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Benchetrit S, Badariotti JI, Corbett J, Costello JT. The effects of sleep deprivation and extreme exertion on cognitive performance at the world-record breaking Suffolk Back Yard Ultra-marathon. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299475. [PMID: 38483945 PMCID: PMC10939274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Using a prospective observational design, this study investigated the hypothesis that competing in the Suffolk Back Yard Ultra-marathon, would result in impaired cognitive performance and examined whether pre-race sleep patterns could mitigate this. Fifteen runners (1 female) volunteered to undertake this study and eleven males were included in the final analysis. Before the race and after withdrawal participants completed the following cognitive performance tasks: 2 Choice Reaction Time (2CRT), Stroop, and the Tower Puzzle. Pre-race sleep strategies were subjectively recorded with a 7-day sleep diary. Following race withdrawal, reaction time increased (Δ 77±68 ms; p = 0.004) in the 2CRT and executive function was impaired in the Stroop task (Interference score Δ -4.3±5.6 a.u.; p = 0.028). Decision making was not affected in the Tower Puzzle task. There was a significant correlation between the pre-race 7-day average sleep scores and both 2CRT Δ throughput (r = 0.61; p = 0.045) and 2CRT Δ RT (r = -0.64; p = 0.034). This study supports the hypothesis that running an ultra-marathon, which includes at least one night of sleep deprivation, impairs cognitive performance and provides novel evidence suggesting good sleep quality, in the week prior to an ultra-marathon, could minimise these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Benchetrit
- Extreme Environments Thematic Research Group, School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Juan I. Badariotti
- Extreme Environments Thematic Research Group, School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Corbett
- Extreme Environments Thematic Research Group, School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph T. Costello
- Extreme Environments Thematic Research Group, School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Hu Y, Lv Y, Long X, Yang G, Zhou J. Melatonin attenuates chronic sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficits and HDAC3-Bmal1/clock interruption. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14474. [PMID: 37721401 PMCID: PMC10916425 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sleep is predicted as a key modulator of cognition, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on chronic rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (CRSD)-induced cognitive impairment and circadian dysfunction in rat models. METHODS Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three groups: CRSD with saline treatment, CRSD with chronic melatonin injection (20 mg/kg/day), and non-sleep-deprived control. The cognitive behavioral tests as well as the expression of clocks and HDAC3 were evaluated in all groups. RESULTS CRSD significantly reduced recognition index in novel object location, increased escape latency and distance traveling in Morris water maze while melatonin treatment attenuated CRSD-induced hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory deficits. Furthermore, the mRNAs of brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 1(Bmal1) and circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock) were globally down-regulated by CRSD with constant intrinsic oscillation in both hippocampus and peripheral blood. The protein levels of hippocampal Bmal1, Clock, and HDAC3 were also remarkably down-regulated following CRSD. Melatonin treatment reversed CRSD-induced alterations of Bmal1/Clock and HDAC3 on both mRNA levels and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that melatonin treatment attenuates CRSD-induced cognitive impairment via regulating HDAC3-Bmal1/Clock interaction. These findings explore a broader understanding of the relationship between sleep and cognition and provide a potential new therapeutic target for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of NeurologyHaikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of MedicineHaikouChina
| | - Yefan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xiaoyan Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Guoshuai Yang
- Department of NeurologyHaikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of MedicineHaikouChina
| | - Jinxia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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Miranda Neto M, Meireles ACF, Alcântara MA, de Magalhães Cordeiro AMT, Silva AS. Peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita L.) increases time to exhaustion in runners. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:3411-3422. [PMID: 37665425 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of peppermint essential oil to improve the physical performance of runners in running protocol until exhaustion. METHODS In a clinical, randomized, double-blind, cross-over and controlled study, fourteen male recreational runners (37.1 ± 2.0 years; 24 ± 1.1 kg/m2; 53.1 ± 1.7 mL kg min) performed two runs to exhaustion at 70% of VO2max, after intake of 500 mL of water added with 0.05 mL of peppermint essential oil (PEO) or placebo (PLA), plus 400 mL of the drink during the initial part of the exercise. Records were made of body temperature (BT), thermal sensation (TS), thermal comfort (TC), subjective perception of effort (SPE), sweat rate (SR), and urine volume and density. RESULTS Time to exhaustion was 109.9 ± 6.9 min in PEO and 98.5 ± 6.2 min in PLA (p = 0.009; effect size: 0.826). No significant changes were observed in the values of BT, TS, TC, SPE, SR, lost body mass, and urine volume and density (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Peppermint essential oil added to water before and during a race significantly increases the time to exhaustion of recreational runners but without altering BT, TS, TC, or hydration status, so the mechanisms involved were not clarified in this study. BRAZILIAN REGISTRY OF CLINICAL TRIALS (REBEC) RBR-75zt25z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Miranda Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, University City, João Pessoa, Paraíba, 58059-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Freitas Meireles
- Laboratory of Physical Training Studies Applied to Performance and Health, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Maristela Alves Alcântara
- Food Technology Department, Center for Technology and Regional Development, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Sérgio Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I, University City, João Pessoa, Paraíba, 58059-900, Brazil.
- Associate Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco/Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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Coel RA, Pujalte GGA, Applewhite AI, Zaslow T, Cooper G, Ton AN, Benjamin HJ. Sleep and the Young Athlete. Sports Health 2022:19417381221108732. [PMID: 35855519 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221108732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Sleep plays a vital role in cognitive and physical performance. Teenage athletes (ages 13-19 years) are considered especially at risk for disordered sleep and associated negative cognitive, physical, and psychosomatic effects. However, there is a paucity of evidence-based recommendations to promote sleep quality and quantity in athletes who fall within this age range. We performed a review of the literature to reveal evidence-based findings and recommendations to help sports instructors, athletic trainers, physical therapists, physicians, and other team members caring for young athletes provide guidance on sleep optimization for peak sports performance and injury risk reduction. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched on May 11, 2016, and then again on September 1, 2020, for relevant articles published to date. STUDY DESIGN Narrative review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. RESULTS Few studies exist on the effects disordered sleep may have on teenage athletes. By optimizing sleep patterns in young athletes during training and competitions, physical and mental performance, and overall well-being, may be optimized. Adequate sleep has been shown to improve the performance of athletes, although further studies are needed. CONCLUSION Twenty-five percent of total sleep time should be deep sleep, with a recommended sleep time of 8 to 9 hours for most young athletes. Screen and television use during athletes' bedtime should be minimized to improve sleep quality and quantity. For young athletes who travel, jet lag can be minimized by allowing 1 day per time zone crossed for adjustment, limiting caffeine intake, planning meals and onboard sleeping to coincide with destination schedules, timing arrivals in the morning whenever possible, and using noise-canceling headphones and eyeshades. STRENGTH-OF-RECOMMENDATION TAXONOMY (SORT) B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Coel
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - George G A Pujalte
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.,Division of Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Tracy Zaslow
- Children's Orthopedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - George Cooper
- Division of Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Angie N Ton
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Holly J Benjamin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Zefferino R, Fortunato F, Arsa A, Di Gioia S, Tomei G, Conese M. Assessment of Stress Salivary Markers, Perceived Stress, and Shift Work in a Cohort of Fishermen: A Preliminary Work. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:699. [PMID: 35055521 PMCID: PMC8775760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to work-related stress, today, work itself represents a daily challenge that must be faced in many occupations. While, in the past, the scientific community has focused on the helping professions, since, an increasing number of professions have since been investigated. Therefore, different approaches exist in order to assess this disorder, representing a scientific field wherein biological and psychological dimensions both need to be evaluated. In this paper, we consider three biological salivary markers: interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), cortisol, and melatonin. The choice derives from recent contributions to the literature in which the interplay between these markers has been verified. Briefly, such interplay could explain how the central nervous, endocrine, and immune systems communicate with each other, supporting a holistic concept of person. In 30 marine fishermen from the Apulia region of Italy, perceived stress was measured using the Professional Stress Scale (PSS) and sleep disturbances were assessed through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Salivary markers were collected at 8:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. Those subjects reporting sleep disturbance and having altered scores in two PSS subclasses, home-work conflict and self-esteem, presented inverted salivary melatonin and cortisol nictemeral rhythms (with regard to melatonin levels at 8:00 a.m., those workers reporting values higher than the median showed 64.1% versus 48.6% home-work conflict with respect to cortisol levels, subjects having an inverted circadian rhythm showed 69.9% versus 52.5% home-work conflict, and these values resulted 47.7% versus 25.3% when the self-esteem was considered). As regards melatonin, PSQI score is statistically different in the two groups of subjects as identified by median melatonin at 8:00 a.m.; specifically, the subjects who had mean values higher than the median shared higher PSQI scores (10.8 versus 9.8). The same subjects reported more frequent home-work conflict and more sleep disorders. We found a negative correlation between IL-1β at 8:00 a.m. and Cortdiff (the difference between cortisol at 8:00 a.m.-cortisol at 2:00 p.m.), and that high IL-1β at 8:00 a.m. was associated with low Cortdiff. Based on our results we would like to propose this approach in health surveillance, in order to prevent mental and/or physical disorders, however our study is surely preliminary. The interesting perspectives and hypotheses cited in this paper, in which the roles of IL-1β and norepinephrine appear central and important, could remain hypothetical if not supported by more robust observation in order to produce, truly, new knowledge. In the future we will deepen this study with a larger sample, and if these results will be confirmed, this approach could allow preventing, not only mental and physical disorders, but also immuno-mediated diseases, and, perhaps, cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Zefferino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.F.); (A.A.); (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesca Fortunato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.F.); (A.A.); (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Addolorata Arsa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.F.); (A.A.); (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.F.); (A.A.); (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Gianfranco Tomei
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (F.F.); (A.A.); (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
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Gibson M. A systematic review of the relationship between night shift work and oxidative stress. Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:285-298. [PMID: 34647825 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1989446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Night shift workers make up an essential part of the modern workforce. However, night shift workers have higher incidences of late in life diseases and earlier mortality. Night shift workers experience circadian rhythm disruption due to working overnight. Sleep disruption is thought to increase oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance of excess pro-oxidative factors and reactive oxygen species over anti-oxidative activity. Oxidative stress can damage cells, proteins and DNA and can eventually lead to varied chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's and dementia. This review aimed to understand whether night shift workers were at greater risk of oxidative stress. Twelve correlational studies published in 2001-2019 were included in the review that measured the levels of oxidative stress indicators from working a single night shift as well as comparisons between those who regularly work night shifts and only day shifts. All studies had evidence to support the relationship between working night shifts and increased oxidative stress indicators. Specifically, night shift work was associated with increased DNA damage, reduced DNA repair capacity, increased lipid peroxidation, higher levels of reactive oxygen species, and to a lesser extent, a reduction in antioxidant defence. These results suggest a potential link between circadian rhythm disruption in night shift workers with oxidative stress and therefore disease. However, this review is limited by having no longitudinal or experimental studies. Further research is required to infer causality. This further research is recommended to promote the long-term health of night shift workers.
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Martínez-Navarro I, Chiva-Bartoll O, Hernando B, Collado E, Porcar V, Hernando C. Hydration Status, Executive Function, and Response to Orthostatism After a 118-km Mountain Race: Are They Interrelated? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:441-449. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bellar D, Murphy KA, Aithal R, Davis GR, Piper T. The Effects of a 36-Hour Mixed Task Ultraendurance Race on Mucosal Immunity Markers and Pulmonary Function. Wilderness Environ Med 2017; 28:10-16. [PMID: 28257712 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to assess the changes in mucosal immunity and pulmonary function among participants in a 36-hour mixed task ultraendurance race. METHODS Thirteen of the 20 race participants volunteered for the investigation (age 34±5 y). The event consisted of a mixture of aerobic, strong man, and military-style exercise. Participants had a pulmonary function test and gave a finger stick capillary blood sample and unstimulated saliva samples both before the event and upon dropout or completion. The blood sample was analyzed for hematocrit, and the saliva sample was analyzed for salivary flow rate, salivary alpha amylase, salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), and IgA type 1. RESULTS Significant differences were noted among the finishers and those who dropped out in salivary flow rate (P = .026), salivary IgA (P = .017), and peak expiratory flow (P = .05) measurements. Salivary flow rate and IgA for the race finishers were reduced from pre- to postrace, whereas the nonfinishers showed no change or small increases. No significant differences emerged for other variables. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the present investigation, finishing a 36-hour mixed task ultra-endurance event results in a decline in both pulmonary function and mucosal immunity compared with competitors who do not finish.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bellar
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA (Drs Bellar, Aithal, and Davis, and Ms Murphy).
| | - Kellie A Murphy
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA (Drs Bellar, Aithal, and Davis, and Ms Murphy)
| | - Ritvik Aithal
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA (Drs Bellar, Aithal, and Davis, and Ms Murphy)
| | - Greggory R Davis
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA (Drs Bellar, Aithal, and Davis, and Ms Murphy)
| | - Tim Piper
- Department of Kinesiology, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL (Mr Piper)
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Tonacci A, Mrakic-Sposta S, Ujka K, Sansone F, Ferrisi A, Giardini G, Conte R, Pratali L. Neurosensory and Cognitive Modifications in Europe's Toughest RandoRaid Competition: the Transpyrénéa Extreme Study. Front Physiol 2017; 8:201. [PMID: 28421004 PMCID: PMC5378714 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Given the wide proliferation of ultra-long endurance races, it is important to understand the physiological response of the athletes to improve their safety. We evaluated the cognitive and neurosensory effects on ultra-endurance athletes during the Transpyrénéa (866 Km, 65,000 m positive slope), held on the French Pyrenees. Materials and Methods: 40 athletes were enrolled (age 43.8 ± 8.8 years; 36 males). Olfactory and cognitive tests were performed before the race (T0, n = 40), at 166 kms (T1, n = 28), at 418 kms (T2, n = 20), and after the race (T3, 866 kms, n = 13). The effect of dehydration and sleep deprivation on cognitive features were also studied. Results: Olfactory function decreased during the race (T0: 24.9 ± 4.3 vs. T3: 22.8 ± 3.5, z = -2.678, p = 0.007), language fluency increased (T0: 10.8 ± 2.9; T1: 11.4 ± 2.7; T2: 12.9 ± 2.8; T3: 12.9 ± 3.0; χ2 = 11.132, p = 0.011 for combined samples), whereas the Trail Making Test did not show any changes between pre- and post-race (T0 vs. T3 p = 0.697 for TMT-A, p = 0.977 for TMT-B). The mean aggregate sleeping time was 9.3 ± 5.4 h at T1, 22.4 ± 10.0 h at T2, 29.5 ± 20.5 h at T3, with a correlation with olfactory function (r = 0.644, p = 0.018), while Total Body Water (TBW) was not correlated with olfactory or cognitive scores. Conclusion: Physical activity and sleep restriction in ultra-endurance could transiently affect olfactory function, while verbal fluency improved, demonstrating a dissimilar mechanism of activation/deactivation in different cortical areas. Body water loss was uncorrelated to cognition. Further studies should clarify whether cognitive and sensory deficits occur even in absence of sleep restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tonacci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research CouncilSegrate, Italy
| | - Kristian Ujka
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Ferrisi
- Department of Psychology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Guido Giardini
- Mountain Medicine Center, Valle d'Aosta Regional Hospital Umberto PariniAosta, Italy
| | - Raffaele Conte
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenza Pratali
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (IFC-CNR)Pisa, Italy
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