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Yoysungnoen B, Srisawat U, Piyabhan P, Duansak N, Sookprasert N, Mathuradavong N, Poomipark N, Munkong N, Tingpej P, Changtam C. Short term effect of tetrahydrocurcumin on adipose angiogenesis in very high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1221935. [PMID: 37876615 PMCID: PMC10591188 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1221935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) has been shown to possess anti-angiogenic activities. This study aims to investigate the effects of THC on adipose angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors that occurs in 60% high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Male ICR mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: mice fed with a low-fat diet (LFD group); mice fed with very high fat diet (VHFD group), and mice fed with VHFD supplemented with THC (300 mg/kg/day orally) (VHFD+THC treated group) for 6 weeks. Body weight (BW), food intake, fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profiles and visceral fats weight (VF) were measured. The microvascular density (MVD), TNF-α, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expressions were evaluated. The VHFD group had significantly increased total cholesterol, triglyceride, food intake, BW, VF, VF/BW ratio, adipocyte size and the number of crown-liked structures as compared to LFD group. THC supplementation markedly reduced these parameters and adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation in white adipose tissues. MVD, TNF-α, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were over-expressed in the VHFD group. However, THC supplementation decreased MVD and reduced expression of TNF-α, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9. In conclusion, THC suppressed angiogenesis in adipose tissue by the downregulation of TNF-α, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9. With its effects on lipid metabolism as well as on food consumption, THC could contribute to lower visceral fat and body weight. Overall, our study demonstrated the potential benefit of THC in mitigating obesity and associated metabolic disorders along with elucidated the suppression of adipose angiogenesis as one of its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhornprom Yoysungnoen
- Division of Physiology, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Umarat Srisawat
- Division of Physiology, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pritsana Piyabhan
- Division of Physiology, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Naphatsanan Duansak
- Division of Physiology, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Nattapon Sookprasert
- Division of Physiology, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Nakorn Mathuradavong
- Division of Physiology, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Natwadee Poomipark
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Narongsuk Munkong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Pholawat Tingpej
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Changtam
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
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Lee HY, Lee GH, Kim HJ, Lim YJ, Ko BM, Kim DS, Kim TW, Kim HK, Kim TY, Hwang DI, Choi HK, Ju SM, Min KH, Chae HJ. Combination of Panax ginseng and Diospyros kaki Leaf Inhibits White Adipocyte Differentiation and Browning Process through AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Activation In Vitro and In Vivo. Nutrients 2023; 15:2776. [PMID: 37375680 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) and stimulating white adipose tissue (WAT) browning is a prospective obesity treatment method. Dietary components derived from plants are the most effective approach to activate BAT and promote WAT browning in rodents. This study investigated the synergistic effects of Panax ginseng (PG) and Diospyros kaki leaf (DKL) extract on adipocyte differentiation and browning, as well as the molecular mechanism underlying their beneficial effects. The administration of PG and DKL to HFD-induced obese mice significantly decreased body weight and epididymal and abdominal adipose tissue mass. In in vitro, PG inhibited the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes by regulating the expression of key adipogenic regulators, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-α. In contrast, DKL negligibly influenced the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes but greatly increased the protein expression of UCP-1, PGC-1α, and PPARα in BAT and/or WAT. Moreover, PG and DKL inhibited adipogenesis synergistically and activated white adipocyte browning via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathways. These results suggest that a combination of PG and DKL regulates adipogenesis in white adipocytes and browning in brown adipocytes by activating AMPK/SIRT1 axis. The potential use of PG and DKL may represent an important strategy in obesity management that will be safer and more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Lee
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Hwa Lee
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Jin Kim
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Lim
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Mi Ko
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Sung Kim
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, 309 Suyeong-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, 309 Suyeong-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Kim
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun 55442, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Il Hwang
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun 55442, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Kyoung Choi
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun 55442, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Min Ju
- Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun 55442, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Min
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Salomão R, Assis V, de Sousa Neto IV, Petriz B, Babault N, Durigan JLQ, de Cássia Marqueti R. Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinases in COVID-19: Molecular Targets, Mechanisms, and Insights for Therapeutic Interventions. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:843. [PMID: 37372128 PMCID: PMC10295079 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
MMPs are enzymes involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Notably, the proteolytic activation of MMPs can occur through angiotensin II, immune cells, cytokines, and pro-oxidant agents. However, comprehensive information regarding the impact of MMPs in the different physiological systems with disease progression is not fully understood. In the current study, we review the recent biological advances in understanding the function of MMPs and examine time-course changes in MMPs during COVID-19. In addition, we explore the interplay between pre-existing comorbidities, disease severity, and MMPs. The reviewed studies showed increases in different MMP classes in the cerebrospinal fluid, lung, myocardium, peripheral blood cells, serum, and plasma in patients with COVID-19 compared to non-infected individuals. Individuals with arthritis, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, and cancer had higher MMP levels when infected. Furthermore, this up-regulation may be associated with disease severity and the hospitalization period. Clarifying the molecular pathways and specific mechanisms that mediate MMP activity is important in developing optimized interventions to improve health and clinical outcomes during COVID-19. Furthermore, better knowledge of MMPs will likely provide possible pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. This relevant topic might add new concepts and implications for public health in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Salomão
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Health and Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil
| | - Victoria Assis
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil; (V.A.); (J.L.Q.D.)
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-907, SP, Brazil;
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia 71966-700, DF, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Exercise Molecular Physiology, University Center UDF, Brasília 71966-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Babault
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France;
- Centre d’Expertise de la Performance, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - João Luiz Quaglioti Durigan
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil; (V.A.); (J.L.Q.D.)
| | - Rita de Cássia Marqueti
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Health and Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil; (V.A.); (J.L.Q.D.)
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Phung HM, Jang D, Trinh TA, Lee D, Nguyen QN, Kim CE, Kang KS. Regulation of appetite-related neuropeptides by Panax ginseng: A novel approach for obesity treatment. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:609-619. [PMID: 35818423 PMCID: PMC9270656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a primary factor provoking various chronic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, and causes the death of 2.8 million individuals each year. Diet, physical activity, medications, and surgery are the main therapies for overweightness and obesity. During weight loss therapy, a decrease in energy stores activates appetite signaling pathways under the regulation of neuropeptides, including anorexigenic [corticotropin-releasing hormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cholecystokinin (CCK), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript] and orexigenic [agouti-related protein (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and melanin-concentrating hormone] neuropeptides, which increase food intake and lead to failure in attaining weight loss goals. Ginseng and ginsenosides reverse these signaling pathways by suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides (NPY and AgRP) and provoking anorexigenic neuropeptides (CCK and POMC), which prevent the increase in food intake. Moreover, the results of network pharmacology analysis have revealed that constituents of ginseng radix, including campesterol, beta-elemene, ginsenoside Rb1, biotin, and pantothenic acid, are highly correlated with neuropeptide genes that regulate energy balance and food intake, including ADIPOQ, NAMPT, UBL5, NUCB2, LEP, CCK, GAST, IGF1, RLN1, PENK, PDYN, and POMC. Based on previous studies and network pharmacology analysis data, ginseng and its compounds may be a potent source for obesity treatment by regulating neuropeptides associated with appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Manh Phung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuy An Trinh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghun Lee
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Quynh Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
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Kwon HJ, Lee S, Lee HH, Cho H, Jung J. Korean Red Ginseng Enhances Immunotherapeutic Effects of NK Cells via Eosinophils in Metastatic Liver Cancer Model. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010134. [PMID: 35011007 PMCID: PMC8747263 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis decreases the survival rate of patients with liver cancer. Therefore, novel anti-metastatic strategies are needed. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is often ingested as a functional food with an immune-boosting effect. We investigated a combination of KRG and natural killer (NK) cells as a novel immunotherapy approach. SK-Hep1 cells were injected into the tail vein of NRGA mice to establish an experimental metastasis model. KRG, NK cells, or a combination of KRG and NK cells were administered. Tumor growth was observed using an in vivo imaging system, and metastatic lesions were evaluated by histological analysis and immunohistochemistry. Bioluminescence intensity was lower in the KRG and NK cell combination group than in the other groups, indicating that the combination treatment suppressed the progression of metastasis. CD56 expression was used as a NK cell marker and hematological analysis was performed. The combination treatment also decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and the area of metastatic lesions in liver and bone tissues, as well as increased the eosinophil count. Expression of cytokines-related eosinophils and NK cells was determined by Western blotting analysis. The expression of interleukin 33 (IL33) was induced by the combination of KRG and NK cells. High IL33 expression was associated with prolonged overall survival in the Kaplan–Meier plotter. Our results suggest that KRG enhances the immune activity of NK cells by IL-33 through eosinophils and suppresses metastatic liver cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea; (H.J.K.); (H.C.)
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea; (S.L.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Sunyi Lee
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea; (S.L.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Hwan Hee Lee
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea; (S.L.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Hyosun Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea; (H.J.K.); (H.C.)
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea; (S.L.); (H.H.L.)
| | - Joohee Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea; (H.J.K.); (H.C.)
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea; (S.L.); (H.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-901-8731
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Protective mechanisms of telmisartan against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats may involve PPARγ-induced TLR4/NF-κB suppression. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112374. [PMID: 34915671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is an important cause of liver damage in many clinical situations. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is an inflammatory pathway activated in hepatic I/R injury. Telmisartan, a selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) partial agonist, can inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The present work investigated the possible protective effect of telmisartan against hepatic I/R injury and explored its possible mechanisms in rats. Rats were divided into four equal groups: sham-operated control, telmisartan-treated sham-operated control, I/R untreated, and I/R telmisartan-treated groups. Hepatic injury was evaluated biochemically by serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and histopathological examination. Hepatic oxidative stress biomarkers, myeloperoxidase level, PPARγ and TLR4 mRNA expression, and NF-κB and active caspase 3 immunoexpression were determined. The study showed that telmisartan attenuated hepatic I/R, as evidenced by decreased serum ALT and AST activities and confirmed by improvement of the histopathological changes. The protective effect of telmisartan was associated with modulation of oxidative stress parameters, myeloperoxidase level, PPARγ and TLR4 mRNA expression, and NF-κB and caspase 3 immunoexpression. Taken together, the current study showed that telmisartan could protect the rat liver from I/R injury. This hepatoprotective effect was attributed to, at least in part, increase in PPARγ expression and suppression of TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Phu HT, Thuan DTB, Nguyen THD, Posadino AM, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Slowing Aging and Aging-associated Conditions: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Safety. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:369-393. [PMID: 31418664 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190715121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging and aging-associated diseases are issues with unsatisfactory answers in the medical field. Aging causes important physical changes which, even in the absence of the usual risk factors, render the cardiovascular system prone to some diseases. Although aging cannot be prevented, slowing down the rate of aging is entirely possible to achieve. In some traditional medicine, medicinal herbs such as Ginseng, Radix Astragali, Ganoderma lucidum, Ginkgo biloba, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum are recognized by the "nourishing of life" and their role as anti-aging phytotherapeutics is increasingly gaining attention. By mainly employing PubMed here we identify and critically analysed 30 years of published studies focusing on the above herbs' active components against aging and aging-associated conditions. Although many plant-based compounds appear to exert an anti-aging effect, the most effective resulted in being flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, which include astragaloside, ginkgolide, ginsenoside, and gypenoside specifically covered in this review. Their effects as antiaging factors, improvers of cognitive impairments, and reducers of cardiovascular risks are described, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned effects along with their potential safety. Telomere and telomerase, PPAR-α, GLUTs, FOXO1, caspase-3, bcl-2, along with SIRT1/AMPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 pathways appear to be their preferential targets. Moreover, their ability to work as antioxidants and to improve the resistance to DNA damage is also discussed. Although our literature review indicates that these traditional herbal medicines are safe, tolerable, and free of toxic effects, additional well-designed, large-scale randomized control trials need to be performed to evaluate short- and long-term effects and efficacy of these medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Duong T B Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Thi H D Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Anna M Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Shin SS, Yoon M. Regulation of Obesity by Antiangiogenic Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194549. [PMID: 33020443 PMCID: PMC7582783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the result of an energy imbalance caused by an increased ratio of caloric intake to energy expenditure. In conjunction with obesity, related metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes, have become global health problems. Obesity progression is thought to be associated with angiogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Angiogenesis occurs in growing adult adipose tissues, which are similar to neoplastic tissues. Adipose tissue is highly vascularized, and each adipocyte is nourished by an extensive capillary network. Adipocytes produce proangiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor A and fibroblast growth factor 2, which promote neovascularization within the adipose tissue. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-2 and MMP-9, play important roles in adipose tissue development and microvessel maturation by modifying the ECM. Thus, modulation of angiogenesis and MMP activity provides a promising therapeutic approach for controlling human obesity and its related disorders. Over the past decade, there has been a great increase in the use of alternative treatments, such as herbal remedies, for these diseases. This review will focus on the role of angiogenesis in adipose tissue growth and the regulation of obesity by antiangiogenic herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea;
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +8242-829-7581; Fax: 8242-829-7580
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Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Cultured Ginseng Roots Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Mouse Macrophages and Adipocytes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134716. [PMID: 32630030 PMCID: PMC7369833 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wild ginseng, Panax ginseng Meyer, is a traditional medicine widely used in Asia. Due to low reward and high costs, wild ginseng is produced by a plant cell culture technique called cultured ginseng roots (GR). The health benefits of wild ginseng have been well studied, but the potential health effects of GR are largely unknown. Thus, we investigated the role of a GR extract (GRE) on inflammatory responses. We firstly investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of GRE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. GRE (100 μg/mL) dampened pro-inflammatory gene expression, cytokine release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. These anti-inflammatory responses by GRE were confirmed in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), which showed that GRE could inhibit inflammation with the induction of antioxidant levels. LPS was recently reported to impair mitochondrial bioenergetics in mouse macrophages. We next measured the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), determining mitochondrial function. LPS treatment downregulated OCR; however, GRE partially restored the LPS-mediated energy homeostasis defects. Furthermore, GRE-pretreated conditioned media (CM) obtained from mouse macrophages decreased CM-mediated adipocyte inflammation. Collectively, these data suggested that GRE attenuated LPS-induced inflammation, and it might be partially involved in the protection from mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages and adipocytes.
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Shaito A, Thuan DTB, Phu HT, Nguyen THD, Hasan H, Halabi S, Abdelhady S, Nasrallah GK, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32317975 PMCID: PMC7155419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially life-threatening adverse effects, and possible herb–drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these four medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hieu Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Halabi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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11
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Zheng Y, Lee J, Lee EH, In G, Kim J, Lee MH, Lee OH, Kang IJ. A Combination of Korean Red Ginseng Extract and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Extract Enhances Their Individual Anti-Obesity Properties in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and C57BL/6J Obese Mice. J Med Food 2020; 23:215-223. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jaesun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun-hye Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Gyo In
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - JongHan Kim
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Lee
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Il-Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Seo SH, Jo SM, Kim J, Lee M, Lee Y, Kang I. Peanut Sprout Extracts Attenuate Triglyceride Accumulation by Promoting Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation in Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051216. [PMID: 30862029 PMCID: PMC6429123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peanut sprouts (PS), which are germinated peanut seeds, have recently been reported to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. However, the underlying mechanisms by which PS modulates lipid metabolism are largely unknown. To address this question, serial doses of PS extract (PSE) were added to 3T3-L1 cells during adipocyte differentiation. PSE (25 µg/mL) significantly attenuated adipogenesis by inhibiting lipid accumulation in addition to reducing the level of adipogenic protein and gene expression with the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Other adipocyte cell models such as mouse embryonic fibroblasts C3H10T1/2 and primary adipocytes also confirmed the anti-adipogenic properties of PSE. Next, we investigated whether PSE attenuated lipid accumulation in mature adipocytes. We found that PSE significantly suppressed lipogenic gene expression, while fatty acid (FA) oxidation genes were upregulated. Augmentation of FA oxidation by PSE in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes was confirmed via a radiolabeled-FA oxidation rate experiment by measuring the conversion of [3H]-oleic acid (OA) to [3H]-H2O. Furthermore, PSE enhanced the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), especially maximal respiration, and beige adipocyte formation in adipocytes. In summary, PSE was effective in reducing lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation involved in AMPK and mitochondrial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hee Seo
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Sang-Mi Jo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungnam College of Information & Technology, Pusan 47011, Korea.
| | - Myoungsook Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea.
| | - Yunkyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Inhae Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
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Liao W, Ma X, Li J, Li X, Guo Z, Zhou S, Sun H. A review of the mechanism of action of Dantonic® for the treatment of chronic stable angina. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:690-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Shin SS, Yoon M. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) inhibits obesity and improves lipid metabolism in high fat diet-fed castrated mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:80-87. [PMID: 28844680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Araliaceae) has been historically used as a traditional drug for the prevention and treatment of most ageing-related diseases, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Elderly men with testosterone deficiency are strongly associated with many of the aforementioned metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ginseng on obesity and lipid metabolism in a mouse model of testosterone deficiency (castrated C57BL/6J mice). MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of ginseng extract (GE) on obesity and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed castrated C57BL/6J mice were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining, serum lipid analysis, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The effects of GE, ginsenosides, and testosterone on adipogenesis were measured using Oil Red O staining, XTT assay, and real-time PCR. RESULTS Compared with HFD mice, mice receiving HFD supplemented with GE (HFD-GE) for 8 weeks showed decreased body weight, adipose tissue mass, and adipocyte size without affecting food intake. Serum levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol were lowered in HFD-GE mice than in HFD mice. GE also markedly reduced HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Concomitantly, HFD-GE decreased mRNA expression of adipogenesis-related genes (SREBP-1C, PPARγ, FAS, SCD1, and ACC1) in visceral adipose tissues compared with HFD alone. Consistent with the in vivo data, GE and major active ginsenosides (Rb1 and Rg1) decreased lipid accumulation and mRNA expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SCD1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared with control. Similarly, testosterone also decreased lipid accumulation and mRNA levels of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SCD1. These inhibitory effects were further increased by co-treatment of GE or ginsenosides with testosterone. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that ginseng can inhibit obesity and dyslipidemia in HFD-fed castrated mice, possibly by inhibiting adipogenic gene expression. In addition, our results indicate that ginseng may act like testosterone to inhibit adipogenesis, suggesting that ginseng may be able to prevent obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic steatosis in men with testosterone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Chen G, Li H, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Cai E, Gao Y, Liu S, Yang H, Zhang L. Saponins from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng prevent obesity via regulating thermogenesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:393-403. [PMID: 28599882 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mouse model was used to evaluate the dietary effect of saponins from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng (SLG), and to explore its mechanism of action in producing anti-obesity effects. The results indicate that SLG showed significant anti-obesity effects in diet-induced obese mice, represented by decreased serum levels of free fatty acids (FFA), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, glucose, leptin and insulin, as well as a reduction in overall body and liver weight, epididymal adipose tissue weight, and food efficiency, and inhibition of abnormal increases in acyl carnitine levels normally caused by an HFD. Additionally, the down-regulated expression of PPARγ, FAS, CD36, FATP2 and up-regulated expression of CPT-1, UCP-2, PPARα, HSL, and ATGL in liver tissue was induced by SLG. In addition, the SLG groups showed decreased PPARγ, aP2 and leptin mRNA levels and increased expression of PPARα, PGC-1α, UCP-1 and UCP-3 genes in adipose tissues, compared with the HFD group. In short, SLG may play a key role in producing anti-obesity effects in mice fed an HFD, and its mechanism may be related to regulation of thermogenesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China.
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Enbo Cai
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Yugang Gao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China.
| | - Shuangli Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - He Yang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
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16
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Zhang L, Virgous C, Si H. Ginseng and obesity: observations and understanding in cultured cells, animals and humans. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 44:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Although ginseng has been shown to have an antiobesity effect, antiobesity-related mechanisms are complex and have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated ginseng’s effects on food intake, the digestion, and absorption systems, as well as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in order to identify the mechanisms involved. A review of previous in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that ginseng and ginsenosides can increase energy expenditure by stimulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase pathway and can reduce energy intake. Moreover, in high fat diet-induced obese and diabetic individuals, ginseng has shown a two-way adjustment effect on adipogenesis. Nevertheless, most of the previous studies into antiobesity effects of ginseng have been animal based, and there is a paucity of evidence supporting the suggestion that ginseng can exert an antiobesity effect in humans.
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18
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Patel S, Rauf A. Adaptogenic herb ginseng (Panax) as medical food: Status quo and future prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Woo S, Yoon M, Kim J, Hong Y, Kim MY, Shin SS, Yoon M. The anti-angiogenic herbal extract from Melissa officinalis inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and suppresses adipocyte hypertrophy in high fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 178:238-250. [PMID: 26702505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Melissa officinalis L. (Labiatae; lemon balm) has been used traditionally and contemporarily as an anti-stress herb. Current hypotheses suggest that not only chronic stress promotes angiogenesis, but angiogenesis also modulates adipogenesis and obesity. Because the herbal extract ALS-L1023 from M. officinalis L. (Labiatae; lemon balm) has an anti-angiogenic activity, we hypothesized that ALS-L1023 could inhibit adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS ALS-L1023 was prepared by a two-step organic solvent fractionation from M. officinalis. The effects of ALS-L1023 on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipocyte hypertrophy in high fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice were measured using in vivo and in vitro approaches. RESULTS ALS-L1023 inhibited angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner in the HUVEC tube formation assay in vitro. Treatment of cells with ALS-L1023 inhibited lipid accumulation and adipocyte-specific gene expression caused by troglitazone or MDI differentiation mix. ALS-L1023 reduced mRNA expression of angiogenic factors (VEGF-A and FGF-2) and MMPs (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in differentiated cells. In contrast, mRNA levels of angiogenic inhibitors (TSP-1, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2) increased. Protease activity, as measured by zymography, showed that activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreased in ALS-L1023-treated cells. ALS-L1023 also inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 reporter gene expression in the presence of the MMP inducer phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. An in vivo study showed that ALS-L1023 not only decreased adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size, but also reduced mRNA levels of adipose tissue angiogenic factors and MMPs in HFD-fed obese mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the anti-angiogenic herbal extract ALS-L1023 suppresses adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy, and this effect may be mediated by inhibiting angiogenesis and MMP activities. Thus, by curbing adipogenesis, anti-angiogenic ALS-L1023 yields a possible therapeutic choice for the prevention and treatment of human obesity and its associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangee Woo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Miso Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongjun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhee Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea.
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Lee H, Choi J, Shin SS, Yoon M. Effects of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) on obesity and adipose inflammation in ovariectomized mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 178:229-237. [PMID: 26707750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Korean red ginseng (ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a famous traditional drug used in Korea for the treatment and prevention of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and liver and cardiovascular diseases. Menopause is strongly associated with many of the aforementioned metabolic diseases and increased visceral obesity. The aims of this study were to investigate whether ginseng inhibits obesity and related disorders in ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice, which is a mouse model of postmenopausal women, and to determine the mechanism of action involved in this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS After OVX mice were treated with 5% (w/w) ginseng for 15 weeks, we determined the effects of ginseng on obesity and adipose inflammation, angiogenesis, metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and metabolic parameters. RESULTS OVX mice had higher body weight, adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size when fed a high fat diet (HFD) compared with HFD-fed sham-operated mice. All of these parameters were significantly reduced in OVX mice fed a HFD supplemented with ginseng. Ginseng treatment also decreased blood vessel density, MMP activity, and mRNA levels of angiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF-A and FGF-2) and MMPs (e.g., MMP-2 and MMP-9) in adipose tissues of OVX mice. Infiltrating inflammatory cells and expression of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., CD68, TNFα and MCP-1) in adipose tissue were reduced by ginseng. Ginseng not only reduced the circulating levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides, but also normalized hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in OVX mice. Hepatic lipid droplets were almost completely abolished by ginseng. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ginseng inhibited ovariectomy-induced obesity, adiposity, and adipocyte hypertrophy by modulating angiogenesis and MMP activity. Ginseng also suppressed adipose inflammation, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in OVX mice. Thus, it is likely that ginseng may be a promising drug for the prevention and treatment of obesity and related disorders in obese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunghee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea.
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea.
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Jung S, Lee MS, Shin Y, Kim CT, Kim IH, Kim Y. High Hydrostatic Pressure Extract of Red Ginseng Attenuates Inflammation in Rats with High-fat Diet Induced Obesity. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2015; 20:253-9. [PMID: 26770912 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2015.20.4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with obesity. This study investigated effect of high hydrostatic pressure extract of red ginseng (HRG) on inflammation in rats with high-fat (HF) diet induced obesity. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats (80~110 g) were randomly divided into two groups, and fed a 45% HF diet (HF) and a 45% HF diet containing 1.5% HRG (HF+HRG) for 14 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the serum leptin level was reduced by the HRG supplementation. The mRNA expression of genes related to adipogenesis including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and adipocyte protein 2 was down-regulated in the white adipose tissue (WAT). The mRNA levels of major inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and interleukin-6 were remarkably down-regulated by the HRG in WAT. These results suggest that HRG might be beneficial in ameliorating the inflammation-associated health complications by suppressing adipogenic and pro-inflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoon Jung
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Mak-Soon Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Shin
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Chong-Tai Kim
- Functional Materials Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13539, Korea
| | - In-Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yangha Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Lee MS, Jung S, Oh S, Shin Y, Kim CT, Kim IH, Kim Y. Effect of high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2409-2415. [PMID: 25323802 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red ginseng is produced by steaming and drying fresh ginseng. Through this processing, chemical compounds are modified, and then biological activities are changed. In the food-processing industry, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) has become an alternative to heat processing to make maximum use of bioactive compounds in food materials. This study comparatively investigated the anti-adipogenic effects of water extract of red ginseng (WRG) and high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng (HPG) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. RESULTS Both WRG and HPG inhibited the accumulation of intracellular lipids and triglycerides, and the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), a key enzyme in triglyceride biosynthesis. Intracellular lipid content and GPDH activity were significantly lower in the HPG group compared to the WRG group. In addition, mRNA expression of adipogenic genes, including CEBP-α, SREBP-1c and aP2, were lower in HPG-treated cells compared to WRG-treated cells. HPG significantly increased the activity of AMPK, and WRG did not. CONCLUSION Results suggested that HPG may have superior beneficial effects on the inhibition of adipogenesis compared with WRG. The anti-adipogenic effects of HPG were partially associated with the inhibition of GPDH activity, suppression of adipogenic gene expression and activation of AMPK in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mak-Soon Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoon Jung
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojung Oh
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjin Shin
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Tai Kim
- Convergence Technology Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangha Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Jung S, Lee MS, Shin Y, Kim CT, Kim IH, Kim YS, Kim Y. Anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of high hydrostatic pressure extracts of ginseng in high-fat diet induced obese rats. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Influence of Panax ginseng on obesity and gut microbiota in obese middle-aged Korean women. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:106-15. [PMID: 24748834 PMCID: PMC3986624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota is regarded as one of the major factors involved in the control of body weight. The antiobesity effects of ginseng and its main constituents have been demonstrated, but the effects on gut microbiota are still unknown. Methods To investigate the effect of ginseng on gut microbiota, 10 obese middle-aged Korean women took Panax ginseng extracts for 8 wk and assessment of body composition parameters, metabolic biomarkers, and gut microbiota composition was performed using 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing at baseline and at 8 wk. Significant changes were observed in body weight and body mass index; however, slight changes were observed in gut microbiota. We divided the participants into two groups, the effective and the ineffective weight loss groups, depending on weight loss effect, in order to determine whether the antiobesity effect was influenced by the composition of gut microbiota, and the composition of gut microbiota was compared between the two groups. Results Prior to ginseng intake, significant differences of gut microbiota were observed between both at phyla and genera and the gut microbiota of the effective and ineffective weight loss groups was segregated on a principal coordinate analysis plot. Conclusion Results of this study indicate that ginseng exerted a weight loss effect and slight effects on gut microbiota in all participants. In addition, its antiobesity effects differed depending on the composition of gut microbiota prior to ginseng intake.
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Kim MS. Korean Red Ginseng Tonic Extends Lifespan in D. melanogaster. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 21:241-5. [PMID: 24265871 PMCID: PMC3830124 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the single most important risk factor that increases susceptibility to many forms of diseases. As such, much effort has been put forward to elucidate the mechanisms behind the processes of aging and to discover novel compounds that retain antiaging activities. Korean red ginseng has been used for a variety of medical purposes in eastern countries for several thousands of years. It has been shown that Korean red ginseng affects a number of biological activities including, but not limited to, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-diabetic pathways. However, few studies have been performed to evaluate its anti-aging effects with an in vivo system. Here Drosophila melanogaster as an in vivo model organism demonstrates that Korean red ginseng tonic extends lifespan, increases resistance to starvation stress and prevents weight gain. This data suggest that Korean red ginseng may regulate organisms' metabolism in favor of extending lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Su Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
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