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Khairnar RC, Parihar N, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Emerging targets signaling for inflammation in Parkinson's disease drug discovery. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2143-2161. [PMID: 35536461 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients not only show motor features such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity but also non-motor features such as anxiety, depression, psychosis, memory loss, attention deficits, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal issues, and pain. Many pharmacological treatments are available for PD patients; however, these treatments are partially or transiently effective since they only decrease the symptoms. As these therapies are unable to restore dopaminergic neurons and stop the development of Parkinson's disease, therefore, the need for an effective therapeutic approach is required. The current review summarizes novel targets for PD, that can be utilized to identify disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhema Chandan Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Niraj Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India.
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Pingale T, Gupta GL. Current and emerging therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:13-27. [PMID: 33090348 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00636-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by gradual neurodegeneration and forfeiture of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta which ultimately leads to depletion of dopamine levels. PD patients not only display motor features such as rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia but also non-motor features such as depression, anxiety, etc. Various treatments are available for PD patients such as dopamine replacement are well established but it is only partially or transiently effective. As these therapies not able to restore dopaminergic neurons and delay the development of Parkinson's disease, therefore, the need for an effective therapeutic approach is crucial. The present review discusses a comprehensive overview of current novel targets for PD which includes molecular chaperone, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuromelanin, Ubiquitin-proteasome system, protein Abelson, Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C, and Cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript, etc. These approaches will help to identify new targets for the treatment of disease and may provide a ray of hope for PD patient treatment. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Pingale
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, Maharashtra, India.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, 425 405, Maharashtra, India.
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Yokoyama I, Nakai Y, Suzuki Y, Ohata M, Komiya Y, Nagasao J, Arihara K. DMHF (2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone), a volatile food component generated by the Maillard reaction, promotes appetite and changes gene expression in the rat brain through inhalation. J Food Sci 2020; 85:1338-1343. [PMID: 32232993 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of odors can affect physiological parameter and change gene expression-related specific function. 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF) is one of the major odor compounds generated by the Maillard reaction. We previously reported that the inhalation of DMHF decreased systolic blood pressure via the autonomic nervous system in rats. The autonomic nervous system is also closely related to appetite regulation. The present study investigated the effects of DMHF on dietary intake and gene expression. The inhalation of DMHF increased the dietary intake of rats during the feeding period. However, body weight did not change after 6 weeks feeding. A DNA microarray analysis showed that DMHF altered gene expression associated with feeding behavior and neurotransmission in the rat brain. DMHF inhalation promotes appetite and changes gene expression in rats. Furthermore, phenotypic changes may regulate neurotransmission and appetite at the mRNA level in addition to controlling the autonomic nervous system. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: DMHF is an important flavor component in the food industry. In this study, we first observed that the inhalation of DMHF promotes appetite. This finding is directly connected with the industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Yokoyama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakai
- Institute of Regional Innovation, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Motoko Ohata
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Komiya
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Jun Nagasao
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Keizo Arihara
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
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Mahmoudi-Nezhad M, Farhangi MA, Kahroba H. Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript prepropeptide gene (CARTPT) polymorphism interacts with Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) to affect hypothalamic hormones and cardio-metabolic risk factors among obese individuals. J Transl Med 2020; 18:16. [PMID: 31918705 PMCID: PMC6953221 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies show that cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript prepropeptide (CARTPT) gene polymorphism modifies diet-obesity relationships. However, the interaction between CARTPT gene polymorphism and diet quality indices have not been investigated yet. The current study was aimed to evaluate the interaction between major dietary indices including Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 and CARTPT gene rs2239670 variants among apparently healthy obese Iranians. METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out by employing 288 apparently healthy obese adults aged 20-50 years with a BMI of 30-40 kg/m2. Diet quality was evaluated by Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) and Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) using a 132-items semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire. The CARTPT gene rs2239670 polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Blood concentrations of glycemic markers, lipid profile, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) were also measured. ANCOVA multivariate interaction model was used to analyze gene-diet interactions. RESULTS The significant interactions were identified between CARTPT gene polymorphism and HEI, affecting BMR (PInteraction = 0.003), serum glucose (PInteraction = 0.009) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL concentrations (PInteraction = 0.03) after adjusting for the effects of sex and age. Also we found gene-diet interaction between CARTPT genotypes and DQI-I in terms of fat mass (FM; PInteraction = 0.02), waist circumference (WC; PInteraction < 0.001), body mass index (BMI; PInteraction < 0.001), basal metabolic rate (BMR, PInteraction < 0.001), serum fasting glucose (PInteraction < 0.01) and AgRP (PInteraction = 0.05) in individuals even after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSION Current study showed the effects of interaction between CARTPT genotype with adherence to HEI and DQI-I scores on obesity-related anthropometric and metabolic risk-factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar-Neishabouri Ave, Golgasht St, Tabriz, 5165665931, Iran.
| | - Houman Kahroba
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Meng Q, Kim HC, Oh S, Lee YM, Hu Z, Oh KW. Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide Plays Critical Role in Psychostimulant-Induced Depression. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:425-431. [PMID: 30157614 PMCID: PMC6131014 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide is a widely distributed neurotransmitter expressed in the central nervous systems. Previously, several reports demonstrated that nucleus accumbal-injected CART peptide positively modulated behavioral sensitization induced by psychostimulants and regulated the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway. It is confirmed that CART peptide exerted inhibitory effect on psychostimulant-enhanced dopamine receptors signaling, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling and crucial transcription factors expression. Besides modulation of dopamine receptors-related pathways, CART peptide also exhibited elaborated interactions with other neurotransmitter receptors, such as glutamate receptors and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, which further account for attribution of CART peptide to inhibition of psychostimulant-potentiated locomotor activity. Recently, CART peptide has been shown to have anxiolytic functions on the aversive mood and uncontrolled drug-seeking behaviors following drug withdrawal. Moreover, microinjection of CART peptide has been shown to have an anti-depressant effect, which suggests its potential utility in the mood regulation and avoidance of depression-like behaviors. In this review, we discuss CART pathways in neural circuits and their interactions with neurotransmitters associated with psychostimulant-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Meng
- Queen Mary Institute, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 33006, China
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and TIDRC, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenzhen Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 33006, China
| | - Ki-Wan Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
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Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction: Link Between Multiple Sclerosis Osteoporosis and Neurodegeneration. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:37-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Parcianello RR, Mardini V, Ceresér KMM, Langleben DD, Xavier F, Zavaschi MLS, Rhode LAP, Pechansky F, Gubert C, Szobot CM. Increased cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript cord blood levels in the newborns exposed to crack cocaine in utero. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:215-222. [PMID: 29080905 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is an endogenous antioxidant present since the embryonic period. CART is activated by high levels of dopamine and might be of interested in understanding the changes in the REDOX system associated with crack/cocaine intake. The goal of this study was to determine whether exposure to crack in utero is associated with increased CART levels. METHODS In this cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling, we compared the umbilical cord blood (UCB) CART levels (μg/mL) of newborns exposed to crack/cocaine in utero (EN, n = 57) to levels in non-exposed newborns (NEN, n = 99). In addition, we compared serum CART levels between EN and NEN mothers, in the immediate postpartum period. Potential confounders, such as perinatal data (e.g., weight, Apgar, etc.), psychopathology (DSM-IV), and use of drugs other than crack (ASSIST) were assessed. RESULTS According to general linear model analysis, the adjusted mean CART was significantly higher in EN (0.180, 95% CI 0.088-0.272) than in NEN (0.048, 95% CI 0.020-0.076; p < 0.002; d = 0.68). The difference in CART levels between EN and NEN mothers was not significant (p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION The increase in CART levels in EN UBC suggests a response to crack/cocaine-induced oxidative stress during gestational period, as a potential attempt of neuroprotection. In adult women in puerperium, however, this endogenous antioxidant recruitment does not seem to operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ritter Parcianello
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Victor Mardini
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service (SPIA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 4° andar, sala 400N, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Keila Maria Mendes Ceresér
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Daniel D Langleben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fernando Xavier
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Metodista-IPA, Rua Dona Leonor, 340, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90420-004, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucrécia Scherer Zavaschi
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service (SPIA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 4° andar, sala 400N, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Paim Rhode
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service (SPIA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 4° andar, sala 400N, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento (INPD), Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 1° andar, sala 6, Ala Sul, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Flávio Pechansky
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90420-020, Brazil
| | - Carolina Gubert
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sicences, Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maciel Szobot
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service (SPIA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 4° andar, sala 400N, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90420-020, Brazil.
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Obesity, More than a ‘Cosmetic’ Problem. Current Knowledge and Future Prospects of Human Obesity Genetics. Biochem Genet 2015; 54:1-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-015-9700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chung S, Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Choi SH, Kim JW, Kim JM, Shin KH. Effect of desipramine and citalopram treatment on forced swimming test-induced changes in cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) immunoreactivity in mice. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:961-72. [PMID: 24748481 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent study demonstrates antidepressant-like effect of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the forced swimming test (FST), but less is known about whether antidepressant treatments alter levels of CART immunoreactivity (CART-IR) in the FST. To explore this possibility, we assessed the treatment effects of desipramine and citalopram, which inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the presynaptic terminals, respectively, on changes in levels of CART-IR before and after the test swim in mouse brain. Levels of CART-IR in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dBNST), and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were significantly increased before the test swim by desipramine and citalopram treatments. This increase in CART-IR in the AcbSh, dBNST, and PVN before the test swim remained elevated by desipramine treatment after the test swim, but this increase in these brain areas returned to near control levels after test swim by citalopram treatment. Citalopram, but not desipramine, treatment increased levels of CART-IR in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the locus ceruleus (LC) before the test swim, and this increase was returned to control levels after the test swim in the CeA, but not in the LC. These results suggest common and distinct regulation of CART by desipramine and citalopram treatments in the FST and raise the possibility that CART in the AcbSh, dBNST, and CeA may be involved in antidepressant-like effect in the FST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea
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Subhedar NK, Nakhate KT, Upadhya MA, Kokare DM. CART in the brain of vertebrates: circuits, functions and evolution. Peptides 2014; 54:108-30. [PMID: 24468550 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) with its wide distribution in the brain of mammals has been the focus of considerable research in recent years. Last two decades have witnessed a steady rise in the information on the genes that encode this neuropeptide and regulation of its transcription and translation. CART is highly enriched in the hypothalamic nuclei and its relevance to energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine control has been understood in great details. However, the occurrence of this peptide in a range of diverse circuitries for sensory, motor, vegetative, limbic and higher cortical areas has been confounding. Evidence that CART peptide may have role in addiction, pain, reward, learning and memory, cognition, sleep, reproduction and development, modulation of behavior and regulation of autonomic nervous system are accumulating, but an integration has been missing. A steady stream of papers has been pointing at the therapeutic potentials of CART. The current review is an attempt at piecing together the fragments of available information, and seeks meaning out of the CART elements in their anatomical niche. We try to put together the CART containing neuronal circuitries that have been conclusively demonstrated as well as those which have been proposed, but need confirmation. With a view to finding out the evolutionary antecedents, we visit the CART systems in sub-mammalian vertebrates and seek the answer why the system is shaped the way it is. We enquire into the conservation of the CART system and appreciate its functional diversity across the phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant K Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Sai Trinity Building, Sutarwadi, Pashan, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Rungta Educational Campus, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai 490 024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Manoj A Upadhya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India
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Lee JS, Lee HS. Reciprocal connections between CART-immunoreactive, hypothalamic paraventricular neurons and serotonergic dorsal raphe cells in the rat: Light microscopic study. Brain Res 2014; 1560:46-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. To date, there is no effective treatment that halts its progression. Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondria play an important role in the development of PD. Hence mitochondria-targeted approaches or agents may have therapeutic promise for treatment of the disease. Neuropeptide CART (cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript), a hypothalamus and midbrain enriched neurotransmitter with an antioxidant property, can be found in mitochondria, which is the main source of reactive oxygen species. Systemic administration of CART has been found to ameliorate dopaminergic neuronal loss and improve motor functions in a mouse model of PD. In this article, we summarize recent progress in studies investigating the relationship between CART, dopamine, and the pathophysiology of PD, with a focus on mitochondria-related topics.
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Yoon YS, Lee JS, Lee HS. Retrograde study of CART- or NPY-neuronal projection from the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus to the dorsal raphe and/or the locus coeruleus in the rat. Brain Res 2013; 1519:40-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yoon YS, Lee HS. Projection patterns of lateral hypothalamic, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neurons to the dorsal raphe and/or the locus coeruleus in the rat. Brain Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mao P. Oxidative Stress and Its Clinical Applications in Dementia. JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2012; 2013:319898. [PMID: 26316986 PMCID: PMC4437276 DOI: 10.1155/2013/319898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a complex disorder that mostly affects the elderly and represents a significant and growing public health burden in the world. Alzheimer's disease (AD)- associated dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are the most common forms of dementia, in which oxidative stress is significantly involved. Oxidative stress mechanisms may have clinical applications, that is, providing information for potential biomarkers. Thus brain-rich peptides with an antioxidant property, such as CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript), may be promising new markers. This paper summarizes the progress in research regarding oxidative stress in dementia with a focus on potential biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the main forms of dementia. Other central and peripheral biomarkers, especially those considered oxidative stress related, are also discussed. This paper aims to provide information to improve current understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of dementia. It also offers insight into the differential diagnosis of AD and DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhong Mao
- The Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- The Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Cheung WW, Mao P. Recent advances in obesity: genetics and beyond. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 2012:536905. [PMID: 22474595 PMCID: PMC3313574 DOI: 10.5402/2012/536905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, which is a heritable trait that arises from the interactions of multiple genes and lifestyle factors, continues to increase worldwide, causing serious health problems and imposing a substantial economic burden on societies. For the past several years, various genetic epidemiological approaches have been utilized to identify genetic loci for obesity. Recent evidence suggests that development of obesity involves hormones and neurotransmitters (such as leptin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and ghrelin) that regulate appetite and energy expenditure. These hormones act on specific centers in the brain that regulate the sensations of satiety. Mutations in these hormones or their receptors can lead to obesity. Aberrant circadian rhythms and biochemical pathways in peripheral organs or tissues have also been implicated in the pathology of obesity. More interestingly, increasing evidence indicates a potential relation between obesity and central nervous system disorders (such as cognitive deficits). This paper discusses recent advances in the field of genetics of obesity with an emphasis on several established loci that influence obesity. These recently identified loci may hold the promise to substantially improve our insights into the pathophysiology of obesity and open up new therapeutic strategies to combat growing obesity epidemic facing the human population today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai W. Cheung
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peizhong Mao
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Mao P, Meshul CK, Thuillier P, Goldberg NRS, Reddy PH. CART peptide is a potential endogenous antioxidant and preferentially localized in mitochondria. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29343. [PMID: 22235287 PMCID: PMC3250433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional neuropeptide Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript (CART) is secreted from hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal gland and pancreas. It also can be found in circulatory system. This feature suggests a general role for CART in different cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that CART protects mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cellular proteins and lipids against the oxidative action of hydrogen peroxide, a widely used oxidant. Using cis-parinaric acid as a sensitive reporting probe for peroxidation in membranes, and a lipid-soluble azo initiator of peroxyl radicals, 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) we found that CART is an antioxidant. Furthermore, we found that CART localized to mitochondria in cultured cells and mouse brain neuronal cells. More importantly, pretreatment with CART by systemic injection protects against a mouse oxidative stress model, which mimics the main features of Parkinson's disease. Given the unique molecular structure and biological features of CART, we conclude that CART is an antioxidant peptide (or antioxidant hormone). We further propose that it may have strong therapeutic properties for human diseases in which oxidative stress is strongly involved such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhong Mao
- The Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.
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Mao P. Recent progress and concerns in dementia: Distinguishing Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies via biochemical markers in the cerebrospinal fluid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2012.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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