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Genetic Drivers of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Aberrant Splicing Events, Mutational Burden, HPV Infection and Future Targets. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030422. [PMID: 33804181 PMCID: PMC7998272 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers include cancers that originate from a variety of locations. These include the mouth, nasal cavity, throat, sinuses, and salivary glands. These cancers are the sixth most diagnosed cancers worldwide. Due to the tissues they arise from, they are collectively named head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). The most important risk factors for head and neck cancers are infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), tobacco use and alcohol consumption. The genetic basis behind the development and progression of HNSCC includes aberrant non-coding RNA levels. However, one of the most important differences between healthy tissue and HNSCC tissue is changes in the alternative splicing of genes that play a vital role in processes that can be described as the hallmarks of cancer. These changes in the expression profile of alternately spliced mRNA give rise to various protein isoforms. These protein isoforms, alternate methylation of proteins, and changes in the transcription of non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) can be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers and as targets for the development of new therapeutic agents. This review aims to describe changes in alternative splicing and ncRNA patterns that contribute to the development and progression of HNSCC. It will also review the use of the changes in gene expression as biomarkers or as the basis for the development of new therapies.
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Wen B, Xu LY, Li EM. LOXL2 in cancer: regulation, downstream effectors and novel roles. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188435. [PMID: 32976981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a copper and lysine tyrosyl-quinone (LTQ)-dependent amine oxidase belonging to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, the canonical function of which is to catalyze the crosslinking of elastin and collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Many studies have revealed that the aberrant expression of LOXL2 in multiple cancers is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, poor prognosis, chemoradiotherapy resistance, and tumor progression. LOXL2 is regulated in many ways, such as transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, microRNA regulation, posttranslational modification, and cleavage. Beyond affecting the extracellular environment, various intracellular roles, such as oxidation and deacetylation activities in the nucleus, have been reported for LOXL2. Additionally, LOXL2 contributes to tumor cell invasion by promoting cytoskeletal reorganization. Targeting LOXL2 has become a potential therapeutic strategy to combat many types of cancers. Here, we provide an overview of the regulation and downstream effectors of LOXL2 and discuss the intracellular role of LOXL2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
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Zou H, Wen B, Li RL, Zhan XH, Jiao JW, Liao LD, Wu BL, Xie WM, Xu LY, Li EM. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell migration independent of catalytic activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 125:105795. [PMID: 32580015 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a member of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family that contributes to tumor cell metastasis. Our previous data identified two splice variants of LOXL2 (i.e., LOXL2 Δ72 and Δ13) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells that increased cell invasiveness and migration but had lower LOX activities than wild-type LOXL2 (LOXL2 WT). We generated a series of LOXL2 deletion mutants with different deleted biochemical domains and examined the relationship between the cell migration abilities and catalytic activities, as well as subcellular locations, of these deletion mutants compared with LOXL2 WT in ESCC cells to explore the mechanism of LOXL2-driven ESCC cell migration. Our results indicated that the deletion mutants of LOXL2 had impaired deamination enzymatic activity; LOXL2 ΔSRCR4, which lacks the fourth scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain, had lower enzymatic activity; and LOXL2 Y689F had no catalytic activity compared with LOXL2 WT. However these two mutants stimulated greater cellular migration than LOXL2 WT. Furthermore, the degree of cell migration promoted by LOXL2 ΔLO (in which the LOX-like domain was deleted) was higher than that of LOXL2 WT, and LOXL2 ΔSRCR3, which does not have the third SRCR domain, had lower LOX activity and cellular migration ability than LOXL2 WT. These results suggested that LOXL2 promotes ESCC cell migration independent of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Run-Liu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Hui Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji-Wei Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lian-Di Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing-Li Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Ming Xie
- Medical Bioinformatics Center, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Ye M, Song Y, Pan S, Chu M, Wang ZW, Zhu X. Evolving roles of lysyl oxidase family in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107633. [PMID: 32693113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family is comprised of LOX and four LOX-like proteins (LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4), and mainly functions in the remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cross-linking of collagen and elastic fibers. Recently, a growing body of research has demonstrated that LOX family is critically involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the roles of LOX family members in the development and progression of different types of human cancers. Furthermore, we also describe the potential inhibitors of LOX family proteins and highlight that LOX family might be an important therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Ye
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yizuo Song
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shuya Pan
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Man Chu
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China..
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Liu C, Guo T, Sakai A, Ren S, Fukusumi T, Ando M, Sadat S, Saito Y, Califano JA. A novel splice variant of LOXL2 promotes progression of human papillomavirus-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 2019; 126:737-748. [PMID: 31721164 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. LOXL2 demonstrates alternative splicing events in patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative HNSCC. The current study explored the role of a dominant LOXL2 variant in HPV-negative HNSCC. METHODS Expression of the LOXL2 variant was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas cohorts and validated using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in a separate primary tumor set. The authors defined the effect of LOXL2 splice variants in assays for cell proliferation using a cell viability assay and colony formation assay. Cell migration and invasion were examined using a cell scratch assay and transwell cell migration and invasion assay in LOXL2 splice variant gain and loss of expression cells. Western blot analysis and gene set enrichment analysis were used to explore the potential mechanism of the LOXL2 splice variant in HPV-negative HNSCC. RESULTS Expression of a novel LOXL2 variant was found to be upregulated in The Cancer Genome Atlas HPV-negative HNSCC, and confirmed in the separate primary tumor validation set. Analyses of loss and gain of function demonstrated that this LOXL2 variant enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasion in HPV-negative HNSCC cells and activated the FAK/AKT pathway. A total of 837 upregulated and 820 downregulated genes and 526 upregulated and 124 downregulated pathways associated with LOXL2 variant expression were identified using gene set enrichment analysis, which helped in developing a better understanding of the networks activated by this LOXL2 variant in patients with HPV-negative HNSCC. CONCLUSIONS The novel LOXL2 variant can promote the progression of HPV-negative HNSCC, in part through FAK/AKT pathway activation, which may provide a new potential therapeutic target among patients with HPV-negative HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Theresa Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akihiro Sakai
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Shuling Ren
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Takahito Fukusumi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Mizuo Ando
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Sayed Sadat
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Yuki Saito
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Joseph A Califano
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California.,Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
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Yu N, Gao YL, Liu JX, Wang J, Shang J. Robust hypergraph regularized non-negative matrix factorization for sample clustering and feature selection in multi-view gene expression data. Hum Genomics 2019; 13:46. [PMID: 31639067 PMCID: PMC6805321 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-019-0222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As one of the most popular data representation methods, non-negative matrix decomposition (NMF) has been widely concerned in the tasks of clustering and feature selection. However, most of the previously proposed NMF-based methods do not adequately explore the hidden geometrical structure in the data. At the same time, noise and outliers are inevitably present in the data. Results To alleviate these problems, we present a novel NMF framework named robust hypergraph regularized non-negative matrix factorization (RHNMF). In particular, the hypergraph Laplacian regularization is imposed to capture the geometric information of original data. Unlike graph Laplacian regularization which captures the relationship between pairwise sample points, it captures the high-order relationship among more sample points. Moreover, the robustness of the RHNMF is enhanced by using the L2,1-norm constraint when estimating the residual. This is because the L2,1-norm is insensitive to noise and outliers. Conclusions Clustering and common abnormal expression gene (com-abnormal expression gene) selection are conducted to test the validity of the RHNMF model. Extensive experimental results on multi-view datasets reveal that our proposed model outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Ying-Lian Gao
- Library of Qufu Normal University, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
| | - Jin-Xing Liu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China.
| | - Junliang Shang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China
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Du Z, Xia Q, Wu B, Ding J, Zhao Y, Lin L, Chen M, Cai Z, Wang S, Xu L, Li E, Wu Z, Li Y, Xu H, Yin D. The analyses of SRCR genes based on protein-protein interaction network in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:2683-2705. [PMID: 31217847 PMCID: PMC6556668 DOI: pmid/31217847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) proteins, with one to several SRCR domains, play important roles in human diseases. A full view of their functions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain unclear. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree for all human SRCR domains were performed. Differentially-expressed SRCR genes were identified in ESCC, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, topological parameters, subcellular distribution, functional enrichment and survival analyses. The variation of conserved cysteines in each SRCR domain suggested a requirement for new classification of the SRCR family. Six genes (LGALS3BP, MSR1, CD163, LOXL2, LOXL3 and LOXL4) were upregulated, and four genes (DMBT1, PRSS12, TMPRSS2 and SCARA5) were downregulated in ESCC. These 10 SRCR genes form a unique biological network. Functional enrichment analyses provided important clues to investigate the biological functions for SRCR gene network in ESCC, such as extracellular structure organization and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Kaplan-Meier curves confirmed that high expression of SCARA5, LOXL2, LOXL3, LOXL4 were related to poor survival, whereas high expression of DMBTI and PRSS12 showed the opposite result. SRCR genes promote the development of ESCC through its network and could serve as potential prognostic factors and therapy targets of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Genes Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, China
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShantou 515041, China
| | - Qiaoxi Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Bingli Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Jiyu Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShantou 515041, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Mantong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Zhixiong Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShantou 515041, China
| | - Shaohong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShantou 515041, China
| | - Liyan Xu
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Enmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShantou 515041, China
| | - Yun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Genes Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, China
| | - Haixiong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShantou 515041, China
| | - Dong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Genes Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120, China
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González-Plaza JJ, Hulak N, García-Fuentes E, Garrido-Sánchez L, Zhumadilov Z, Akilzhanova A. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC): Advances through omics technologies, towards ESCC salivaomics. Drug Discov Ther 2016; 9:247-57. [PMID: 26370523 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the two main subtypes of oesophageal cancer, affecting mainly populations in Asia. Though there have been great efforts to develop methods for a better prognosis, there is still a limitation in the staging of this affection. As a result, ESCC is detected at advances stages, when the interventions on the patient do not have such a positive outcome, leading in many cases to recurrence and to a very low 5-year survival rate, causing high mortality. A way to decrease the number of deaths is the use of biomarkers that can trace the advance of the disease at early stages, when surgical or chemotherapeutic methodologies would have a greater effect on the evolution of the subject. The new high throughput omics technologies offer an unprecedented chance to screen for thousands of molecules at the same time, from which a new set of biomarkers could be developed. One of the most convenient types of samples is saliva, an accessible body fluid that has the advantage of being non-invasive for the patient, being easy to store or to process. This review will focus on the current status of the new omics technologies regarding salivaomics in ESCC, or when not evaluated yet, the achievements in related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José González-Plaza
- Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, PI "National Laboratory Astana", AOE "NazarbayevUniversity"
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