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Zhou L, Godse S, Sinha N, Kodidela S, Singh U, Kumar S. Darunavir Nanoformulation Suppresses HIV Pathogenesis in Macrophages and Improves Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:555. [PMID: 38675216 PMCID: PMC11054602 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress peripheral HIV, patients still suffer from neuroHIV due to insufficient levels of ART drugs in the brain. Hence, this study focuses on developing a poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticle-based ART drug delivery system for darunavir (DRV) using an intranasal route that can overcome the limitation of drug metabolic stability and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. The physicochemical properties of PLGA-DRV were characterized. The results indicated that PLGA-DRV formulation inhibits HIV replication in U1 macrophages directly and in the presence of the BBB without inducing cytotoxicity. However, the PLGA-DRV did not inhibit HIV replication more than DRV alone. Notably, the total antioxidant capacity remained unchanged upon treatment with both DRV or PLGA-DRV in U1 cells. Compared to DRV alone, PLGA-DRV further decreased reactive oxygen species, suggesting a decrease in oxidative stress by the formulation. Oxidative stress is generally increased by HIV infection, leading to increased inflammation. Although the PLGA-DRV formulation did not further reduce the inflammatory response, the formulation did not provoke an inflammatory response in HIV-infected U1 macrophages. As expected, in vitro experiments showed higher DRV permeability by PLGA-DRV than DRV alone to U1 macrophages. Importantly, in vivo experiments, especially using intranasal administration of PLGA-DRV in wild-type mice, demonstrated a significant increase in the brain-to-plasma ratio of DRV compared to the free DRV. Overall, findings from this study attest to the potential of the PLGA-DRV nanoformulation in reducing HIV pathogenesis in macrophages and enhancing drug delivery to the brain, offering a promising avenue for treating HIV-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA (S.G.); (U.S.)
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Kwizera E, Wampande EM, Kato CD, Mujinya P, Wandera A, Bwambale F, Mpumbya JR, Siida R, Ssekatawa K. Hepatoprotective effect of methanol fruit extract of Punica granatum L in highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:243-251. [PMID: 38303124 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2298891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged use of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has been linked to toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity. There are few effective drugs for HAART patients that promote hepatic cell regeneration and prevent liver injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the hepato-protective activity of Methanol fruit extract of Punica granatum (MFEPG) in HAART-administered rats. Thirty rats weighing between 150-200 g were randomly divided into six groups and each group comprised of five rats. Distilled water was given to the rats in group one. Only HAART was given to the rats in group two. MFEPG at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg was given to the rats in groups three and four. MFEPG dosages of 100 and 400 mg/kg along with HAART were given to the rats in groups five and six, respectively. All treatments were via oral gavage daily for 40 days. Under halothane anesthesia, all rats were sacrificed on day 41. Liver tissues were utilized for lipid peroxidation marker; Malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes; Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) and histological evaluation, while blood samples were examined for biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, ALP, Total cholesterol, Total protein, and Albumin). The HAART-treated group exhibited a significantly higher amount of the lipid peroxidation end product; MDA, and significantly lower levels of antioxidant enzymes; SOD, and CAT. Liver enzymes and total cholesterol were significantly increased with a significant reduction in Total protein and Albumin levels in the HAART-treated group. Conversely, the liver function biomarkers were returned to normal levels in the HAART and MFEPG-treated groups. Histopathological studies revealed that when HAART-exposed rats were treated with MFEPG, both the biochemical and histological results significantly improved. Thus, the antioxidant activity of MFEPG provides protection against HAART-induced liver oxidative damage. More research is needed to determine the safety of using MFEPG in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliah Kwizera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Eddie M Wampande
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles D Kato
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pastori Mujinya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Allan Wandera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Fred Bwambale
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Jackie Rachael Mpumbya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Robert Siida
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Kenneth Ssekatawa
- Department of Science Technical and Vocational Education, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Africa Center Excellence in Materials Product Development and Nanotechnology (MAPRONANO ACE), College of Engineering Design Art and Technology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Havlickova K, Snopkova S, Pohanka M, Svacinka R, Vydrar D, Husa P, Zavrelova J, Zlamal F, Fabianova L, Penka M, Husa P. Oxidative stress, microparticles, and E-selectin do not depend on HIV suppression. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2024. [PMID: 38390755 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2024.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammation are considered predictors of diseases associated with aging. Markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial activation were investigated in people with HIV on antiretroviral treatment to determine whether they had an immunosenescent phenotype that might predispose to the development of premature age-related diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was conducted on 213 subjects with HIV. The control groups consisted of healthy HIV-negative adults. The level of oxidative stress was measured by assessing the production of malondialdehyde levels, which were detected by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay. The level of microparticles indicated the presence of inflammation and endothelial activation was measured by E-selectin levels. Significant differences were determined by appropriate statistical tests, depending on the distribution of variables. Relationships between continuous variables were quantified using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS TBARS, and microparticle and E-selectin levels were significantly higher in untreated and treated subjects with HIV compared with HIV-negative controls (P<0.001). The levels of the investigated markers were not significantly different between untreated and treated patients and no significant correlation of these markers was found with CD4+ count, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and the number of HIV-1 RNA copies. CONCLUSIONS Elevated markers of oxidative stress, inflammatory and endothelial activation were independent of the virologic and immunologic status of people with HIV. These results support the hypothesis that residual viremia in cellular reservoirs of various tissues is a key factor related to the premature aging of the immune system and predisposition to the premature development of diseases associated with aging.
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Kwizera E, Ssekatawa K, Aja PM, Miruka CO, Wandera A, Mpumbya JR, Siida R, Shehu D, Salihu TS. Methanol Crude Peel Extract of P. granatum Prevents Oxidative Damage in Kidneys of Rats Exposed to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J Exp Pharmacol 2024; 16:1-11. [PMID: 38213945 PMCID: PMC10778224 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s438368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has been linked to oxidative damage to kidney cells leading to renal disease in people living with HIV/AIDS on HAART treatment. The toxic effects of HAART affect the patients' quality of life leading to poor adherence to their regimen. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the nephron-protective activity of methanol crude peel extract of Punica granatum (MPEPG) in HAART-administered Wistar rats. Methods Thirty male albino Wistar rats weighing between 180-200g were randomly divided into six groups of five rats each. Group one served as normal control and was given distilled water only. Group two serves as a negative control and was given HAART at a dosage of 64 mg/kg. Groups 3 and 4 were given 100 and 400 mg/kg of MPEPG, respectively, while groups 5 and 6 were given MPEPG dosages of 100 and 400 mg/kg along with HAART, respectively, for 40 days. The rats were sacrificed under halothane anaesthesia, and the kidneys were removed for histological evaluation, while blood samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters. Results In the HAART (TLD) treated group, there was a significantly high amount of MDA and a lower level of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT. Biochemical analysis revealed that animals treated with HAART (TLD) had significantly higher levels of urea and creatinine, which are biomarkers of kidney damage than the normal control animals. In contrast, all the kidney function markers were returned to normal levels in the HAART-treated group after administration of methanol crude peel extract of P. granatum. The kidney tissues of animals given HAART had considerable structural damage as revealed by histopathological studies. When HAART-exposed rats were treated with MPEPG, both the biochemical and histological results significantly improved. Conclusion Methanol crude peel extract of P. granatum provided effective protection against kidney oxidative injury brought on by HAART because of its anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliah Kwizera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Kenneth Ssekatawa
- Department of Science, Technical and Vocational Education, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Africa Center Excellence in Materials Product Development and Nanotechnology (MAPRONANO ACE), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Maduabuchi Aja
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Conrad Ondieki Miruka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Allan Wandera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Jackie Rachael Mpumbya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Robert Siida
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Dayyabu Shehu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Tijjani Shinkafi Salihu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
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Konstantinidis I, Crothers K, Kunisaki KM, Drummond MB, Benfield T, Zar HJ, Huang L, Morris A. HIV-associated lung disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:39. [PMID: 37500684 PMCID: PMC11146142 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Lung disease encompasses acute, infectious processes and chronic, non-infectious processes such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and lung cancer. People living with HIV are at increased risk of both acute and chronic lung diseases. Although the use of effective antiretroviral therapy has diminished the burden of infectious lung disease, people living with HIV experience growing morbidity and mortality from chronic lung diseases. A key risk factor for HIV-associated lung disease is cigarette smoking, which is more prevalent in people living with HIV than in uninfected people. Other risk factors include older age, history of bacterial pneumonia, Pneumocystis pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and immunosuppression. Mechanistic investigations support roles for aberrant innate and adaptive immunity, local and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, altered lung and gut microbiota, and environmental exposures such as biomass fuel burning in the development of HIV-associated lung disease. Assessment, prevention and treatment strategies are largely extrapolated from data from HIV-uninfected people. Smoking cessation is essential. Data on the long-term consequences of HIV-associated lung disease are limited. Efforts to continue quantifying the effects of HIV infection on the lung, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, are essential to advance our knowledge and optimize respiratory care in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Konstantinidis
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristina Crothers
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ken M Kunisaki
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M Bradley Drummond
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laurence Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Widhani A, Yunihastuti E, Setiati S, Witjaksono F, Karjadi TH. Ramadan fasting reduces high-sensitivity C-reactive protein among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Front Nutr 2023; 9:964797. [PMID: 36687703 PMCID: PMC9852883 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.964797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory conditions and oxidative stress increase in HIV infection, and inflammation increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Ramadan fasting is known to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic patients. This study examined the effects of Ramadan fasting on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and total antioxidant status (TAOS) in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods This was a prospective cohort study comparing HIV-infected patients on stable ART who fasted throughout Ramadan to HIV-infected patients who did not fast during Ramadan. Inclusion criteria were men aged 20-40 years, taking first-line ART for at least 6 months, Muslims intent to fast for Ramadan, no current hospitalization because of acute conditions and not being treated for opportunistic infections. Results After 2 weeks, hs-CRP had decreased significantly in the fasting group (-0.41 mg/L [IQR = -1; 0.10]) compared to the non-fasting group (0.20 mg/L [IQR = -0.30; 1.50]) (p = 0.004). The linear regression analysis has shown that Ramadan fasting contributed to 10.10% of the variance in hs-CRP value (R 2 = 0.101) and decreased its value by 0.317 points (B = -0.317). Changes in TAOS did not significantly different (p = 0.405) between the fasting group (0.05 mmol/L [IQR = -0.03; 0.12]) and the non-fasting group (0.04 mmol/L [IQR = -0.13; 0.36]). In the fasting group, there were significant changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption (p = 0.029), body weight (p = 0.001), cigarette smoking (p = 0.001), and sleeping duration (p = 0.001). Conclusion Ramadan fasting reduces hs-CRP concentrations among HIV patients on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvina Widhani
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia,HIV Integrated Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia,*Correspondence: Alvina Widhani,
| | - Evy Yunihastuti
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia,HIV Integrated Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Siti Setiati
- Geriatric Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fiastuti Witjaksono
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Teguh H. Karjadi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia,HIV Integrated Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Cody SL, Miller GH, Fazeli PL, Wang G, Li W, Goodin BR, Vance DE. Preventing Neurocognitive Decline in Adults Aging with HIV: Implications for Practice and Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:753-768. [PMID: 37599532 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Mild to moderate forms of neurocognitive impairment persist among people living with HIV (PLWH), despite being virally suppressed on antiretroviral therapy. PLWH are disproportionally impacted by physiological and psychosocial comorbidities compared to those without HIV. As adults live longer with HIV, the neurocognitive burden of physiological and psychosocial stressors can impair everyday functioning and may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This article outlines neurocognitive consequences of everyday stressors in PLWH. While some lifestyle factors can exacerbate inflammatory processes and promote negative neurocognitive health, novel interventions including the use of cannabinoids may be neuroprotective for aging PLWH who are at risk for elevated levels of inflammation from comorbidities. Studies of integrated neurocognitive rehabilitation strategies targeting lifestyle factors are promising for improving neurocognitive health, and may over time, reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shameka L Cody
- Capstone College of Nursing, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Gabe H Miller
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pariya L Fazeli
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ge Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Burel R Goodin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David E Vance
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Sibiya T, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon A. The Potential of Spirulina platensis to Ameliorate the Adverse Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153076. [PMID: 35893930 PMCID: PMC9332774 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most prevalent diseases globally. It is estimated that 37.7 million people are infected with HIV globally, and 8.2 million persons are infected with the virus in South Africa. The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) involves combining various types of antiretroviral drugs that are dependent on the infected person’s viral load. HAART helps regulate the viral load and prevents its associated symptoms from progressing into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite its success in prolonging HIV-infected patients’ lifespans, the use of HAART promotes metabolic syndrome (MetS) through an inflammatory pathway, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, Spirulina platensis (SP), a blue-green microalgae commonly used as a traditional food by Mexican and African people, has been demonstrated to mitigate MetS by regulating oxidative and inflammatory pathways. SP is also a potent antioxidant that has been shown to exhibit immunological, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. This review is aimed at highlighting the biochemical mechanism of SP with a focus on studies linking SP to the inhibition of HIV, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Further, we propose SP as a potential supplement for HIV-infected persons on lifelong HAART.
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Jiménez-Osorio AS, Jaen-Vega S, Fernández-Martínez E, Ortíz-Rodríguez MA, Martínez-Salazar MF, Jiménez-Sánchez RC, Flores-Chávez OR, Ramírez-Moreno E, Arias-Rico J, Arteaga-García F, Estrada-Luna D. Antiretroviral Therapy-Induced Dysregulation of Gene Expression and Lipid Metabolism in HIV+ Patients: Beneficial Role of Antioxidant Phytochemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5592. [PMID: 35628408 PMCID: PMC9146859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has continued to be the subject of study since its discovery nearly 40 years ago. Significant advances in research and intake of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have slowed the progression and appearance of the disease symptoms and the incidence of concomitant diseases, which are the leading cause of death in HIV+ persons. However, the prolongation of ART is closely related to chronic degenerative diseases and pathologies caused by oxidative stress (OS) and alterations in lipid metabolism (increased cholesterol levels), both of which are conditions of ART. Therefore, recent research focuses on using natural therapies to diminish the effects of ART and HIV infection: regulating lipid metabolism and reducing OS status. The present review summarizes current information on OS and cholesterol metabolism in HIV+ persons and how the consumption of certain phytochemicals can modulate these. For this purpose, MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases were consulted to identify publications investigating HIV disease and natural therapies and their associated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Saraí Jiménez-Osorio
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
| | - Sinaí Jaen-Vega
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Farmacología, Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Calle Dr. Eliseo Ramírez Ulloa no. 400, Col. Doctores, Pachuca Hidalgo 42090, Mexico;
| | - María Araceli Ortíz-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Iztaccíhuatl 100 Col. Los Volcanes, Cuernavaca 62350, Mexico;
| | - María Fernanda Martínez-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001 Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico;
| | - Reyna Cristina Jiménez-Sánchez
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
| | - Olga Rocío Flores-Chávez
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico;
| | - José Arias-Rico
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
| | - Felipe Arteaga-García
- Coordinación de Enseñanza e Investigación, Hospital del Niño DIF Hidalgo, Carretera México-Pachuca km 82, Pachuca de Soto 42080, Mexico;
| | - Diego Estrada-Luna
- Área Académica de Enfermería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (A.S.J.-O.); (S.J.-V.); (R.C.J.-S.); (O.R.F.-C.); (J.A.-R.)
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Impaired differentiation of small airway basal stem/progenitor cells in people living with HIV. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2966. [PMID: 35194053 PMCID: PMC8864005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), higher incidence of airway abnormalities is common in the HIV population consistent with the concept of accelerated lung "aging". Our previous findings demonstrated that HIV induces human airway basal cells (BC) into destructive and inflammatory phenotypes. Since BC function as stem/progenitor cells of the small airway epithelium (SAE), responsible for self-renewal and differentiation of SAE, we hypothesized that BC from people living with HIV (PLWH) may have altered differentiation capacity that contribute to premature aging. The data demonstrates that BC from PLWH have impaired capacity to differentiate in vitro and senescent phenotypes including shortened telomeres, increased expression of β-galactosidase and cell cycle inhibitors, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In vitro studies demonstrated that BC senescence is partly due to adverse effects of HAART on BC. These findings provide an explanation for higher incidence of airway dysfunction and accelerated lung aging observed in PLWH.
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Daskou M, Mu W, Sharma M, Vasilopoulos H, Heymans R, Ritou E, Rezek V, Hamid P, Kossyvakis A, Sen Roy S, Grijalva V, Chattopadhyay A, Kitchen SG, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST, Kelesidis T. ApoA-I mimetics reduce systemic and gut inflammation in chronic treated HIV. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010160. [PMID: 34995311 PMCID: PMC8740974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to attenuate increased systemic and gut inflammation that contribute to morbidity and mortality in chronic HIV infection despite potent antiretroviral therapy (ART). The goal of this study is to use preclinical models of chronic treated HIV to determine whether the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory apoA-I mimetic peptides 6F and 4F attenuate systemic and gut inflammation in chronic HIV. We used two humanized murine models of HIV infection and gut explants from 10 uninfected and 10 HIV infected persons on potent ART, to determine the in vivo and ex vivo impact of apoA-I mimetics on systemic and intestinal inflammation in HIV. When compared to HIV infected humanized mice treated with ART alone, mice on oral apoA-I mimetic peptide 6F with ART had consistently reduced plasma and gut tissue cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and chemokines (CX3CL1) that are products of ADAM17 sheddase activity. Oral 6F attenuated gut protein levels of ADAM17 that were increased in HIV-1 infected mice on potent ART compared to uninfected mice. Adding oxidized lipoproteins and endotoxin (LPS) ex vivo to gut explants from HIV infected persons increased levels of ADAM17 in myeloid and intestinal cells, which increased TNF-α and CX3CL1. Both 4F and 6F attenuated these changes. Our preclinical data suggest that apoA-I mimetic peptides provide a novel therapeutic strategy that can target increased protein levels of ADAM17 and its sheddase activity that contribute to intestinal and systemic inflammation in treated HIV. The large repertoire of inflammatory mediators involved in ADAM17 sheddase activity places it as a pivotal orchestrator of several inflammatory pathways associated with morbidity in chronic treated HIV that make it an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daskou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William Mu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Madhav Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hariclea Vasilopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Heymans
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eleni Ritou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Valerie Rezek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Philip Hamid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Athanasios Kossyvakis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shubhendu Sen Roy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Victor Grijalva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arnab Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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12
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Liu A, Wei Q, Lin H, Ding Y, Sun YV, Zhao D, He J, Ma Z, Li F, Zhou S, Chen X, Shen W, Gao M, He N. Baseline Characteristics of Mitochondrial DNA and Mutations Associated With Short-Term Posttreatment CD4+T-Cell Recovery in Chinese People With HIV. Front Immunol 2022; 12:793375. [PMID: 34970271 PMCID: PMC8712318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) profiles and contributions of mtDNA variants to CD4+T-cell recovery in Euramerican people living with HIV (PLWH) may not be transferred to East-Asian PLWH, highlighting the need to consider more regional studies. We aimed to identify mtDNA characteristics and mutations that explain the variability of short-term CD4+T-cell recovery in East-Asian PLWH. Method Eight hundred fifty-six newly reported antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve Chinese PLWH from the Comparative HIV and Aging Research in Taizhou (CHART) cohort (Zhejiang Province, Eastern China) were enrolled. MtDNA was extracted from peripheral whole blood of those PLWH at HIV diagnosis, amplified, and sequenced using polymerase chain reaction and gene array. Characterization metrics such as mutational diversity and momentum were developed to delineate baseline mtDNA mutational patterns in ART-naïve PLWH. The associations between mtDNA genome-wide single nucleotide variants and CD4+T-cell recovery after short-term (within ~48 weeks) ART in 724 PLWH were examined using bootstrapping median regressions. Results Of 856 participants, 74.18% and 25.82% were male and female, respectively. The median age was 37 years; 94.51% were of the major Han ethnicity, and 69.04% and 28.62% were of the heterosexual and homosexual transmission, respectively. We identified 2,352 types of mtDNA mutations and mtDNA regions D-loop, ND5, CYB, or RNR1 with highest mutational diversity or volume. Female PLWH rather than male PLWH at the baseline showed remarkable age-related uptrends of momentum and mutational diversity as well as correlations between CD4+T <200 (cells/μl) and age-related uptrends of mutational diversity in many mtDNA regions. After adjustments of important sociodemographic and clinical variables, m.1005T>C, m.1824T>C, m.3394T>C, m.4491G>A, m.7828A>G, m.9814T>C, m.10586G>A, m.12338T>C, m.13708G>A, and m.14308T>C (at the Bonferroni-corrected significance) were negatively associated with short-term CD4+T-cell recovery whereas m.93A>G, m.15218A>G, and m.16399A>G were positively associated with short-term CD4+T-cell recovery. Conclusion Our baseline mtDNA characterization stresses the attention to East-Asian female PLWH at risk of CD4+T-cell loss-related aging and noncommunicable chronic diseases. Furthermore, mtDNA variants identified in regression analyses account for heterogeneity in short-term CD4+T-cell recovery of East-Asian PLWH. These results may help individualize the East-Asian immune recovery strategies under complicated HIV management caused by CD4+T-cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qian Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijiang Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | - Yingying Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghui Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feihu Li
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujuan Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Department of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Department of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | - Meiyang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, National Commission of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Buckley S, Byrnes S, Cochrane C, Roche M, Estes JD, Selemidis S, Angelovich TA, Churchill MJ. The role of oxidative stress in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100235. [PMID: 34589750 PMCID: PMC8474476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a leading cause of morbidity in up to 50% of individuals living with HIV, despite effective treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Current evidence suggests that chronic inflammation associated with HIV is especially attributed to the dysregulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to neurodegeneration and poor clinical outcomes. While ROS have beneficial effects in eliciting immune responses to infection, chronic ROS production causes damage to macromolecules such as DNA and lipids that has been linked to altered redox homeostasis associated with antioxidant dysregulation. As a result, this disruption in the balance between antioxidant-dependent mechanisms of ROS inactivation and ROS production by enzymes such as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family, as well as from the electron transport chain of the mitochondria can result in oxidative stress. This is particularly relevant to the brain, which is exquisitely susceptible to oxidative stress due to its inherently high lipid concentration and ROS levels that have been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases that have similar stages of pathogenesis to HAND. In this review, we discuss the possible role and mechanisms of ROS production leading to oxidative stress that underpin HAND pathogenesis even when HIV is suppressed by current gold-standard antiretroviral therapies. Furthermore, we highlight that pathological ROS can serve as biomarkers for HIV-dependent HAND, and how manipulation of oxidative stress and antioxidant-dependent pathways may facilitate novel strategies for HIV cure. Production of reactive oxygen species has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. ROS production contributes to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. ROS may be used as a biomarker for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Manipulation of antioxidant pathways may present novel HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buckley
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Byrnes
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Cochrane
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Centre, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A Angelovich
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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14
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Kobayashi T, Yasuno T, Takahashi K, Nakamura S, Mashino T, Ohe T. Novel pyridinium-type fullerene derivatives as multitargeting inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, HIV-1 protease, and HCV NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 49:128267. [PMID: 34271071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we newly synthesized four types of novel fullerene derivatives: pyridinium/ethyl ester-type derivatives 3b-3l, pyridinium/carboxylic acid-type derivatives 4a, 4e, 4f, pyridinium/amide-type derivative 5a, and pyridinium/2-morpholinone-type derivative 6a. Among the assessed compounds, cis-3c, cis-3d, trans-3e, trans-3h, cis-3l, cis-4e, cis-4f, trans-4f, and cis-5a were found to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT), HIV-1 protease (HIV-PR), and HCV NS5B polymerase (HCV NS5B), with IC50 values observed in the micromolar range. Cellular uptake of pyridinium/ethyl ester-type derivatives was higher than that of corresponding pyridinium/carboxylic acid-type derivatives and pyridinium/amide-type derivatives. This result might indicate that pyridinium/ethyl ester-type derivatives are expected to be lead compounds for multitargeting drugs to treat HIV/HCV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toi Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Yasuno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Mashino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Islam RK, Donnelly E, Islam KN. Circulating Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S) and Nitric Oxide (NO) Levels Are Significantly Reduced in HIV Patients Concomitant with Increased Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194460. [PMID: 34640478 PMCID: PMC8509794 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks the immune system and weakens the ability to fight infections/disease. Furthermore, HIV infection confers approximately two-fold higher risk of cardiac events compared with the general population. The pathological mechanisms responsible for the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in HIV patients are largely unknown. We hypothesized that increased oxidative stress and attenuated circulating levels of the cardioprotective gaseous signaling molecules, nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were involved in the cardiovascular pathobiology observed in HIV patients. Plasma samples from both HIV patients and age-matched normal subjects were used for all assays. Oxidative stress was determined by analyzing the levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and H2O2. Antioxidant levels were determined by measuring the levels of trolox equivalent capacity. ADMA, hs-CRP, and IL-6 were determined by using ELISA. The levels of H2S (free H2S and sulfane sulfur) and NO2 (nitrite) were determined in the plasma samples by using gas chromatography and HPLC, respectively. In the present study we observed a marked induction in the levels of oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant status in the plasma of HIV patients as compared with the controls. Circulating levels of the cardiovascular disease biomarkers: ADMA, hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), and IL-6 were significantly increased in the circulatory system of HIV patients. The levels of both nitrite and H2S/sulfane sulfur were significantly reduced in the plasma of HIV patients as compared with normal subjects. Our data demonstrate significant increases in circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress and cardiovascular (CV) in conjunction with decreased bioavailability of H2S and NO in HIV patients. Diminished levels of these two cardioprotective gaseous signaling molecules may be involved in the pathogenesis of CV disease in the setting of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahib K. Islam
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.K.I.); (E.D.)
| | - Erinn Donnelly
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.K.I.); (E.D.)
| | - Kazi N. Islam
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.K.I.); (E.D.)
- Agricultural Research Development Program, College of Engineering, Science, Technology and Agriculture, Central State University, 1400 Brush Row Road, Wilberforce, OH 45384, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Martinez Manfio V, Tasca KI, Garcia JL, de Oliveira Góis J, Correa CR, de Souza LDR. Redox imbalance is related to HIV and pregnancy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251619. [PMID: 34019550 PMCID: PMC8139510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox imbalance may compromise the homeostasis of physiological processes indispensable to gestational development in HIV-infected women. The present study aims to evaluate markers of the redox system in the development of pregnancy of these women. HIV-positive pregnant women, HIV-negative pregnant women and non-pregnant were studied. Redox markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), protein carbonylation and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed at first or second trimester, third trimester and postpartum from pregnant and from non-pregnant women. According to the longitudinal analysis model, CAT activity was increased in the postpartum in HIV-positive women and before delivery in HIV-negative women. Increased carbonylation was observed in the pre-delivery period of HIV-negative pregnant women and MDA concentrations were higher in HIV-positive pregnant women compared to those non-infected by HIV at all times. According to the factorial model, higher SOD and CAT activities were observed in HIV-positive women in the initial months of pregnancy and in non-pregnant women. Carbonylation at third trimester was more evident in HIV-negative pregnant women. MDA levels were higher in HIV-positive pregnant women. Increased oxidative stress may occur in HIV-infected pregnant women. Nevertheless, the HIV virus is not solely responsible for this process; instead, mechanisms inherent to the pregnancy seem to play a role in this imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Martinez Manfio
- Department of Tropical Diseases- São Paulo State University–UNESP/Botucatu-Brazil, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Ingrid Tasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology- São Paulo State University–UNESP/Botucatu-Brazil, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica Leite Garcia
- Department of Medical Clinics- São Paulo State University–UNESP/Botucatu-Brazil, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina de Oliveira Góis
- Department of Tropical Diseases- São Paulo State University–UNESP/Botucatu-Brazil, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Renata Correa
- Department of Medical Clinics- São Paulo State University–UNESP/Botucatu-Brazil, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lenice do Rosário de Souza
- Department of Tropical Diseases- São Paulo State University–UNESP/Botucatu-Brazil, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy detection of metabolite abnormalities in aged Tat-transgenic mouse brain. GeroScience 2021; 43:1851-1862. [PMID: 33818687 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most individuals living with HIV in the USA are over 45 years old and are vulnerable to the combined effects of HIV and aging. Antiretroviral therapies reduce HIV morbidity and mortality but do not prevent HIV trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein expression or development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), which may be caused by Tat. Tat-transgenic (Tat-tg) mice are used to study Tat's effects, typically after transgene induction with doxycycline. However, uninduced Tat-tg mice experience transgene leak and model aspects of HAND when aged, including neuroinflammation. We used in vivo 9.4-tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare neurochemistry in aged versus young female and male uninduced Tat-tg mice. Aged Tat-tg mice demonstrated measurable tat mRNA brain expression and had lower medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) GABA, glutamate, and taurine levels and lower striatal GABA and taurine levels. Females had lower MPFC glutathione and taurine and lower striatal taurine levels. Brain testosterone levels were negatively correlated with age in aged males but not females. Aged mice had cortical abnormalities not previously reported in aged wild-type mice including lower MPFC GABA and taurine levels. As glutathione and taurine levels reflect inflammation and oxidative stress, our data suggest that Tat may exacerbate these processes in aged Tat-tg mice. However, additional studies in controls not expressing Tat are needed to confirm this point and to deconvolve individual effects of age and Tat expression. Sex steroid hormone supplements, which counter climacteric effects, increase taurine levels, and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, could attenuate some of the brain abnormalities we identified in aged Tat-tg mice.
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18
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Kaluba L, Goma F, Guure C, Munsaka S, Mutale W, Heimburger DC, Chikopela T, Koethe JR. Immune activation and arterial stiffness in lean adults with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. South Afr J HIV Med 2021; 22:1190. [PMID: 33824734 PMCID: PMC8008040 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Greater T-cell activation was associated with reduced vascular compliance amongst persons living with HIV (PLWH) especially among overweight and obese individuals. There is a paucity of data regarding immune activation and arterial stiffness amongst PLWH in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Objective To determine the association between immune activation and arterial stiffness in lean PLWH in SSA. Method Forty-eight human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+) adults on antiretroviral therapy (ART) >5 years and 26 HIV-negative adults, all with BMI < 25 kg/m2 and no history of CVD, were enrolled. The relationship of vascular compliance with circulating CD4+ and CD8+ naïve, memory, activated and senescent T cells, and serum 8-isoprostane was assessed by HIV status. Results Increased immune activation was observed in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of PLWH, 16.7% vs. 8.9% and 22.0% vs. 12.4% respectively; p < 0.001 (both). Furthermore, a higher proportion of senescent CD4+ T cells were associated with a lower carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV; p = 0.01), whilst a higher proportion of activated CD8+ T cells were associated with a lower carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (crPWV; p = 0.04), after adjustment for BMI and age. However, PLWH also had a higher median carotid-femoral augmentation index (cfAiX) (21.1% vs. 6.0%; p < 0.05) in comparison to their HIV controls. Conclusion Our population of lean PLWH had increased immune activation and higher cfAiX, a marker of arterial stiffness, compared to HIV-negative persons. The negative association between immune activation and arterial stiffness as measured by crPWV in PLHW on long-term treatment needs further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longa Kaluba
- School of Medicine, Cavendish University Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Fastone Goma
- Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chris Guure
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Sody Munsaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Wilbroad Mutale
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Douglas C Heimburger
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Theresa Chikopela
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lusaka Apex University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John R Koethe
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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19
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Strumillo ST, Kartavykh D, de Carvalho FF, Cruz NC, de Souza Teodoro AC, Sobhie Diaz R, Curcio MF. Host-virus interaction and viral evasion. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1124-1147. [PMID: 33533523 PMCID: PMC8014853 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With each infectious pandemic or outbreak, the medical community feels the need to revisit basic concepts of immunology to understand and overcome the difficult times brought about by these infections. Regarding viruses, they have historically been responsible for many deaths, and such a peculiarity occurs because they are known to be obligate intracellular parasites that depend upon the host's cell machinery for their replication. Successful infection with the production of essential viral components requires constant viral evolution as a strategy to manipulate the cellular environment, including host internal factors, the host's nonspecific and adaptive immune responses to viruses, the metabolic and energetic state of the infected cell, and changes in the intracellular redox environment during the viral infection cycle. Based on this knowledge, it is fundamental to develop new therapeutic strategies for controlling viral dissemination, by means of antiviral therapies, vaccines, or antioxidants, or by targeting the inhibition or activation of cell signaling pathways or metabolic pathways that are altered during infection. The rapid recovery of altered cellular homeostasis during viral infection is still a major challenge. Here, we review the strategies by which viruses evade the host's immune response and potential tools used to develop more specific antiviral therapies to cure, control, or prevent viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scheilla T Strumillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis Kartavykh
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio F de Carvalho
- Departament of Educational Development, Getulio Vargas Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolly C Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C de Souza Teodoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Sobhie Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marli F Curcio
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Schank M, Zhao J, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. The Impact of HIV- and ART-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Senescence and Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010174. [PMID: 33467074 PMCID: PMC7830696 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, 38 million individuals were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 25.4 million of which were using antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the end of 2019. Despite ART-mediated suppression of viral replication, ART is not a cure and is associated with viral persistence, residual inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Indeed, due to the presence of viral reservoirs, lifelong ART therapy is required to control viremia and prevent disease progression into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Successful ART treatment allows people living with HIV (PLHIV) to achieve a similar life expectancy to uninfected individuals. However, recent studies have illustrated the presence of increased comorbidities, such as accelerated, premature immune aging, in ART-controlled PLHIV compared to uninfected individuals. Studies suggest that both HIV-infection and ART-treatment lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in cellular exhaustion, senescence, and apoptosis. Since mitochondria are essential cellular organelles for energy homeostasis and cellular metabolism, their compromise leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ATP synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and beta-oxidation, abnormal cell homeostasis, increased oxidative stress, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations and cellular apoptosis. The progressive mitochondrial damage induced by HIV-infection and ART-treatment likely contributes to accelerated aging, senescence, and cellular dysfunction in PLHIV. This review discusses the connections between mitochondrial compromise and cellular dysfunction associated with HIV- and ART-induced toxicities, providing new insights into how HIV and current ART directly impact mitochondrial functions and contribute to cellular senescence and aging in PLHIV. Identifying this nexus and potential mechanisms may be beneficial in developing improved therapeutics for treating PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +423-439-8063; Fax: +423-439-7010
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Tripathi A, Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Periyasamy P, Burkovetskaya ME, Niu F, Guo ML, Buch S. N-Acetylcysteine Reverses Antiretroviral-Mediated Microglial Activation by Attenuating Autophagy-Lysosomal Dysfunction. Front Neurol 2020; 11:840. [PMID: 33013619 PMCID: PMC7498983 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful suppression of viral replication by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-1 infected individuals is paradoxically also accompanied by an increased prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in these individuals. HAND is characterized by a state of chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. Microglia are extremely sensitive to a plethora of stimuli, including viral proteins and cART. The current study aimed to assess the effects of cART-mediated oxidative stress on the induction of inflammatory responses in microglia. In the present study, we chose a combination of three commonly used antiretroviral drugs—tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir. We demonstrated that exposure of microglia to the chosen cART cocktail induced generation of reactive oxygen species, subsequently leading to lysosomal dysfunction and dysregulated autophagy, ultimately resulting in the activation of microglia. Intriguingly, the potent antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, reversed the damaging effects of cART. These in vitro findings were further corroborated in vivo wherein cART-treated HIV transgenic (Tg) rats demonstrated increased microglial activation, exaggerated lysosome impairment, and dysregulated autophagy in the prefrontal cortices compared with HIV Tg rats not exposed to cART. Similar to in vitro findings, the treatment of HIV Tg rats with N-acetylcysteine also mitigated the deleterious effects of cART. Taken together, our findings suggest that oxidative stress-mediated lysosomal dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HAND in drug-treated HIV-infected individuals and that antioxidant-mediated mitigation of oxidative stress could thus be considered as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy for ameliorating/dampening some of the neurological complications of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Maria E Burkovetskaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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22
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Effect of the anti-retroviral drug, rilpivirine, on human subcutaneous adipose cells and its nutritional management using quercetin. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 471:1-13. [PMID: 32533464 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rilpivirine, a recently developed drug of choice for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection, can greatly reduce HIV-related inflammation, but in turn, may be associated with adverse secondary effects, including disturbances in lipid metabolism and ultimately in adipose tissue distribution and function. In recent years, research findings on the benefits of anti-oxidant foods and supplements have been employed in counter-acting both oxidative stress as well as inflammation in order to reduce the adverse side effects of anti-retroviral therapy. One such natural flavonoid which possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties is quercetin. This study investigated the effect of quercetin in overcoming the side effects incurred due to rilpivirine administration. The results show substantial reduction in the accumulation of triglyceride levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner for adipose cells treated with either rilpivirine or quercetin alone and in combination, as evidenced by morphological pictures and quantitative measurement of triglycerides throughout the differentiation process. Levels of inflammatory markers such as resistin and IL-8 were increased as compared to the untreated cells. No significant changes in leptin were observed on treatment of adipose cells with rilpivirine alone and its levels were almost comparable to control. Levels of oxidative markers like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione were also decreased. Treatment with quercetin showed a decrease in the inflammatory status and an increase in the oxidative status of adipose cells, thereby exhibiting its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. However, further assessment of lipid metabolism and adipose tissue function in patients administered with rilpivirine-based regimes is advisable considering that totally neutral effects of rilpivirine on lipid homeostasis cannot be anticipated from the current study in vitro. It is concluded that rilpivirine causes an anti-adipogenic and pro-inflammatory response pattern but only at high concentrations, whereas quercetin has been observed to decrease inflammation and restore the levels of anti-oxidant enzymes.
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23
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Cribbs SK, Crothers K, Morris A. Pathogenesis of HIV-Related Lung Disease: Immunity, Infection, and Inflammation. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:603-632. [PMID: 31600121 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-related pulmonary disease continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality for people living with HIV (PLWH). The spectrum of lung diseases has changed from acute opportunistic infections resulting in death to chronic lung diseases for those with access to ART. Chronic immune activation and suppression can result in impairment of innate immunity and progressive loss of T cell and B cell functionality with aberrant cytokine and chemokine responses systemically as well as in the lung. HIV can be detected in the lungs of PLWH and has profound effects on cellular immune functions. In addition, HIV-related lung injury and disease can occur secondary to a number of mechanisms including altered pulmonary and systemic inflammatory pathways, viral persistence in the lung, oxidative stress with additive effects of smoke exposure, microbial translocation, and alterations in the lung and gut microbiome. Although ART has had profound effects on systemic viral suppression in HIV, the impact of ART on lung immunology still needs to be fully elucidated. Understanding of the mechanisms by which HIV-related lung diseases continue to occur is critical to the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies to improve lung health in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma K Cribbs
- Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristina Crothers
- Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison Morris
- Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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24
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ZIZZA A, GRIMA P, ANDREASSI M, TUMOLO M, BORGHINI A, DE DONNO A, NEGRO P, GUIDO M. HIV infection and frequency of micronucleus in human peripheral blood cells. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2019; 60:E191-E196. [PMID: 31650053 PMCID: PMC6797881 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.3.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose People living with HIV have higher rates of malignancies than the general population in the era of active antiretroviral therapy (ART). Genotoxic effects of HIV infection and/or ART that can induce neoplastic development are not yet well known. A prospective cohort study to investigate DNA damage measured through the micronuclei (MN) frequency in HIV-patients has been performed. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from 52 HIV-patients treated with ART and 55 healthy controls. Results By the comparison of MN frequency, a significant difference between HIV-patients (15.5 ± 9.8) and controls (6.0 ± 3.6) (p < 0.001) has been revealed. In univariate linear regression analysis, HCV infection (r = 0.31; p < 0.001), HIV-RNA (r = 0.29; p < 0.03) and duration of infection (r = – 0.16; p < 0.25) were associated with MN frequency; while only viral load (VL) significantly correlates (r = 0.29; p < 0.05) in a multiple regression model. Conclusions The association of VL with MN frequency supports a genotoxic effect of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. ZIZZA
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: Antonella Zizza, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy - Tel. +39 0832 422306 - Fax +39 0832 422340 -
| | - P. GRIMA
- Infectious Diseases Operative Unit, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - M.G. ANDREASSI
- Genetics Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - M.R. TUMOLO
- Institute for Research on Population and Social Policies, National Research Council, Brindisi, Italy
| | - A. BORGHINI
- Genetics Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - A. DE DONNO
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Inter-University Centre of Research on Influenza and other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
| | - P. NEGRO
- Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - M. GUIDO
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Inter-University Centre of Research on Influenza and other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
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25
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Curcio MF, Batista WL, Castro ED, Strumillo ST, Ogata FT, Alkmim W, Brunialti MKC, Salomão R, Turcato G, Diaz RS, Monteiro HP, Janini LMR. Nitric oxide stimulates a PKC-Src-Akt signaling axis which increases human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human T lymphocytes. Nitric Oxide 2019; 93:78-89. [PMID: 31539562 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are typically accompanied by high levels of secreted inflammatory cytokines and generation of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To elucidate how HIV-1 alters the cellular redox environment during viral replication, we used human HIV-1 infected CD4+T lymphocytes and uninfected cells as controls. ROS and nitric oxide (NO) generation, antioxidant enzyme activity, protein phosphorylation, and viral and proviral loads were measured at different times (2-36 h post-infection) in the presence and absence of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP). HIV-1 infection increased ROS generation and decreased intracellular NO content. Upon infection, we observed increases in copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and a marked decrease in glutathione (GSH) concentration. Exposure of HIV-1 infected CD4+T lymphocytes to SNAP resulted in an increasingly oxidizing intracellular environment, associated with tyrosine nitration and SOD1 inhibition. In addition, SNAP treatment promoted phosphorylation and activation of the host's signaling proteins, PKC, Src kinase and Akt. Inhibition of PKC leads to inhibition of Src kinase strongly suggesting that PKC is the upstream element in this signaling cascade. Changes in the intracellular redox environment after SNAP treatment had an effect on HIV-1 replication as reflected by increases in proviral and viral loads. In the absence or presence of SNAP, we observed a decrease in viral load in infected CD4+T lymphocytes pre-incubated with the PKC inhibitor GF109203X. In conclusion, oxidative/nitrosative stress conditions derived from exposure of HIV-1-infected CD4+T lymphocytes to an exogenous NO source trigger a signaling cascade involving PKC, Src kinase and Akt. Activation of this signaling cascade appears to be critical to the establishment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marli F Curcio
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Wagner L Batista
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Eloísa D Castro
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, CTCMol, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Scheilla T Strumillo
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, CTCMol, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando T Ogata
- Structural and Functional Ecology of Ecosystems, Universidade Paulista, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Wagner Alkmim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena K C Brunialti
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Salomão
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Turcato
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Diaz
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo P Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, CTCMol, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Mário R Janini
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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DNA polymerase-γ hypothesis in nucleoside reverse transcriptase-induced mitochondrial toxicity revisited: A potentially protective role for citrus fruit-derived naringenin? Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 852:159-166. [PMID: 30876974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) form the backbone in combination antiretroviral therapy (cARVs). They halt chain elongation of the viral cDNA by acting as false substrates in counterfeit incorporation mechanism to viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. In the process genomic DNA polymerase as well as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase-γ (which has a much higher affinity for these drugs at therapeutic doses) are also impaired. This leads to mitochondrial toxicity that manifests clinically as mitochondrial myopathy, peripheral neuropathy, hyperlactatemia or lactic acidosis and lipoatrophy. This has led to the revision of clinical guidelines by World Health Organization to remove stavudine from first-line listing in the treatment of HIV infections. Recent reports have implicated oxidative stress besides mtDNA polymerase-γ hypothesis in NRTI-induced metabolic complications. Reduced plasma antioxidant concentrations have been reported in HIV positive patients on cARVs but clinical intervention with antioxidant supplements have not been successful either due to low efficacy or poor experimental designs. Citrus fruit-derived naringenin has previously been demonstrated to possess antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties which could prevent mitochondrial toxicity associated with these drugs. This review revisits the controversy surrounding mtDNA polymerase-γ hypothesis and evaluates the potential benefits of naringenin as a potent anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger which as a nutritional supplement or therapeutic adjunct could mitigate the development of mitochondrial toxicity associated with these drugs.
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27
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Zhao RZ, Jiang S, Zhang L, Yu ZB. Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling (Review). Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:3-15. [PMID: 31115493 PMCID: PMC6559295 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) includes complexes I-IV, as well as the electron transporters ubiquinone and cytochrome c. There are two electron transport pathways in the ETC: Complex I/III/IV, with NADH as the substrate and complex II/III/IV, with succinic acid as the substrate. The electron flow is coupled with the generation of a proton gradient across the inner membrane and the energy accumulated in the proton gradient is used by complex V (ATP synthase) to produce ATP. The first part of this review briefly introduces the structure and function of complexes I-IV and ATP synthase, including the specific electron transfer process in each complex. Some electrons are directly transferred to O2 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ETC. The second part of this review discusses the sites of ROS generation in each ETC complex, including sites IF and IQ in complex I, site IIF in complex II and site IIIQo in complex III, and the physiological and pathological regulation of ROS. As signaling molecules, ROS play an important role in cell proliferation, hypoxia adaptation and cell fate determination, but excessive ROS can cause irreversible cell damage and even cell death. The occurrence and development of a number of diseases are closely related to ROS overproduction. Finally, proton leak and uncoupling proteins (UCPS) are discussed. Proton leak consists of basal proton leak and induced proton leak. Induced proton leak is precisely regulated and induced by UCPs. A total of five UCPs (UCP1-5) have been identified in mammalian cells. UCP1 mainly plays a role in the maintenance of body temperature in a cold environment through non-shivering thermogenesis. The core role of UCP2-5 is to reduce oxidative stress under certain conditions, therefore exerting cytoprotective effects. All diseases involving oxidative stress are associated with UCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Zhou Zhao
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Bin Yu
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Oliveira VHF, Rosa FT, Wiechmann S, Narciso AMS, Webel AR, Franzói de Moraes SM, Deminice R. Homocysteine-lowering exercise effect is greater in hyperhomocysteinemic people living with HIV: a randomized clinical trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1165-1171. [PMID: 30861351 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated concentration of homocysteine has been identified as an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and is frequently associated with oxidative stress. Moreover, studies have shown that people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) present elevated concentration of homocysteine and oxidative stress compared with people without HIV. Our purpose was to describe blood homocysteine and oxidative stress markers in PLHIV and those without HIV infection, and to examine the effects of a 16-week combined training exercise program (CTE) on oxidative stress and homocysteine concentrations of PLHIV. We included 49 PLHIV (21 men, 28 women) and 33 people without HIV infection (13 men, 20 women). After baseline evaluations, 30 PLHIV were randomized to either CTE (trained group, n = 18) or the control group (n = 12); CTE consisted of aerobic and strength exercise sessions during 16 weeks, 3 times a week. Plasma homocysteine, oxidative damage markers, folate, and vitamin B12 were assessed pre- and post-training and by hyperhomocysteinemia (homocysteine ≥ 15 μmol/L) status. At baseline, PLHIV had higher levels of homocysteine and malondialdehyde, as well as reduced circulating folate when compared with people without HIV infection. CTE resulted in a 32% reduction (p < 0.05) in homocysteine concentration and a reduction in lipid hydroperoxide in PLHIV with hyperhomocysteinemia, which was not observed in those without hyperhomocysteinemia. Hyperhomocysteinemic participants experienced a 5.6 ± 3.2 μmol/L reduction in homocysteine after CTE. In summary, 16 weeks of CTE was able to decrease elevated homocysteine concentration and enhance redox balance of PLHIV with hyperhomocysteinemia, which could improve their cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H F Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR 86057-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Troncon Rosa
- Department of Nutrition, Filadélfia University, Londrina, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Susana Wiechmann
- University Hospital, Institute of Health Science, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR 86057-900, Brazil
| | | | - Allison R Webel
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7343, USA
| | | | - Rafael Deminice
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR 86057-900, Brazil
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Anderson SM, Naidoo RN, Pillay Y, Tiloke C, Muttoo S, Asharam K, Chuturgoon AA. HIV induced nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation, influences neonatal birthweight in a South African population. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1-12. [PMID: 30170231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
HIV has been implicated in adverse birth outcomes, due to increased oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, HIV has been reported to increase nitric oxide levels. Therefore the combined exposures to HIV and traffic-related air pollution, within South Durban, South Africa (SA), may lead to adverse birth outcomes. However, the exact mechanism is still unknown; this study aimed to identify a potential mechanism. First, the influence of HIV on oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in pregnant women was assessed. Secondly, the effect of these stress makers and exposure to oxides of nitrogen (NOx) on neonatal birthweight (BW) was evaluated. Finally, the effect HIV and traffic-related pollution exposure has on the oxidative and endoplasmic profile and epigenetic regulation of Nrf2-Keap1 pathway by miR-144 and miR-28 in pregnant women was determined. Women, in their third trimester with singleton pregnancies, who were HIV+ and HIV-, were recruited from Durban, SA. Biomarker levels of serum nitrites/nitrates (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were analysed and mRNA expression levels of oxidative and endoplasmic stress response genes were assessed. Land regression modelling was performed to determine NOx exposure levels. HIV exposure during pregnancy was associated with increased NO levels. NO was shown to reduce neonatal BW. NO and MDA was found to reciprocally increase each other, with HIV differentially influencing MDA's effect on BW. HIV down-regulated miR-144 which was negatively associated with Nrf2, suggesting a potential mechanism for HIV associated chronic oxidative stress. This study proposes that NO plays a key role in neonatal BW reduction in response to HIV and traffic-related air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Anderson
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Rajen N Naidoo
- Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Yashodani Pillay
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Charlette Tiloke
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Sheena Muttoo
- Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Kareshma Asharam
- Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
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Musisi E, Matovu DK, Bukenya A, Kaswabuli S, Zawedde J, Andama A, Byanyima P, Sanyu I, Sessolo A, Seremba E, Davis JL, Worodria W, Huang L, Walter ND, Mayanja-Kizza H. Effect of anti-retroviral therapy on oxidative stress in hospitalized HIV-infected adults with and without TB. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:512-522. [PMID: 30602982 PMCID: PMC6306996 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV infection and opportunistic infections cause oxidative stress (OS), which is associated with tissue damage. Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is used to treat HIV and decrease the risk of opportunistic infections, but it is unclear whether ART reduces OS. Association of ART with OS was investigated. Methods We stratified a convenience sample of frozen serum or plasma from HIV-infected, ART-naïve (n=21); HIV-infected, ART-treated (n=14); HIV and PTB co-infected, ART-naïve (n=21); HIV and PTB co-infected, ART-treated (n=25) patients. Controls (n=21) were HIV-negative adults without TB symptoms. Concentration of OS markers namely: transaminases (ALT and AST), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), albumin, total protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin C, and total anti-oxidant status (TAS) were determined. Results AST (p<0.001), GGT (p<0.001), total protein (p=0.001) and MDA (p<0.001) were higher in HIV patients compared to controls. Vitamin C (P<0.0001) and albumin (p<0.01) were lower in HIV-patients relative to controls. ART was only associated with higher albumin (p=0.001), higher GGT (p=0.02) and lower vitamin C (p=0.009). HIV and PTB co-infection was only significantly associated with higher GGT (p=0.01) and AST (p=0.03). Conclusion We identified severe OS among HIV-patients. ART was associated with both increased and reduced markers of OS hence suggesting that ART may not attenuate OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Musisi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road PO Box 7475, Kampala Uganda
- College of Natural Science Department of Biochemistry and Sports Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis Kasozi Matovu
- College of Natural Science Department of Biochemistry and Sports Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Bukenya
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Makerere University, PO Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvia Kaswabuli
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road PO Box 7475, Kampala Uganda
| | - Josephine Zawedde
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road PO Box 7475, Kampala Uganda
| | - Alfred Andama
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road PO Box 7475, Kampala Uganda
| | - Patrick Byanyima
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road PO Box 7475, Kampala Uganda
| | - Ingvar Sanyu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road PO Box 7475, Kampala Uganda
| | - Abdul Sessolo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road PO Box 7475, Kampala Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Seremba
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Makerere University PO Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - William Worodria
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road PO Box 7475, Kampala Uganda
| | - Laurence Huang
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road PO Box 7475, Kampala Uganda
- HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas D Walter
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road PO Box 7475, Kampala Uganda
- Pulmonary Section, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, USA
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Makerere University PO Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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Williams AA, Sitole LJ, Meyer D. HIV/HAART-associated oxidative stress is detectable by metabonomics. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:2202-2217. [PMID: 28920117 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, separately and in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is closely associated with oxidative stress (OS). Most studies demonstrating redox imbalances in HIV-infected individuals have done so using conventional biochemical methodologies. The limited simultaneous detection of multiple OS markers within one sample is a major drawback of these methodologies and can be addressed through the use of metabonomics. HIV-metabonomic studies utilizing biofluids from HAART cohorts as the investigative source, are on the increase. Data from many of these studies identified metabolic markers indicative of HIV-induced OS, usually as an outcome of an untargeted metabonomics study. Untargeted studies cast a wide net for any and all detectable metabolites in complex mixtures. Given the prevalence of OS during HIV infection and antiviral treatment, it is perhaps not surprising that indicators of this malady would become evident during metabolite identification. At times, targeted studies for specific (non-OS) metabolites would also yield OS markers as an outcome. This review examines the findings of these studies by first providing the necessary background information on OS and the main ways in which free radicals/reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during OS, cause biomolecular damage. This is followed by information on the biomarkers which come about as a result of free radical damage and the techniques used for assaying these stress indicators. The established links between elevated ROS and lowered antioxidants during HIV infection and the subsequent use of HAART is then presented followed by a review of the OS markers detected in HIV metabonomic studies to date. We identify gaps in HIV/HAART-associated OS research and finally suggest how these research gaps can be addressed through metabonomic analysis, specifically targeting the multiple markers of HIV-induced OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia A Williams
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
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Kolgiri V, Nagar V, Patil V. Association of serum total bilirubin and plasma 8-OHdG in HIV/AIDS patients. Interv Med Appl Sci 2018; 10:76-82. [PMID: 30363337 PMCID: PMC6167622 DOI: 10.1556/1646.10.2018.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major contributor in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR) and DNA damage in HIV/AIDS patients. Bilirubin has been shown to have antioxidant effects. In this case-control study, 600 subjects were included. We determined serum total bilirubin and IR in all subjects. We measured 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine with 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. IR and oxidative DNA damage were significantly higher in HIV-positive patients with second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) and first-line ART than ART-naive patients. However, average serum total bilirubin was higher in ART-naive patients than the HIV-positive patients with second-line ART and first-line ART. In a logistic regression analysis, serum total bilirubin was negatively associated with the IR [odds ratio (OR): 0.0127, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.023–0.070, p = 0.0000] and DNA damage (OR: 0.525, 95% CI: 0.351–0.783, p = 0.0016). We found that prevalence of IR and DNA damage was less in ART-naive patients compared with ART first-line and ART second-line HIV-positive patients. Larger studies are warranted to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in the negative association of serum bilirubin and DNA damage in ART naive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kolgiri
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Grant Government Medical College, Sir J J Groups of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidya Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Grant Government Medical College, Sir J J Groups of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinayak Patil
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Grant Government Medical College, Sir J J Groups of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
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Li X, Wu T, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Han X, Geng W, Ding H, Kang J, Wang Q, Shang H. Plasma metabolic changes in Chinese HIV-infected patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir based treatment: Implications for HIV precision therapy. Cytokine 2018; 110:204-212. [PMID: 29778008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study is to profile the metabolic changes in the plasma of HIV patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) relative to their treatment-naïve phase, aimed to identify precision therapy for HIV for improving prognosis and predicting dyslipidemia caused by LPV/r. METHODS 38 longitudinal plasma samples were collected from 19 HIV-infected patients both before and after antiretroviral therapy, and 18 samples from healthy individuals were used as controls. Untargeted metabolomics profiling of these plasma samples was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS A total of 331 compounds of known identity were detected among these metabolites, a 67-metabolite signature mainly mapping to tryptophan, histidine, acyl carnitine, ketone bodies and fatty acid metabolism distinguished HIV patients from healthy controls. The levels of 19 out of the 67 altered metabolites including histidine, kynurenine, and 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), recovered after LPV/r-based antiretroviral therapy, and histidine was positively correlated with the presence of CD4 + T lymphocytes. Furthermore, using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, we discovered that butyrylcarnitine in combination with myristic acid from plasma in treatment-naïve patients could predict dyslipidemia caused by LPV/r with 87% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Metabolites alterations in treatment-naïve HIV patients may indicate an inflammatory, oxidative state and mitochondrial dysfunction that is permissive for disease progression. Histidine may provide a specific protective function for HIV patients. Besides, elevated fatty acids levels including butyrylcarnitine and myristic acid after infection may indicate patients at risk of suffering from dyslipidemia after LPV/r-based HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Tong Wu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenqing Geng
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Kang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Viral, Serological, and Antioxidant Investigations of Equine Rhinitis A Virus in Serum and Nasal Swabs of Commercially Used Horses in Poland. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8719281. [PMID: 29850583 PMCID: PMC5937552 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8719281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) is considered to be an important pathogen in horses, but relatively few studies are available. Aims The purpose of this study was to verify ERAV seroprevalence in selected horses in Poland, in addition to correlation between ERAV and age and sex of analysed animals and the antioxidant status. Methods The material collected from clinically healthy horses was tested using the VNT (353 serum samples) and virus isolation method (44 nasal swabs). 27 serum samples with antibody titers between 0 and ≥1 : 2048 were chosen for further analysis. The study was conducted in group 1 (ERAV titer ≤ 64) and group 2 (ERAV titer > 64). Results Seroneutralisation tests showed positive results in 72% of serum samples. No significant correlation between ERAV seropositive results and selected biochemical indicators was observed. Group 2 had statistically higher concentrations of SOD and CuZnSOD than the analysed group 1. Conclusions ERAV was not detected in the nasal swab samples. Antioxidant parameters did not significantly vary between horses of different breed, sex, or age. The ERAV virus had an impact on plasma total SOD and Cu/Zn SOD activity in horses in early stages of convalescence.
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Asymptomatic HIV People Present Different Profiles of sCD14, sRAGE, DNA Damage, and Vitamins, according to the Use of cART and CD4 + T Cell Restoration. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7531718. [PMID: 29992171 PMCID: PMC5914107 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7531718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze markers of immune activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress in 92 asymptomatic HIV-infected patients according to the adequate (AR, >500 cells/mm3) or inadequate (IR, <500 cells/mm3) CD4+ T recovery and the presence or absence of antiretroviral treatment (cART). In relation to those newly diagnosed, they were divided into two groups, cART-naïve IR (nIR) and cART-naïve AR (nAR). Among those diagnosed more than five years ago, the following division was made: the cART-naïve long-term nonprogressors (LTNP); patient under cART and AR (tAR); and patients under cART and IR (tIR). We investigated the expression of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), high-mobility group-box protein −1 (HMGB1), soluble CD14 (sCD14), IL-8, IL-10, 8-isoprostane, vitamins, and DNA damage. We observed higher levels of sRAGE in tAR as compared to nIR, nAR, LTNP, and more sCD14 than in nIR and nAR. As for IL-10 levels, we found nIR > nAR > LTNP > tAR > tIR. Higher levels of 8-isoprostane were observed in nIR. LTNP presented a higher retinol dosage than tAR and less genotoxic damage induced by oxidative stress than the other groups. We suggest that the therapy, despite being related to lesser immune activation and inflammation, alters the vitamin profile and consequently increases the oxidative stress of patients. In addition, the lowest genotoxic index for LTNP indicates that both VL and cART could be responsible for the increased DNA damage. More studies are needed to understand the influence of cART on persistent immune activation and inflammation.
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Thangavel S, Mulet CT, Atluri VSR, Agudelo M, Rosenberg R, Devieux JG, Nair MPN. Oxidative Stress in HIV Infection and Alcohol Use: Role of Redox Signals in Modulation of Lipid Rafts and ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:324-337. [PMID: 29132227 PMCID: PMC5743035 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection induces oxidative stress and alcohol use accelerates disease progression, subsequently causing immune dysfunction. However, HIV and alcohol impact on lipid rafts-mediated immune dysfunction remains unknown. In this study, we investigate the modulation by which oxidative stress induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) affecting redox expression, lipid rafts caveiloin-1, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and transcriptional sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) gene and protein modification and how these mechanisms are associated with arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites in HIV positive alcohol users, and how they escalate immune dysfunction. RESULTS In both alcohol using HIV-positive human subjects and in vitro studies of alcohol with HIV-1 gp120 protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, increased ROS production significantly affected redox expression in glutathione synthetase (GSS), super oxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and subsequently impacted lipid rafts Cav-1, ABC transporters ABCA1, ABCG1, ABCB1, and ABCG4, and SREBP transcription. The increased level of rate-limiting enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), subsequently, inhibited 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR-7). Moreover, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase-5 (5-LOX) mRNA and protein modification tentatively increased the levels of prostaglandin E2 synthases (PGE2) in plasma when compared with either HIV or alcohol alone. INNOVATION This article suggests for the first time that the redox inhibition affects lipid rafts, ABC-transporter, and SREBP transcription and modulates AA metabolites, serving as an important intermediate signaling network during immune cell dysfunction in HIV-positive alcohol users. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that HIV infection induces oxidative stress and redox inhibition, affecting lipid rafts and ABC transports, subsequently upregulating AA metabolites and leading to immune toxicity, and further exacerbation with alcohol use. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 324-337.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samikkannu Thangavel
- 1 Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, Florida
| | - Carmen T Mulet
- 1 Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, Florida
| | - Venkata S R Atluri
- 1 Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, Florida
| | - Marisela Agudelo
- 1 Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, Florida
| | - Rhonda Rosenberg
- 2 Department of Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel School of Public Health, Florida International University , Miami, Florida
| | - Jessy G Devieux
- 2 Department of Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel School of Public Health, Florida International University , Miami, Florida
| | - Madhavan P N Nair
- 1 Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, Florida
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Smith RL, Tan JME, Jonker MJ, Jongejan A, Buissink T, Veldhuijzen S, van Kampen AHC, Brul S, van der Spek H. Beyond the polymerase-γ theory: Production of ROS as a mode of NRTI-induced mitochondrial toxicity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187424. [PMID: 29095935 PMCID: PMC5667870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of some HIV-1 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) is associated with severe adverse events. However, the exact mechanisms behind their toxicity has not been fully understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction after chronic exposure to specific NRTIs has predominantly been assigned to mitochondrial polymerase-γ inhibition by NRTIs. However, an increasing amount of data suggests that this is not the sole mechanism. Many NRTI induced adverse events have been linked to the incurrence of oxidative stress, although the causality of events leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and their role in toxicity is unclear. In this study we show that short-term effects of first generation NRTIs, which are rarely discussed in the literature, include inhibition of oxygen consumption, decreased ATP levels and increased ROS production. Collectively these events affect fitness and longevity of C. elegans through mitohormetic signalling events. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these effects can be normalized by addition of the anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which suggests that ROS likely influence the onset and severity of adverse events upon drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben L. Smith
- Molecular Biology & Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Faculty of Science (FNWI), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine M. E. Tan
- Molecular Biology & Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Faculty of Science (FNWI), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijs J. Jonker
- RNA Biology & Applied Bioinformatics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Faculty of Science (FNWI), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Buissink
- Molecular Biology & Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Faculty of Science (FNWI), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steve Veldhuijzen
- Molecular Biology & Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Faculty of Science (FNWI), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H. C. van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biosystems data analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Faculty of Science (FNWI), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Molecular Biology & Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Faculty of Science (FNWI), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van der Spek
- Molecular Biology & Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Faculty of Science (FNWI), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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McLaughlin JP, Paris JJ, Mintzopoulos D, Hymel KA, Kim JK, Cirino TJ, Gillis TE, Eans SO, Vitaliano GD, Medina JM, Krapf RC, Stacy HM, Kaufman MJ. Conditional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transactivator of Transcription Protein Expression Induces Depression-like Effects and Oxidative Stress. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:599-609. [PMID: 29057370 PMCID: PMC5648358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of major depression in those with HIV/AIDS is substantially higher than in the general population. Mechanisms underlying this comorbidity are poorly understood. HIV-transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein, produced and excreted by HIV, could be involved. We determined whether conditional Tat protein expression in mice is sufficient to induce depression-like behaviors and oxidative stress. Further, as oxidative stress is associated with depression, we determined whether decreasing or increasing oxidative stress by administering methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) or diethylmaleate (DEM), respectively, altered depression-like behavior. METHODS GT-tg bigenic mice received intraperitoneal saline or doxycycline (Dox, 25-100 mg/kg/day) to induce Tat expression. G-tg mice, which do not express Tat protein, also received Dox. Depression-like behavior was assessed with the tail suspension test (TST) and the two-bottle saccharin/water consumption task. Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) were assessed ex vivo. Medial frontal cortex (MFC) oxidative stress and temperature were measured in vivo with 9.4-Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). RESULTS Tat expression increased TST immobility time in an exposure-dependent manner and reduced saccharin consumption. MSM decreased immobility time while DEM increased it in saline-treated GT-tg mice. Tat and MSM behavioral effects persisted for 28 days. Tat and DEM increased while MSM decreased ROS/RNS levels. Tat expression increased MFC glutathione levels and temperature. CONCLUSIONS Tat expression induced rapid and enduring depression-like behaviors and oxidative stress. Increasing/decreasing oxidative stress increased/decreased, respectively, depression-like behavior. Thus, Tat produced by HIV may contribute to the high depression prevalence among those with HIV. Further, mitigation of oxidative stress could reduce depression severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P. McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Dionyssios Mintzopoulos
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Kristen A. Hymel
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jae K. Kim
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Thomas J. Cirino
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Timothy E. Gillis
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Shainnel O. Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Gordana D. Vitaliano
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Jessica M. Medina
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Richard C. Krapf
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Heather M. Stacy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Marc J. Kaufman
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
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Souza SJ, Petrilli AA, Teixeira AM, Pontilho PM, Carioca AA, Luzia LA, Souza JM, Damasceno NR, Segurado AA, Rondó PH. Effect of chocolate and mate tea on the lipid profile of individuals with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy: A clinical trial. Nutrition 2017; 43-44:61-68. [PMID: 28935146 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV/AIDS is generally associated with dyslipidemia and oxidative imbalance, which are caused by the infection itself and by antiretroviral therapy (ART). The flavonoids, found in cocoa and yerba mate, have antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the consumption of dark chocolate and mate tea on the lipid profiles of individuals with HIV/AIDS who are undergoing ART. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial was conducted with 92 patients receiving ART for ≥6 mo and with viral suppression. The participants were randomized to receive either 65 g of chocolate (with 2148 mg polyphenols) or placebo chocolate (without polyphenols) or 3 g of mate tea (with 107 mg total phenols and 84.24 mg chlorogenic acid) or placebo mate (without polyphenols) for 15 d each, separated by a washout period of 15 d. The lipid profile, including determination of electronegative low-density lipoprotein, was determined after each intervention. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance using the pkcross procedure of the Stata 11.0 software. RESULTS Analysis of variance revealed a significant overall difference in mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) between all supplements (P = 0.047). Using the paired t test, the effect was attributed to the consumption of dark chocolate (P = 0.046). The other parameters investigated were not improved. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of dark chocolate for 15 d improved HDL-C concentrations of individuals with HIV/AIDS undergoing ART, possibly due to the presence of fatty acids (stearic acid), polyphenols, and theobromine. This fact is important for the cardiovascular protection of these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen J Souza
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline A Petrilli
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Teixeira
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia M Pontilho
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio A Carioca
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liania A Luzia
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José M Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nágila R Damasceno
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aluisio A Segurado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia H Rondó
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Fourie CMT, Schutte AE. Early vascular aging in the HIV infected: Is arterial stiffness assessment the ideal tool? Virulence 2017; 8:1075-1077. [PMID: 28467147 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1325984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carla M T Fourie
- a Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART) , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa.,b MRC Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- a Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART) , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa.,b MRC Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Alters the Redox System of Asymptomatic HIV-Infected Individuals: A Longitudinal Study. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9834803. [PMID: 28421130 PMCID: PMC5379093 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9834803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background. The combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) increases the oxidative stress in HIV-infected people, which in turn favors the onset and aggravation of non-AIDS comorbidities, a common situation affecting these individuals. We aimed to evaluate the influence of cART initiation on oxidative stress parameters. This is a longitudinal study including 30 asymptomatic patients divided according to their CD4+ T cell count (G1: <500 cell/mL; G2: >500 cell/mL) before (M0) and after (M1) cART initiation. We analyzed total antioxidant capacity (TAC), fat-soluble vitamins, malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostane, and DNA damage. Results. Results showed a decrease in TAC, retinol, α-tocopherol, and some carotenoids, in addition to a significant increase in DNA damage at M1. These changes were more evident in G2 subjects. Moreover, there was a significant 8-isoprostane increase at M1 in individuals belonging to G1. Conclusion. The results indicate that cART interfered in the redox system, mainly by reducing the antioxidant defenses. In addition, patients who had CD4+ T counts higher than 500 cells/mm3 showed more susceptibility to genotoxicity, while patients with less CD4+ T counts displayed more damage triggered by lipoperoxidation. Considering the early beginning of cART, its chronic use, and its capacity to alter the redox status, further long-term studies on larger cohorts are needed to define the best time to initiate therapy and to investigate new strategies to delay the development of non-AIDS diseases.
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Oxidized lipoproteins are associated with markers of inflammation and immune activation in HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2016; 30:2625-2633. [PMID: 27603288 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of immune dysfunction in chronic HIV-1 infection is unclear, and a potential role for oxidized lipids has been suggested. We hypothesize that both oxidized HDL and LDL (HDLox and LDLox) contribute to HIV-1-related immune dysfunction. STUDY In the AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5260, 234 HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants were randomized to receive tenofovir-emtricitabine and protease inhibitors or raltegravir and had HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/ml by week 24 and thereafter. METHODS Associations between biomarkers of inflammation (IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and D-dimer), immune activation (sCD163, sCD14, soluble IL-2 receptor, CD38 and HLA-DR), inflammatory monocytes (CD14CD16), T-cell senescence (CD28 and CD57) and exhaustion (PD1), and HDLox, LDLox were assessed at entry and after ART (week 96) with Spearman (partial) correlations. RESULTS HDLox declined and LDLox increased over 96 weeks of ART. Positive associations were observed at baseline and over time between HDLox (but not consistently for LDLox) and most markers of inflammation and immune activation (but not senescence/exhaustion), even after adjustment for multiple comparisons, demographics, entry CD4 cell count and HIV-1 RNA. HDLox was positively associated with IL-6 (r = 0.19 - 0.29, P < 0.01) and sCD163 (r = 0.14 - 0.41, P ≤ 0.04) at all time points. CONCLUSION These prospective longitudinal data suggest that oxidized lipoproteins may contribute to persistent immune activation on ART.
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Ivanov AV, Valuev-Elliston VT, Ivanova ON, Kochetkov SN, Starodubova ES, Bartosch B, Isaguliants MG. Oxidative Stress during HIV Infection: Mechanisms and Consequences. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8910396. [PMID: 27829986 PMCID: PMC5088339 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8910396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is generally acknowledged that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in a variety of natural processes in cells. If increased to levels which cannot be neutralized by the defense mechanisms, they damage biological molecules, alter their functions, and also act as signaling molecules thus generating a spectrum of pathologies. In this review, we summarize current data on oxidative stress markers associated with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection, analyze mechanisms by which this virus triggers massive ROS production, and describe the status of various defense mechanisms of the infected host cell. In addition, we have scrutinized scarce data on the effect of ROS on HIV-1 replication. Finally, we present current state of knowledge on the redox alterations as crucial factors of HIV-1 pathogenicity, such as neurotoxicity and dementia, exhaustion of CD4+/CD8+ T-cells, predisposition to lung infections, and certain side effects of the antiretroviral therapy, and compare them to the pathologies associated with the nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir T. Valuev-Elliston
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga N. Ivanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elizaveta S. Starodubova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
- M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow 142782, Russia
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, INSERM U1052 and CNRS 5286, Lyon University, 69003 Lyon, France
- DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), France
| | - Maria G. Isaguliants
- Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- N. F. Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
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Kelesidis T, Tran TTT, Brown TT, Moser C, Ribaudo HJ, Dube MP, Yang OO, McComsey GA, Stein JH, Currier JS. Changes in plasma levels of oxidized lipoproteins and lipoprotein subfractions with atazanavir-, raltegravir-, darunavir-based initial antiviral therapy and associations with common carotid artery intima-media thickness: ACTG 5260s. Antivir Ther 2016; 22:113-126. [PMID: 27661466 DOI: 10.3851/imp3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of oxidized lipoproteins (high-density [HDLox] and low-density [LDLox]) and total lipoprotein particle (Lp) number and size in HIV-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unclear. The goal of this study was to evaluate changes of these biomarkers and their associations with rate of carotid intima media thickness progression over 3 years (ΔCIMT) in chronic HIV infection. METHODS Prospective study of 234 HIV-infected antiretroviral treatment-naive participants without CVD who were randomized to receive tenofovir-emtricitabine plus atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir or raltegravir (RAL) and achieved plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml by week 24 and thereafter. Biomarker changes over 24, 48 or 96 weeks from baseline and pairwise treatment group comparisons were examined. Associations of these biomarkers with ΔCIMT were analysed with mixed effects linear regression. RESULTS HDLp number increased with both protease inhibitors (PIs) over 48 weeks, while LDLp number declined with RAL; Lp size did not change. Over 96 weeks, normalized HDLox declined with both PIs; LDLox increased in all groups. Few treatment group differences were observed across all biomarkers. Associations between ΔCIMT and oxidized lipoproteins at all time points were not apparent (P≥0.10). There was some evidence of slower ΔCIMT for higher HDLp number (P=0.06) and for lower LDLp number (P=0.08) measured at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Unexpectedly, LDLox increased modestly in all treatment groups after ART initiation. Associations of plasma HDLox and LDLox with ΔCIMT were not apparent. While plasma levels of abnormal lipoproteins have been shown to be associated with CVD outcomes, clear associations with sub-clinical atherosclerosis progression were not apparent in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thuy Tien T Tran
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd T Brown
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlee Moser
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather J Ribaudo
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael P Dube
- Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Otto O Yang
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Grace A McComsey
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James H Stein
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Vartak-Sharma N, Nooka S, Ghorpade A. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) and the A(E)Ging HIV/AIDS-HAND. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:133-157. [PMID: 27090750 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent attempts to analyze human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-induced gene expression changes in astrocytes uncovered a multifunctional oncogene, astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). Our previous studies revealed that AEG-1 regulates reactive astrocytes proliferation, migration and inflammation, hallmarks of aging and CNS injury. Moreover, the involvement of AEG-1 in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease and migraine, and its induction in the aged brain suggest a plausible role in regulating overall CNS homeostasis and aging. Therefore, it is important to investigate AEG-1 specifically in aging-associated cognitive decline. In this study, we decipher the common mechanistic links in cancer, aging and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders that likely contribute to AEG-1-based regulation of astrocyte responses and function. Despite AEG-1 incorporation into HIV-1 virions and its induction by HIV-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, the specific role(s) of AEG-1 in astrocyte-driven HIV-1 neuropathogenesis are incompletely defined. We propose that AEG-1 plays a central role in a multitude of cellular stress responses involving mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleolus. It is thus important to further investigate AEG-1-based cellular and molecular regulation in order to successfully develop better therapeutic approaches that target AEG-1 to combat cancer, HIV-1 and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Vartak-Sharma
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Shruthi Nooka
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this work, we evaluated the association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and methamphetamine (METH) use with mitochondrial injury in the brain and its implication on neurocognitive impairment. DESIGN Mitochondria carry their genome (mtDNA) and play a critical role in cellular processes in the central nervous system. METH is commonly used in HIV-infected populations. HIV infection and METH use can cause damage to mtDNA and lead to neurocognitive morbidity. We evaluated HIV infection and METH use with mitochondrial injury in the brain. METHODS We obtained white and gray matter from Brodmann areas 7, 8, 9, 46 of the following: HIV-infected individuals with history of past METH use (HIV+METH+, n = 16), HIV-infected individuals with no history of past METH use (HIV+METH-, n = 11), and HIV-negative controls (HIV-METH-, n = 30). We used the 'common deletion', a 4977 bp mutation, as a measurement of mitochondrial injury, and quantified levels of mtDNA and 'common deletion' by droplet digital PCR, and evaluated in relation to neurocognitive functioning [Global Deficit Score (GDS)]. RESULTS Levels of mtDNA and mitochondrial injury were highest in white matter of Brodmann area 46. A higher relative proportion of mtDNA carrying the 'common deletion' was associated with lower GDS (P < 0.01) in HIV+METH+ but higher GDS (P < 0.01) in HIV+METH-. CONCLUSIONS Increased mitochondrial injury was associated with worse neurocognitive function in HIV+METH- individuals. Among HIV+METH+ individuals, an opposite effect was seen.
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Oxidative stress and age-related changes in T cells: is thalassemia a model of accelerated immune system aging? Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:116-24. [PMID: 27095931 PMCID: PMC4829813 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.56973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron overload in β-thalassemia major occurs mainly due to blood transfusion, an essential treatment for β-thalassemia major patients, which results in oxidative stress. It has been thought that oxidative stress causes elevation of immune system senescent cells. Under this condition, cells normally enhance in aging, which is referred to as premature immunosenescence. Because there is no animal model for immunosenescence, most knowledge on the immunosenescence pattern is based on induction of immunosenescence. In this review, we describe iron overload and oxidative stress in β-thalassemia major patients and how they make these patients a suitable human model for immunosenescence. We also consider oxidative stress in some kinds of chronic virus infections, which induce changes in the immune system similar to β-thalassemia major. In conclusion, a therapeutic approach used to improve the immune system in such chronic virus diseases, may change the immunosenescence state and make life conditions better for β-thalassemia major patients.
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Rodríguez-Mora S, Mateos E, Moran M, Martín MÁ, López JA, Calvo E, Terrón MC, Luque D, Muriaux D, Alcamí J, Coiras M, López-Huertas MR. Intracellular expression of Tat alters mitochondrial functions in T cells: a potential mechanism to understand mitochondrial damage during HIV-1 replication. Retrovirology 2015; 12:78. [PMID: 26376973 PMCID: PMC4571071 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 replication results in mitochondrial damage that is enhanced during antiretroviral therapy (ART). The onset of HIV-1 replication is regulated by viral protein Tat, a 101-residue protein codified by two exons that elongates viral transcripts. Although the first exon of Tat (aa 1–72) forms itself an active protein, the presence of the second exon (aa 73–101) results in a more competent transcriptional protein with additional functions. Results Mitochondrial overall functions were analyzed in Jurkat cells stably expressing full-length Tat (Tat101) or one-exon Tat (Tat72). Representative results were confirmed in PBLs transiently expressing Tat101 and in HIV-infected Jurkat cells. The intracellular expression of Tat101 induced the deregulation of metabolism and cytoskeletal proteins which remodeled the function and distribution of mitochondria. Tat101 reduced the transcription of the mtDNA, resulting in low
ATP production. The total amount of mitochondria increased likely to counteract their functional impairment. These effects were enhanced when Tat second exon was expressed. Conclusions Intracellular Tat altered mtDNA transcription, mitochondrial content and distribution in CD4+ T cells. The importance of Tat second exon in non-transcriptional functions was confirmed. Tat101 may be responsible for mitochondrial dysfunctions found in HIV-1 infected patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0203-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elena Mateos
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Moran
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Raras: mitocondriales y neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, "i + 12", Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U723, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Martín
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Raras: mitocondriales y neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, "i + 12", Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U723, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio López
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Terrón
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica y Confocal, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Luque
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica y Confocal, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Unité de Virologie Humaine - INSERM U758/École Normale Supérieure, Lyon, France. .,Laboratoire de Domaines Membranaires et Assemblage Viral, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Montpellier, France.
| | - José Alcamí
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mayte Coiras
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Rosa López-Huertas
- Unidad de Inmunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain. .,Unité de Virologie Humaine - INSERM U758/École Normale Supérieure, Lyon, France.
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Shorter telomere length predicts poorer immunological recovery in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected patients treated with combined antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68:21-9. [PMID: 25321176 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) does not always result in complete CD4 T-cell recovery despite the effective control of HIV replication. Because telomere dysregulation can lead to an abnormal cell proliferation, we hypothesized that the lack of CD4 recovery may be related to telomere defects; We thus evaluated the association between telomere length (TL) and CD4 T-cell recovery 48 weeks after cART initiation in virologically suppressed patients, and its possible relationship to oxidative stress (OS) and nitrosative stress (NOx) markers. METHODS We studied HIV-infected patients on stable cART who achieved a viral load <50 copies per milliliter after 48 weeks of their first cART. Leukocyte TL was measured and categorized into tertiles. We calculated mean increases in CD4 T-cell at 48 weeks from cART initiation and used multivariate linear regression models to estimate differences in mean increases according to tertiles of TL. RESULTS One hundred thirty-two patients, 86% male, 81% <50 years at cART initiation were studied. Mean increases in CD4 were greater in patients with long TL than in those with medium and short TLs (P = 0.007). After adjustment for sex, age, CD4 T-cell counts, viral load, and hepatitis C infection at cART initiation, differences in mean CD4 T-cell count increases according to TL remained statistically significant (P = 0.02). Additional adjustment for NOx and OS did not change the results. CONCLUSION A lower immunological response despite a successful virological response is associated with a shorter TL. The effect is not related to NOx or OS.
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Nutritional supplementation with the mushroom Agaricus sylvaticus reduces oxidative stress in children with HIV. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 25:257-64. [PMID: 25371688 PMCID: PMC4211349 DOI: 10.1155/2014/609016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of free radicals and oxidative stress in HIV infection has been extensively studied, and the benefits of antioxidant supplementation in animal studies have been demonstrated. However, few studies have demonstrated a benefit in clinical studies. OBJECTIVE To verify the effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricus sylvaticus, a mushroom rich in antioxidants, on the oxidative profile of children born with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy. DESIGN The sample included 24 children (both boys and girls) between two and eight years of age, of whom 10 were HIV positive and received supplementation with Agaricus sylvaticus for a three-month period, and 14 were HIV negative and received no supplementation. At the beginning and conclusion of the study, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), nitrite and nitrate (NN), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and the antioxidant capacity of inhibition of diphenyl-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) free radicals were analyzed. RESULTS Before supplementation, significantly higher values of TBARS and NN, but decreased values of DPPH, were observed in infected subjects when compared with HIV-negative subjects. After supplementation, a reduction of TBARS and NN values and an increase in DPPH and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values were observed in HIV-positive subjects. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest the involvement of oxidative stress in HIV infection, with the participation of NN synthesis. Additionally, supplementation reversed oxidative alterations and improved antioxidant defense in infected individuals, and may become a complementary strategy in the treatment of these patients.
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