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Tomaszewska E, Świątkiewicz S, Arczewska-Włosek A, Wojtysiak D, Dobrowolski P, Domaradzki P, Puzio I, Rudyk H, Brezvyn O, Muszyński S. ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate: A feed supplement influencing performance, bone metabolism, intestinal morphology, and muscle quality of laying hens: a preliminary one-point study. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103597. [PMID: 38471225 PMCID: PMC11067770 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Laying hens, selectively bred for high egg production, often suffer from bone fragility and fractures, impacting their welfare and causing economic losses. Additionally, gut health and muscle quality are crucial for overall health and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on performance, bone metabolism, intestinal morphology, and muscle quality in laying hens. Forty-eight Bovans Brown hens were divided into a control group and an HMB-supplemented group (0.02% HMB in diet). The study spanned from the 31st to the 60th wk of age. Assessments included bone mechanical testing, serum hormonal analysis, histological analysis of bone and intestine, and muscle quality analysis. The HMB supplementation led to decreased feed intake without affecting body weight or laying rate in laying hens. It caused an increase in both mean daily and total egg weight, indicating improved feed utilization, without influencing the feed intake to egg weight ratio. Enhanced bone formation markers and altered intestinal morphometric parameters were observed, along with improved trabecular bone structure. However, no changes in measured other bone quality indices, including geometric, densitometric, or mechanical properties were observed. Muscle analysis revealed no significant changes in overall meat quality, except for a decrease in cholesterol content and alterations in the fatty acid profile, notably a reduction in total n-3 polyunsaturated and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In conclusion, although not all effects of HMB supplementation were unequivocally beneficial, the positive changes in performance data and trabecular bone microarchitecture support further research into various doses and durations of supplementation. Such studies are necessary to fully understand and optimize the benefits of HMB for enhancing the health and productivity of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sylwester Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Anna Arczewska-Włosek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Dorota Wojtysiak
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Domaradzki
- Department of Commodity Science and Processing of Raw Animal Materials, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Puzio
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Halyna Rudyk
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Brezvyn
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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2
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Murugesan S, Nidamanuri AL. Role of leptin and ghrelin in regulation of physiological functions of chicken. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2119917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Dunton AD, Göpel T, Ho DH, Burggren W. Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212111. [PMID: 34829989 PMCID: PMC8618301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to protect neural tissue from toxins or other substances is as old as neural tissue itself. Early recognition of this need has led to more than a century of investigation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many aspects of this important neuroprotective barrier have now been well established, including its cellular architecture and barrier and transport functions. Unsurprisingly, most research has had a human orientation, using mammalian and other animal models to develop translational research findings. However, cell layers forming a barrier between vascular spaces and neural tissues are found broadly throughout the invertebrates as well as in all vertebrates. Unfortunately, previous scenarios for the evolution of the BBB typically adopt a classic, now discredited 'scala naturae' approach, which inaccurately describes a putative evolutionary progression of the mammalian BBB from simple invertebrates to mammals. In fact, BBB-like structures have evolved independently numerous times, complicating simplistic views of the evolution of the BBB as a linear process. Here, we review BBBs in their various forms in both invertebrates and vertebrates, with an emphasis on the function, evolution, and conditional relevance of popular animal models such as the fruit fly and the zebrafish to mammalian BBB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D. Dunton
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Torben Göpel
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Dao H. Ho
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA;
| | - Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
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Alpha-Ketoglutarate: An Effective Feed Supplement in Improving Bone Metabolism and Muscle Quality of Laying Hens: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122420. [PMID: 33348724 PMCID: PMC7767309 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of dietary alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation on performance, serum hormonal indices, duodenum and jejunum histomorphometry, meat quality characteristics, bone quality traits and cartilage degradation in laying hens with a mature skeletal system. Forty-eight 30 week-old Bovans Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to a control group or the group fed the basal diet plus 1.0% AKG. The experimental trial lasted 30 weeks. The supplementation of AKG increases blood serum content of leptin, ghrelin, bone alkaline phosphatate and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand, while osteoprotegerin and osteocalcin decrease. While dietary AKG was given to laying hens negatively influenced villus length, crypt depth, villus/crypt ratio and absorptive surface area in duodenum and jejunum, these changes have no effect on feed intake, weight gain, nor laying performance. In breast muscles, no significant changes in skeletal muscle fatty acid composition were observed, however, a higher shear force and decreased cholesterol content following AKG supplementation were noted, showing the improvement of muscle quality. While dietary AKG supplementation did not affect the general geometric and mechanical properties of the tibia, it increased collagen synthesis and enhanced immature collagen content. In medullary bone, an increase of bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, fractal dimension and decrease of trabecular space were observed in AKG supplemented group. The trabeculae in bone metaphysis were also significantly thicker after AKG supplementation. AKG promoted fibrillogenesis in articular cartilage, as indicated by increased cartilage oligomeric matrix protein immunoexpression. By improving the structure and maintaining the proper bone turnover rate of highly reactive and metabolically active medullar and trabecular bones AKG showed its anti-osteoporotic action in laying hens.
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5
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Te Pas MFW, Borg R, Buddiger NJH, Wood BJ, Rebel JMJ, van Krimpen MM, Calus MPL, Park JE, Schokker D. Regulating appetite in broilers for improving body and muscle development - A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1819-1834. [PMID: 32592266 PMCID: PMC7754290 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Appetite is the desire for feed and water and the voluntary intake of feed and is an important regulator of livestock productivity and animal health. Economic traits such as growth rate and muscle development (meat deposition) in broilers are directly correlated to appetite. Factors that may influence appetite include environmental factors, such as stress and temperature variation, and animal‐specific factors, such as learning period, eating capacity and preferences. Feed preferences have been reported to be determined in early life, and this period is important in broilers due to their fast growth and relatively short growth trajectories. This may be of importance when contemplating the use of more circular and sustainable feeds and the optimization of appetite for these feeds. The objective of this review was to review the biological mechanisms underlying appetite using data from human, animal and bird models and to consider the option for modulating appetite particularly as it relates to broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus F W Te Pas
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Benjamin J Wood
- Hendrix Genetics North America Office, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Johanna M J Rebel
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus M van Krimpen
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario P L Calus
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Seim I, Jeffery PL, Herington AC, Chopin LK. Comparative analysis reveals loss of the appetite-regulating peptide hormone ghrelin in falcons. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 216:98-102. [PMID: 25500363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and leptin are key peripherally secreted appetite-regulating hormones in vertebrates. Here we consider the ghrelin gene (GHRL) of birds (class Aves), where it has been reported that ghrelin inhibits rather than augments feeding. Thirty-one bird species were compared, revealing that most species harbour a functional copy of GHRL and the coding region for its derived peptides ghrelin and obestatin. We provide evidence for loss of GHRL in saker and peregrine falcons, and this is likely to result from the insertion of an ERVK retrotransposon in intron 0. We hypothesise that the loss of anorexigenic ghrelin is a predatory adaptation that results in increased food-seeking behaviour and feeding in falcons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Seim
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute - Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 37 Kent St., Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Penny L Jeffery
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute - Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 37 Kent St., Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Adrian C Herington
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute - Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 37 Kent St., Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Lisa K Chopin
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute - Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 37 Kent St., Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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Kaiya H, Konno N, Kangawa K, Uchiyama M, Miyazato M. Identification, tissue distribution and functional characterization of the ghrelin receptor in West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 209:106-17. [PMID: 25093625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We identified two ghrelin receptor isoforms, the ghrelin receptor type-1a (GHS-R1a) and its alternative splice form (GHS-R1b) for West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens. Lungfish GHS-R1a and 1b comprised 361 and 281 amino acids, respectively. Lungfish GHS-R1a showed the highest identity to coelacanth GHS-R1a (80.4%). The highest expression of GHS-R1a mRNAs was seen in the brain, liver, ovary, heart, intestine, and gills. GHS-R1b mRNAs were also detected in the same tissues with GHS-R1a, but their expression level was 1/20 that of GHS-R1a. In human embryonic kidney 293 cells transiently expressing lungfish GHS-R1a, rat and bullfrog ghrelin, and two GHS-R1a agonists, GHRP-6 and hexarelin, increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations. The intensity of the Ca(2+) increases induced by GHS-R1a agonists was twice when compared to that induced by ghrelin, although the median effective doses (ED50) were similar, suggesting a long-lasting effect of GHS-R1a agonists with similar affinity. We also examined changes in the GHS-R gene expression during an eight-week estivation. Body weight was slightly lowered, but plasma sodium and glucose concentrations decreased; plasma urea concentration increased significantly 4weeks after the start of estivation. Overall, expression of GHS-R1a mRNA decreased, but changes in GHS-R1b mRNA expression were inconsistent with those of GHS-R1a during estivation, suggesting an involvement of GHS-R in energy homeostasis, as seen in mammals. Our results suggest that the ghrelin-GHS-R1a system is present in this lungfish although ghrelin has not yet been found. The structure of GHS-R1a is closer to that of tetrapods than Actinopterygian fish, indicating a process of evolution that follows the Crossopterygii such as coelacanth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Konno
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Minoru Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Zendehdel M, Hassanpour S. Ghrelin-induced hypophagia is mediated by the β2 adrenergic receptor in chicken. J Physiol Sci 2014; 64:383-91. [PMID: 25080314 PMCID: PMC10717348 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-014-0330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of metoprolol (a β1 adrenergic receptor antagonist), ICI 118,551 (a β2 adrenergic receptor antagonist), and SR 59230R (a β3 adrenergic receptor antagonist) on ghrelin-induced food and water intake by 3-h food-deprived (FD3) cockerels. The chickens were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates in each group. A cannula was surgically implanted into the lateral ventricle of the brain. In experiment 1, chickens received the β1 adrenergic receptor antagonist (24 nmol) before injection of the ghrelin (0.6 nmol). In experiment 2, chickens received the β2 adrenergic receptor antagonist (5 nmol) before injection of the ghrelin (0.6 nmol). In experiment 3, birds were injected with ghrelin (0.6 nmol) after the β3 adrenergic receptor antagonist (20 nmol). Cumulative food and water intake were recorded 3-h post injection and analyzed by two-way analysis of variance. According to the results, ghrelin injection reduced food and water intake by broiler cockerels (p≤0.05). The effect of ghrelin on food intake was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with the β2 receptor antagonist (p≤0.05). Furthermore, the β2 receptor antagonist had no effect on water intake induced by ghrelin. Also, pretreatment with the β1 and β3 receptors antagonists had no effect on ghrelin-induced food and water intake. These results suggest that the effect of ghrelin on cumulative food intake by cockerels is mediated via β2 adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Zendehdel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran,
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Kaiya H, Kangawa K, Miyazato M. Ghrelin receptors in non-Mammalian vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:81. [PMID: 23882259 PMCID: PMC3713435 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHS-R) was discovered in humans and pigs in 1996. The endogenous ligand, ghrelin, was discovered 3 years later, in 1999, and our understanding of the physiological significance of the ghrelin system in vertebrates has grown steadily since then. Although the ghrelin system in non-mammalian vertebrates is a subject of great interest, protein sequence data for the receptor in non-mammalian vertebrates has been limited until recently, and related biological information has not been well organized. In this review, we summarize current information related to the ghrelin receptor in non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroyuki Kaiya, Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan e-mail:
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Kaiya H, Miyazato M, Kangawa K. Recent advances in the phylogenetic study of ghrelin. Peptides 2011; 32:2155-74. [PMID: 21600258 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To understand fully the biology of ghrelin, it is important to know the evolutionary history of ghrelin and its receptor. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic studies of mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates are a useful approach to that end. Ghrelin is a hormone that has apparently evaded natural selection during a long evolutionary history. Surely ghrelin plays crucial physiological roles in living animals. Phylogenetic studies reveal the nature and evolutionary history of this important signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan.
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Fetissov SO, Laviano A, Kalra S, Inui A. Update on ghrelin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2010; 2010:963501. [PMID: 20798849 PMCID: PMC2925383 DOI: 10.1155/2010/963501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O. Fetissov
- Digestive System and Nutrition Laboratory (ADEN EA4311), Biomedical Research Institute, IFR23, Rouen 76183, France
| | | | - Satya Kalra
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Akio Inui
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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