1
|
Sawoo R, Bishayi B. TLR4/TNFR1 blockade suppresses STAT1/STAT3 expression and increases SOCS3 expression in modulation of LPS-induced macrophage responses. Immunobiology 2024; 229:152840. [PMID: 39126792 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2024.152840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Due to the urgent need to create appropriate treatment techniques, which are currently unavailable, LPS-induced sepsis has become a serious concern on a global scale. The primary active component in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases such as sepsis is the Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS interacts with cell surface TLR4 in macrophages, causing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), TNF-α, IL-1β and oxidative stress. It also significantly activates the MAPKs and NF-κB pathway. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is one of the primary characteristic features in the onset and progression of inflammation. Cytokines mainly signal through the JAK/STAT pathway. We hypothesize that blocking of TLR4 along with TNFR1 might be beneficial in suppressing the effects of STAT1/STAT3 due to the stimulation of SOCS3 proteins. Prior to the LPS challenge, the macrophages were treated with antibodies against TLR4 and TNFR1 either individually or in combination. On analysis of the macrophage populations by flowcytometry, it was seen that receptor blockade facilitated the phenotypic shift of the M1 macrophages towards M2 resulting in lowered oxidative stress. Blocking of TLR4/TNFR1 upregulated the SOCS3 and mTOR expressions that enabled the transition of inflammatory M1 macrophages towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, which might be crucial in curbing the inflammatory responses. Also the reduction in the production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β due to the reduction in the activation of the STAT1 and STAT3 molecules was observed in our combination treatment group. All these results indicated that neutralization of both TLR4 and TNFR1 might provide new insights in establishing an alternative therapeutic strategy for LPS-sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritasha Sawoo
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reyaz E, Puri N, Selvapandiyan A. Global Remodeling of Host Proteome in Response to Leishmania Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:5-19. [PMID: 38084821 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania possesses an intrinsic ability to modulate a multitude of pathways in the host, toward aiding its own proliferation. In response, the host reprograms its cellular, immunological, and metabolic machinery to evade the parasite's lethal impact. Besides inducing various antioxidant signaling pathways to counter the elevated stress response proteins like heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Leishmania also attempts to delay host cell apoptosis by promoting anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2. The downstream modulation of apoptotic proteins is regulated by effector pathways, including the PI3K/Akt survival pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, and STAT phosphorylation. In addition, Leishmania assists in its infection in a time-dependent manner by modulating the level of various proteins of autophagic machinery. Immune effector cells, such as mast cells and neutrophils, entrap and kill the pathogen by secreting various granular proteins. In contrast, the host macrophages exert their leishmanicidal effect by secreting various cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-12, etc. An interplay of various signaling pathways occurs in an organized network that is highly specific to both pathogen and host species. This Review analyzes the modulation of expression of proteins, including the cytokines, providing a realistic approach toward understanding the pathophysiology of disease and predicting some prominent markers for disease intervention and vaccine support strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enam Reyaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Niti Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Palacios G, Diaz-Solano R, Valladares B, Dorta-Guerra R, Carmelo E. Evolving immunometabolic response to the early Leishmania infantum infection in the spleen of BALB/c mice described by gene expression profiling. Acta Trop 2023; 247:107005. [PMID: 37619900 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional analysis is a useful approximation towards the identification of global changes in host-pathogen interaction, in order to elucidate tissue-specific immune responses that drive the immunopathology of the disease. For this purpose, expression of 223 genes involved in innate and adaptive immune response, lipid metabolism, prostaglandin synthesis, C-type lectin receptors and MAPK signaling pathway, among other processes, were analyzed during the early infection in spleens of BALB/c mice infected by Leishmania infantum. Our results highlight the activation of immune responses in spleen tissue as early as 1 day p.i., but a mixed pro-inflammatory and regulatory response at day 10 p.i., failing to induce an effective response towards control of Leishmania infection in the spleen. This ineffective response is coupled to downregulation of metabolic markers relevant for pathways related to icosanoid biosynthesis, adipocytokine signaling or HIF-1 signaling, among others. Interestingly, the over-representation of processes related to immune response, revealed Il21 as a potential early biomarker of L. infantum infection in the spleen. These results provide insights into the relationships between immune and metabolic responses at transcriptional level during the first days of infection in the L. infantum-BALB/c experimental model, revealing the deregulation of many important pathways and processes crucial for parasitic control in infected tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Génesis Palacios
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n (Tenerife), La Laguna 38200, Spain
| | - Raquel Diaz-Solano
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n (Tenerife), La Laguna 38200, Spain
| | - Basilio Valladares
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n (Tenerife), La Laguna 38200, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, (Tenerife), La Laguna 38200, Spain
| | - Roberto Dorta-Guerra
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n (Tenerife), La Laguna 38200, Spain; Departamento de Matemáticas, Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, (Tenerife), La Laguna 38200, Spain
| | - Emma Carmelo
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n (Tenerife), La Laguna 38200, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, (Tenerife), La Laguna 38200, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan G, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Jia Z, Chen K, Wang J, Feng H, Zou J. The Biological Functions and Intestinal Inflammation Regulation of IL-21 in Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) during Infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Cells 2023; 12:2276. [PMID: 37759501 PMCID: PMC10528265 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) 21 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. In fish, the biological functions and cell source of IL-21 remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescent microscopy to examine the expression of IL-21 at the mRNA and protein levels. We found that il21 expression was induced in the primary head kidney leukocytes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by heat-inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) and LPS and in tissues after infection with A. hydrophila. Recombinant IL-21 protein produced in the CHO-S cells was effective in elevating the expression of antibacterial genes, including β-defensin and lysozyme, and, interestingly, inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, we investigated the response of the IL-21 expressing cells to A. hydrophila infection. Immunofluorescent assay showed that IL-21 protein was detected in the CD3γ/δ T cells and was markedly accumulated in the anterior, middle and posterior intestine. Collectively, the results indicate that IL-21 plays an important role in regulating the intestinal inflammation induced by bacterial infection in grass carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoliang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China;
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (G.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (K.C.); (J.W.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang S, Zeng J, Hao W, Sun R, Tuo Y, Tan L, Zhang H, Liu R, Bai H. IL-21/IL-21R Promotes the Pro-Inflammatory Effects of Macrophages during C. muridarum Respiratory Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12557. [PMID: 37628738 PMCID: PMC10454239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 and its receptors (IL-21/IL-21R) aggravate chlamydial lung infection, while macrophages (Mφ) are one of the main cells infected by chlamydia and the main source of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, it is particularly important to study whether IL-21/IL-21R aggravates chlamydia respiratory infection by regulating Mφ. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, we established an IL-21R-deficient (IL-21R-/-) mouse model of Chlamydia muridarum (C. muridarum) respiratory tract infection in vivo, studied C. muridarum-stimulated RAW264.7 by the addition of rmIL-21 in vitro, and conducted adoptive transfer experiments to clarify the association between IL-21/IL-21R and Mφ. IL-21R-/- mice showed lower infiltration of pulmonary total Mφ, alveolar macrophages, and interstitial macrophages compared with WT mice following infection. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that M1-related genes are downregulated in IL-21R-/- mice and that IL-21R deficiency affects the Mφ-mediated inflammatory response during C. muridarum infection. In vivo experiments verified that in IL-21R-/- mice, pulmonary M1-type CD80+, CD86+, MHC II+, TNFα+, and iNOS+ Mφ decreased, while there were no differences in M2-type CD206+, TGF-β+, IL-10+ and ARG1+ Mφ. In vitro, administration of rmIL-21 to C. muridarum-stimulated RAW264.7 cells promoted the levels of iNOS-NO and the expression of IL-12p40 and TNFα, but had no effect on TGFβ or IL-10. Further, adoptive transfer of M1-like bone marrow-derived macrophages derived from IL-21R-/- mice, unlike those from WT mice, effectively protected the recipients against C. muridarum infection and induced relieved pulmonary pathology. These findings help in understanding the mechanism by which IL-21/IL-21R exacerbates chlamydia respiratory infection by promoting the proinflammatory effect of Mφ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.H.); (R.S.); (Y.T.); (L.T.); (H.Z.); (R.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vilander AC, Shelton K, LaVoy A, Dean GA. Expression of E. coli FimH Enhances Trafficking of an Orally Delivered Lactobacillus acidophilus Vaccine to Immune Inductive Sites via Antigen-Presenting Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1162. [PMID: 37514978 PMCID: PMC10384470 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of lactic acid bacteria as mucosal vaccine vectors requires the identification of robust mucosal adjuvants to increase vaccine effectiveness. The E. coli type I fimbriae adhesion protein FimH is of interest as a mucosal adjuvant as it targets microfold (M) cells enhancing vaccine uptake into Peyer's patches and can activate the innate immune system via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 binding. Here, we displayed the N-terminal domain of FimH on the surface of a Lactobacillus acidophilus vaccine vector and evaluated its ability to increase uptake of L. acidophilus into Peyer's patches and activate innate immune responses. FimH was robustly displayed on the L. acidophilus surface but did not increase uptake into the Peyer's patches. FimH did increase trafficking of L. acidophilus to mesenteric lymph nodes by antigen-presenting cells including macrophages and dendritic cells. It also increased transcription of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase and decreased transcription of IL-21 in the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. The N-terminal domain of FimH did not activate TLR4 in vitro, indicating that FimH may stimulate innate immune responses through a not-yet-identified mechanism. These results indicate that E. coli FimH alters the innate immune response to L. acidophilus and should be further studied as an adjuvant for lactic acid bacterial vaccine platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Vilander
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kimberly Shelton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Alora LaVoy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gregg A Dean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schmidt JR, Haupt J, Riemschneider S, Kämpf C, Löffler D, Blumert C, Reiche K, Koehl U, Kalkhof S, Lehmann J. Transcriptomic signatures reveal a shift towards an anti-inflammatory gene expression profile but also the induction of type I and type II interferon signaling networks through aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in murine macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156493. [PMID: 37287978 PMCID: PMC10242070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates a broad range of target genes involved in the xenobiotic response, cell cycle control and circadian rhythm. AhR is constitutively expressed in macrophages (Mϕ), acting as key regulator of cytokine production. While proinflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, are suppressed through AhR activation, anti-inflammatory IL-10 is induced. However, the underlying mechanisms of those effects and the importance of the specific ligand structure are not yet completely understood. Methods Therefore, we have compared the global gene expression pattern in activated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) subsequently to exposure with either benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or indole-3-carbinol (I3C), representing high-affinity vs. low-affinity AhR ligands, respectively, by means of mRNA sequencing. AhR dependency of observed effects was proved using BMMs from AhR-knockout (Ahr-/-) mice. Results and discussion In total, more than 1,000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) could be mapped, covering a plethora of AhR-modulated effects on basal cellular processes, i.e., transcription and translation, but also immune functions, i.e., antigen presentation, cytokine production, and phagocytosis. Among DEGs were genes that are already known to be regulated by AhR, i.e., Irf1, Ido2, and Cd84. However, we identified DEGs not yet described to be AhR-regulated in Mϕ so far, i.e., Slpi, Il12rb1, and Il21r. All six genes likely contribute to shifting the Mϕ phenotype from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory. The majority of DEGs induced through BaP were not affected through I3C exposure, probably due to higher AhR affinity of BaP in comparison to I3C. Mapping of known aryl hydrocarbon response element (AHRE) sequence motifs in identified DEGs revealed more than 200 genes not possessing any AHRE, and therefore being not eligible for canonical regulation. Bioinformatic approaches modeled a central role of type I and type II interferons in the regulation of those genes. Additionally, RT-qPCR and ELISA confirmed a AhR-dependent expressional induction and AhR-dependent secretion of IFN-γ in response to BaP exposure, suggesting an auto- or paracrine activation pathway of Mϕ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes R. Schmidt
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janine Haupt
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sina Riemschneider
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Kämpf
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dennis Löffler
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Conny Blumert
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Reiche
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute for Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Lehmann
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Exaggerated levels of some specific TLRs, cytokines and chemokines in Japanese encephalitis infected BV2 and neuro 2A cell lines associated with worst outcome. Virol J 2023; 20:16. [PMID: 36707891 PMCID: PMC9881527 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) disease, a viral brain fever is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Despite the availability of effective vaccines against this deadly infection, JE is the leading cause of epidemic viral encephalitis in children in South-east Asia. There is no treatment available for the JE disease which might be due to incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of JE virus. The JEV infections lead to permanent neurological deficits even in those who survive from the infection. Activated microglia may play a potentially detrimental role by eliciting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) influencing the surrounding brain tissue. Microglial activation, proinflammatory cytokine release and leukocytes trafficking are associated following JEV infection in central nervous system (CNS). How the pattern recognition receptors sense the viral nucleic acid and how the microglial and neuronal cells behaves following JEV infection is still unelucidated. There is scarcity of data on the expression levels of toll like receptors (TLRs), cytokines and chemokines in JEV infection in invitro model. To explore the molecular mechanisms of JEV infection of microglial cells and neuronal cells, we studied the expression profile of TLRs, cytokines and chemokines in JEV infected microglial cell line BV2 and Neuronal cell line Neuro 2A. For the present study, we developed the mouse model of encephalitis by intracerebral (IC) injection of JE virus for virus propagation, disease progression and damage study. Our results demonstrate the exaggerated release of some specific TLRs, cytokines and chemokines in invitro cell culture of microglial and Neuro 2A cell line, which are associated with bad outcome in invivo study.
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo C, Ye JZ, Song M, Peng XX, Li H. Poly I:C promotes malate to enhance innate immune response against bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:172-180. [PMID: 36210004 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) is a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that activates anti-infective innate immunity. The underlying mechanisms are identified as targeting pattern recognition receptors and Th1-inducing. However, whether poly I:C manipulates metabolism to implement this anti-infective function is unknown. Here, GC-MS based metabolomics was used to characterize metabolic profiles induced by different doses of poly I:C. Analysis on the dose-dependent metabolomes shows that elevation of the TCA cycle and malate with the increasing dose of ploy I:C forms the most characteristic feature of the poly I:C stimulation. Exogenous malate activates the TCA cycle and elevates survival of zebrafish infected with Vibrio alginolyticus, which is related to the elevated expression of il-1b, il-6, il-8, tnf-a, and c3b. These results reveal a previously unknown regulation of poly I:C that boosts the TCA cycle to enhance innate immunity against bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Life Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Jing-Zhou Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xuan-Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease that is caused by the genus Leishmania belonging to the trypanosomatid family. The protozoan parasite has a digenetic life cycle involving a mammalian host and an insect vector. Leishmaniasisis is a worldwide public health problem falling under the neglected tropical disease category, with over 90 endemic countries, and approximately 1 million new cases and 20,000 deaths annually. Leishmania infection can progress toward the development of species–specific pathologic disorders, ranging in severity from self-healing cutaneous lesions to disseminating muco-cutaneous and fatal visceral manifestations. The severity and the outcome of leishmaniasis is determined by the parasite’s antigenic epitope characteristics, the vector physiology, and most importantly, the immune response and immune status of the host. This review examines the nature of host–pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and various strategies that have been employed for vaccine development.
Collapse
|
11
|
YWHAH Genetic Variants are Associated with Increased Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Egyptian Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Biochem Genet 2022; 60:1986-1999. [PMID: 35190930 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 Eta (14-3-3 η) biomarker platform is a relatively recent discovery with the potential to significantly address the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been implicated in inflammatory mechanisms in RA. We hypothesized a molecular association of the coding YWHAH gene and its expressed protein 14-3-3 η with hypoxia and angiogenesis in RA. One hundred healthy subjects and 100 RA patients were enrolled in the study. YWHAH gene expression was determined using quantitative PCR, and its gene polymorphism rs2858750 was assessed by Taqman genotyping assay. Serum levels of 14-3-3 η, HIF-1α, and VEGF were measured using the ELISA technique, and clinical parameters were routinely examined. In RA patients, significant positive correlations were found between 14-3-3 η, HIF-1α (r = 0.84), and VEGF (r = 0.85). YWHAH gene expression was upregulated 10.8 fold (CI 95% 10.1-11.5) in RA patients and significantly correlated with all disease activity parameters, ACPA, and levels of 14-3-3 η, HIF-1α, and VEGF. RA patients showed a higher frequency of YWHAH rs2858750 A allele than healthy subjects (p = 0.02). The risk A allele carriers showed higher disease activity parameters, ACPA, YWHAH gene expression, and increased serum levels of 14-3-3 η (p < 0.001), HIF-1α (p = 0.002), and VEGF (p = 0.001) than the G allele. Serum 14-3-3 η and its rs2858750 genetic variant are associated with increased hypoxia and angiogenesis in RA and activity, and severity of the disease.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jian L, Li C, Wang X, Sun L, Ma Z, Zhao J. IL-21 impairs pro-inflammatory activity of M1-like macrophages exerting anti-inflammatory effects on rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmunity 2021; 55:75-85. [PMID: 34842006 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2021.2007374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective:Macrophages are the main source of inflammatory mediators and play important roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Interleukin-21 (IL-21) regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses and exerts major effects on inflammatory responses that promote the development of RA. However, its effect on macrophage polarisation remains unclear.Methods:CD14+ monocytes of the peripheral blood of Human healthy donors (HD) and RA, and macrophages of RA synovial fluid (RA-SF MΦs) were isolated. IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) was detected by flow cytometry. Cytokine production by MΦs from different sources pre-treated with IL-21 and/or LPS was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and ELISA. CD14+ monocytes were differentiated into M1-like and M2-like macrophages via stimulation with GM-CSF, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and LPS or M-CSF, IL-4, and IL-13, respectively. To determine the effect of IL-21 on macrophage polarisation, macrophage phenotypes, gene expression, and cytokine secretion were detected by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and ELISA. TLR4 and ERK1/2 were determined by western blotting.Results:IL-21 exerted different effects on LPS-mediated inflammatory responses in various derived MΦs, and inhibited macrophages polarisation to M1-like macrophages and promote their polarisation to M2-like macrophages in HD and RA. Moreover, IL-21 inhibited LPS-mediated secretion of inflammatory cytokines, probably by downregulating the ERK1/2, in RA-SF MΦs.Conclusion:For the first time, we indicated that IL-21 inhibits LPS-mediated cytokine production in RA-SF MΦs, and impairs pro-inflammatory activity of M1-like macrophages, hereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects on RA. Thus, IL-21 might not be an appropriate therapeutic target for RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Jian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chemokines in Leishmaniasis: Map of cell movements highlights the landscape of infection and pathogenesis. Cytokine 2021; 147:155339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
14
|
Alsharif KF, Almalki AA, Alsanie WF, Alzahrani KJ, Kabrah SM, Elshopakey GE, Alghamdi AAA, Lokman MS, Sberi HA, Bauomy AA, Albrakati A, Ramadan SS, Kassab RB, Abdel Moneim AE, Salem FEH. Protocatechuic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced septic lung injury in mice: The possible role through suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13915. [PMID: 34472624 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the protective efficacy of protocatechuic acid (PCA) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic lung injury. Eighty-two male Balb/c mice were divided into six groups: control, PCA30 (30 mg/kg), LPS (10 mg/kg), PCA10-LPS, PCA20-LPS, and PCA30-LPS treated with 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg PCA, respectively, for seven days before intraperitoneal LPS injection. PCA pre-treatment, especially at higher dose, significantly reduced LPS-induced lung tissue injury as indicated by increased heat shock protein 70 and antioxidant molecules (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) accompanied by lower oxidative stress indices (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide). PCA administration decreased inflammatory mediators including myeloperoxidase, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB p65), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and prevented the development of apoptotic events in the lung tissue. At the molecular level, PCA downregulated mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase 2, C/EBP homologous protein, and high mobility group box1 in the lungs of all PCA-LPS treated mice. Thus, PCA-pre-treatment effectively counteracted sepsis-induced acute lung injury in vivo by promoting and antioxidant status, while inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Sepsis-mediated organ dysfunction and high mortality is aggravated by acute lung injury (ALI). Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed to encounter sepsis-mediated ALI. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a naturally occurring phenolic acid with various biological and pharmacological activities. PCA is abundant in edible plants including Allium cepa L., Oryza sativa L., Hibiscus sabdariffa, Prunus domestica L., and Eucommia ulmoides. In this investigation we studied the potential protective role of pure PCA (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) on LPS-mediated septic lung injury in mice through examining oxidative challenge, inflammatory response, apoptotic events and histopathological changes in addition to evaluating the levels and mRNA expression of heat shock protein 70, C/EBP homologous protein and high mobility group box1 in the lung tissue. The recorded results showed that PCA pre-administration was able to significantly abrogate the damages in the lung tissue associated septic response. This protective effect comes from its strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities, suggesting that PCA may be applied to alleviate ALI associated with the development of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulraheem Ali Almalki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed M Kabrah
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm AlQura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehad E Elshopakey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Maha S Lokman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan Al Sberi
- Basic Medical Science, Histopathology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira A Bauomy
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, ArRass, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa S Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rami B Kassab
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al Baha University, Almakhwah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma Elzahraa H Salem
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Marelli G, Chard Dunmall LS, Yuan M, Di Gioia C, Miao J, Cheng Z, Zhang Z, Liu P, Ahmed J, Gangeswaran R, Lemoine N, Wang Y. A systemically deliverable Vaccinia virus with increased capacity for intertumoral and intratumoral spread effectively treats pancreatic cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001624. [PMID: 33500259 PMCID: PMC7839893 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal cancers and is refractory to immunotherapeutic interventions. Oncolytic viruses are a promising new treatment option, but current platforms demonstrate limited efficacy, especially for inaccessible and metastatic cancers that require systemically deliverable therapies. We recently described an oncolytic vaccinia virus (VV), VVLΔTKΔN1L, which has potent antitumor activity, and a regime to enhance intravenous delivery of VV by pharmacological inhibition of pharmacological inhibition of PI3 Kinase δ (PI3Kδ) to prevent virus uptake by macrophages. While these platforms improve the clinical prospects of VV, antitumor efficacy must be improved. METHODS VVLΔTKΔN1L was modified to improve viral spread within and between tumors via viral B5R protein modification, which enhanced production of the extracellular enveloped virus form of VV. Antitumor immunity evoked by viral treatment was improved by arming the virus with interleukin-21, creating VVL-21. Efficacy, functional activity and synergy with α-programmed cell death protein 1 (α-PD1) were assessed after systemic delivery to murine and Syrian hamster models of pancreatic cancer. RESULTS VVL-21 could reach tumors after systemic delivery and demonstrated antitumor efficacy in subcutaneous, orthotopic and disseminated models of pancreatic cancer. The incorporation of modified B5R improved intratumoural accumulation of VV. VVL-21 treatment increased the numbers of effector CD8+ T cells within the tumor, increased circulating natural killer cells and was able to polarize macrophages to an M1 phenotype in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, treatment with VVL-21 sensitized tumors to the immune checkpoint inhibitor α-PD1. CONCLUSIONS Intravenously administered VVL-21 successfully remodeled the suppressive tumor-microenvironment to promote antitumor immune responses and improve long-term survival in animal models of pancreatic cancer. Importantly, treatment with VVL-21 sensitized tumors to the immune checkpoint inhibitor α-PD1. Combination of PI3Kδ inhibition, VVL-21 and α-PD1 creates an effective platform for treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marelli
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louisa S Chard Dunmall
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ming Yuan
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Carmela Di Gioia
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jinxin Miao
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguo Cheng
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jahangir Ahmed
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rathi Gangeswaran
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Lemoine
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gómez LA, De Avila J, Castillo DM, Montenegro DA, Trujillo TG, Suárez LJ, Lafaurie GI. Porphyromonas gingivalis Placental Atopobiosis and Inflammatory Responses in Women With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:591626. [PMID: 33343532 PMCID: PMC7738622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.591626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome modulates inflammation at the fetal maternal interface on both term and preterm labor. Inflammophilic oral bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, as well as urogenital microorganisms (UGM) could translocate to the placenta and activate immune mechanisms in decidual tissue that is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO). This study establishes the associations between the presence of microbes in the placenta and placental cytokine patterns in women who presented APO, e.g., low birth weight (LBW), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), preterm birth (PTB) and other clinical signs related to Chorioamnionitis (CA). A total of 40 pregnant women were included in the study and divided into five groups according to placental infection (PI) and APO, as follows: (1) women without PI and without APO (n = 17), (2) women with P. gingivalis-related PI and APO (n = 5), (3) women with P. gingivalis-related PI and without APO (n = 4), (4) women with PI related to UGM and APO (n = 5) and (5) women without PI with APO (n = 9). Obstetric, clinical periodontal status evaluation, and subgingival plaque sampling were performed at the time of delivery. Placental levels of interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-12p70, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 α (MCP-1α), granzyme B, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were determined using a multiplex flow cytometry assay. All patients showed a predominant Th-1 cytokine profile related to labor, characterized by IFN-γ overexpression. The analysis by groups suggests that Th-1 profile was trending to maintain cytotoxic cell activity by the expression of IL-15 and granzyme B, except for the group with P. gingivalis-related PI and APO, which exhibited a reduction of IL-10 and IL-17F cytokines (p < 0.05) and a Th-1 profile favoring macrophage activation by MCP-1 production (p < 0.05). This study confirms a pro-inflammatory pattern associated with labor, characterized by a Th-1 profile and the activity of cytotoxic cells, which is enhanced by PI with UGM. However, PI associated with P. gingivalis suggests a switch where the Th-1 profile favors an inflammatory response mediated by MCP-1 and macrophage activity as a mechanistic explanation of its possible relationship with adverse outcomes in pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luz Amparo Gómez
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigations-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juliette De Avila
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Marcela Castillo
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigations-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Tammy Gorety Trujillo
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigations-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lina J Suárez
- Basic Science and Oral Medicine Department, School of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gloria Inés Lafaurie
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigations-UIBO, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wilz SW. A clinical trial of IL-15 and IL-21 combination therapy for COVID-19 is warranted. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 58:49-50. [PMID: 33199178 PMCID: PMC7583616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection suggest that both the humoral and cytotoxic arms of the immune system are weak in patients with severe COVID-19 disease when compared to mild disease. A cytokine storm is also induced in severe disease. IL-15 has been shown to support the cytotoxic arm of the immune response. IL-21 has been shown to support both the cytotoxic and humoral arms of the immune response. In addition, in some settings, Il-21 has been shown to actually decrease IL-6 and TNF-alpha production, reducing the inflammatory proteins involved in the cytokine storm. Furthermore, in other settings, the combination of IL-15 and IL-21 has been shown to be more effective than either interleukin alone in promoting an effective immune response. Therefore, a clinical trial that examines the use of the combination of IL-15 and IL-21 for COVID-19 patients is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Wilz
- Boston VA Healthcare System, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mosser DM, Hamidzadeh K, Goncalves R. Macrophages and the maintenance of homeostasis. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:579-587. [PMID: 32934339 PMCID: PMC7491045 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many chapters written about macrophage polarization. These chapters generally focus on the role of macrophages in orchestrating immune responses by highlighting the T-cell-derived cytokines that shape these polarizing responses. This bias toward immunity is understandable, given the importance of macrophages to host defense. However, macrophages are ubiquitous and are involved in many different cellular processes, and describing them as immune cells is undoubtedly an oversimplification. It disregards their important roles in development, tissue remodeling, wound healing, angiogenesis, and metabolism, to name just a few processes. In this chapter, we propose that macrophages function as transducers in the body. According to Wikipedia, “A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another.” The word transducer is a term used to describe both the “sensor,” which can interpret a wide range of energy forms, and the “actuator,” which can switch voltages or currents to affect the environment. Macrophages are able to sense a seemingly endless variety of inputs from their environment and transduce these inputs into a variety of different response outcomes. Thus, rather than functioning as immune cells, they should be considered more broadly as cellular transducers that interpret microenvironmental changes and actuate vital tissue responses. In this chapter, we will describe some of the sensory stimuli that macrophages perceive and the responses they make to these stimuli to achieve their prime directive, which is the maintenance of homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Mosser
- The Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Kajal Hamidzadeh
- The Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ricardo Goncalves
- The Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
A novel N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-dependent fate decision for the lncRNA THOR. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:613. [PMID: 32792482 PMCID: PMC7426843 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed the critical roles of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancers, but the relationship between the oncogenic role of the lncRNA THOR (a representative of cancer/testis lncRNAs) and m6A modification remains unclear. Here, we show that the internal m6A modification of the lncRNA THOR via an m6A-reader-dependent modality regulates the proliferation of cancer cells. Our findings demonstrated that the loss of the lncRNA THOR inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, m6A is highly enriched on lncRNA THOR transcripts, which contain GA (m6A) CA, GG (m6A) CU, and UG (m6A) CU sequence motifs. RIP-qRT-PCR and RNA pull-down assay results revealed that the specific m6A readers YTHDF1 and YTHDF2 can read the m6A motifs and regulate the stability of the lncRNA THOR (stabilization and decay). These m6A-dependent RNA-protein interactions can maintain the oncogenic role of the lncRNA THOR. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical role of the m6A modification in oncogenic lncRNA THOR and reveal a novel long non-coding RNA regulatory mechanism, providing a new way to explore RNA epigenetic regulatory patterns in the future.
Collapse
|
20
|
Feng Y, Qiu T, Chen H, Wei Y, Jiang X, Zhang H, Chen D. Association of serum IL-21 and vitamin D concentrations in Chinese children with autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 507:194-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Zhang A, Jian X, Wang D, Ren J, Wang X, Zhou H. Characterization and bioactivity of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) interleukin-21: Inducible production and involvement in inflammatory regulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:19-26. [PMID: 32014588 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a broad pleiotropic cytokine that plays critical roles in the development of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In fish, functional information of Il-21 is limited, and its role in immune response is largely unknown. In the present study, we cloned a coding sequence of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) il21 gene (gcil21). To characterize the release patterns and biological activity of gcIl-21, we prepared recombinant gcIl-21 (rgcIl-21) and obtained the polyclonal antibody with gcIl-21 specificity. Western blotting analysis showed that in grass carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs), gcIl-21 was undetected in culture supernatant of untreated cells but drastically induced by heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila), uncovering the release features of gcIl-21 and its possible involvement in immune response. Subsequent functional experiments revealed that rgcIl-21 did not affect the mRNA expression of grass carp il1b and tgfb, but induced a strong expression of grass carp il10, and to a lesser extent of grass carp tnfa in HKLs, suggesting a dominant effect of gcIl-21 in modulating Il-10 signaling as seen in rainbow trout and mammals. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that intraperitoneal injection of rgcIl-21 was able to increase the survival rate of grass carp infected with live A. hydrophila, and reduce the pathological responses caused by the same pathogenic bacteria in head kidney and intestine. Taken together, these results for the first time revealed the close relationship of fish Il-21 production and function with inflammatory responses, and highlighted its anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory ability, thereby providing a new insight into host defense mechanisms in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Jian
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
dos Santos Meira C, Gedamu L. Protective or Detrimental? Understanding the Role of Host Immunity in Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120695. [PMID: 31847221 PMCID: PMC6956275 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease of major public health concern, estimated to affect 12 million people worldwide. The clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis are highly variable and can range from self-healing localized cutaneous lesions to life-threatening disseminated visceral disease. Once introduced into the skin by infected sandflies, Leishmania parasites interact with a variety of immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. The resolution of infection requires a finely tuned interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, culminating with the activation of microbicidal functions and parasite clearance within host cells. However, several factors derived from the host, insect vector, and Leishmania spp., including the presence of a double-stranded RNA virus (LRV), can modulate the host immunity and influence the disease outcome. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms underlying the main forms of leishmaniasis, some of the factors involved with the establishment of infection and disease severity, and potential approaches for vaccine and drug development focused on host immunity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Jian L, Sun L, Li C, Yu R, Ma Z, Wang X, Zhao J, Liu X. Interleukin‐21 enhances Toll‐like receptor 2/4‐mediated cytokine production via phosphorylation in the STAT3, Akt and p38 MAPK signalling pathways in human monocytic THP‐1 cells. Scand J Immunol 2019; 89:e12761. [PMID: 30977163 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Jian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Changhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Ruohan Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Zhenzhen Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Jinxia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Xiangyuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wan S, Sun H. Glucagon-like peptide-1 modulates RAW264.7 macrophage polarization by interfering with the JNK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3573-3579. [PMID: 30988739 PMCID: PMC6447820 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and metabolic disorders are closely associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. Aberrant macrophage activation to M1 or M2 is characterized by a deleterious state of chronic inflammation and loss of positive trophic signals. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is used to treat diabetes due to its beneficial role against insulin resistance. The present study examined the effect of GLP-1 on macrophage activation, which contributed to M2 polarization and secretion of anti-inflammatory factors. In addition, the present study demonstrated that GLP-1 was able to reduce M1 polarization and inflammatory response by using the murine monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and detecting M1/M2-specific genes. RAW264.7 cells were incubated with GLP-1 in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-4, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and signal transduction and transcriptional activation factor 3 (STAT3) activity was assessed by quantification of phosphorylation expression and macrophage polarization was determined by detecting M1/M2-specific genes expression. The results demonstrated that GLP-1/GLP-1 receptor attenuated the phosphorylation of JNK and its signal transduction through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling pathway, while the phosphorylation of STAT3 increased through following treatment with GLP-1. The present study observed that GLP-1 exerts its beneficial effects on macrophage polarization by modulating the JNK/STAT3 signaling pathway. The present results also suggested that the effects of GLP-1 on endocrine and metabolic diseases are possibly mediated by modulation of signaling pathways, and provide a basis for pharmacologic targeting of macrophage activation and an insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Basta-Kaim A, Ślusarczyk J, Szczepanowicz K, Warszyński P, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Trojan E, Lasoń W. Protective effects of polydatin in free and nanocapsulated form on changes caused by lipopolysaccharide in hippocampal organotypic cultures. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:603-613. [PMID: 31176102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydatin (PD) is a compound, originally isolated from the root and rhizome of the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum. To date, various biological properties of this compound, such as analgesic, anti-pyretic or diuretic effects, have been shown. Recently, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been widely postulated, yet PD instability and low bioavailability limit its beneficial actions. Therefore, it has been suggested that an encapsulation process may be a promising strategy for overcoming these limitations and increasing the therapeutic efficacy of PD. METHODS We examined the effects of PD in two forms, including free and in PD-loaded polymeric nanocapsules, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced changes in hippocampal organotypic cultures. RESULTS Our results indicated that free and encapsulated PD diminished cell death processes and attenuated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS administration. Additionally, PD in both forms strongly inhibited the production of nitric oxide and down-regulated the level of iNOS enzyme in LPS-stimulated hippocampal cultures. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study showed that PD exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties in LPS-treated hippocampal organotypic cultures. Furthermore, we show that the encapsulation procedure preserved the features of the free form of this compound, and therefore, the polymeric nanocapsules containing PD may be used as a novel and promising delivery system in therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Ślusarczyk
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczepanowicz
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Warszyński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Regulska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysław Lasoń
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vallières F, Durocher I, Girard D. Biological activities of interleukin (IL)-21 in human monocytes and macrophages. Cell Immunol 2019; 337:62-70. [PMID: 30765203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The biological roles of interleukin (IL)-21 in human monocytes and macrophages have been neglected. We previously demonstrated that IL-21 induce phagocytosis and established that Syk is a new molecular target of IL-21. Herein, we found that IL-21 is not chemoattractant for immature THP-1 and primary monocytes but can increase the capacity of THP-1 cells (not primary monocytes) to adhere onto a cell substratum by a Syk-dependent mechanism without altering the expression of a panel of cell surface molecules. Unlike THP- 1 and monocytes, IL-21 can increase metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 secretion and activity in monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM), as assessed by western blot and zymography experiments, respectively. We reported that IL-21 did not increase the production of IL-6 and the chemokines MIP-1α and GRO-α in HMDM. Therefore, IL-21 can increase functions other that phagocytosis, but this cytokine does not have a large spectrum of biological activities in monocytes and macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Vallières
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Durocher
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Girard
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li H, Luo YF, Wang YS, Xiao YL, Cai HR, Xie CM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces cellular senescence in lung tissue at the early stage of two-hit septic mice. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5289408. [PMID: 30649401 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We presume that severe secondary Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection can lead to cellular senescence in lung tissue and thus contribute to high mortality. We established a two-hit mouse model using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) followed by sublethal PA lung infection. In lung tissue, increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, elevated lung injury and augmented cellular senescence was shown in mice with CLP followed by sublethal PA infection, and these observations reached a higher rank when higher (H) loads PA (PAO1) were administered to CLP mice (CLP + PAO1-H). Accordingly, oxidative stress-related element gp91phox and inflammation regulator NF-κB were greatly activated in CLP + PAO1-H mice compared to others. There was no obvious inflammation or cellular senescence in sham control, PAO1-infected mice. Consequently, CLP + PAO1-H mice had the highest expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNFα and iNOS among those groups. There was lower bacterial clearance ability in CLP + PAO1-H mice than in other mice. CLP + PAO1-H only had approximately 10% survival after 7 days of investigation and was much lower than others. In conclusion, higher mortality due to increased lung inflammation and cellular senescence are observed in mice with increased loads of PA infection secondary to CLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yi-Feng Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yong-Long Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hou-Rong Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Can-Mao Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Bortoleti BTDS, Assolini JP, Gonçalves MD, Carloto ACM, Miranda-Sapla MM, Conchon-Costa I, Bordignon J, Pavanelli WR. Macrophage Polarization in Leishmaniasis: Broadening Horizons. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2529. [PMID: 30429856 PMCID: PMC6220043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease that affects more than 700,000 people annually. Leishmania parasites cause the disease, and different species trigger a distinct immune response and clinical manifestations. Macrophages are the final host cells for the proliferation of Leishmania parasites, and these cells are the key to a controlled or exacerbated response that culminates in clinical manifestations. M1 and M2 are the two main macrophage phenotypes. M1 is a pro-inflammatory subtype with microbicidal properties, and M2, or alternatively activated, is an anti-inflammatory/regulatory subtype that is related to inflammation resolution and tissue repair. The present review elucidates the roles of M1 and M2 polarization in leishmaniasis and highlights the role of the salivary components of the vector and the action of the parasite in the macrophage plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Assolini
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biotransformation and Phytochemistry, Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, Universitary Hospital, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bordignon
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Looney MR, Headley MB. Live imaging of the pulmonary immune environment. Cell Immunol 2018; 350:103862. [PMID: 30336937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lung represents a unique immune environment. The primary function of the lung is to enable gas exchange by facilitating the transfer of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood. However, as a direct byproduct of this process the lung is also constantly exposed to particles, allergens, and pathogens alongside air itself. Due to this, the pulmonary immune system exists in a fine balance between quiescence and inflammation, deviations from which can lead to a failure in respiratory function. A rich history exists attempting to define the critical features of lung immunity, and most recently advances in intravital microscopy have enabled the visualization of intercellular immune dynamics in both steady-state and a variety of disease conditions. In this review, we will summarize a variety of approaches to intravital lung imaging as well as how its application has advanced our understanding of normal lung function as well as disease states such as pulmonary metastasis, asthma, and lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Looney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark B Headley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Miki T. Stem cell characteristics and the therapeutic potential of amniotic epithelial cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13003. [PMID: 29956869 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple stem cell types can be isolated from the human placenta. Recent advances in stem cell biology have revealed that human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) are one of the perinatal stem cells which possess embryonic stem cell-like differentiation capability and adult stem cell-like immunomodulatory properties. Unlike other types of placental stem cells, hAECs are derived from pluripotent epiblasts and maintain multilineage differentiation potential throughout gestation. Similar to mesenchymal stem cells, hAECs are also able to modulate the local immune response. These, and other properties, make hAECs attractive for cellular therapy. This review article summarizes current knowledge of stem cell characteristics and immunomodulatory properties of amniotic epithelial cells and aims to advance our understanding towards the goal of novel therapy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Miki
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang S, Guan Y, Wang Y, Li H, Zhang D, Ju M, Hao Y, Song X, Sun B, Dou X, Yang R. Reduced PTEN involved in primary immune thrombocytopenia via contributing to B cell hyper-responsiveness. Mol Immunol 2018; 93:144-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
32
|
Harwani SC. Macrophages under pressure: the role of macrophage polarization in hypertension. Transl Res 2018; 191:45-63. [PMID: 29172035 PMCID: PMC5733698 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a multifactorial disease involving the nervous, renal, and cardiovascular systems. Macrophages are the most abundant and ubiquitous immune cells, placing them in a unique position to serve as key mediators between these components. The polarization of macrophages confers vast phenotypic and functional plasticity, allowing them to act as proinflammatory, homeostatic, and anti-inflammatory agents. Key differences between the M1 and M2 phenotypes, the 2 subsets at the extremes of this polarization spectrum, place macrophages at a juncture to mediate many mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Neuronal and non-neuronal regulation of the immune system, that is, the "neuroimmuno" axis, plays an integral role in the polarization of macrophages. In hypertension, the neuroimmuno axis results in synchronization of macrophage mobilization from immune cell reservoirs and their chemotaxis, via increased expression of chemoattractants, to end organs critical in the development of hypertension. This complicated system is largely coordinated by the dichotomous actions of the autonomic neuronal and non-neuronal activation of cholinergic, adrenergic, and neurohormonal receptors on macrophages, leading to their ability to "switch" between phenotypes at sites of active inflammation. Data from experimental models and human studies are in concordance with each other and support a central role for macrophage polarization in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh C Harwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA; Center for Immunology and Immune Based Diseases, Iowa City, IA; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Iowa City, Io.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen WQ, Xie ZZ, Wang X, Zhao JH, Hu Q, Chen YH, Gao WY, Liu Y. Influences of PON1 on airway inflammation and remodeling in bronchial asthma. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:793-805. [PMID: 28657647 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the influences of Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) involved in airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma. Mice were divided into control, asthma, asthma + PON1 and asthma + NC groups, and asthma models were established via aerosol inhalation of ovalbumin (OVA). HE, Masson, and PAS stains were used to observe airway inflammation and remodeling, Giemsa staining to assess inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), qRT-PCR and Western blot to detect PON1 expression, lipid peroxidation and glutathione assays to quantify malondialdehyde (MDA) activity and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) levels, ELISA to determine inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin, and colorimetry to detect PON1 activities. Additionally, mice lung macrophages and fibroblasts were transfected with PON1 plasmid in vitro; ELISA and qRT-PCR were performed to understand the effects of PON1 on inflammatory cytokines secreted by lung macrophages, MTT assay for lung fibroblasts proliferation and qRT-PCR and Western blot for the expressions of PON1, COL1A1, and fibronectin. After overexpression of PON1, the asthma mice had decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis degree, and airway wall thickness; inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokines in BALF were also reduced, expressions of OVA-IgE and IgG1, and MDA activity were decreased, but the expressions of OVA-IgG2a and INF-γ and GSH levels were increased. Besides, PON1 significantly inhibited microphage expression of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines, lung fibroblast proliferation, and COL1A1 and fibronectin expression. Thus, PON1 could relieve airway inflammation and airway remodeling in asthmatic mice and inhibit the secretion of LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory cytokines and the proliferation of lung fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qiang Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, No.2 People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Zuo-Zhou Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, No.2 People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, No.2 People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hong Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, No.2 People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Qin Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, No.2 People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, No.2 People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yong Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, No.2 People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, No.2 People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tan L, Han S, Ding S, Xiao W, Ding Y, Qian L, Wang C, Gong W. Chitosan nanoparticle-based delivery of fused NKG2D-IL-21 gene suppresses colon cancer growth in mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:3095-3107. [PMID: 28450784 PMCID: PMC5399983 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s128032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles can be loaded with exogenous DNA for the potential expression of cytokines with immune-stimulatory function. NKG2D identifies major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related protein in human and retinoic acid early induced transcript-1 in mouse, which acts as tumor-associated antigens. Biologic agents based on interleukin 21 (IL-21) have displayed antitumor activities through lymphocyte activation. The NKG2D-IL-21 fusion protein theoretically identifies tumor cells through NKG2D moiety and activates T cells through IL-21 moiety. In this study, double-gene fragments that encode the extracellular domains of NKG2D and IL-21 genes were connected and then inserted into the pcDNA3.1(-) plasmid. PcDNA3.1-dsNKG2D-IL-21 plasmid nanoparticles based on chitosan were generated. Tumor cells pretransfected with dsNKG2D-IL-21 gene nanoparticles can activate natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells in vitro. Serum IL-21 levels were enhanced in mice intramuscularly injected with the gene nanoparticles. DsNKG2D-IL-21 gene nanoparticles accumulated in tumor tissues after being intravenously injected for ~4-24 h. Treatment of dsNKG2D-IL-21 gene nanoparticles also retarded tumor growth and elongated the life span of tumor-bearing mice by activating NK and T cells in vivo. Thus, the dsNKG2D-IL-21 gene nanoparticles exerted efficient antitumor activities and would be potentially used for tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lunmei Tan
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses
| | - Sen Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine
| | | | - Weiming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College.,Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Yanbing Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine.,Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Chenming Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College.,Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Medicine.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Osada Y, Fujiyama T, Kamimura N, Kaji T, Nakae S, Sudo K, Ishiwata K, Kanazawa T. Dual genetic absence of STAT6 and IL-10 does not abrogate anti-hyperglycemic effects of Schistosoma mansoni in streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice. Exp Parasitol 2017; 177:1-12. [PMID: 28363777 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni (Sm) is known to exert protective effects against various allergic and autoimmune disorders. It has been reported that this parasite protects NOD mice from spontaneous type 1 diabetes (T1D) and ameliorates streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D in wild-type mice. Here, we tried to clarify the anti-diabetic mechanisms of Sm in the latter model. Sm infection partially prevented the degradation of pancreatic islets and hyperglycemia in multiple low-dose (MLD) STZ-treated mice. Neither Treg cell depletion nor genetic absences of IL-10 and/or STAT6 abrogated the anti-hyperglycemic effects of Sm. Among M2 macrophage markers, Arg-1 and Ym1, but not Retnla, remained up-regulated in the pancreatic lymph nodes and in the spleens of STAT6/IL-10 double deficient (DKO) mice. Collectively, it is suggested that Sm exerts anti-diabetic effects on this experimental T1D model via Treg/IL-4/IL-13/IL-10-independent mechanisms. Augmented expressions of Arg-1 and Ym1 in the lymphoid organs adjacent to pancreas may be relevant to the anti-diabetic effects of Sm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Osada
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Fujiyama
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Naoto Kamimura
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Tsukushi Kaji
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Katsuko Sudo
- Animal Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishiwata
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kanazawa
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vallières F, Girard D. Mechanism involved in interleukin-21-induced phagocytosis in human monocytes and macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:294-303. [PMID: 27774606 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-21/IL-21 receptor (R) is a promising system to be exploited for the development of therapeutic strategies. Although the biological activities of IL-21 and its cell signalling events have been largely studied in immunocytes, its interaction with human monocytes and macrophages have been neglected. Previously, we reported that IL-21 enhances Fc gamma receptor (FcRγ)-mediated phagocytosis in human monocytes and in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) and identified Syk as a novel molecular target of IL-21. Here, we elucidate further how IL-21 promotes phagocytosis in these cells. Unlike its ability to enhance phagocytosis of opsonized sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), IL-21 did not promote phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and zymosan by monocytes and did not alter the cell surface expression of CD16, CD32 and CD64. In HMDM, IL-21 was found to enhance phagocytosis of zymosan. In addition, we found that IL-21 activates p38, protein kinase B (Akt), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 and STAT-3 in monocytes and HMDM. Using a pharmacological approach, we demonstrate that IL-21 enhances phagocytosis by activating some mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT pathways. These results obtained in human monocytes and macrophages have to be considered for a better exploitation of the IL-21/IL-21R system for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Vallières
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - D Girard
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li S, Liu J, Lv Q, Zhang C, Xu S, Yang D, Huang B, Zeng Y, Gao Y, Wang W. AG and UAG induce β-casein expression via activation of ERK1/2 and AKT pathways. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:213-25. [PMID: 26873999 PMCID: PMC5064986 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ghrelin peptides were found to circulate in two major forms: acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG). Previous studies showed that AG regulates β-casein (CSN2) expression in mammary epithelial cells. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which AG regulates CSN2 gene and protein expression. Evidence suggests that UAG has biological activity through GHSR1a-independent mechanisms. Here, we investigated the possible GHSR1a-mediated effect of UAG on the expression of CSN2 in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (pbMECs) isolated from lactating cow. We found that both AG and UAG increase the expression of CSN2 in a dose-dependent manner in pbMECs in comparison with the control group. Increased expression of CSN2 was blocked by [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (an antagonist of the GHSR1a) and NF449 (a Gs-α subunit inhibitor) in pbMECs. In addition, both AG and UAG activated AKT/protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathways, whereas [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and NF449 inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2 in pbMECs respectively. Blockade of ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways prevented the expression of CSN2 induced by AG or UAG. Finally, we found that both AG and UAG cause cell proliferation through identical signaling pathways. Taken together, these results demonstrate that both AG and UAG act on ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways to facilitate the expression of CSN2 in a GHSR1a-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Li
- College of Veterinary MedicineJilin University
| | - Juxiong Liu
- College of Veterinary MedicineJilin University
| | - Qingkang Lv
- College of Veterinary MedicineJilin University
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismThe Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiyao Xu
- College of Veterinary MedicineJilin University
| | | | | | - Yalong Zeng
- College of Veterinary MedicineJilin University
| | - Yingjie Gao
- College of Veterinary MedicineJilin University
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary MedicineJilin University
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li N, Liu BW, Ren WZ, Liu JX, Li SN, Fu SP, Zeng YL, Xu SY, Yan X, Gao YJ, Liu DF, Wang W. GLP-2 Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation in BV-2 Cells by Inhibiting ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:190. [PMID: 26861286 PMCID: PMC4783924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) often involves the over-activation of microglia. Over-activated microglia could produce several inflammatory mediators, which trigger excessive inflammation and ultimately cause dopaminergic neuron damage. Anti-inflammatory effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) in the periphery have been shown. Nonetheless, it has not been illustrated in the brain. Thus, in this study, we aimed to understand the role of GLP-2 in microglia activation and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. BV-2 cells were pretreated with GLP-2 and then stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cells were assessed for the responses of pro-inflammatory enzymes (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α); the related signaling pathways were evaluated by Western blotting. The rescue effect of GLP-2 on microglia-mediated neurotoxicity was also examined. The results showed that GLP-2 significantly reduced LPS-induced production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-s (COX-2), IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Blocking of Gαs by NF449 resulted in a loss of this anti-inflammatory effect in BV-2 cells. Analyses in signaling pathways demonstrated that GLP-2 reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p65, while no effect was observed on p38 phosphorylation. In addition, GLP-2 could suppress microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. All results imply that GLP-2 inhibits LPS-induced microglia activation by collectively regulating ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p65.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Bo-Wen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Ju-Xiong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Su-Nan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shou-Peng Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Ya-Long Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shi-Yao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xuan Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Ying-Jie Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Dian-Feng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu L, Lin Y, Liu L, Bian Y, Zhang L, Gao X, Li Q. 14-3-3γ Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses and Lactation in Dairy Cow Mammary Epithelial Cells by Inhibiting NF-κB and MAPKs and Up-Regulating mTOR Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26204835 PMCID: PMC4519969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As a protective factor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury, 14-3-3γ has been the subject of recent research. Nevertheless, whether 14-3-3γ can regulate lactation in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs) induced by LPS remains unknown. Here, the anti-inflammatory effect and lactation regulating ability of 14-3-3γ in LPS-induced DCMECs are investigated for the first time, and the molecular mechanisms responsible for their effects are explored. The results of qRT-PCR showed that 14-3-3γ overexpression significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis revealed that 14-3-3γ overexpression also suppressed the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in cell culture supernatants. Meanwhile, CASY-TT Analyser System showed that 14-3-3γ overexpression clearly increased the viability and proliferation of cells. The results of kit methods and western blot analysis showed that 14-3-3γ overexpression promoted the secretion of triglycerides and lactose and the synthesis of β-casein. Furthermore, the expression of genes relevant to nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and lactation-associated proteins were assessed by western blot, and the results suggested that 14-3-3γ overexpression inactivated the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways by down-regulating extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) phosphorylation levels, as well as by inhibiting NF-κB translocation. Meanwhile, 14-3-3γ overexpression enhanced the expression levels of β-casein, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), serine/threonine protein kinase Akt 1 (AKT1), sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). These results suggest that 14-3-3γ was able to attenuate the LPS-induced inflammatory responses and promote proliferation and lactation in LPS-induced DCMECs by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and up-regulating mTOR signaling pathways to protect against LPS-induced injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Ye Lin
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Lili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yanjie Bian
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Qingzhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
González R, López-Grueso MJ, Muntané J, Bárcena JA, Padilla CA. Redox regulation of metabolic and signaling pathways by thioredoxin and glutaredoxin in NOS-3 overexpressing hepatoblastoma cells. Redox Biol 2015. [PMID: 26210445 PMCID: PMC4528045 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays relevant roles in signal transduction in physiopathology and its effects are dependent on several environmental factors. NO has both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic functions but the molecular mechanisms responsible for these opposite effects are not fully understood. The action of NO occurs mainly through redox changes in target proteins, particularly by S-nitrosylation of reactive cysteine residues. Thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) systems are the main cellular controllers of the thiolic redox state of proteins exerting controversial effects on apoptosis with consequences for the resistance to or the development of cancer. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether Trx and/or Grx systems mediate the antiproliferative effect of NO on hepatoblastoma cells by modulating the redox-state of key proteins. Proliferation decreased and apoptosis increased in HepG2 cells overexpressing Nitric Oxide Synthase-3 (NOS-3) as a result of multilevel cellular responses to the oxidative environment generated by NO. Enzyme levels and cysteine redox state at several metabolic checkpoints were consistent with prominence of the pentose phosphate pathway to direct the metabolic flux toward NADPH for antioxidant defense and lowering of nucleotide biosynthesis and hence proliferation. Proteins involved in cell survival pathways, proteins of the redoxin systems and phosphorylation of MAPK were all significantly increased accompanied by a shift of the thiolic redox state of Akt1, Trx1 and Grx1 to more oxidized. Silencing of Trx1 and Grx1 neutralized the increases in CD95, Akt1 and pAkt levels induced by NO and produced a marked increase in caspase-3 and -8 activities in both control and NOS-3 overexpressing cells concomitant with a decrease in the number of cells. These results demonstrate that the antiproliferative effect of NO is actually hampered by Trx1 and Grx1 and support the strategy of weakening the thiolic antioxidant defenses when designing new antitumoral therapies. Endogenous NO induces NADPH and reduces nucleotide biosynthesis in HepG2 cells. Trx1 and Grx1 have a pro-oxidant action on key proteins under nitrosative conditions. Trx1 and Grx1 hamper the antiproliferative action of NO in tumoral cells. Weakening of thiolic antioxidant defenses could help in the design of anti-tumoral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl González
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
| | - M José López-Grueso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Departamento de Cirugía General, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - J Antonio Bárcena
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Alicia Padilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li YH, Yu JZ, Xin YL, Feng L, Chai Z, Liu JC, Zhang HZ, Zhang GX, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Protective effect of a novel Rho kinase inhibitor WAR-5 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating inflammatory response and neurotrophic factors. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:220-8. [PMID: 26112093 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Fasudil has proven beneficial in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Given the small safety window of Fasudil, we are looking for novel ROCK inhibitors, which have similar or stronger effect on EAE with greater safety. In this study, we report that WAR-5, a Y-27632 derivative, alleviates the clinical symptoms, attenuates myelin damage and reduces CNS inflammatory responses in EAE C57BL/6 mice at an extent similar to Fasudil, while exhibits less vasodilator and adverse reaction in vivo. WAR-5 inhibits ROCK activity, and selectively suppresses the expression of ROCK II in spleen, brain and spinal cord of EAE mice, especially in spinal cord, accompanied by decreased expression of Nogo. WAR-5 also regulates the imbalance of Th1/Th17 T cells and regulatory T cells, inhibits inflammatory microenvironment induced with NF-κB-IL-1β pathway. Importantly, WAR-5 converts M1 toward M2 microglia/macrophages that are positively correlated with BDNF and NT-3 production. Taken together, WAR-5 exhibits therapeutic potential in EAE by more selectively inhibits ROCK II, with a greater safety than Fasudil, and is worthy of further clinical study to clarify its clinical value.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/analogs & derivatives
- 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/pharmacology
- Amides/pharmacology
- Aminopyridines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- rho-Associated Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-hua Li
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
| | - Jie-zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
| | - Yan-le Xin
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
| | - Ling Feng
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China
| | - Jian-chun Liu
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China
| | - Hong-zhen Zhang
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bao-guo Xiao
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China; Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Cun-gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China; "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chávez-Galán L, Olleros ML, Vesin D, Garcia I. Much More than M1 and M2 Macrophages, There are also CD169(+) and TCR(+) Macrophages. Front Immunol 2015; 6:263. [PMID: 26074923 PMCID: PMC4443739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are considered to be precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, and macrophages are one of the leading members of this cellular system. Macrophages play highly diverse roles in maintaining an organism's integrity by either directly participating in pathogen elimination or repairing tissue under sterile inflammatory conditions. There are different subpopulations of macrophages and each one has its own characteristics and functions. In this review, we summarize present knowledge on the polarization of macrophages that allows the generation of subpopulations called classically activated macrophages or M1 and alternative activated macrophages or M2. Furthermore, there are macrophages that their origin and characterization still remain unclear but have been involved as main players in some human pathologies. Thus, we also review three other categories of macrophages: tumor-associated macrophages, CD169(+) macrophages, and the recently named TCR(+) macrophages. Based on the literature, we provide information on the molecular characterization of these macrophage subpopulations and their specific involvement in several human pathologies such as cancer, infectious diseases, obesity, and asthma. The refined characterization of the macrophage subpopulations can be useful in designing new strategies, supplementing those already established for the treatment of diseases using macrophages as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Chávez-Galán
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria L. Olleros
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Vesin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irene Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Differentially Inhibit Cytokine Production by Peripheral Blood Monocytes Subpopulations and Myeloid Dendritic Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:819084. [PMID: 26060498 PMCID: PMC4427776 DOI: 10.1155/2015/819084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) rendered them an attractive therapeutic approach for immune disorders and an increasing body of evidence demonstrated their clinical value. However, the influence of MSC on the function of specific immune cell populations, namely, monocyte subpopulations, is not well elucidated. Here, we investigated the influence of human bone marrow MSC on the cytokine and chemokine expression by peripheral blood classical, intermediate and nonclassical monocytes, and myeloid dendritic cells (mDC), stimulated with lipopolysaccharide plus interferon (IFN)γ. We found that MSC effectively inhibit tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and macrophage inflammatory protein- (MIP-) 1β protein expression in monocytes and mDC, without suppressing CCR7 and CD83 protein expression. Interestingly, mDC exhibited the highest degree of inhibition, for both TNF-α and MIP-1β, whereas the reduction of TNF-α expression was less marked for nonclassical monocytes. Similarly, MSC decreased mRNA levels of interleukin- (IL-) 1β and IL-6 in classical monocytes, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in classical and nonclassical monocytes, and IL-1β and CXCL10 in mDC. MSC do not impair the expression of maturation markers in monocytes and mDC under our experimental conditions; nevertheless, they hamper the proinflammatory function of monocytes and mDC, which may impede the development of inflammatory immune responses.
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang Y, He X, Hao D, Yu D, Liang J, Qu Y, Sun D, Yang B, Yang K, Wu R, Wang J. Low-level laser therapy attenuates LPS-induced rats mastitis by inhibiting polymorphonuclear neutrophil adhesion. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1443-50. [PMID: 25452258 PMCID: PMC4272976 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to
investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on a rat model of
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis and its underlying molecular mechanisms. The rat
model of mastitis was induced by inoculation of LPS through the canals of the mammary
gland. The results showed that LPS-induced secretion of IL-1β and IL-8 significantly
decreased after LLLT (650 nm, 2.5 mW, 30 mW/cm2). LLLT also
inhibited intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and attenuated the
LPS-induced decrease of the expression of CD62L and increase of the expression of CD11b.
Moreover, LLLT also suppressed LPS-induced polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) entering
the alveoli of the mammary gland. The number of PMNs in the mammary alveolus and the
myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were decreased after LLLT. These results suggested that
LLLT therapy is beneficial in decreasing the somatic cell count and improving milk
nutritional quality in cows with an intramammary infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|