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Qi J, Zhang J, Huang F, Xie Y, Guo H, Gou L, Zuo Z, Fang J. Development and characterization of an immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line to explore airway physiology and pathology in yak ( Bos grunniens). Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1432536. [PMID: 39086762 PMCID: PMC11289979 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1432536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells play a crucial role in investigating the physiological and pathological mechanisms of the respiratory tract in yaks, a species whose unique respiratory system has garnered extensive interest. Despite this growing interest, there currently are no available airway epithelial cell lines from yaks, underscoring the crucial need to establish a yak respiratory epithelial cell line. Therefore, our objective was to isolate a population of primary yak nasopharyngeal epithelial cells (pYNE) and transform them into immortalized yak nasopharyngeal epithelial cells (iYNE), assessing their suitability as an in vitro model. Employing a combined method of physical elimination and differential adhesion, we successfully isolated a population of high-purity pYNE, and developed an iYNE line through pCI-neo-hTERT plasmid transfection. Karyotype and transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed that pYNE and iYNE share identical morphologies and structures. Gel electrophoresis and real-time PCR analyses demonstrated that pYNE and iYNE expressed similar levels of KRT18 and CDH1 genes (p ≥ 0.541). Notably, iYNE expressed a significantly high level of TERT gene expression (p < 0.001). Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that both cell types expressed Pan-Cytokeratin, ZO-1, and E-cadherin proteins. Furthermore, immunoblotting analysis indicated significantly higher levels of hTERT and Ki67 proteins in iYNE (p < 0.001), and similar levels of Cluadin-3 and Occludin proteins (p ≥ 0.103). Proliferation curve analysis highlighted iYNE's serum-dependency and significantly enhanced proliferation capacities (p < 0.001). Additionally, pYNE and iYNE cells demonstrated comparable susceptibilities to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). These findings collectively suggest that the developed iYNE retains the evaluated physiological characteristics of pYNE, making it an appropriate in vitro model. This advancement will facilitate further investigation into the respiratory physiological and pathological mechanisms in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jizong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fangyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liping Gou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Fang YD, Xie F, Zhang WD, Zeng WW, Lu J, Cheng YJ, Wang WH. Age-dependent distribution of IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells in the pharyngeal tonsil of the Bactrian camel. Vet J 2024; 305:106131. [PMID: 38763403 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The pharyngeal tonsil, located in the nasopharynx, can effectively defend against pathogens invading the body from the upper respiratory tract and play a crucial role in mucosal immunity of the respiratory tract. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) serve as key effector molecules in mucosal immunity, exhibiting multiple immune functions. This study aimed to investigate the distribution patterns and age-related alterations of IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in the pharyngeal tonsils of Bactrian camels. Twelve Alashan Bactrian camels were categorized into four age groups: young (1-2 years, n=3), pubertal (3-5 years, n=3), middle-aged (6-16 years, n=3) and old (17-20 years, n=3). The distribution patterns of IgA and IgG ASCs in the pharyngeal tonsils of Bactrian camels of different ages were meticulously observed, analyzed and compared using immunohistochemical and statistical methods. The results revealed that IgA ASCs in the pharyngeal tonsils of all age groups were primarily clustered or diffusely distributed in the reticular epithelium and its subepithelial regions (region A) and around the glands (region C), scattered in the subepithelial regions of non-reticular epithelium (region B), and sporadically distributed in the interfollicular regions (region D). Interestingly, the distribution pattern of IgG ASCs in the pharyngeal tonsils closely mirrored that of IgA ASCs. The distribution densities of IgA and IgG ASCs in these four regions were significantly decreased in turn (P<0.05). However, IgA ASCs exhibited significantly higher densities than IgG ASCs in the same region (P<0.05). Age-related alterations indicated that the distribution densities of IgA and IgG ASCs in each region of the pharyngeal tonsils exhibited a trend of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing from young to old camels, reaching a peak in the pubertal group. As camels age, there was a significant decrease in the densities of IgA and IgG ASCs in all regions of the pharyngeal tonsils (P<0.05). The results demonstrate that the reticular epithelium and its subepithelial regions in the pharyngeal tonsils of Bactrian camels are the primary regions where IgA and IgG ASCs colonize and exert their immune functions. These regions play a pivotal role in inducing immune responses and defending against pathogen invasions in the pharyngeal tonsils. IgA ASCs may be the principal effector cells of the mucosal immune response in the pharyngeal tonsils of Bactrian camels. Aging significantly reduces the densities of IgA and IgG ASCs, while leaving their distribution patterns unaffected. These findings will provide valuable insights for further investigations into the immunomorphology, immunosenescence, and response mechanisms of the pharyngeal tonsils in Bactrian camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Dong Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Fei Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wang-Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jia Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Murr M, Freuling C, Pérez-Bravo D, Grund C, Mettenleiter TC, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Müller T, Finke S. Immune response after oral immunization of goats and foxes with an NDV vectored rabies vaccine candidate. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011639. [PMID: 38408125 PMCID: PMC10919857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of the reservoir species is a key component in the global fight against rabies. For wildlife reservoir species and hard to reach spillover species (e. g. ruminant farm animals), oral vaccination is the only solution. In search for a novel potent and safe oral rabies vaccine, we generated a recombinant vector virus based on lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Clone 30 that expresses the glycoprotein G of rabies virus (RABV) vaccine strain SAD L16 (rNDV_GRABV). Transgene expression and virus replication was verified in avian and mammalian cells. To test immunogenicity and viral shedding, in a proof-of-concept study six goats and foxes, representing herbivore and carnivore species susceptible to rabies, each received a single dose of rNDV_GRABV (108.5 TCID50/animal) by direct oral application. For comparison, three animals received the similar dose of the empty viral vector (rNDV). All animals remained clinically inconspicuous during the trial. Viral RNA could be isolated from oral and nasal swabs until four (goats) or seven days (foxes) post vaccination, while infectious NDV could not be re-isolated. After four weeks, three out of six rNDV_GRABV vaccinated foxes developed RABV binding and virus neutralizing antibodies. Five out of six rNDV_GRABV vaccinated goats displayed RABV G specific antibodies either detected by ELISA or RFFIT. Additionally, NDV and RABV specific T cell activity was demonstrated in some of the vaccinated animals by detecting antigen specific interferon γ secretion in lymphocytes isolated from pharyngeal lymph nodes. In conclusion, the NDV vectored rabies vaccine rNDV_GRABV was safe and immunogenic after a single oral application in goats and foxes, and highlight the potential of NDV as vector for oral vaccines in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Murr
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Pérez-Bravo
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Römer-Oberdörfer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Rosto M, Del Signore F, Bernabò N, De Bonis A, Canal S, Paolini A, Tamburro R, Bianchi A, Vignoli M. Evaluation of Presumptive Normal Feline Tonsils with Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Preliminary Retrospective Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:619. [PMID: 37888571 PMCID: PMC10611288 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatine tonsils are lymphoid organs, whose anatomic localization gives them a role against antigens entering the body during feeding and breathing. In human medicine, MRI is used to investigate tonsillar diseases. In veterinary medicine, a recent study on healthy dogs described the MRI appearance of canine palatine tonsils, with no available reports about feline ones. Due to the similarities between animals and humans, and based on the study on canine tonsils, the authors aimed to evaluate the feasibility of low-field MRI to detect and describe presumed normal features of feline palatine tonsils, assessing the finding's reproducibility. Low-field MRI of the heads of 14 cats was reviewed, and qualitative findings (visualization, shape, margins, signal intensity, and pattern) and size of each tonsil were recorded. Each observer recorded 71% of the expected tonsils. Most of them were classified as oval, ill-defined, and hyperintense structures with both homogeneous and heterogeneous signal patterns; the overall agreement was considered good. Low-field MRI is potentially a useful imaging modality to visualize palatine tonsils in cats, and their normal appearance has been described for the first time. The authors recommend the evaluation of tonsils in the transverse plane and consider the most accurate estimation of the short axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rosto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Località Piano d’Accio, Italy; (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesca Del Signore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Località Piano d’Accio, Italy; (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Nicola Bernabò
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Andrea De Bonis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Località Piano d’Accio, Italy; (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Sara Canal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Località Piano d’Accio, Italy; (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Paolini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Località Piano d’Accio, Italy; (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Roberto Tamburro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Località Piano d’Accio, Italy; (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Amanda Bianchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Località Piano d’Accio, Italy; (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Massimo Vignoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Località Piano d’Accio, Italy; (F.D.S.); (A.D.B.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
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Meier Bürgisser G, Heuberger DM, Giovanoli P, Calcagni M, Buschmann J. Delineation of the healthy rabbit tonsil by immunohistochemistry - A short communication. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152098. [PMID: 37804548 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Situated in the oral cavity, the rabbit palatine tonsils are part of the mucosal immune system and help to defend the body against foreign pathogens. Expressed as two oval protrusions in the wall of the oropharynx, the rabbit palatine tonsils are characterized by excretory ducts and trabeculae. We here compare paraffin embedded and cryosections of the healthy rabbit tonsils. This analysis centers on evaluating the differential outcomes resulting from the application of these fixation methodologies in conjunction with immunohistochemical assays targeting collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and ki67. Subsequent recommendations are provided based on our findings. Furthermore, we demonstrate the advantage of an antigen retrieval step in immunohistochemical labeling of paraffin sections. Basic classical histological stainings as HE, GT and elastin were also performed. Comparison of different stainings and labelings was furthermore performed in serial sections, showing that adjacent to the excretory ducts, the tonsillar tissue was particularly composed of collagen I and fibronectin, while the vessel walls were predominantly α-SMA positive. Moreover, PAR-2 immunohistochemical staining was performed, where a small fraction of the cells found in the tonsillar connective tissue were PAR-2 positive (probably a subpopulation of mast cells), as well as the lumen of some excretory ducts and trabeculae. Collagen III on the other hand was only weakly expressed in the tonsils. Proliferating ki67 positive cells were rare. This endeavor serves to furnish the scientific community with reference imagery pertinent to researchers opting for the rabbit palatine tonsil model. The diversity of staining techniques employed herein establishes a foundational repository of images, primed for comparative analysis against pathological conditions. Furthermore, these images hold the potential to illustrate inter-species variations. For instance, they can be juxtaposed against murine or rodent tonsils, or even offer insights into the human context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Meier Bürgisser
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Giovanoli
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Buschmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Mahdy MAA, Mohamed SA, Abdalla KEH. Morphology of the soft palate and palatine tonsil of the goat (Capra hyricus). Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1091-1098. [PMID: 37191111 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to study the morphology of the goat's soft palate and palatine tonsil by gross anatomy, morphometry, light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Twelve heads of normal adult (18-24 months) apparently healthy goats of both sexes were collected from local commercial slaughterhouses in Qena Governorate, Egypt. The oral cavity was dissected, and samples were collected for both light and SEM. The soft palate of the goat formed the caudal continuation of the hard palate. It was relatively short, it extended from the level of the caudal border of the last upper molar tooth to terminate caudally against the base of the epiglottis. The oral mucous membrane of the soft palate was covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The lamina propria and submucosa contained connective tissue fibers, diffuse and nodular lymphatic tissue, striated muscle fibers, and a large number of mucous and serous palatine glands. By SEM, the ventral surface had several rounded openings occupied by flower-like structures. These openings represented the entrances to the palatine glands. The palatine tonsil was large and protruded from a fossa in the lateral wall of the oropharynx. It had 2-3 elongated irregular openings that lead to the underlying crypts. These crypts were well-developed and lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The epithelium of the tonsillar crypts directly covered lymphoid tissue and was infiltrated by lymphocytes. Tonsillar glands of pure mucous type were demonstrated. In conclusion, the study provides the basic morphological features of soft palate, as well as the palatine tonsil of the goat by gross observation, light and SEM. The palatine tonsils of goat were well-developed with extensive crypt system, suggesting their essential role in the immunological response against antigens that enter through the oral cavity. The current findings may be useful to understand the role of the palatine tonsil in immunity and disease pathogenesis. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The study reported the basic morphological features of soft palate and palatine tonsil of goat. The ventral surface of the soft palate had several rounded openings occupied by flower-like structures. The palatine tonsils of goat were well-developed with extensive crypt system. The findings might help to understand the role of the palatine tonsil in immunity and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A A Mahdy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Ras Sudr, Egypt
| | - Salma A Mohamed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Kamal E H Abdalla
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Chamorro BM, Luca KD, Swaminathan G, Rochereau N, Majorel J, Poulet H, Chanut B, Piney L, Mundt E, Paul S. Mucosal Vaccination with Live Attenuated Bordetella bronchiseptica Protects against Challenge in Wistar Rats. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050982. [PMID: 37243086 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC). Several vaccines targeting this pathogen are currently licensed for use in dogs, but their mechanism of action and the correlates of protection are not fully understood. To investigate this, we used a rat model to examine the immune responses induced and the protection conferred by a canine mucosal vaccine after challenge. Wistar rats were vaccinated orally or intranasally on D0 and D21 with a live attenuated Bb vaccine strain. At D35, the rats of all groups were inoculated with 103 CFU of a pathogenic strain of B. bronchiseptica. Animals vaccinated via either the intranasal or the oral route had Bb-specific IgG and IgM in their serum and Bb-specific IgA in nasal lavages. Bacterial load in the trachea, lung, and nasal lavages was lower in vaccinated animals than in non-vaccinated control animals. Interestingly, coughing improved in the group vaccinated intranasally, but not in the orally vaccinated or control group. These results suggest that mucosal vaccination can induce mucosal immune responses and provide protection against a Bb challenge. This study also highlights the advantages of a rat model as a tool for studying candidate vaccines and routes of administration for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Miguelena Chamorro
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Karelle De Luca
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Gokul Swaminathan
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Nicolas Rochereau
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jade Majorel
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Poulet
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Blandine Chanut
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lauriane Piney
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, F69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, F69007 Lyon, France
- 3CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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Zheng J, Lin J, Yang C, Ma Y, Liu P, Li Y, Yang Q. Characteristics of nasal mucosal barrier in lambs at different developmental stages. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104587. [PMID: 36370908 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal barriers of a lamb's nasal cavity are composed of a multi-layer barrier designed to protect against the invasion of harmful microorganisms. However, despite the protective measures, respiratory pathogens still infect the sheep from the nasal cavity. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the characteristics of lamb's nasal cavity barrier at different developmental stages. For nasal histological characteristics, our study revealed that the conchoidal curvature of the inferior nasal conch and the number of glands significantly increased with lamb development. For nasal mucosal barrier characteristics, physical and immune barriers were carefully explored. Initially, we observed that the thickness and proliferative capacity of nasal epithelial significantly increased from fetal to 21 days, which then decreased at 60 days. Then, our study showed that the number of goblet cells (GCs) of 21 days old lamb was significantly higher than in other stages of development. Besides, we found that the number of nasal immune cells, such as dendritic cells, CD3+ T cells, IgA+ B cells, and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), were all significantly increased not only from the proximal to distal side in the nasal cavity but also with their age. Totally, our study revealed various characteristics of the mucosal barriers of a lamb's nasal cavity, which provide a reference for explaining the susceptibility of respiratory tract infection in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Jian Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Chengjie Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Yichao Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Yucheng Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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Chuluunbaatar T, Ichii O, Masum MA, Namba T, Kon Y. Morphological Characteristics of Genital Organ-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the Vaginal Vestibule of Goats and Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:51. [PMID: 36669052 PMCID: PMC9864709 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is a specialized form of peripheral lymphoid tissue (LT), which is found on mucosal surfaces exposed to the environment. However, morphological data of these tissues in farm animals are scarce. This study investigated the gross anatomical and histological features of genital organ-associated lymphoid tissues (GOALTs) in the vaginal vestibule (VV) of healthy, non-pregnant, adult goats and pigs. Their VVs were composed of stratified squamous, non-keratinized epithelium, and various-sized dark-blue hematoxylin-positive spots were observed in whole-mount specimens, which were diffusely distributed throughout the mucosal surfaces. These spots were histologically identified as LTs and consisted of lymphatic nodules (LNs) or diffuse lymphoid tissue (DLTs). Both LNs and DLTs contained B cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, plasma cells, and high endothelial venules. Only the numbers of B cells were significantly higher in both the LNs and DLTs of pigs compared to goats. Furthermore, the surface of the VV epithelium covering the LTs was partially disrupted with a large intercellular space containing abundant connective tissue fibers with numerous lymphocytes. In conclusion, GOALTs in the VV appear to be common local immunological barriers in both examined animals. This knowledge is crucial for understanding the structures and disorders of female reproductive organs in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsolmon Chuluunbaatar
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Basic Science of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
- Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Md. Abdul Masum
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Takashi Namba
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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10
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Toomer G, Workman A, Harrison KS, Stayton E, Hoyt PR, Jones C. Stress Triggers Expression of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Infected Cell Protein 4 (bICP4) RNA during Early Stages of Reactivation from Latency in Pharyngeal Tonsil. J Virol 2022; 96:e0101022. [PMID: 36416585 PMCID: PMC9749472 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01010-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), an important pathogen of cattle, establishes lifelong latency in sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia (TG) after acute infection. The BoHV-1 latency-reactivation cycle, like other alphaherpesvirinae subfamily members, is essential for viral persistence and transmission. Notably, cells within pharyngeal tonsil (PT) also support a quiescent or latent BoHV-1 infection. The synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, which mimics the effects of stress, consistently induces BoHV-1 reactivation from latency allowing early stages of viral reactivation to be examined in the natural host. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that stress-induced cellular factors trigger expression of key viral transcriptional regulatory genes. To explore this hypothesis, RNA-sequencing studies compared viral gene expression in PT during early stages of dexamethasone-induced reactivation from latency. Strikingly, RNA encoding infected cell protein 4 (bICP4), which is translated into an essential viral transcriptional regulatory protein, was detected 30 min after dexamethasone treatment. Ninety minutes after dexamethasone treatment bICP4 and, to a lesser extent, bICP0 RNA were detected in PT. All lytic cycle viral transcripts were detected within 3 h after dexamethasone treatment. Surprisingly, the latency related (LR) gene, the only viral gene abundantly expressed in latently infected TG neurons, was not detected in PT during latency. In TG neurons, bICP0 and the viral tegument protein VP16 are expressed before bICP4 during reactivation, suggesting distinct viral regulatory genes mediate reactivation from latency in PT versus TG neurons. Finally, these studies confirm PT is a biologically relevant site for BoHV-1 latency, reactivation from latency, and virus transmission. IMPORTANCE BoHV-1, a neurotropic herpesvirus, establishes, maintains, and reactivates from latency in neurons. BoHV-1 DNA is also detected in pharyngeal tonsil (PT) from latently infected calves. RNA-sequencing studies revealed the viral infected cell protein 4 (bICP4) RNA was expressed in PT of latently infected calves within 30 min after dexamethasone was used to initiate reactivation. As expected, bICP4 RNA was not detected during latency. All lytic cycle viral genes were expressed within 3 h after dexamethasone treatment. Conversely, bICP0 and the viral tegument protein VP16 are expressed prior to bICP4 in trigeminal ganglionic neurons during reactivation. The viral latency related gene, which is abundantly expressed in latently infected neurons, was not abundantly expressed in PT during latency. These studies provide new evidence PT is a biologically relevant site for BoHV-1 latency and reactivation. Finally, we predict other alphaherpesvirinae subfamily members utilize PT as a site for latency and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toomer
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Aspen Workman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kelly S. Harrison
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Erin Stayton
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Peter R. Hoyt
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Clinton Jones
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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11
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Meek HC, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J. Morphological and Phenotypic Characteristics of the Bovine Nasopharyngeal Mucosa and Associated Lymphoid Tissue. J Comp Pathol 2022; 198:62-79. [PMID: 36116893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian nasopharynx is an anatomically complex region of the upper respiratory tract that directly communicates with the nasal cavity, laryngopharynx, oesophagus and trachea. The nasopharyngeal mucosa contains moderate quantities of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that is appropriately located for immunological sampling but also creates vulnerability to pathogens. In recent years, the nasopharynx has been inculpated in the pathogenesis of important diseases of cattle (foot-and-mouth disease) and humans (COVID-19), yet the tissue has never been described in detail in any species. In order to characterize the morphology and cellular composition of the bovine nasopharynx, samples of mucosa were collected from the nasopharynx of five 8-13-month-old steers and examined using light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and multichannel immunofluorescence. Morphologically, the nasopharyngeal epithelium was highly heterogeneous, with a continuum ranging from stratified squamous epithelium to highly attenuated, follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). Distribution of MALT was similarly regionally variable ranging from absent to clusters of multiple lymphoid follicles. Phenotypic characterization demonstrated dense distributions of dendritic cells and T lymphocytes surrounding lymphoid follicles, which comprised mostly B lymphocytes. The FAE overlaying the lymphoid follicles also contained higher numbers of dendritic cells and lymphocytes compared with the adjacent non-lymphoid epithelium, although cytotoxic T cells were notably scarce in the FAE. The bovine nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue had comparable elements to other MALTs with specific differences that may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of infectious agents that have specific tropism for this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haillie C Meek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA; Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA.
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12
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Niazi AM, ZiHeng Z, Fuke N, Toyama K, Habibi WA, Kawaguchi N, Yamaguchi R, Hirai T. Detection of Swine Influenza A and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses in Nasopharynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue. J Comp Pathol 2022; 197:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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13
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Cai L, Xu H, Cui Z. Factors Limiting the Translatability of Rodent Model-Based Intranasal Vaccine Research to Humans. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:191. [PMID: 35819736 PMCID: PMC9274968 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intranasal route of vaccination presents an attractive alternative to parenteral routes and offers numerous advantages, such as the induction of both mucosal and systemic immunity, needle-free delivery, and increased patient compliance. Despite demonstrating promising results in preclinical studies, however, few intranasal vaccine candidates progress beyond early clinical trials. This discrepancy likely stems in part from the limited predictive value of rodent models, which are used frequently in intranasal vaccine research. In this review, we explored the factors that limit the translatability of rodent-based intranasal vaccine research to humans, focusing on the differences in anatomy, immunology, and disease pathology between rodents and humans. We also discussed approaches that minimize these differences and examined alternative animal models that would produce more clinically relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
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14
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Kim HK, Kim H, Lee MK, Choi WH, Jang Y, Shin JS, Park JY, Bae DH, Hyun SI, Kim KH, Han HW, Lim B, Choi G, Kim M, Chang Lim Y, Yoo J. Generation of human tonsil epithelial organoids as an ex vivo model for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121460. [PMID: 35286852 PMCID: PMC8901203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The palatine tonsils (hereinafter referred to as "tonsils") serve as a reservoir for viral infections and play roles in the immune system's first line of defense. The aims of this study were to establish tonsil epithelial cell-derived organoids and examine their feasibility as an ex vivo model for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The tonsil organoids successfully recapitulated the key characteristics of the tonsil epithelium, including cellular composition, histologic properties, and biomarker distribution. Notably, the basal layer cells of the organoids express molecules essential for SARS-CoV-2 entry, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and furin, being susceptible to the viral infection. Changes in the gene expression profile in tonsil organoids revealed that 395 genes associated with oncostatin M signaling and lipid metabolism were highly upregulated within 72 h after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, remdesivir suppressed the viral RNA copy number in organoid culture supernatants and intracellular viral protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Here, we suggest that tonsil epithelial organoids could provide a preclinical and translational research platform for investigating SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and transmissibility or for evaluating antiviral candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; R&D Institute, Organoidsciences Ltd., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryeon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Research Institute, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Kyu Lee
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Jang
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yeol Park
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuck Bae
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-In Hyun
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Han
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungho Lim
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, KRICT, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gildon Choi
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, KRICT, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Chang Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Research Institute, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongman Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; R&D Institute, Organoidsciences Ltd., Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Vaernewyck V, Arzi B, Sanders NN, Cox E, Devriendt B. Mucosal Vaccination Against Periodontal Disease: Current Status and Opportunities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768397. [PMID: 34925337 PMCID: PMC8675580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 9 out of 10 adults have some form of periodontal disease, an infection-induced inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues. The initial form, gingivitis, often remains asymptomatic, but this can evolve into periodontitis, which is typically associated with halitosis, oral pain or discomfort, and tooth loss. Furthermore, periodontitis may contribute to systemic disorders like cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Control options remain nonspecific, time-consuming, and costly; largely relying on the removal of dental plaque and calculus by mechanical debridement. However, while dental plaque bacteria trigger periodontal disease, it is the host-specific inflammatory response that acts as main driver of tissue destruction and disease progression. Therefore, periodontal disease control should aim to alter the host's inflammatory response as well as to reduce the bacterial triggers. Vaccines may provide a potent adjunct to mechanical debridement for periodontal disease prevention and treatment. However, the immunopathogenic complexity and polymicrobial aspect of PD appear to complicate the development of periodontal vaccines. Moreover, a successful periodontal vaccine should induce protective immunity in the oral cavity, which proves difficult with traditional vaccination methods. Recent advances in mucosal vaccination may bridge the gap in periodontal vaccine development. In this review, we offer a comprehensive overview of mucosal vaccination strategies to induce protective immunity in the oral cavity for periodontal disease control. Furthermore, we highlight the need for additional research with appropriate and clinically relevant animal models. Finally, we discuss several opportunities in periodontal vaccine development such as multivalency, vaccine formulations, and delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vaernewyck
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures (VIRC) School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Niek N. Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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16
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Mycoplasma bovis May Travel Along the Eustachian Tube to Cause Meningitis in Japanese Black Cattle. J Comp Pathol 2021; 188:13-20. [PMID: 34686272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is a common inhabitant of the upper and lower respiratory tracts of cattle and is considered to be the main aetiological agent of otitis media in calves. The eustachian tube appears to be the most common portal for pathogens to enter the middle ear. We investigated the transmission route of M. bovis causing otitis media that progressed to meningitis or meningoencephalitis in Japanese Black cattle. M. bovis was detected in 10 cases by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method or by immunohistochemistry. One case of caseonecrotic granulomatous meningoencephalitis, one case of caseonecrotic granulomatous meningitis, one case of suppurative meningoencephalitis, eight cases of eustachitis, nine cases of tonsillitis and six cases of suppurative bronchopneumonia were identified by histopathological examination. M. bovis antigen was detected in the eustachian tubes of eight cases. In nine cases, M. bovis was also detected in tonsillar epithelial crypts and lumina, in intraluminal inflammatory cells and in the epithelial cells of minor salivary glands located around the eustachian tubes and tonsils. The results suggest that M. bovis can infect and colonize the tonsils and enter the eustachian tubes, causing otitis media, which, in cases of chronic infection, can progress to meningitis.
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17
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Jolles A, Gorsich E, Gubbins S, Beechler B, Buss P, Juleff N, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Maree F, Perez-Martin E, van Schalkwyk OL, Scott K, Zhang F, Medlock J, Charleston B. Endemic persistence of a highly contagious pathogen: Foot-and-mouth disease in its wildlife host. Science 2021; 374:104-109. [PMID: 34591637 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Extremely contagious pathogens are a global biosecurity threat because of their high burden of morbidity and mortality, as well as their capacity for fast-moving epidemics that are difficult to quell. Understanding the mechanisms enabling persistence of highly transmissible pathogens in host populations is thus a central problem in disease ecology. Through a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches, we investigated how highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease viruses persist in the African buffalo, which serves as their wildlife reservoir. We found that viral persistence through transmission among acutely infected hosts alone is unlikely. However, the inclusion of occasional transmission from persistently infected carriers reliably rescues the most infectious viral strain from fade-out. Additional mechanisms such as antigenic shift, loss of immunity, or spillover among host populations may be required for persistence of less transmissible strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jolles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Erin Gorsich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Brianna Beechler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Peter Buss
- SANParks, Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, 1350 Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Nick Juleff
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Livestock Program, Seattle 98109, WA, USA
| | - Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist
- Office of the State Veterinarian, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Government of South Africa, 1350 Skukuza, South Africa
| | - Francois Maree
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Research Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.,South Africa Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eva Perez-Martin
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - O L van Schalkwyk
- Office of the State Veterinarian, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Government of South Africa, 1350 Skukuza, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1 Radolfzell, 78315, Germany
| | - Katherine Scott
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Research Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jan Medlock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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18
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Woicke J, Al-Haddawi MM, Bienvenu JG, Caverly Rae JM, Chanut FJ, Colman K, Cullen JM, Davis W, Fukuda R, Huisinga M, Walker UJ, Kai K, Kovi RC, Macri NP, Marxfeld HA, Nikula KJ, Pardo ID, Rosol TJ, Sharma AK, Singh BP, Tamura K, Thibodeau MS, Vezzali E, Vidal JD, Meseck EK. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Dog. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:5-109. [PMID: 33393871 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320968181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the societies of toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the dog used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions, lesions induced by exposure to test materials, and relevant infectious and parasitic lesions. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Karyn Colman
- Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John M Cullen
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Ryo Fukuda
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiyonori Kai
- Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Medical Safety Research Laboratories, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories (EPL), Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,National Toxicology Program (NTP), US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Kazutoshi Tamura
- Pathology Department, BoZo Research Center Inc, Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Emily K Meseck
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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19
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Goździewska‐Harłajczuk K, Klećkowska‐Nawrot J, Hamouzová P, Čížek P. Microstructure of the tongue surface and lingual glands of the Sulawesi bear cuscus,
Ailurops ursinus
(Marsupialia: Phalangeridae)—A light and scanning electron microscopic study. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Goździewska‐Harłajczuk
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław Poland
| | - Joanna Klećkowska‐Nawrot
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław Poland
| | - Pavla Hamouzová
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Čížek
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Brno Czech Republic
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20
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Schuh JCL. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures of the Eye and Ear in Laboratory Animals. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:472-482. [PMID: 33252012 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320970448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of special senses is poorly described and can be confused with nonspecific mononuclear cell infiltrates and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). In the eye, MALT consists mostly of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and lacrimal drainage-associated lymphoid tissue (LDALT). In humans, CALT and LDALT are important components of the normal eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT), but EALT is less frequently described in ocular tissues of animals. The EALT are acquired postnatally in preferential mucosal sites, expand with antigenic exposure, form well-developed lymphoid follicles, and are reported to senesce. Lymphoid follicles that are induced concurrently with chronic inflammation are more appropriately considered TLS but must be differentiated from inflammation in MALT. Less understood is the etiology for formation of lymphoid tissue aggregates in the ciliary body, limbus, or choroid of healthy eyes in animals and humans. In the healthy eustachian tube and middle ear of animals and humans, MALT may be present but is infrequently described. Concurrent with otitis media, lymphoid follicles in the eustachian tube are probably expanded MALT, but lymphoid follicles in the middle ear may be TLS. The purpose of this comparative review is to familiarize toxicologic pathologists with MALT in the special senses and to provide considerations for differentiating and reporting eye and ear MALT from immune or inflammatory cell infiltrates or inflammation in nonclinical studies, and the circumstances for reporting TLS in compartments of the eye and ear.
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21
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Mader BJ, Hammer RB. On the true nature of the sphenoidal “pits” in the common warthog, Phacochoerus africanus (Artiodactyla, Suidae), and a description of the cranial sinuses. J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The peculiar sphenoidal “pits” of the common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) long have been recognized as a feature that distinguishes that species from the closely related desert warthog (P. aethiopicus). Authors seem to regard these structures as blind pockets that do not extend beyond the basicranium. However, these structures actually are openings that lead into a complex system of sinuses (the sphenoidal sinuses) located in the sphenoid and squamosal, and occasionally extending into the occipital and parietal bones. The openings appear to serve as a drain into the nasopharynx. The sphenoidal “pits” of P. africanus as currently defined by most authors are, therefore, not homologous with the sphenoidal pits of P. aethiopicus. We suggest that the term “sphenoidal apertures” be applied to these openings. The true homologue of the sphenoidal pits of P. aethiopicus is the bone that surrounds the sphenoidal apertures in P. africanus. This would include the thin bony sheet that forms the floor of the opening and that bears a shallow fossa. We recommend the term “sphenoidal shelf” be employed to describe this part of the true sphenoidal pit of P. africanus. In addition to the sphenoidal sinuses, the maxillary and frontal sinuses of P. africanus also are described. We report the possibility of mammalian cranial sinuses arising from nasopharyngeal diverticula rather than from diverticula originating from the nasal cavity proper. Previously, such nasopharyngeal pneumatization only has been known to occur in Reptilia. Possible sinus functions are discussed including shock absorption, lightening of the skull, improvement of olfaction, and enhancement of the immune system. In addition to P. africanus, sphenoidal apertures also occur in Babyrousa, and in an extinct perissodactyl, a brontothere (= titanothere).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn J Mader
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, 222-05 56th Avenue, Bayside, NY, USA
| | - Rachel B Hammer
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, 222-05 56th Avenue, Bayside, NY, USA
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22
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Mickelson MA, Regan D, Randall EK, Worley D, Seguin B. Canine tonsillar neoplasia and tonsillar metastasis from various primary neoplasms. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:770-777. [PMID: 32352191 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tonsillar metastasis from distant primary tumours has not been described in dogs, and reports are rare in humans. The aims of this study were to determine whether tumour metastasis occurs to the canine palatine tonsils and evaluate whether afferent lymphatics drain to the palatine tonsils via skull indirect computed tomography lymphangiography (ICTL). Retrospective review of the diagnostic laboratory tonsillar histopathology submissions was performed. ICTL studies (n = 53) were retrospectively reviewed by a single radiologist. Of 882 total tonsil histopathology samples, 492 (56%) were considered neoplastic, with 8% of them benign. Of the primary malignant neoplasms of the tonsil, squamous cell carcinoma (55%), lymphoma (17%) and melanoma (12%) were most common. Tonsillar metastasis was confirmed in 41 cases; histopathologic evaluation revealed melanoma (25), carcinoma (10), hemangiosarcoma (2) and one each of fibrosarcoma, malignant histiocytosis, basal cell tumour and undifferentiated sarcoma. A total of 53 tonsillar melanoma cases were identified, of which 25 represented metastasis from a known distant primary tumour and 28 were solely tonsillar, with 9 of these cases having concurrent lymph node metastasis. No ICTL cases had lymphatic contrast drainage to the palatine tonsil. The palatine tonsil is an important site of metastasis for a variety of primary tumour types from many locations. ICTL did not reveal lymphatics draining to the palatine tonsil, which is highly supportive of hematogenous route of metastasis to the tonsil. Tonsillar metastasis may be more common than previously thought. It is recommended to perform a thorough oral examination, including the tonsils, for all oral tumours and melanoma cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Mickelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Daniel Regan
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elissa K Randall
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Deanna Worley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Bernard Seguin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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23
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Day MJ, Carey S, Clercx C, Kohn B, MarsilIo F, Thiry E, Freyburger L, Schulz B, Walker DJ. Aetiology of Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex and Prevalence of its Pathogens in Europe. J Comp Pathol 2020; 176:86-108. [PMID: 32359641 PMCID: PMC7103302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is an endemic worldwide syndrome involving multiple viral and bacterial pathogens. Traditionally, Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine herpesvirus (CHV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) were considered the major causative agents. Lately, new pathogens have been implicated in the development of CIRDC, namely canine influenza virus (CIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), Mycoplasma cynos and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. To better understand the role of the different pathogens in the development of CIRDC and their epidemiological relevance in Europe, prevalence data were collected from peer-reviewed publications and summarized. Evidence of exposure to Bb is frequently found in healthy and diseased dogs and client-owned dogs are as likely to be infected as kennelled dogs. Co-infections with viral pathogens are common. The findings confirm that Bb is an important cause of CIRDC in Europe. CAV-2 and CDV recovery rates from healthy and diseased dogs are low and the most likely explanation for this is control through vaccination. Seroconversion to CHV can be demonstrated following CIRDC outbreaks and CHV has been detected in the lower respiratory tract of diseased dogs. There is some evidence that CHV is not a primary cause of CIRDC, but opportunistically re-activates at the time of infection and exacerbates the disease. The currently available data suggest that CIV is, at present, neither a prevalent nor a significant pathogen in Europe. CPiV remains an important pathogen in CIRDC and facilitates co-infection with other viral and bacterial pathogens. CnPnV and CRCoV are important new elements in the aetiology of CIRDC and spread particularly well in multi-dog establishments. M. cynos is common in Europe and is more likely to occur in younger and kennelled dogs. This organism is frequently found together with other CIRDC pathogens and is significantly associated with more severe respiratory signs. S. zooepidemicus infection is not common and appears to be a particular problem in kennels. Protective immunity against respiratory diseases is rarely complete, and generally only a reduction in clinical signs and excretion of pathogen can be achieved through vaccination. However, even vaccines that only reduce and do not prevent infection carry epidemiological advantages. They reduce spread, increase herd immunity and decrease usage of antimicrobials. Recommending vaccination of dogs against pathogens of CIRDC will directly provide epidemiological advantages to the population and the individual dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia and Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
| | - S Carey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, USA
| | - C Clercx
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - B Kohn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F MarsilIo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - E Thiry
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - L Freyburger
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Agressions Pulmonaires et Circulatoires dans le Sepsis, Marcy l'Etoile and La Compagnie des Animaux, SantéVet, Lyon, France
| | - B Schulz
- Ludwig-Maximillian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D J Walker
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, Hampshire, UK
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24
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Te Kamp V, Freuling CM, Vos A, Schuster P, Kaiser C, Ortmann S, Kretzschmar A, Nemitz S, Eggerbauer E, Ulrich R, Schinköthe J, Nolden T, Müller T, Finke S. Responsiveness of various reservoir species to oral rabies vaccination correlates with differences in vaccine uptake of mucosa associated lymphoid tissues. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2919. [PMID: 32076025 PMCID: PMC7031338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is highly effective in foxes and raccoon dogs, whereas for unknown reasons the efficacy of ORV in other reservoir species is less pronounced. To investigate possible variations in species-specific cell tropism and local replication of vaccine virus, different reservoir species including foxes, raccoon dogs, raccoons, mongooses, dogs and skunks were orally immunised with a highly attenuated, high-titred GFP-expressing rabies virus (RABV). Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR screenings revealed clear differences among species suggesting host specific limitations to ORV. While for responsive species the palatine tonsils (tonsilla palatina) were identified as a main site of virus replication, less virus dissemination was observed in the tonsils of rather refractory species. While our comparison of vaccine virus tropism emphasizes the important role that the tonsilla palatina plays in eliciting an immune response to ORV, our data also indicate that other lymphoid tissues may have a more important role than originally anticipated. Overall, these data support a model in which the susceptibility to oral live RABV vaccine infection of lymphatic tissue is a major determinant in vaccination efficacy. The present results may help to direct future research for improving vaccine uptake and efficacy of oral rabies vaccines under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Te Kamp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Thescon GmbH, 48653, Coesfeld, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, 06861, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Peter Schuster
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, 06861, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sabine Nemitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- BioNTech IMFS GmbH, 55743, Idar-Oberstein, Germany
| | - Elisa Eggerbauer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Thüringer Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz, 99947, Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Nolden
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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25
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Xi S, Liu K, Xiao C, Hameed M, Ou A, Shao D, Li B, Wei J, Qiu Y, Miao D, Ma Z. Establishment and characterization of the pig tonsil epithelial (PT) cell line as a new model for persist infection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108587. [PMID: 32122591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes a serious zoonotic disease worldwide, pig is the reservoir and amplifying host of JEV. JEV can persist infect tonsil in pig, but the relation between persist infection in tonsil and reservoir are not clear until now. A stable pig tonsil cell line is necessary for JEV persist infection research. In this study, we established a continuous epithelial cell line, named PT cell, from the pig tonsil. This cell is susceptible to JEV. We determined the growth characteristics, molecular properties, microstructure profiles of PT cell. JEV is easy to enter PT cell which may partly explain the reason of persist infection. We further determined that LMAN2L, a mannose lectin proteins, is the primary viral receptors for JEV entry in PT cell. IFITM3, an cellular surface antiviral factor, is underexpression in PT cell after JEV infection. All these results provide solid evidence that PT cell will promote additional research on JEV persist infection in pig tonsil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Xi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Changguang Xiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Anni Ou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Denian Miao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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26
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Stenfeldt C, Pacheco JM, Singanallur NB, Vosloo W, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Virulence beneath the fleece; a tale of foot-and-mouth disease virus pathogenesis in sheep. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227061. [PMID: 31891626 PMCID: PMC6938329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is capable of infecting all cloven-hoofed domestic livestock species, including cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep. However, in contrast to cattle and pigs, the pathogenesis of FMDV in small ruminants has been incompletely elucidated. The objective of the current investigation was to characterize tissue- and cellular tropism of early and late stages of FMDV infection in sheep following three different routes of simulated natural virus exposure. Extensive post-mortem harvest of tissue samples at pre-determined time points during early infection (24 and 48 hours post infection) demonstrated that tissues specifically susceptible to primary FMDV infection included the paraepiglottic- and palatine tonsils, as well as the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Additionally, experimental aerosol inoculation of sheep led to substantial virus replication in the lungs at 24-48 hours post-inoculation. During persistent infection (35 days post infection), the paraepiglottic- and palatine tonsils were the only tissues from which infectious FMDV was recovered. This is strikingly different from cattle, in which persistent FMDV infection has consistently been located to the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Analysis of tissue sections by immunomicroscopy revealed a strict epithelial tropism during both early and late phases of infection as FMDV was consistently localized to cytokeratin-expressing epithelial cells. This study expands upon previous knowledge of FMDV pathogenesis in sheep by providing detailed information on the temporo-anatomic distribution of FMDV in ovine tissues. Findings are discussed in relation to similar investigations previously performed in cattle and pigs, highlighting similarities and differences in FMDV pathogenesis across natural host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Pacheco
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
| | | | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Kong WG, Yu YY, Dong S, Huang ZY, Ding LG, Cao JF, Dong F, Zhang XT, Liu X, Xu HY, Meng KF, Su JG, Xu Z. Pharyngeal Immunity in Early Vertebrates Provides Functional and Evolutionary Insight into Mucosal Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3054-3067. [PMID: 31645417 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pharyngeal organ is located at the crossroad of the respiratory and digestive tracts in vertebrate, and it is continuously challenged by varying Ags during breathing and feeding. In mammals, the pharyngeal mucosa (PM) is a critical first line of defense. However, the evolutionary origins and ancient roles of immune defense and microbiota homeostasis of PM are still unknown. In this study, to our knowledge, we are the first to find that diffuse MALT is present in PM of rainbow trout, an early vertebrate. Importantly, following parasitic infection, we detect that strong parasite-specific mucosal IgT and dominant proliferation of IgT+ B cell immune responses occurs in trout PM, providing, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of local mucosal Ig responses against pathogens in pharyngeal organ of a nonmammal species. Moreover, we show that the trout PM microbiota is prevalently coated with secretory IgT and, to a much lesser degree, by IgM and IgD, suggesting the key role of mucosal Igs in the immune exclusion of teleost pharyngeal bacteria. Overall, to our knowledge, our findings provide the first evidence that pharyngeal mucosal immunity appear earlier than tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guang Kong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Yong-Yao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Shuai Dong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Zhen-Yu Huang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Li-Guo Ding
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Jia-Feng Cao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Fen Dong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Xiao-Ting Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Hao-Yue Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Kai-Feng Meng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Jian-Guo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
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28
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Cortjens B, de Jong R, Bonsing JG, van Woensel JBM, Bem RA, Antonis AFG. Human respiratory syncytial virus infection in the pre-clinical calf model. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:213-218. [PMID: 31300116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most important respiratory pathogen in young children worldwide. Experimental modelling of hRSV disease by bovine RSV (bRSV) infection in calves provides an important tool for developing new strategies for prevention and treatment. Depending on the scientific hypothesis under investigation, this cognate host-virus model might have the disadvantage of using a highly related but not genetically identical virus. In this study, we aim to describe viral kinetics and (clinical) disease characteristics in calves inoculated with hRSV. Our results show that hRSV infects the upper and, to a lesser extent, the lower respiratory tract of calves. Infection causes upper airway clinical disease symptoms and neutrophilic infiltration of the lower airways. We conclude that a hRSV model in calves may aid future research involving distinct scientific questions related to hRSV disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cortjens
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - R de Jong
- Wageningen University and Research, Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - J G Bonsing
- Wageningen University and Research, Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - J B M van Woensel
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R A Bem
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A F G Antonis
- Wageningen University and Research, Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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29
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Girgiri IA, Kumar P. Histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the nasopharyngeal tonsil of the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:375-383. [PMID: 31173394 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The light microscopic appearance and ultrastructure of the nasopharyngeal tonsil (tonsilla pharyngea), collected from 12 adult buffaloes of local mixed breed, were explored for the distribution of different types of epithelia, lymphoid tissue and high endothelial venules. The tonsillar mucosa was lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium having goblet cells. The respiratory epithelium associated with the underlying lymphoid tissue formed the lymphoepithelium. The epithelium was further modified into follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) characterized by reduced epithelial height, presence of a few dome-shaped cuboidal cells equivalent of the M-cells and absence of goblet and ciliated cells. The lymphoid tissue was distributed in the form of isolated lymphoid cells, diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymphoid follicles, mainly distributed within the propria-submucosa along with the sero-mucous glandular tissue. The goblet cells of the respiratory epithelium and the acinar cells contained different mucopolysaccharides. Scanning electron microscopy of the surface mucosa demonstrated a dense mat of cilia, island-like arrangement of microvillus cells, M-cells and a few brush-like cells. The transmission electron microscopy revealed the different cell organelles of the respiratory epithelium and the FAE. Lymphocyte migration via the high endothelial venules in the propria-submucosa was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Alhaji Girgiri
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Profiling of local disease-sparing responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in intranasally vaccinated and challenged calves. J Proteomics 2019; 204:103397. [PMID: 31146050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bovine and human respiratory syncytial viruses (BRSV, HRSV) are primary causes of pneumonia in calves and children respectively, with vaccination offering protection via antibody and cellular immune responses. However, with no vaccines currently licensed for human use, evaluation of local responses to BRSV vaccination may provide insights to aid the design of effective safe HRSV vaccines. Calves received intranasal single component BRSV vaccine or "3-Way" vaccine (BRSV, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BHV-1), Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type-3 (BPIV-3)), and were BRSV-challenged 42 days post-vaccination. All vaccinates exhibited reduced pulmonary lesioning with elevated anti-BRSV serum IgG, and higher nasal anti-BRSV IgA in 3-Way vaccinates. Thirty-nine proteins associated with homeostatic and immune processes were altered in vaccinates, with enhanced 3-Way vaccinate group proteins associated with Th1/Th2 balance and immunoglobulin class switching. Proteins altered in the pharyngeal tonsil of animals euthanized early related to anti-inflammatory responses and lymphoid tissue remodeling. These findings indicate that multivalent vaccines distinctly modulate local immune responses, with clear correlation between the pharyngeal tonsil proteome profile and resulting immune protection and disease-sparing. This suggests that the efficacy of low-antigenic subunit vaccine components for problematic pathogens such as HRSV could be enhanced by use in combination with existing safe live vaccines. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that vaccine valency can alter post-challenge proteome responses within the pharyngeal tonsil, a sentinel site of primary immune responses, with the magnitude of response dependent on antigen formulation. Observed differential responses can be attributed to antigenic material and viral nucleic acid from multivalent formulations providing additional T-cell epitopes and PAMPS. These findings indicate that incorporation of subunits proteins within multivalent formulations containing live virus has the potential to induce/skew a favorable immune response, utilising the natural adjuvanting effects of safe proven live vaccines.
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Golconda P, Buckley KM, Reynolds CR, Romanello JP, Smith LC. The Axial Organ and the Pharynx Are Sites of Hematopoiesis in the Sea Urchin. Front Immunol 2019; 10:870. [PMID: 31105697 PMCID: PMC6494969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The location of coelomocyte proliferation in adult sea urchins is unknown and speculations since the early 1800s have been based on microanatomy and tracer uptake studies. In adult sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) with down-regulated immune systems, coelomocyte numbers increase in response to immune challenge, and whether some or all of these cells are newly proliferated is not known. The gene regulatory network that encodes transcription factors that control hematopoiesis in embryonic and larval sea urchins has not been investigated in adults. Hence, to identify the hematopoietic tissue in adult sea urchins, cell proliferation, expression of phagocyte specific genes, and expression of genes encoding transcription factors that function in the conserved regulatory network that controls hematopoiesis in embryonic and larval sea urchins were investigated for several tissues. Results: Cell proliferation was induced in adult sea urchins either by immune challenge through injection of heat-killed Vibrio diazotrophicus or by cell depletion through aspiration of coelomic fluid. In response to either of these stimuli, newly proliferated coelomocytes constitute only about 10% of the cells in the coelomic fluid. In tissues, newly proliferated cells and cells that express SpTransformer proteins (formerly Sp185/333) that are markers for phagocytes are present in the axial organ, gonad, pharynx, esophagus, and gut with no differences among tissues. The expression level of genes encoding transcription factors that regulate hematopoiesis show that both the axial organ and the pharynx have elevated expression compared to coelomocytes, esophagus, gut, and gonad. Similarly, an RNAseq dataset shows similar results for the axial organ and pharynx, but also suggests that the axial organ may be a site for removal and recycling of cells in the coelomic cavity. Conclusions: Results presented here are consistent with previous speculations that the axial organ may be a site of coelomocyte proliferation and that it may also be a center for cellular removal and recycling. A second site, the pharynx, may also have hematopoietic activity, a tissue that has been assumed to function only as part of the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - L. Courtney Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Casadei E, Salinas I. Comparative models for human nasal infections and immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:212-222. [PMID: 30513304 PMCID: PMC7102639 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The human olfactory system is a mucosal surface and a major portal of entry for respiratory and neurotropic pathogens into the body. Understanding how the human nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) halts the progression of pathogens into the lower respiratory tract or the central nervous system is key for developing effective cures. Although traditionally mice have been used as the gold-standard model for the study of human nasal diseases, mouse models present important caveats due to major anatomical and functional differences of the human and murine olfactory system and NALT. We summarize the NALT anatomy of different animal groups that have thus far been used to study host-pathogen interactions at the olfactory mucosa and to test nasal vaccines. The goal of this review is to highlight the strengths and limitations of each animal model of nasal immunity and to identify the areas of research that require further investigation to advance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Casadei
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Irene Salinas
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Saxena VK, Diaz A, Scheerlinck JPY. Identification and characterization of an M cell marker in nasopharynx- and oropharynx-associated lymphoid tissue of sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 208:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Tonsils are mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues located at the openings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, which play a key role in the surveillance of inhaled or ingested pathogens and can concurrently be reservoirs of infectious agents. Therefore, tonsils are important for the immunology and hygiene management of domestic animals, including pigs. However, the process of their fetal developmental has been poorly described, at least in part, because rodents lack tonsils. Therefore, we performed a histological analysis of porcine tonsils of the soft palate from 60 to 100 days of gestation (DG) and from 2 to 14 days post partum (DP). This analysis showed that lymphoid aggregations first appear at DG65, gradually develop during the fetal stage, and expand after birth. In addition, the mRNA expression of chemokine genes involved in lymphoid aggregation and localization was analyzed. CCL19 expression showed the most marked increase and a sharp peak after birth. CCL21 expression changed moderately but showed an interesting bimodal pattern. CXCL13 expression steadily increased throughout the study period. Thus, we demonstrated the mRNA expression of chemokine characteristically changed accompanying tonsillar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Suzuki
- Division of Animal Science, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Fuchimoto
- Division of Animal Science, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
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Xu Y, Sun J, Cui Y, Yu S, He J, Liu P, Zhang Q. Age‐related changes in the morphology and the distribution of IgA and IgG in the pharyngeal tonsils of yaks (Bos grunniens). J Morphol 2018; 280:214-222. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Juan Sun
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yan Cui
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Sijiu Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Junfeng He
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Penggang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
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Horigan V, Arnold M, Patea L, Adkin A. Estimating the impact on the food chain of removal of bovine tonsils from specified risk material in Great Britain assuming negligible risk status for bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ruiz-Drebing M, Dennis R, Sparkes A, Dominguez E. MRI features of presumed normal palatine tonsils in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:231-238. [PMID: 30488445 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the MRI characteristics of normal palatine tonsils in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study of 95 dogs with presumed normal tonsils. Tonsillar margination, shape and signal intensity in pre- and postcontrast studies were assessed and the cross-sectional area was measured at the point of maximal size on transverse images. RESULTS In all cases the tonsils were located with their largest transverse cross-section at the level of the temporomandibular joints. Their margins were well-defined in all dogs; in 57 (60%) the borders were smooth and in 38 (40%) slightly irregular. The majority (96%) of the tonsils were rounded to oval in cross-section and the remainder were elongated. All tonsils were hyperintense to the medial pterygoid muscles in T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR and T2* gradient echo images and they showed either homogeneous (53%) or heterogeneous (47%) signal intensity. Contrast enhancement was marked (65%) or moderate (33%) in the majority of animals. Median tonsillar cross-sectional area was approximately 29 mm2 (90% confidence interval: 10.0 to 64.4 mm2 ). There was significant positive correlation between bodyweight and tonsillar cross-sectional area and a weak negative correlation between age and tonsillar cross-sectional area. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE MRI is of value in assessing normal palatine tonsils in dogs. This study could be used as a baseline for the investigation of the value of MRI in assessment of tonsillar disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Dennis
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - A Sparkes
- International Cat Care, Tisbury, SP3 6LW, UK
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Sun J, Cui Y, Yu S, Xu Y, He J, Liu P, Huang Y, Li Q. Yak (Bos grunniens) Tonsils: Morphological Description and Expression of IgA and IgG. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:999-1009. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yan Cui
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Si‐Jiu Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yuan‐Fang Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Jun‐Feng He
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Peng‐Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yu‐Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Qin Li
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
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Starbæk SMR, Brogaard L, Dawson HD, Smith AD, Heegaard PMH, Larsen LE, Jungersen G, Skovgaard K. Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection Incorporating the Involvement of Innate Host Defenses: Enhanced Translational Value of the Porcine Model. ILAR J 2018; 59:323-337. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Influenza is a viral respiratory disease having a major impact on public health. Influenza A virus (IAV) usually causes mild transitory disease in humans. However, in specific groups of individuals such as severely obese, the elderly, and individuals with underlying inflammatory conditions, IAV can cause severe illness or death. In this review, relevant small and large animal models for human IAV infection, including the pig, ferret, and mouse, are discussed. The focus is on the pig as a large animal model for human IAV infection as well as on the associated innate immune response. Pigs are natural hosts for the same IAV subtypes as humans, they develop clinical disease mirroring human symptoms, they have similar lung anatomy, and their respiratory physiology and immune responses to IAV infection are remarkably similar to what is observed in humans. The pig model shows high face and target validity for human IAV infection, making it suitable for modeling many aspects of influenza, including increased risk of severe disease and impaired vaccine response due to underlying pathologies such as low-grade inflammation. Comparative analysis of proteins involved in viral pattern recognition, interferon responses, and regulation of interferon-stimulated genes reveals a significantly higher degree of similarity between pig, ferret, and human compared with mice. It is concluded that the pig is a promising animal model displaying substantial human translational value with the ability to provide essential insights into IAV infection, pathogenesis, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M R Starbæk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Brogaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Allen D Smith
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Prims S, Jurgens B, Vanden Hole C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C, Casteleyn C. The porcine tonsils and Peyer's patches: A stereological morphometric analysis in conventionally and artificially reared piglets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 206:9-15. [PMID: 30502915 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selection for prolificacy in modern pig farming has resulted in increasing litter sizes. Since rearing large litters is challenging, artificial rearing of piglets with a milk replacer is an alternative strategy. It is hypothesized that the development of the piglets' mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) is affected by these artificial conditions. Therefore, the stereologically estimated volumes of the tonsil of the soft palate, and the lingual, nasopharyngeal and paraepiglottic tonsils, as well as the jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches were statistically compared at day 21 postpartum between six conventionally reared piglets and six piglets that were artificially reared from day 7 onwards. In addition, six 7-day-old sow-fed piglets were examined to evaluate the effect of age. All tonsils and Peyer's patches significantly increased in volume with age. The rearing strategy had no significant effect on the volumes of the tonsil of the soft palate and the lingual tonsil. The former tonsil was by far the largest with a mean volume of 967.2 ± 122.4 mm3 and 822.3 ± 125.4 mm3 in the conventionally and artificially reared piglets, respectively. The lingual tonsil only measured 9.4 ± 6.4 mm3 and 6.3 ± 2.6 mm3 in conventionally and artificially reared groups, respectively. In contrast, the rearing strategy did affect the volumes of the nasopharyngeal and paraepiglottic tonsils, which had a mean volume of 137.1 ± 32.4 mm3 and 84.4 ± 26.9 mm3, and 30.7 ± 7.8 mm3 and 20.0 ± 3.9 mm3 in conventionally and artificially reared piglets, respectively. The rearing strategy did not affect the development of the Peyer's patches. At day 21, the jejunal Peyer's patches of the conventionally and artificially reared piglets presented a volume of 1.6 ± 0.4 cm3 and 1.3 ± 0.2 cm3, respectively. The volumes of the ileal Peyer's patch amounted to 15.1 ± 3.0 cm³ in conventionally reared piglets and 12.0 ± 2.6 cm³ in artificially reared piglets at day 21. The results showed that artificial rearing hampers the morphological development of the tonsils that are exposed to inhaled antigens, but the voluminous lymphoid tissues that sample oral antigens are not influenced. Since it is unlikely that the observed differences in both tonsils are due to the milk replacer, artificial rearing could be a valuable alternative for raising large litters. In addition, the presence of developing MALT in piglets allows for investigating the value of nasal and oral vaccination in this species for human or veterinary purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Prims
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Ben Jurgens
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Vanden Hole
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Islam MA, Firdous J, Badruddoza AZM, Reesor E, Azad M, Hasan A, Lim M, Cao W, Guillemette S, Cho CS. M cell targeting engineered biomaterials for effective vaccination. Biomaterials 2018; 192:75-94. [PMID: 30439573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the greatest medical interventions of all time and have been successful in controlling and eliminating a myriad of diseases over the past two centuries. Among several vaccination strategies, mucosal vaccines have wide clinical applications and attract considerable interest in research, showing potential as innovative and novel therapeutics. In mucosal vaccination, targeting (microfold) M cells is a frontline prerequisite for inducing effective antigen-specific immunostimulatory effects. In this review, we primarily focus on materials engineered for use as vaccine delivery platforms to target M cells. We also describe potential M cell targeting areas, methods to overcome current challenges and limitations of the field. Furthermore, we present the potential of biomaterials engineering as well as various natural and synthetic delivery technologies to overcome the challenges of M cell targeting, all of which are absent in current literature. Finally, we briefly discuss manufacturing and regulatory processes to bring a robust perspective on the feasibility and potential of this next-generation vaccine technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jannatul Firdous
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emma Reesor
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mohammad Azad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Wuji Cao
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Simon Guillemette
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Chong Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Hassel R, Vos A, Clausen P, Moore S, van der Westhuizen J, Khaiseb S, Kabajani J, Pfaff F, Höper D, Hundt B, Jago M, Bruwer F, Lindeque P, Finke S, Freuling CM, Müller T. Experimental screening studies on rabies virus transmission and oral rabies vaccination of the Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Sci Rep 2018; 8:16599. [PMID: 30413745 PMCID: PMC6226427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies in the Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) in Namibia is unique and found in such magnitude as has not been reported elsewhere in southern Africa. Reasons as to why Kudus appear to be exceptionally susceptible to rabies still remain speculative at best. Because the current severe rabies endemic in Kudus continues to have an enormous negative impact on the Namibian agricultural sector, we set out to question existing dogmas regarding the epidemiology of the disease in a unique experimental setting. In addition, we explored effective measures to protect these antelopes. Although we were able to confirm high susceptibly of kudus for rabies and sporadic horizontal rabies virus transmission to contact animals, we contend that these observations cannot plausibly explain the rapid spread of the disease in Kudus over large territories. Since parenteral vaccination of free-roaming Kudus is virtually impossible, oral rabies vaccination using modified life virus vaccines with a high safety profile would be the ultimate solution to the problem. In a proof-of-concept study using a 3rd generation oral rabies virus vaccine construct (SPBN GASGAS) we found evidence that Kudus can be vaccinated by the oral route and protected against a subsequent rabies infection. In a second phase, more targeted studies need to be initiated by focusing on optimizing oral vaccine uptake and delivery.
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Grants
- The project was funded by kind donations from Namibian farmers associations and individual farmers, the Conservancies Association of Namibia (CANAM) and individual conservancies, the Namibia Professional Hunting Association (NAPHA), Environmental Investment Fund (EIF), Game Products Trust Fund (GPF), Small Grant Program, First National Bank of Foundation, Agribank of Namibia, Paratus Telecom, B 2 Gold, Blaser Jagdwaffen, Dallas Safari Club, Global Supplies, Feedmaster, Afrivet, AGRA Ltd, Safari Den and Voermol Feeds
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hassel
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
- ProVision at Agra Ltd., Private Bag 12011, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ad Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Peter Clausen
- Okosongoro Safari Ranch, P.O. Box 324, Omaruru, Namibia
| | - Susan Moore
- Kansas State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Rabies Laboratory, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | | | | | - Juliet Kabajani
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 13187, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Boris Hundt
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Mark Jago
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Floris Bruwer
- ProVision at Agra Ltd., Private Bag 12011, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
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Yang Y, Jing Y, Wang J, Yang Q. Histological studies on the development of porcine tonsils after birth. J Morphol 2018; 279:1185-1193. [PMID: 29893062 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tonsils form the topographically first immune barrier of an organism against the invasion of pathogens. We used histology to study the development of tonsils of pigs after birth. At birth, the tonsils consist of diffuse lymphoid tissue without any lymphoid follicle aggregations. At the age of 7 days, lymphoid follicles appeared in the soft palate tonsil. The lymphoid layer of the nasopharyngeal tonsil, soft palate tonsil, and lingual tonsil became thicker, and lymphoid follicles in the lamina propria were clearly visible at the age of 21 days. Secondary lymphoid follicles were present in the nasopharyngeal tonsil at the age of 50 days, and in the soft palate tonsil at the age of 120 days. Dendritic cells (DCs), CD3+ T cells and IgA+ B cells in the soft palate tonsil, nasopharyngeal tonsil and lingual tonsil increased continuously, especially during the first 21 days. The results suggested that tonsils have an important role in local immune defense against invading antigens after birth and will be beneficial for understanding the mechanisms of immunity in these animals after nasal and oral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Weigang 1 Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchao Jing
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Weigang 1 Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialu Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Weigang 1 Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Weigang 1 Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Jing Y, Yang J, Yang Q. Effects of intranasal administration with Bacillus subtilis on immune cells in the nasal mucosa and tonsils of piglets. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5189-5198. [PMID: 29805543 PMCID: PMC5958783 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasal mucosa is the body's first barrier against pathogens entering through the respiratory tract. The respiratory immune system of pigs has more similarities with humans than the mouse respiratory system does, and so was selected as the animal model in the present study. To evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis as a potential probiotic to stimulate local immune responses, piglets were intranasally administered with Dylight 488-labeled B. subtilis (WB800-green fluorescent protein). The results revealed that B. subtilis was able to reach the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa, nasopharyngeal tonsils and soft palate tonsils. Piglets were subsequently administered intranasally with B. subtilis (WB800) at 3, 12 and 28 days. The results revealed that, following administration with B. subtilis, the number of dendritic cells, immunoglobulin A+ B cells and T cells in the nasal mucosa and tonsils significantly increased (P<0.05). No obvious differences were observed in the morphological structure following B. subtilis administration. There were no statistical differences were observed in the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-8 mRNA between the B. subtilis treated group and the control group in the nasal mucosa, nasopharyngeal tonsil or soft palate tonsil. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-9 mRNA expression in the tonsils was significantly increased following B. subtilis administration compared with the control group (P<0.05). The results demonstrate that B. subtilis administration increases the number of immune cells in the nasal mucosa and tonsils of piglets and stimulates nasal mucosal and tonsillar immunity. The present study lays the foundation for further study into the intranasal administration of B. subtilis in humans to enhance the immunity of human nasal mucosa to respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yuchao Jing
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
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Applications of the FIV Model to Study HIV Pathogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040206. [PMID: 29677122 PMCID: PMC5923500 DOI: 10.3390/v10040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally-occurring retrovirus that infects domestic and non-domestic feline species, producing progressive immune depletion that results in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Much has been learned about FIV since it was first described in 1987, particularly in regard to its application as a model to study the closely related lentivirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, FIV and HIV share remarkable structure and sequence organization, utilize parallel modes of receptor-mediated entry, and result in a similar spectrum of immunodeficiency-related diseases due to analogous modes of immune dysfunction. This review summarizes current knowledge of FIV infection kinetics and the mechanisms of immune dysfunction in relation to opportunistic disease, specifically in regard to studying HIV pathogenesis. Furthermore, we present data that highlight changes in the oral microbiota and oral immune system during FIV infection, and outline the potential for the feline model of oral AIDS manifestations to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-induced oral disease. Finally, we discuss advances in molecular biology, vaccine development, neurologic dysfunction, and the ability to apply pharmacologic interventions and sophisticated imaging technologies to study experimental and naturally occurring FIV, which provide an excellent, but often overlooked, resource for advancing therapies and the management of HIV/AIDS.
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Murakami K, Rancilio NJ, Plantenga JP, Moore GE, Heng HG, Lim CK. Interobserver reliability of computed tomographic contouring of canine tonsils in radiation therapy treatment planning. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 59:357-364. [PMID: 29205620 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In radiation therapy (RT) treatment planning for canine head and neck cancer, the tonsils may be included as part of the treated volume. Delineation of tonsils on computed tomography (CT) scans is difficult. Error or uncertainty in the volume and location of contoured structures may result in treatment failure. The purpose of this prospective, observer agreement study was to assess the interobserver agreement of tonsillar contouring by two groups of trained observers. Thirty dogs undergoing pre- and post-contrast CT studies of the head were included. After the pre- and postcontrast CT scans, the tonsils were identified via direct visualization, barium paste was applied bilaterally to the visible tonsils, and a third CT scan was acquired. Data from each of the three CT scans were registered in an RT treatment planning system. Two groups of observers (one veterinary radiologist and one veterinary radiation oncologist in each group) contoured bilateral tonsils by consensus, obtaining three sets of contours. Tonsil volume and location data were obtained from both groups. The contour volumes and locations were compared between groups using mixed (fixed and random effect) linear models. There was no significant difference between each group's contours in terms of three-dimensional coordinates. However there was a significant difference between each group's contours in terms of the tonsillar volume (P < 0.0001). Pre- and postcontrast CT can be used to identify the location of canine tonsils with reasonable agreement between trained observers. Discrepancy in tonsillar volume between groups of trained observers may affect RT treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Nicholas J Rancilio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Jeannie Poulson Plantenga
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Chee Kin Lim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
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Epithelial separation theory for post-tonsillectomy secondary hemorrhage: evidence in a mouse model and potential heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor therapy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 275:569-578. [PMID: 29188436 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide histological evidence to investigate a theory for post-tonsillectomy secondary hemorrhage (PTH) in a mouse model and to evaluate the potential for heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) treatment on wound healing in this model. METHODS A prospective randomized single-blinded cohort study. A uniform tongue wound was created in 84 mice (day 0). Mice were randomized to HB-EGF (treatment, n = 42) or saline (control, n = 42). In treatment mice, HB-EGF 5 µg/ml was administered intramuscularly into the wound daily (days 0-14). In control mice, normal saline was administered daily. Three mice from each group were sacrificed daily through day 14 and the wounds evaluated histologically by blinded reviewers. RESULTS Key stages of wound healing, including keratinocyte proliferation and migration, wound contraction, epithelial separation, and neoangiogenesis, are defined with implications for post-tonsillectomy wound healing. Epithelial separation (59 vs. 100%, p = 0.003) and wound reopening (8 vs. 48%, p < 0.001) were reduced with HB-EGF. Epithelial thickness (220 vs. 30 µm, p = 0.04) was greater with HB-EGF. Wound closure (days 4-5 vs. day 6, p = 0.01) occurred earlier with HB-EGF. CONCLUSIONS In healing of oral keratinocytes on muscle epithelial separation secondary to muscle, contraction occurs concurrently with neoangiogenesis in the base of the wound, increasing the risk of hemorrhage. This potentially explains why post-tonsillectomy secondary hemorrhage occurs and its timing. HB-EGF-treated wounds showed greater epithelial thickness, less frequent epithelial separation and wound reopening, and earlier wound closure prior to neovascularization, suggesting that HB-EGF may be a potential preventative therapy for PTH. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA-animal studies or basic research.
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Miller C, Boegler K, Carver S, MacMillan M, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, VandeWoude S. Pathogenesis of oral FIV infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185138. [PMID: 28934316 PMCID: PMC5608358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the feline analogue of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and features many hallmarks of HIV infection and pathogenesis, including the development of concurrent oral lesions. While HIV is typically transmitted via parenteral transmucosal contact, recent studies prove that oral transmission can occur, and that saliva from infected individuals contains significant amounts of HIV RNA and DNA. While it is accepted that FIV is primarily transmitted by biting, few studies have evaluated FIV oral infection kinetics and transmission mechanisms over the last 20 years. Modern quantitative analyses applied to natural FIV oral infection could significantly further our understanding of lentiviral oral disease and transmission. We therefore characterized FIV salivary viral kinetics and antibody secretions to more fully document oral viral pathogenesis. Our results demonstrate that: (i) saliva of FIV-infected cats contains infectious virus particles, FIV viral RNA at levels equivalent to circulation, and lower but significant amounts of FIV proviral DNA; (ii) the ratio of FIV RNA to DNA is significantly higher in saliva than in circulation; (iii) FIV viral load in oral lymphoid tissues (tonsil, lymph nodes) is significantly higher than mucosal tissues (buccal mucosa, salivary gland, tongue); (iv) salivary IgG antibodies increase significantly over time in FIV-infected cats, while salivary IgA levels remain static; and, (v) saliva from naïve Specific Pathogen Free cats inhibits FIV growth in vitro. Collectively, these results suggest that oral lymphoid tissues serve as a site for enhanced FIV replication, resulting in accumulation of FIV particles and FIV-infected cells in saliva. Failure to induce a virus-specific oral mucosal antibody response, and/or viral capability to overcome inhibitory components in saliva may perpetuate chronic oral cavity infection. Based upon these findings, we propose a model of oral FIV pathogenesis and suggest alternative diagnostic modalities and translational approaches to study oral HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Karen Boegler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Martha MacMillan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- * E-mail:
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Thierry F, Longo M, Pecceu E, Zani DD, Schwarz T. Computed tomographic appearance of canine tonsillar neoplasia: 14 cases. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 59:54-63. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Thierry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Maurizio Longo
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Evi Pecceu
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Davide D. Zani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan; Via dell'Università; Lodi 26900 Italy
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
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Vos A, Freuling CM, Hundt B, Kaiser C, Nemitz S, Neubert A, Nolden T, Teifke JP, Te Kamp V, Ulrich R, Finke S, Müller T. Oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: Differences among host species in vaccine uptake efficiency. Vaccine 2017. [PMID: 28641888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral vaccination using attenuated and recombinant rabies vaccines has been proven a powerful tool to combat rabies in wildlife. However, clear differences have been observed in vaccine titers needed to induce a protective immune response against rabies after oral vaccination in different reservoir species. The mechanisms contributing to the observed resistance against oral rabies vaccination in some species are not completely understood. Hence, the immunogenicity of the vaccine virus strain, SPBN GASGAS, was investigated in a species considered to be susceptible to oral rabies vaccination (red fox) and a species refractory to this route of administration (striped skunk). Additionally, the dissemination of the vaccine virus in the oral cavity was analyzed for these two species. It was shown that the palatine tonsils play a critical role in vaccine virus uptake. Main differences could be observed in palatine tonsil infection between both species, revealing a locally restricted dissemination of infected cells in foxes. The absence of virus infected cells in palatine tonsils of skunks suggests a less efficient uptake of or infection by vaccine virus which may lead to a reduced response to oral vaccination. Understanding the mechanisms of oral resistance to rabies virus vaccine absorption and primary replication may lead to the development of novel strategies to enhance vaccine efficacy in problematic species like the striped skunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Boris Hundt
- IDT Biologika GmbH, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Nemitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Nolden
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Exlgasse 20a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria(1)
| | - Jens P Teifke
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 174 93 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Verena Te Kamp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 174 93 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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