates the Beneficial Effects of Atorvastatin in Experimental Colitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:618365. [PMID: 34434187 PMCID: PMC8382038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.618365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The current therapeutic options for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are limited. Even using common anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive or biological therapies, many patients become unresponsive to the treatments, immunosuppressed or unable to restrain secondary infections. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs with non-canonical anti-inflammatory properties, whose underlying mechanisms of action still remain poorly understood. Here, we described that in vitro atorvastatin (ATO) treatment was not toxic to splenocytes, constrained cell proliferation and modulated IL-6 and IL-10 production in a dose-dependent manner. Mice exposed to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for colitis induction and treated with ATO shifted their immune response from Th17 towards Th2, improved the clinical and histological aspects of intestinal inflammation and reduced the number of circulating leukocytes. Both experimental and in silico analyses revealed that PPAR-α expression is reduced in experimental colitis, which was reversed by ATO treatment. While IBD patients also downregulate PPAR-α expression, the responsiveness to biological therapy relied on the restoration of PPAR-α levels. Indeed, the in vitro and in vivo effects induced by ATO treatment were abrogated in Ppara-/- mice or leukocytes. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of ATO in colitis are dependent on PPAR-α, which could also be a potential predictive biomarker of therapy responsiveness in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo José Basso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helioswilton Sales-Campos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Viviani Nardini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Murillo Duarte-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Beatriz Freitas Alves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giuliano Bonfá
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Costa Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ghirotto
- Departmento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Javier Emílio Lazo Chica
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Auro Nomizo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rajavel A, Schmitt AO, Gültas M. Computational Identification of Master Regulators Influencing Trypanotolerance in Cattle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020562. [PMID: 33429951 PMCID: PMC7827104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is transmitted by the tsetse fly which carries pathogenic trypanosomes in its saliva, thus causing debilitating infection to livestock health. As the disease advances, a multistage progression process is observed based on the progressive clinical signs displayed in the host’s body. Investigation of genes expressed with regular monotonic patterns (known as Monotonically Expressed Genes (MEGs)) and of their master regulators can provide important clue for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the AAT disease. For this purpose, we analysed MEGs for three tissues (liver, spleen and lymph node) of two cattle breeds, namely trypanosusceptible Boran and trypanotolerant N’Dama. Our analysis revealed cattle breed-specific master regulators which are highly related to distinguish the genetic programs in both cattle breeds. Especially the master regulators MYC and DBP found in this study, seem to influence the immune responses strongly, thereby susceptibility and trypanotolerance of Boran and N’Dama respectively. Furthermore, our pathway analysis also bolsters the crucial roles of these master regulators. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights into breed-specific master regulators which orchestrate the regulatory cascades influencing the level of trypanotolerance in cattle breeds and thus could be promising drug targets for future therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Rajavel
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.R.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Armin Otto Schmitt
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.R.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.R.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Christofides A, Konstantinidou E, Jani C, Boussiotis VA. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in immune responses. Metabolism 2021; 114:154338. [PMID: 32791172 PMCID: PMC7736084 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are fatty acid-activated transcription factors of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that regulate energy metabolism. Currently, three PPAR subtypes have been identified: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. PPARα and PPARδ are highly expressed in oxidative tissues and regulate genes involved in substrate delivery and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and regulation of energy homeostasis. In contrast, PPARγ is more important in lipogenesis and lipid synthesis, with highest expression levels in white adipose tissue (WAT). In addition to tissues regulating whole body energy homeostasis, PPARs are expressed in immune cells and have an emerging critical role in immune cell differentiation and fate commitment. In this review, we discuss the actions of PPARs in the function of the innate and the adaptive immune system and their implications in immune-mediated inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthos Christofides
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Eirini Konstantinidou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Chinmay Jani
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Mt. Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ayyappan JP, Ganapathi U, Lizardo K, Vinnard C, Subbian S, Perlin DS, Nagajyothi JF. Adipose Tissue Regulates Pulmonary Pathology during TB Infection. mBio 2019; 10:e02771-18. [PMID: 30992360 PMCID: PMC6469978 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02771-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. One-third of the world population is infected with M. tuberculosis, and about 15 million people with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) reside in the United States. An estimated 10% of individuals with LTBI are at risk of progressing to active disease. Loss of body mass, or wasting, accompanied by a significant reduction of body fat is often associated with active TB disease and is considered to be immunosuppressive and a major determinant of severity and outcome of disease. While the lungs are the primary site of M. tuberculosis infection and TB manifestation, recent reports have shown that adipose tissue serves as an important reservoir for M. tuberculosis In this article, we investigated the association between M. tuberculosis infection, adipose tissue, and TB disease progression using a transgenic inducible "fatless" model system, the FAT-ATTAC (fat apoptosis through targeted activation of caspase 8) mouse. By selectively ablating fat tissue during M. tuberculosis infection, we directly tested the role of fat cell loss and adipose tissue physiology in regulating pulmonary pathology, bacterial burden, and immune status. Our results confirm the presence of M. tuberculosis in fat tissue after aerosol infection of mice and show that loss of fat cells is associated with an increase in pulmonary M. tuberculosis burden and pathology. We conclude that acute loss of adipose tissue during LTBI may predispose the host to active TB disease.IMPORTANCE Although the lungs are the port of entry and the predominant site of TB disease manifestation, we and others have demonstrated that M. tuberculosis also persists in adipose tissue of aerosol-infected animals and directly or indirectly alters adipose tissue physiology, which in turn alters whole-body immuno-metabolic homeostasis. Our present report demonstrates a direct effect of loss of adipocytes (fat cells) on promoting the severity of pulmonary pathogenesis during TB, advancing our understanding of the pathogenic interactions between wasting and TB activation/reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janeesh Plakkal Ayyappan
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Usha Ganapathi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kezia Lizardo
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christopher Vinnard
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - David S. Perlin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Buerger AN, Schmidt J, Chase A, Paixao C, Patel TN, Brumback BA, Kane AS, Martyniuk CJ, Bisesi JH. Examining the responses of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) gastrointestinal system to the suspected obesogen diethylhexyl phthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:1086-1094. [PMID: 30682743 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that phthalate plasticizers may act as "obesogens", which are chemicals that exacerbate obesity. The gastrointestinal (GI) system is the primary exposure route for phthalates, however, the relationship between phthalate-driven perturbations of GI system functions that can influence obesity has yet to be examined. To address this knowledge gap, we exposed Danio rerio (zebrafish) for 60 days to either (1) Control feeding (5 mg/fish/day), (2) Overfeeding (20 mg/fish/day) or (3) Overfeeding with diethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP) (20 mg/fish/day with 3 mg/kg DEHP). After 60 days, Overfed and Overfed + DEHP zebrafish had elevated body mass, and hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices. RNAseq analysis of the GI revealed enrichment of gene networks related to lipid metabolism in the Overfed + DEHP group. Many of the enriched networks were under transcriptional control of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (pparα), a known modulator of lipid metabolism, immune function, and GI function. Real-time PCR confirmed that pparα was overexpressed in the Overfed + DEHP zebrafish, further revealing a pathway by which DEHP may influence lipid metabolism via the GI. These data increase our understanding of phthalate-driven effects on GI function and lipid metabolism, identifying gut-specific gene networks that may drive phthalate-exacerbated obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Buerger
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jordan Schmidt
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Amanda Chase
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Carla Paixao
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Tejas N Patel
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Babette A Brumback
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Andrew S Kane
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saelao P, Wang Y, Chanthavixay G, Gallardo RA, Wolc A, Dekkers JCM, Lamont SJ, Kelly T, Zhou H. Genetics and Genomic Regions Affecting Response to Newcastle Disease Virus Infection under Heat Stress in Layer Chickens. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010061. [PMID: 30669351 PMCID: PMC6356198 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a highly contagious avian pathogen that poses a tremendous threat to poultry producers in endemic zones due to its epidemic potential. To investigate host genetic resistance to NDV while under the effects of heat stress, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed on Hy-Line Brown layer chickens that were challenged with NDV while under high ambient temperature to identify regions associated with host viral titer, circulating anti-NDV antibody titer, and body weight change. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on chromosome 1 was associated with viral titer at two days post-infection (dpi), while 30 SNPs spanning a quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosome 24 were associated with viral titer at 6 dpi. Immune related genes, such as CAMK1d and CCDC3 on chromosome 1, associated with viral titer at 2 dpi, and TIRAP, ETS1, and KIRREL3, associated with viral titer at 6 dpi, were located in two QTL regions for viral titer that were identified in this study. This study identified genomic regions and candidate genes that are associated with response to NDV during heat stress in Hy-Line Brown layer chickens. Regions identified for viral titer on chromosome 1 and 24, at 2 and 6 dpi, respectively, included several genes that have key roles in regulating the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perot Saelao
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Ying Wang
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Ganrea Chanthavixay
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Anna Wolc
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA.
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Terra Kelly
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Prorok T, Jana M, Patel D, Pahan K. Cinnamic Acid Protects the Nigrostriatum in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptorα. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:751-762. [PMID: 30612307 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-02705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common devastating human neurodegenerative disorder and despite intense investigation, no effective therapy is available for PD. Cinnamic acid, a naturally occurring aromatic fatty acid of low toxicity, is a precursor for the synthesis of a huge number of plant substances. This study highlights the neuroprotective effect of cinnamic acid in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. Oral administration of cinnamic acid protected tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and TH fibers in the striatum of MPTP-insulted mice. Accordingly, oral cinnamic acid also normalized striatal neurotransmitters and improved locomotor activities in MPTP-intoxicated mice. While investigating mechanisms, we found that cinnamic acid induced the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), but not PPARβ, in primary mouse astrocytes. Cinnamic acid mediated protection of the nigrostriatal system and locomotor activities in WT and PPARβ (-/-), but not PPARα (-/-) mice from MPTP intoxication suggests that cinnamic acid requires the involvement of PPARα in protecting dopaminergic neurons in this model of PD. This study delineates a new function of cinnamic acid in protecting dopaminergic neurons via PPARα that could be beneficial for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Prorok
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Malabendu Jana
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Dhruv Patel
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA. .,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Blum L, Tafferner N, Spring I, Kurz J, deBruin N, Geisslinger G, Parnham MJ, Schiffmann S. Dietary phytol reduces clinical symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) at least partially by modulating NOX2 expression. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1131-1144. [PMID: 30151738 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. We investigated the effect of phytol in an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as phytol, a plant-derived diterpene alcohol, exerts anti-inflammatory and redox-protective actions. We observed a significant amelioration of clinical symptoms in EAE C57BL/6N mice fed prophylactically with a phytol-enriched diet. Demyelination, DNA damage, and infiltration of immune cells, specifically TH1 cells, into the central nervous system were reduced in phytol-fed EAE mice. Furthermore, phytol reduced T-cell proliferation ex vivo. Phytanic acid - a metabolite of phytol - also reduced T-cell proliferation, specifically that of TH1 cells. Additionally, phytol-enriched diet increased the mRNA expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) 2 in white blood cells in the lymph nodes. Accordingly, phytol lost its anti-inflammatory effects in chimeric EAE C57BL/6N mice whose peripheral cells lack NOX2, indicating that phytol mediates its effects in peripheral cells via NOX2. Moreover, the effects of phytol on T-cell proliferation were also NOX2-dependent. In contrast, the T-cell subtype alterations and changes in proliferation induced by phytanic acid, the primary metabolite of phytol, were NOX2-independent. In conclusion, phytol supplementation of the diet leads to amelioration of EAE pathology in both a NOX2-dependent and a NOX2-independent manner via yet unknown mechanisms. KEY MESSAGES Phytol diet ameliorates EAE pathology. Phytol diet reduces demyelination, immune cell infiltration, and T-cell proliferation. Phytol diet increases NOX2 mRNA expression in white blood cells in the lymph nodes. Phytol mediates its effects in peripheral cells via NOX2. Effects of phytol on T-cell proliferation were NOX2-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Blum
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nadja Tafferner
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilknur Spring
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kurz
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Natasja deBruin
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. .,Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nakanishi T, Motoba I, Anraku M, Suzuki R, Yamaguchi Y, Erickson L, Eto N, Sugamoto K, Matsushita Y, Kawahara S. Naturally occurring 3RS, 7R, 11R-phytanic acid suppresses in vitro T-cell production of interferon-gamma. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:147. [PMID: 29935534 PMCID: PMC6015457 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the eight stereoisomers of phytanic acid (PA), the 3RS, 7R, 11R-isomer is naturally occurring and is present in foods and the human body. PA is considered to have possible health benefits in the immune system. However, it remains undetermined whether these effects are elicited by the 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA isomer, because previous studies used a commercially available PA whose isomer configuration is unknown. In this study, we synthesized a preparation of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA, and investigated its in vitro immunomodulatory effects, especially the T-cell production of interferon (IFN)-γ, which is associated with various autoimmune diseases. This study also investigated the effects of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA on NF-κB activity in order to address the mechanism of its immunomodulatory effects. METHODS Mouse splenocytes and purified T-cells were stimulated with T-cell mitogens and incubated with 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA, followed by evaluation of IFN-γ production. The effect of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA on NF-κB activity was also investigated using an A549 cell line with stable expression of an NF-κB-dependent luciferase reporter gene. RESULTS 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA significantly reduced in vitro IFN-γ production at both the protein and mRNA levels, and was accompanied by decreased expression of T-bet, a key regulator of Th1 cell differentiation. The results indicated that NF-κB-mediated transcriptional activity was significantly decreased by 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA and that GW6471, an antagonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), abrogated the inhibitory effect of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA on NF-κB activity. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA is a functional and bioactive fatty acid, and has a potentially beneficial effect for amelioration of T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases. This study also indicates that interference in the NF-κB pathway via PPARα activation is a potential mechanism of the immunomodulatory effects of 3RS, 7R, 11R-PA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nakanishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ibuki Motoba
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mayuko Anraku
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryoji Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Laurie Erickson
- Department of Biology, Harold Washington City College of Chicago, 30 E. Lake St, Chicago, IL, 60601, USA.,Department of Health Sciences, Blitstein Institute of Hebrew Theological College, 2606 W. Touhy Ave, Chicago, IL, 60645, USA
| | - Nozomu Eto
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yohichi Matsushita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Strupp C, Bomann WH, Spézia F, Gervais F, Forster R, Richert L, Singh P. A human relevance investigation of PPARα-mediated key events in the hepatocarcinogenic mode of action of propaquizafop in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:348-361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
20
|
Ashikawa Y, Nishimura Y, Okabe S, Sasagawa S, Murakami S, Yuge M, Kawaguchi K, Kawase R, Tanaka T. Activation of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Factors by Fenofibrate and Gemfibrozil Stimulates Myelination in Zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:206. [PMID: 27462272 PMCID: PMC4939524 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are major myelin-producing cells and play essential roles in the function of a healthy nervous system. However, they are also one of the most vulnerable neural cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), and myelin abnormalities in the CNS are found in a wide variety of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, adrenoleukodystrophy, and schizophrenia. There is an urgent need to identify small molecular weight compounds that can stimulate myelination. In this study, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis to identify pharmacodynamic effects common to miconazole and clobetasol, which have been shown to stimulate myelination by mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Of the genes differentially expressed in both miconazole- and clobetasol-treated mouse OPCs compared with untreated cells, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common to both drug treatments. Gene ontology analysis revealed that these DEGs are significantly associated with the sterol biosynthetic pathway, and further bioinformatics analysis suggested that sterol regulatory element binding factors (SREBFs) might be key upstream regulators of the DEGs. In silico screening of a public database for chemicals associated with SREBF activation identified fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist, as a drug that increases the expression of known SREBF targets, raising the possibility that fenofibrate may also stimulate myelination. To test this, we performed in vivo imaging of zebrafish expressing a fluorescent reporter protein under the control of the myelin basic protein (mbp) promoter. Treatment of zebrafish with fenofibrate significantly increased expression of the fluorescent reporter compared with untreated zebrafish. This increase was attenuated by co-treatment with fatostatin, a specific inhibitor of SREBFs, confirming that the fenofibrate effect was mediated via SREBFs. Furthermore, incubation of zebrafish with another PPARα agonist, gemfibrozil, also increased expression of the mbp promoter-driven fluorescent reporter in an SREBF-dependent manner. These results suggest that activation of SREBFs by small molecular weight compounds may be a feasible therapeutic approach to stimulate myelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Ashikawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsu, Japan; Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsu, Japan; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research CenterTsu, Japan; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation InstituteTsu, Japan; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research CenterTsu, Japan
| | - Shiko Okabe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Shota Sasagawa
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Soichiro Murakami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yuge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Koki Kawaguchi
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Reiko Kawase
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsu, Japan; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research CenterTsu, Japan; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation InstituteTsu, Japan; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research CenterTsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Manoharan I, Suryawanshi A, Hong Y, Ranganathan P, Shanmugam A, Ahmad S, Swafford D, Manicassamy B, Ramesh G, Koni PA, Thangaraju M, Manicassamy S. Homeostatic PPARα Signaling Limits Inflammatory Responses to Commensal Microbiota in the Intestine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4739-49. [PMID: 27183583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary lipids and their metabolites activate members of the peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor (PPAR) family of transcription factors and are critical for colonic health. The PPARα isoform plays a vital role in regulating inflammation in various disease settings, but its role in intestinal inflammation, commensal homeostasis, and mucosal immunity in the gut are unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the PPARα pathway in innate immune cells orchestrates gut mucosal immunity and commensal homeostasis by regulating the expression of IL-22 and the antimicrobial peptides RegIIIβ, RegIIIγ, and calprotectin. Additionally, the PPARα pathway is critical for imparting regulatory phenotype in intestinal macrophages. PPARα deficiency in mice led to commensal dysbiosis in the gut, resulting in a microbiota-dependent increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines and enhanced susceptibility to intestinal inflammation. Pharmacological activation of this pathway decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines and ameliorated colonic inflammation. Taken together, these findings identify a new important innate immune function for the PPARα signaling pathway in regulating intestinal inflammation, mucosal immunity, and commensal homeostasis. Thus, the manipulation of the PPARα pathway could provide novel opportunities for enhancing mucosal immunity and treating intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuan Hong
- Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | | | | | - Shamim Ahmad
- Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | | | | | - Ganesan Ramesh
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Pandelakis A Koni
- Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nakanishi T, Anraku M, Suzuki R, Kono T, Erickson L, Kawahara S. Novel immunomodulatory effects of phytanic acid and its related substances in mice. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
23
|
Gardner LA, Levin MC. Importance of Apolipoprotein A-I in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:278. [PMID: 26635608 PMCID: PMC4654019 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Jean-Martin Charcot has first described multiple sclerosis (MS) as a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) over a century ago. MS remains incurable today, and treatment options are limited to disease modifying drugs. Over the years, significant advances in understanding disease pathology have been made in autoimmune and neurodegenerative components. Despite the fact that brain is the most lipid rich organ in human body, the importance of lipid metabolism has not been extensively studied in this disorder. In MS, the CNS is under attack by a person's own immune system. Autoantigens and autoantibodies are known to cause devastation of myelin through up regulation of T-cells and cytokines, which penetrate through the blood-brain barrier to cause inflammation and myelin destruction. The anti-inflammatory role of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) has been implicated in a plethora of biological processes: vasodilation, immunity to infection, oxidation, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, it is not known what role HDL plays in neurological function and myelin repair in MS. Understanding of lipid metabolism in the CNS and in the periphery might unveil new therapeutic targets and explain the partial success of some existing MS therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia A. Gardner
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael C. Levin
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Palmitoylethanolamide in CNS health and disease. Pharmacol Res 2014; 86:32-41. [PMID: 24844438 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The existence of acylethanolamides (AEs) in the mammalian brain has been known for decades. Among AEs, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) and conspicuously produced by neurons and glial cells. Antihyperalgesic and neuroprotective properties of PEA have been mainly related to the reduction of neuronal firing and to control of inflammation. Growing evidence suggest that PEA may be neuroprotective during CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Advances in the understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of PEA have potentiated its interest as useful biological tool for disease management. Several rapid non-genomic and delayed genomic mechanisms of action have been identified for PEA as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α dependent. First, an early molecular control, through Ca(+2)-activated intermediate- and/or big-conductance K(+) channels opening, drives to rapid neuronal hyperpolarization. This is reinforced by the increase of the inward Cl(-) currents due to the modulation of the gamma aminobutyric acid A receptor and by the desensitization of the transient receptor potential channel type V1. Moreover, the gene transcription-mediated mechanism sustains the long-term anti-inflammatory effects, by reducing pro-inflammatory enzyme expression and increasing neurosteroid synthesis. Overall, the integration of these different modes of action allows PEA to exert an immediate and prolonged efficacious control in neuron signaling either on inflammatory process or neuronal excitability, maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the effect of PEA on metabolism, behavior, inflammation and pain perception, related to the control of central functions and the emerging evidence demonstrating its therapeutic efficacy in several neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
25
|
Levin MC, Douglas JN, Meyers L, Lee S, Shin Y, Gardner LA. Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis involves multiple pathogenic mechanisms. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2014; 4:49-63. [PMID: 32669900 PMCID: PMC7337253 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s54391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease that impairs the central nervous system (CNS). The neurological disability and clinical course of the disease is highly variable and unpredictable from one patient to another. The cause of MS is still unknown, but it is thought to occur in genetically susceptible individuals who develop disease due to a nongenetic trigger, such as altered metabolism, a virus, or other environmental factors. MS patients develop progressive, irreversible, neurological disability associated with neuronal and axonal damage, collectively known as neurodegeneration. Neurodegeneration was traditionally considered as a secondary phenomenon to inflammation and demyelination. However, recent data indicate that neurodegeneration develops along with inflammation and demyelination. Thus, MS is increasingly recognized as a neurodegenerative disease triggered by an inflammatory attack of the CNS. While both inflammation and demyelination are well described and understood cellular processes, neurodegeneration might be defined by a diverse pool of any of the following: neuronal cell death, apoptosis, necrosis, and virtual hypoxia. In this review, we present multiple theories and supporting evidence that identify common biological processes that contribute to neurodegeneration in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Levin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua N Douglas
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Sangmin Lee
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neurology
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neurology
| | - Lidia A Gardner
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neurology
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kocbach Bølling A, Holme JA, Bornehag CG, Nygaard UC, Bertelsen RJ, Nånberg E, Bodin J, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Becher R. Pulmonary phthalate exposure and asthma - is PPAR a plausible mechanistic link? EXCLI JOURNAL 2013; 12:733-59. [PMID: 26622216 PMCID: PMC4662182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Due to their extensive use as plasticisers in numerous consumer products, phthalates have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. An increasing number of epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to phthalates may be associated with worsening or development of airway diseases. Peroxisome Proliferation Activated Receptors (PPAR)s, identified as important targets for phthalates in early studies in rodent liver, have been suggested as a possible mechanistic link. In this review we discuss the likelihood of an involvement of PPARs in asthma development and exacerbation due to pulmonary phthalate exposure. First, we go through the literature on indoor air levels of phthalates and pulmonary phthalate kinetics. These data are then used to estimate the pulmonary phthalate levels due to inhalation exposure. Secondly, the literature on phthalate-induced activation or modulation of PPARs is summarized. Based on these data, we discuss whether pulmonary phthalate exposure is likely to cause PPAR activation, and if this is a plausible mechanism for adverse effects of phthalates in the lung. It is concluded that the pulmonary concentrations of some phthalates may be sufficient to cause a direct activation of PPARs. Since PPARs mainly mediate anti-inflammatory effects in the lungs, a direct activation is not a likely molecular mechanism for adverse effects of phthalates. However, possible modulatory effects of phthalates on PPARs deserve further investigation, including partial antagonist effects and/or cross talk with other signalling pathways. Moreover other mechanisms, including interactions between phthalates and other receptors, could also contribute to possible adverse pulmonary effects of phthalates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anette Kocbach Bølling
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Anette Kocbach Bølling, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Geitemyrsveien 75, 0462 Oslo, Norway, Phone: +47 21077000, Fax: +47 21076686, E-mail: ;
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Unni C Nygaard
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi J Bertelsen
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eewa Nånberg
- University of Karlstad, 651-88, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Johanna Bodin
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Becher
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rodeghero R, Cao Y, Olalekan SA, Iwakua Y, Glant TT, Finnegan A. Location of CD4+ T cell priming regulates the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells and their contribution to arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5423-35. [PMID: 23630349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Th cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17 are linked to the development of autoimmune disease. In models of rheumatoid arthritis, that is, proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis, IFN-γ is required, whereas in collagen-induced arthritis, IL-17 is necessary for development of arthritis. In this study we show that the route of immunization determines the requirement for either IFN-γ or IL-17 in arthritis. Intraperitoneal immunization with PG induces a CD4(+) T cell IFN-γ response with little IL-17 in the spleen and peripheral lymph nodes. However, s.c. immunization induces both an IFN-γ and an IL-17 CD4(+) T cell response in spleen and lymph nodes. The failure to induce a CD4(+) T cell IL-17 response after i.p. immunization is associated with T cell priming, as naive T cells activated in vitro were fully capable of producing IL-17. Moreover, PG-induced arthritis is converted from an IFN-γ to an IL-17-mediated disease by altering the route of immunization from i.p. to s.c. The histological appearance of joint inflammation (cellular inflammation and bone erosion) is similar in the i.p. versus s.c. immunized mice despite the presence of CD4(+) T cells producing IL-17 in joint tissues only after s.c. immunization. These data indicate a critical role for the site of initial T cell priming and the Th cytokines required for susceptibility to arthritis. Our findings suggest that T cell activation at different anatomical sites in rheumatoid arthritis patients may skew the T cells toward production of either IFN-γ or IL-17.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rodeghero
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lim WS, Ng DL, Kor SB, Wong HK, Tengku-Muhammad TS, Choo QC, Chew CH. Tumour necrosis factor alpha down-regulates the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells by activation of NF-κB pathway. Cytokine 2012; 61:266-74. [PMID: 23141142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) plays a major role in the regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis, and inflammatory responses. The objectives of the study were to systematically investigate the effects of TNF-α and its regulatory pathway on PPARα expression in HepG2 cells using Real-Time RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Here, TNF-α suppressed PPARα mRNA expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner at the level of gene transcription. Pre-treatment of cells with 10μM of Wedelolactone for 2h was sufficient to restore PPARα expression to basal levels and also affected the expression of PPARα-regulated genes. This study also demonstrated that TNF-α represses PPARα expression by augmenting the activity of canonical NF-κB signalling pathway. This was shown by the abrogation of TNF-α-mediated PPARα down-regulation, after both p65 and p50 were knocked down via siRNA. The IKK contributes to IκBα degradation and mediates inducible phosphorylation of p105 at Ser933. Surprisingly, phosphorylation of p65 at Ser468 and Ser536 were severely abrogated with Wedelolactone inhibition, suggesting that Ser468 and Ser536, but not Ser276, may mediate the TNF-α inhibitory action on PPARα gene expression. These results suggest that TNF-α might, at least in part, suppress PPARα expression through activation of IKK/p50/p105/p65 pathway. Furthermore, phosphorylation of p65 at Ser468 and Ser536 may play a crucial role in the mechanism that limits PPARα production in the human HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wyi Sian Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α expression is associated with decreased survival and increased tissue bacterial load in sepsis. Shock 2012; 37:164-9. [PMID: 22089192 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31823f1a00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) is a member of the nuclear receptor family with many important physiologic roles related to metabolism and inflammation. Previous research in pediatric patients with septic shock revealed that genes corresponding to the PPAR-α signaling pathway are significantly downregulated in a subgroup of children with more severe disease. In this study, PPAR-α expression analysis using whole-blood derived RNA revealed that PPAR-α expression was decreased in patients with septic shock and that the magnitude of that decrement correlated with the severity of disease. In a mouse model of sepsis, induced by cecal ligation and puncture, knockout mice lacking PPAR-α had decreased survival compared with wild-type animals. Plasma cytokine analysis demonstrated decreased levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-17, keratinocyte-derived cytokine, macrophage chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, and tumor necrosis factor α at 24 h in PPAR-α knockout animals. Cell surface markers of activation on splenic dendritic cells, macrophages, and CD8 T cells were reduced in PPAR-α null animals, and the bacterial load in lung and splenic tissues was increased. These data indicate that reduced or absent PPAR-α expression confers a survival disadvantage in sepsis and that PPAR-α plays a role in maintaining appropriate immune functions during the sepsis response.
Collapse
|
30
|
White HM, Koser SL, Donkin SS. Differential regulation of bovine pyruvate carboxylase promoters by fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonist. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3428-36. [PMID: 21700028 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is a critical enzyme in supplying carbon for gluconeogenesis and oxaloacetate for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The bovine PC (EC 6.4.1.1) gene contains 3 promoter sequences (P3, P2, and P1 from 5' to 3'). Physiological stressors, including the onset of calving and feed restriction, lead to elevated nonesterified fatty acids and glucocorticoid levels that coincide with an increase in PC mRNA expression. The effects of elevated fatty acids on bovine PC mRNA expression and promoter function have not been determined. The objective of this experiment was to determine the direct effects of stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, dexamethasone, and Wy14643 (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonist) on bovine PC promoter activity. Promoter-luciferase constructs, containing 1,005 bp of P1, 1,079 bp of P2, or 1,010 bp of P3, were transiently transfected into rat hepatoma (H4IIE) cells. Cells were then treated with 1mM stearic, oleic, or linoleic acids, 1 μM dexamethasone, or 10 μM Wy14643 for 23 h. Activity of P1 was suppressed with exposure to stearic acid (1.58 vs. 6.19±0.81 arbitrary units for stearic vs. control, respectively) and enhanced with exposure to Wy14643 (9.26 vs. 6.19±0.81 arbitrary units for Wy14643 vs. control, respectively). Conversely, stearic acid enhanced P3 activity (2.55 vs. 0.40±0.33 arbitrary units for stearic vs. control, respectively). Dexamethasone, linoleic acid, and oleic acid failed to elicit a response from any of the promoters tested. These data demonstrate the direct role of fatty acids in regulating PC expression and indicate that fatty acids provide promoter-specific regulation of PC promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M White
- Department of Animal Sciences, Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
The PPAR alpha agonist gemfibrozil is an ineffective treatment for spinal cord injured mice. Exp Neurol 2011; 232:309-17. [PMID: 21963672 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR)-α is a key regulator of lipid metabolism and recent studies reveal it also regulates inflammation in several different disease models. Gemfibrozil, an agonist of PPAR-α, is a FDA approved drug for hyperlipidemia and has been shown to inhibit clinical signs in a rodent model of multiple sclerosis. Since many studies have shown improved outcome from spinal cord injury (SCI) by anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agents, we tested the efficacy of oral gemfibrozil given before or after SCI for promoting tissue preservation and behavioral recovery after spinal contusion injury in mice. Unfortunately, the results were contrary to our hypothesis; in our first attempt, gemfibrozil treatment exacerbated locomotor deficits and increased tissue pathology after SCI. In subsequent experiments, the behavioral effects were not replicated but histological outcomes again were worse. We also tested the efficacy of a different PPAR-α agonist, fenofibrate, which also modulates immune responses and is beneficial in several neurodegenerative disease models. Fenofibrate treatment did not improve recovery, although there was a slight trend for a modest increase in histological tissue sparing. Based on our results, we conclude that PPAR-α agonists yield either no effect or worsen recovery from spinal cord injury, at least at the doses and the time points of drug delivery tested here. Further, patients sustaining spinal cord injury while taking gemfibrozil might be prone to exacerbated tissue damage.
Collapse
|
32
|
A Retrospective on Nuclear Receptor Regulation of Inflammation: Lessons from GR and PPARs. PPAR Res 2011; 2011:742785. [PMID: 21941526 PMCID: PMC3175381 DOI: 10.1155/2011/742785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily have vital roles in regulating immunity and inflammation. The founding member, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), is the prototype to demonstrate immunomodulation via transrepression of the AP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have emerged as key regulators of inflammation. This review examines the history and current advances in nuclear receptor regulation of inflammation by the crosstalk with AP-1 and NF-κB signaling, focusing on the roles of GR and PPARs. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism by which nuclear receptors inhibit proinflammatory signaling pathways will enable novel therapies to treat chronic inflammation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Regulation of Immune Responses and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by PPARs. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:104705. [PMID: 21234105 PMCID: PMC3014678 DOI: 10.1155/2010/104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARs are members of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily and play an important role in regulating inflammation as well as lipid metabolism. The PPAR subfamily has been defined as PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, each with different ligands, target genes, and biological roles. PPARs regulate the expression of target inflammatory genes through mechanisms involving both transactivation and transrepression. The anti-inflammatory properties of PPAR agonists have led to the investigation of PPAR functions in regulating autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This paper will summarize some of the general mechanisms by which PPARs regulate inflammatory gene expression and focus on the recent advances of PPAR regulation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR): balance for survival in parasitic infections. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:828951. [PMID: 20169106 PMCID: PMC2821783 DOI: 10.1155/2010/828951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections induce a magnitude of host responses. At the opposite ends of the spectrum are those that ensure the host's needs to eliminate the invaders and to minimize damage to its own tissues. This review analyzes how parasites would manipulate immunity by activating the immunosuppressive nuclear factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) with type 2 cytokines and free fatty acids from arachidonic acid metabolism. PPARs limit the action of type 1 immunity, in which classically activated macrophages act through the production of proinflammatory signals, to spare the parasites. They also favor the development of alternately activated macrophages which control inflammation so the host would not be destroyed. Possibly, the nuclear factors hold a pivotal role in the establishment of chronic infection by delicately balancing the pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling mechanisms and their ligands may be used as combination therapeutics to limit host pathology.
Collapse
|
35
|
Horstman LL, Jy W, Ahn YS, Zivadinov R, Maghzi AH, Etemadifar M, Steven Alexander J, Minagar A. Role of platelets in neuroinflammation: a wide-angle perspective. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:10. [PMID: 20128908 PMCID: PMC2829540 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review summarizes recent developments in platelet biology relevant to neuroinflammatory disorders. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is taken as the "Poster Child" of these disorders but the implications are wide. The role of platelets in inflammation is well appreciated in the cardiovascular and cancer research communities but appears to be relatively neglected in neurological research. ORGANIZATION After a brief introduction to platelets, topics covered include the matrix metalloproteinases, platelet chemokines, cytokines and growth factors, the recent finding of platelet PPAR receptors and Toll-like receptors, complement, bioactive lipids, and other agents/functions likely to be relevant in neuroinflammatory diseases. Each section cites literature linking the topic to areas of active research in MS or other disorders, including especially Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION The final section summarizes evidence of platelet involvement in MS. The general conclusion is that platelets may be key players in MS and related disorders, and warrant more attention in neurological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence L Horstman
- Wallace Coulter Platelet Laboratory, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wenche Jy
- Wallace Coulter Platelet Laboratory, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Yeon S Ahn
- Wallace Coulter Platelet Laboratory, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, The Jacobs Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo NY, USA
| | - Amir H Maghzi
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Alireza Minagar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Gemfibrozil is long known for its ability to reduce the level of triglycerides in the blood circulation and to decrease the risk of hyperlipidemia. However, a number of recent studies reveal that apart from its lipid-lowering effects, gemfibrozil can also regulate many other signaling pathways responsible for inflammation, switching of T-helper cells, cell-to-cell contact, migration, and oxidative stress. In this review, we have made an honest attempt to analyze various biological activities of gemfibrozil and associated mechanisms that may help to consider this drug for different human disorders as primary or adjunct therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|