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White PA, Luijten M, Mishima M, Cox JA, Hanna JN, Maertens RM, Zwart EP. In vitro mammalian cell mutation assays based on transgenic reporters: A report of the International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 847:403039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
A number of transgenic animal models and mutation detection systems have been developed for mutagenicity testing of carcinogens in mammalian cells. Of these, transgenic mice and the Lambda (λ) Select cII Mutation Detection System have been employed for mutagenicity experiments by many research groups worldwide. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the Lambda Select cII mutation assay, which can be applied to cultured cells of transgenic mice/rats or the corresponding animals treated with a chemical/physical agent of interest. The protocol consists of the following steps: (1) isolation of genomic DNA from the cells or organs/tissues of transgenic animals treated in vitro or in vivo, respectively, with a test compound; (2) recovery of the lambda shuttle vector carrying a mutational reporter gene (i.e., cII transgene) from the genomic DNA; (3) packaging of the rescued vectors into infectious bacteriophages; (4) infecting a host bacteria and culturing under selective conditions to allow propagation of the induced cII mutations; and (5) scoring the cII-mutants and DNA sequence analysis to determine the cII mutant frequency and mutation spectrum, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California;
| | - Stella Tommasi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
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Besaratinia A, Zheng A, Bates SE, Tommasi S. Mutation Analysis in Cultured Cells of Transgenic Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E262. [PMID: 29337872 PMCID: PMC5796208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To comply with guiding principles for the ethical use of animals for experimental research, the field of mutation research has witnessed a shift of interest from large-scale in vivo animal experiments to small-sized in vitro studies. Mutation assays in cultured cells of transgenic rodents constitute, in many ways, viable alternatives to in vivo mutagenicity experiments in the corresponding animals. A variety of transgenic rodent cell culture models and mutation detection systems have been developed for mutagenicity testing of carcinogens. Of these, transgenic Big Blue® (Stratagene Corp., La Jolla, CA, USA, acquired by Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA, BioReliance/Sigma-Aldrich Corp., Darmstadt, Germany) mouse embryonic fibroblasts and the λ Select cII Mutation Detection System have been used by many research groups to investigate the mutagenic effects of a wide range of chemical and/or physical carcinogens. Here, we review techniques and principles involved in preparation and culturing of Big Blue® mouse embryonic fibroblasts, treatment in vitro with chemical/physical agent(s) of interest, determination of the cII mutant frequency by the λ Select cII assay and establishment of the mutation spectrum by DNA sequencing. We describe various approaches for data analysis and interpretation of the results. Furthermore, we highlight representative studies in which the Big Blue® mouse cell culture model and the λ Select cII assay have been used for mutagenicity testing of diverse carcinogens. We delineate the advantages of this approach and discuss its limitations, while underscoring auxiliary methods, where applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Albert Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Steven E Bates
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Stella Tommasi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Van Landuyt KL, Cokic SM, Asbach C, Hoet P, Godderis L, Reichl FX, Van Meerbeek B, Vennemann A, Wiemann M. Interaction of rat alveolar macrophages with dental composite dust. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:62. [PMID: 27888833 PMCID: PMC5124269 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental composites have become the standard filling material to restore teeth, but during the placement of these restorations, high amounts of respirable composite dust (<5 μm) including many nano-sized particles may be released in the breathing zone of the patient and dental operator. Here we tested the respirable fraction of several composite particles for their cytotoxic effect using an alveolar macrophage model system. METHODS: Composite dust was generated following a clinical protocol, and the dust particles were collected under sterile circumstances. Dust was dispersed in fluid, and 5-μm-filtered to enrich the respirable fractions. Quartz DQ12 and corundum were used as positive and negative control, respectively. Four concentrations (22.5 μg/ml, 45 μg/ml, 90 μg/ml and 180 μg/ml) were applied to NR8383 alveolar macrophages. Light and electron microscopy were used for subcellular localization of particles. Culture supernatants were tested for release of lactate dehydrogenase, glucuronidase, TNF-α, and H2O2. RESULTS Characterization of the suspended particles revealed numerous nano-sized particles but also many high volume particles, most of which could be removed by filtering. Even at the highest concentration (180 μg/ml), cells completely cleared settled particles from the bottom of the culture vessel. Accordingly, a mixture of nano- and micron-scaled particles was observed inside cells where they were confined to phagolysosomes. The filtered particle fractions elicited largely uniform dose-dependent responses, which were elevated compared to the control only at the highest concentration, which equaled a mean cellular dose of 120 pg/cell. A low inflammatory potential was identified due to dose-dependent release of H2O2 and TNF-α. However, compared to the positive control, the released levels of H2O2 and TNF-α were still moderate, but their release profiles depended on the type of composite. CONCLUSIONS Alveolar macrophages are able to phagocytize respirable composite dust particle inclusive nanoparticles. Since NR8383 cells tolerate a comparatively high cell burden (60 pg/cell) of each of the five materials with minimal signs of cytotoxicity or inflammation, the toxic potential of respirable composite dust seems to be low. These results are reassuring for dental personnel, but more research is needed to characterize the actual exposure and uptake especially of the pure nano fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Van Landuyt
- KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - S M Cokic
- KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - C Asbach
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA) e.V, BliersheimerStraße 58-60, Duisburg, 47229, Germany
| | - P Hoet
- Research Unit Experimental Toxicology, Center for Environmental and Health Research, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - L Godderis
- Research Unit Experimental Toxicology, Center for Environmental and Health Research, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - F X Reichl
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nussbaumstraße 26, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - B Van Meerbeek
- KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - A Vennemann
- IBE, IBE R&D gGmbH, Mendelstraße 11, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - M Wiemann
- IBE, IBE R&D gGmbH, Mendelstraße 11, Münster, 48149, Germany
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