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Wang Q, Li A, Yu H, Wang C, Wang T, Zhang J. Evaluation of Cross-Talk and Alleviate Potential of Cytotoxic Factors Induced by Deoxynivalenol in IPEC-J2 Cells Interference with Curcumin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6984. [PMID: 39000093 PMCID: PMC11241398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum, and curcumin (CUR) is a natural polyphenolic compound found in turmeric. However, the combined treatment of CUR and DON to explore the mitigating effect of CUR on DON and their combined mechanism of action is not clear. Therefore, in this study, we established four treatment groups (CON, CUR, DON and CUR + DON) to investigate their mechanism in the porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). In addition, the cross-talk and alleviating potential of CUR interfering with DON-induced cytotoxic factors were evaluated by in vitro experiments; the results showed that CUR could effectively inhibit DON-exposed activated TNF-α/NF-κB pathway, attenuate DON-induced apoptosis, and alleviate DON-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress through PERK/CHOP pathways, which were verified at both mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, these promising findings may contribute to the future use of CUR as a novel feed additive to protect livestock from the harmful effects of DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Aike Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chuanqi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
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Xu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Fan G. Managing metabolic diseases: The roles and therapeutic prospects of herb-derived polysaccharides. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114538. [PMID: 36931026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases have become a public health problem worldwide. Effective, novel and natural therapies are urgently needed to treat metabolic diseases. As natural bioactive compounds, polysaccharides have many physiological and medicinal properties. Recently, herb-derived polysaccharides have shown beneficial effects in the treatment of metabolic diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This review comprehensively summarizes the pharmacological progress and clinical evidence of herb-derived polysaccharides in the treatment of three metabolic diseases, namely type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity, and more importantly, discusses the molecular mechanism involved. Existing evidence has proved that herb-derived polysaccharides can maintain glucose homeostasis, promote insulin secretion, improve insulin resistance, reduce weight gain and hepatic steatosis, inhibit lipogenesis, alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation, and improve gut microbiota disorders in rodents with metabolic diseases. Notably, so far, human clinical trials of herb-derived polysaccharides for these three metabolic diseases remain rare. All in all, herb-derived polysaccharides may have good potential as drug candidates for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to further validate its effectiveness and safety in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Gang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Safety Evaluation of Oleoresin-Based Turmeric Formulation: Assessment of Genotoxicity and Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5281660. [PMID: 35402613 PMCID: PMC8989493 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5281660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa L.) has been used without concern for safety as a culinary spice and traditional medicine under the ancient Ayurvedic medicinal system of India dating back nearly 4000 years. This preclinical safety evaluation was done to determine the safety of an oleoresin-based turmeric extract (CURCUGEN®). Guidelines from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) directed the assessment of safety for the in vitro and in vivo application of CURCUGEN®. Safety of the herbal medicine was evaluated through the toxicological assessment of acute, oral, and 90-day repeated dosing, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity study. Genotoxicity tests included the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation test, chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo micronucleus test. The single dose of CURCUGEN® administered orally (gavage) to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats resulted in a LD50 of >5000 mg/kg body weight. The subchronic assessment of CURCUGEN®, as administered to SD rats over 90 days resulted in a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 2000 mg/kg body weight/day. CURCUGEN® did not elicit any genotoxic or clastogenic effect in genotoxicity tests. The battery of safety studies carried out demonstrated that CURCUGEN® showed no evidence of general toxicity or genotoxicity.
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Murugan S, Solanki H, Purusothaman D, Bethapudi B, Ravalji M, Mundkinajeddu D. Safety Evaluation of Standardized Extract of Curcuma longa (NR-INF-02): A 90-Day Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6671853. [PMID: 34337042 PMCID: PMC8294958 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6671853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
NR-INF-02 is a standardized extract containing turmerosaccharides from Curcuma longa that has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and chondroprotective potential. In view of its potential uses, NR-INF-02 was evaluated for its safety in Wistar rats at an oral dose of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg in a 90-day repeated dose subchronic toxicity study. NR-INF-02 administered at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for 90 days did not show any mortality or clinical signs of toxicity. Body weight gain, food consumption, ocular and neurological examination, and hematological, blood biochemical, hormone, and urine analysis revealed no evidence of toxicity of NR-INF-02 treatment in rats. Absolute and relative organ weights were comparable to control rats. The study did not reveal any major treatment related gross pathological and histopathological alterations in the tissues or organs examined. Thus, based on study observations, the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was found to be 1000 mg/kg body weight in albino Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikumar Murugan
- R&D Center, Natural Remedies Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Divya Purusothaman
- R&D Center, Natural Remedies Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bharathi Bethapudi
- R&D Center, Natural Remedies Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Zhang S, Xu M, Zhang W, Liu C, Chen S. Natural Polyphenols in Metabolic Syndrome: Protective Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116110. [PMID: 34204038 PMCID: PMC8201163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a chronic disease, including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. It should be noted that the occurrence of MetS is closely related to oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, ectopic fat accumulation, and the impairment of the antioxidant system, which in turn further aggravates the intracellular oxidative imbalance and inflammatory response. As enriched anti-inflammatory and antioxidant components in plants, natural polyphenols exhibit beneficial effects, including improving liver fat accumulation and dyslipidemia, reducing blood pressure. Hence, they are expected to be useful in the prevention and management of MetS. At present, epidemiological studies indicate a negative correlation between polyphenol intake and MetS incidence. In this review, we summarized and discussed the most promising natural polyphenols (including flavonoid and non-flavonoid drugs) in the precaution and treatment of MetS, including their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as their regulatory functions involved in glycolipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Siyu Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-25-86185645
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Acute Oral Toxicity and Genotoxicity of Polysaccharide Fraction from Young Barley Leaves ( Hordeum vulgare L.). Foods 2020; 9:foods9060809. [PMID: 32575580 PMCID: PMC7353472 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides isolated from various plants are considered precious bioactive materials owing to their potent biological activities. Previously, we prepared a polysaccharide fraction (BLE0) isolated from young barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L.), demonstrating its anti-osteoporotic and immunostimulatory activities. However, data regarding BLE0 toxicity is lacking. To establish its safety, in vitro genotoxicity (chromosomal aberration and bacterial reverse mutation assays) and acute oral toxicity assays were conducted. In the in vitro genotoxicity assays, bacterial reverse mutation and chromosomal aberration assays showed that BLE0 possessed no mutagenicity or clastogenicity. Furthermore, the median lethal dose (LD50) of BLE0 was higher than 5000 mg/kg in female and male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and no adverse effects were observed in terms of mortality and abnormal changes in clinical signs (body weight and necropsy). Based on these results, BLE0 was found to be safe with regards to genotoxicity under our test conditions, demonstrating no acute oral toxicity up to 5000 mg/kg in SD rats.
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Li K, Zhu L, Li H, Zhu Y, Pan C, Gao X, Liu W. Structural characterization and rheological properties of a pectin with anti-constipation activity from the roots of Arctium lappa L. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 215:119-129. [PMID: 30981336 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new pectin (ALP-2) was extracted from the roots of Arctium lappa L. with the molecular weight of 1.84 × 106 Da. ALP-2 was composed of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose. Results of NMR revealed that the dominant linkage types of ALP-2 were →4-α-GalpA-6-OMe-(1→, →2-α-Rha-(1→, →5-α-Araf-(1→ and →3,6-β-Galp-(1→. The ELISA results indicated ALP-2 was a typical pectin with HG chain and RG-I chain. The rheological experiments showed that ALP-2 fluid exhibited shear thinning behavior. The viscosity of ALP-2 was mainly affected by concentration, temperature, and pH. The ALP-2 fluid with elastic properties at high frequencies could be used as a thickener in the food industry. Moreover, ALP-2 with the dosages of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg exhibited strong anti-constipation activity in vivo. ALP-2 treated groups could improve small intestinal movement rate and increase the weight of feces significantly in constipation mice. Therefore, ALP-2 could be considered as the active component for functional food or therapeutic agent in constipation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yiqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chun Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Goyal M, Kaur H, Bhandari M, Rizvanov AA, Khaiboullina SF, Baranwal M. Antioxidant and Immune Effects of Water Soluble Polysaccharides Isolated from Cinnamomum verum Bark. BIONANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-018-0542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Haseeb MT, Bashir S, Hussain MA, Ashraf MU, Erum A, Naeem-ul-Hassan M. Acute toxicity study of a polysaccharide based hydrogel from linseed for potential use in drug delivery system. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000217459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Mutagenicity and Acute Oral Toxicity Test for Herbal Poultry Feed Supplements. J Toxicol 2018; 2018:9412167. [PMID: 29861724 PMCID: PMC5971330 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9412167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal products are being used and trusted globally for thousands of years for their health benefits and limited side effects. Globally, a general belief amongst the consumers is that herbal supplements are always safe because they are “natural.” But later, research reveals that they may not be safe. This raises concern on their safety and implications for their use as feed supplement or medicine. Toxicity testing can reveal some of the risks that may be associated with use of herbs, therefore avoiding potential harmful effects. The present study was designed to investigate five poultry feed supplements (PFS), EGMAX® (to revitalize ovarian activity), FEED-X™ (feed efficiency enhancer), KOLIN PLUS™ (natural replacer of synthetic choline chloride), PHYTOCEE® (natural defence enhancer), and STODI® (to prevent and control loose droppings), for their possible mutagenicity and toxicity. Bacterial reverse mutation (BRMT) and acute oral toxicity tests were employed to assess the PFS for their possible mutagenicity and toxicity. Results indicated that the PFS were devoid of mutagenic effects in BRMT and showed higher safety profile in rodent acute oral toxicity test.
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Soleimani V, Sahebkar A, Hosseinzadeh H. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its major constituent (curcumin) as nontoxic and safe substances: Review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:985-995. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Soleimani
- School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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Qiu P, Man S, Li J, Liu J, Zhang L, Yu P, Gao W. Overdose Intake of Curcumin Initiates the Unbalanced State of Bodies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2765-2771. [PMID: 26978516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin is the major active component of turmeric and widely used as a spice and coloring agent in food. However, its safety evaluation has been little investigated. To evaluate the 90-day subchronic toxicity of curcumin in rats, its general observation, clinical biochemistry, pathology, and metabolomics were evaluated. The results showed that curcumin induced liver injury through the generation of the overexpression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and the decreases of the levels of antioxidant enzyme SOD and detoxified enzyme GST. Meanwhile, for the self-protection of rats, curcumin treatment activated the transcription of Nrf-2 and elevated the expression of HO-1 to reduce tissue damage. Furthermore, curcumin significantly increased key mRNA levels of HK2, PKM2, LDHA, CES, Cpt1, Cpt2, FASN, and ATP5b and decreased levels of GLUT2 and ACC1 to enhance glycolysis and inhibit lipid metabolism and TCA cycle. Therefore, overdose or long-term intake of curcumin could initiate the unbalanced state of bodies through oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disorders, which induces liver injury. Intermittent administration of curcumin is necessary in our daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuli Man
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
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Oburai NL, Rao VV, Bonath RBN. Comparative clinical evaluation of Boerhavia diffusa root extract with standard Enalapril treatment in Canine chronic renal failure. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2015; 6:150-7. [PMID: 26604549 PMCID: PMC4630688 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.166390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complementing herbal drugs with conservative modern treatment could improve renal condition in canine chronic renal failure (CRF). OBJECTIVE In this study, clinical evaluation of Boerhavia diffusa root extract was carried out in CRF in dogs in comparison with standard enalapril. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 dogs of mixed breeds suffering from CRF from 1 to 2 months were divided into two groups (n = 10) and treated as follows: Group I - Enalapril at 0.5 mg/kg p.o. once daily for 90 days + amoxicillin and cloxacillin at 25 mg/kg i.m. once daily for 1-week; Group II - B. diffusa root extract at 500 mg p.o per dog daily for 90 days. Both groups were maintained on a supportive fluid therapy. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post-hoc test. RESULTS CRF caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, urinary protein, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and glutamyl transferase (GGT). A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in hemoglobin and total erythrocyte count (TEC) was also observed. Nephrosonography revealed indistinct corticomedullary junction, altered renal architecture, hyper-echoic cortex, medulla, and sunken kidneys. Both the treatments significantly (P < 0.05) reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by day 30. Serum Creatinine, urea nitrogen, phosphorus, urinary protein, ALP, and GGT showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction by day 60 in both the treatments. However, potassium levels were normalized only by B. diffusa root extract treatment by day 30. Both the treatments failed to show a significant improvement in nephrosonographic picture even after 90 days posttreatment. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the efficacy of B. diffusa root extract was comparable to standard enalapril treatment of CRF in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethaji Lokeswar Oburai
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Super Speciality Hospital, Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - V. Vaikunta Rao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Babu Naik Bonath
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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