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Ahmad A, Kumari N, Afangbedji N, Nekhai S, Jerebtsova M. Induction of Hepcidin Expression in the Renal Cortex of Sickle Cell Disease Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10806. [PMID: 37445980 PMCID: PMC10341858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), chronic hemolysis and frequent blood transfusions cause iron overload and accumulation in the kidneys. The iron deposition is found in the renal cortex and correlates with the severity of hemolysis. In this study, we observed a significant accumulation of iron in the renal cortex of a mouse model of SCD, and assessed the expression of the proteins involved in maintaining renal iron homeostasis. Despite the intracellular iron accumulation, the levels of the transferrin receptor in the kidneys were increased, but the levels of the iron exporter ferroportin were not altered in SCD mice. Ferroportin is regulated by hepcidin, which binds to it and promotes its degradation. We found reduced serum hepcidin levels but increased renal hepcidin production in SCD mice. Furthermore, we observed significant macrophage infiltration and increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in the endothelial cells of the kidneys in SCD mice. These observations correlated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, which can potentially stimulate hepcidin expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that in individuals with SCD, a renal inflammation state induces renal hepcidin production that blocks the upregulation of ferroportin levels, resulting in dysregulation of iron homeostasis in the kidney and iron deposition in the renal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Ahmad
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (A.A.); (N.K.); (N.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Namita Kumari
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (A.A.); (N.K.); (N.A.); (S.N.)
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Nowah Afangbedji
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (A.A.); (N.K.); (N.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Sergei Nekhai
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (A.A.); (N.K.); (N.A.); (S.N.)
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Marina Jerebtsova
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Ignatz RM, Zirkenbach VA, Kaya M, Stroikova V, Öttl R, Frey N, Kaya Z. No Evidence for Myocarditis or Other Organ Affection by Induction of an Immune Response against Critical SARS-CoV-2 Protein Epitopes in a Mouse Model Susceptible for Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9873. [PMID: 37373021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
After Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) developed into a global pandemic, not only the infection itself but also several immune-mediated side effects led to additional consequences. Immune reactions such as epitope spreading and cross-reactivity may also play a role in the development of long-COVID, although the exact pathomechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can not only cause direct damage to the lungs but can also lead to secondary indirect organ damage (e.g., myocardial involvement), which is often associated with high mortality. To investigate whether an immune reaction against the viral peptides can lead to organ affection, a mouse strain known to be susceptible to the development of autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), was used. First, the mice were immunized with single or pooled peptide sequences of the virus's spike (SP), membrane (MP), nucleocapsid (NP), and envelope protein (EP), then the heart and other organs such as the liver, kidney, lung, intestine, and muscle were examined for signs of inflammation or other damage. Our results showed no significant inflammation or signs of pathology in any of these organs as a result of the immunization with these different viral protein sequences. In summary, immunization with different SARS-CoV-2 spike-, membrane-, nucleocapsid-, and envelope-protein peptides does not significantly affect the heart or other organ systems adversely, even when using a highly susceptible mouse strain for experimental autoimmune diseases. This suggests that inducing an immune reaction against these peptides of the SARS-CoV-2 virus alone is not sufficient to cause inflammation and/or dysfunction of the myocardium or other studied organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mansur Kaya
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vera Stroikova
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renate Öttl
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ziya Kaya
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Fang C, Lau WL, Sun J, Chang R, Vallejo A, Lee D, Liu J, Liu H, Hung YH, Zhao Y, Paganini-Hill A, Sumbria RK, Cribbs DH, Fisher M. Chronic kidney disease promotes cerebral microhemorrhage formation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:51. [PMID: 36841828 PMCID: PMC9960195 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a stroke risk factor, but its exact relationship with cerebrovascular disease is not well-understood. We investigated the development of cerebral small vessel disease using in vivo and in vitro models of CKD. METHODS CKD was produced in aged C57BL/6J mice using an adenine-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis model. We analyzed brain histology using Prussian blue staining to examine formation of cerebral microhemorrhage (CMH), the hemorrhagic component of small vessel disease and the neuropathological substrate of MRI-demonstrable cerebral microbleeds. In cell culture studies, we examined effects of serum from healthy or CKD patients and gut-derived uremic toxins on brain microvascular endothelial barrier. RESULTS CKD was induced in aged C57BL/6J mice with significant increases in both serum creatinine and cystatin C levels (p < 0.0001) without elevation of systolic or diastolic blood pressure. CMH was significantly increased and positively correlated with serum creatinine level (Spearman r = 0.37, p < 0.01). Moreover, CKD significantly increased Iba-1-positive immunoreactivity by 51% (p < 0.001), induced a phenotypic switch from resting to activated microglia, and enhanced fibrinogen extravasation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by 34% (p < 0.05). On analysis stratified by sex, the increase in CMH number was more pronounced in male mice and this correlated with greater creatinine elevation in male compared with female mice. Microglial depletion with PLX3397 diet significantly decreased CMH formation in CKD mice without affecting serum creatinine levels. Incubation of CKD serum significantly reduced transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) (p < 0.01) and increased sodium fluorescein permeability (p < 0.05) across the endothelial monolayer. Uremic toxins (i.e., indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide) in combination with urea and lipopolysaccharide induced a marked drop in TEER compared with the control group (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS CKD promotes the development of CMH in aged mice independent of blood pressure but directly proportional to the degree of renal impairment. These effects of CKD are likely mediated in part by microglia and are associated with BBB impairment. The latter is likely related to gut-derived bacteria-dependent toxins classically associated with CKD. Overall, these findings demonstrate an important role of CKD in the development of cerebral small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuo Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wei Ling Lau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jiahong Sun
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rudy Chang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adrian Vallejo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Donghy Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yitong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mark Fisher
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Shanbrom Hall (Building 55), Room 121, Orange, CA, 92868, USA.
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Comparison of adjuvant properties of chitosan during oral and subcutaneous immunization of mice with BSA. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj94.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the best method to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, its disadvantages are side effects. Potentially safe DNA, RNA or protein molecules possess antigenic properties, but are low-immunogenic and therefore require conjugation with an adjuvant. The aim of the research was to evaluate Chitosan (CS) potency as an adjuvant and compare its effectiveness depending on the route of drug administration. The experiments were carried out on 3 groups of BALB/c mice. Mice of the first group were injected subcutaneously with 20 µl of a mixture of CS (3.3 mg/kg) and BSA (1.7 mg/kg). The mixture of CS and BSA at the same doses and volume was administered orally to mice of the second experimental group. The third group – control – unvaccinated mice. Anti-BSA antibody levels were measured by ELISA. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase activity and cholesterol, creatinine and urea levels were determined in the serum. It was found that both subcutaneous and mucosal immunizations provided a 2-fold increase in anti-BSA antibody titers against the background of maintaining all biochemical blood parameters at the level of the physiological norm. However, AST activity in the serum of oral-immunized mice was elevated as compared to subcutaneous-immunized mice. Serum cholesterol level in the group of subcutaneously immunized mice and creatinine and urea levels in both experimental groups were reduced compared to the control. It is concluded that oral immunization with CS is the optimal route for antigen-specific IgG antibody response induction.
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Khunmanee S, Chun SY, Ha YS, Lee JN, Kim BS, Gao WW, Kim IY, Han DK, You S, Kwon TG, Park H. Improvement of IgA Nephropathy and Kidney Regeneration by Functionalized Hyaluronic Acid and Gelatin Hydrogel. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:643-658. [PMID: 35325404 PMCID: PMC9130434 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (IgAN) is one of an important cause of progressive kidney disease and occurs when IgA settles in the kidney resulted in disrupts kidney's ability to filter waste and excess water. Hydrogels are promising material for medical applications owing to their excellent adaptability and filling ability. Herein, we proposed a hyaluronic acid/gelatin (CHO-HA/Gel-NH2) bioactive hydrogel as a cell carrier for therapeutic kidney regeneration in IgAN. METHODS CHO-HA/Gel-NH2 hydrogel was fabricated by Schiff-base reaction without any additional crosslinking agents. The hydrogel concentrations and ratios were evaluated to enhance adequate mechanical properties and biocompatibility for further in vivo study. High serum IgA ddY mice kidneys were treated with human urine-derived renal progenitor cells encapsulated in the hydrogel to investigate the improvement of IgA nephropathy and kidney regeneration. RESULTS The stiffness of the hydrogel was significantly enhanced and could be modulated by altering the concentrations and ratios of hydrogel. CHO-HA/Gel-NH2 at a ratio of 3/7 provided a promising milieu for cells viability and cells proliferation. From week four onwards, there was a significant reduction in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine level in Cell/Gel group, as well as well-organized glomeruli and tubules. Moreover, the expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules significantly decreased in the Gel/Cell group, whereas anti-inflammatory gene expression was elevated compared to the Cell group. CONCLUSION Based on in vivo studies, the renal regenerative ability of the progenitor cells could be further increased by this hydrogel system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureerat Khunmanee
- Department of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - So Young Chun
- BioMedical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Yun-Sok Ha
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Korea
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, 41404, Korea
| | - Jun Nyung Lee
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Korea
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Bum Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Korea
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Wei-Wei Gao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-go, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - In Yong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-go, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, 13488, Korea
| | - Seungkwon You
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-go, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, 41404, Korea.
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
| | - Hansoo Park
- Department of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea.
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Rodrigues WF, Miguel CB, Marques LC, da Costa TA, de Abreu MCM, Oliveira CJF, Lazo-Chica JE. Predicting Blood Parasite Load and Influence of Expression of iNOS on the Effect Size of Clinical Laboratory Parameters in Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection With Different Inoculum Concentrations in C57BL/6 Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850037. [PMID: 35371021 PMCID: PMC8974915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In Chagas disease, the initial responses of phagocyte-mediated innate immunity are strongly associated with the control of Trypanosoma cruzi and are mediated by various signaling pathways, including the inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) pathway. The clinical and laboratory manifestations of Chagas disease depend on the parasite–host relationship, i.e., the responsive capacity of the host immune system and the immunogenicity of the parasite. Here, we evaluated effect sizes in clinical and laboratory parameters mediated by acute infection with different concentrations of T. cruzi inoculum in mice immunosuppressed via iNOS pathway inactivation. Infection was induced in C57BL/6 wild-type and iNOS-/- mice with the “Y” strain of T. cruzi at three inoculum concentrations (3 × 102, 3 × 103, and 3 × 104). Parasitemia and mortality in both mouse strains were monitored. Immunohistochemistry was performed to quantify amastigotes in cardiac tissues and cardiac musculature cells. Biochemical parameters, such as blood urea nitrogen, sodium, albumin, and globulin concentrations, among others, were measured, and cytokine concentrations were also measured. Effect sizes were determined by the eta squared formula. Compared with that in wild-type animals, mice with an absence of iNOS expression demonstrated a greater parasite load, with earlier infection and a delayed parasitemia peak. Inoculum concentration was positively related to death in the immunosuppressed subgroup. Nineteen parameters (hematological, biochemical, cytokine-related, and histopathological) in the immunocompetent subgroup and four in the immunosuppressed subgroup were associated with parasitemia. Parasitemia, biochemical parameters, and hematological parameters were found to be predictors in the knockout group. The impact of effect sizes on the markers evaluated based on T. cruzi inoculum concentration was notably high in the immunocompetent group (Cohen’s d = 88.50%; p <.001). These findings contribute to the understanding of physiopathogenic mechanisms underlying T. cruzi infection and also indicate the influence of the concentration of T. cruzi during infection and the immunosuppression through the iNOS pathway in clinical laboratory heterogeneity reported in acute Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Francisco Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Wellington Francisco Rodrigues,
| | - Camila Botelho Miguel
- Biosciences Unit, Centro Universitário de Mineiros, Mineiros, Brazil
- Postgraduate Course in Tropical Medicine and Infectology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Alvares da Costa
- Postgraduate Course in Tropical Medicine and Infectology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | | | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
- Postgraduate Course in Tropical Medicine and Infectology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Javier Emilio Lazo-Chica
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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ALAM A, SAHAR A, SAMEEN A, FAISAL MN. The effects of bioactive components in Solanum nigrum against oxidative stress in liver damage. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.61822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amna SAHAR
- University of Agriculture, Pakistan; University of Agriculture, Pakistan
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8
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Ahmad AM, Mohammed HA, Faris TM, Hassan AS, Mohamed HB, El Dosoky MI, Aboubakr EM. Nano-Structured Lipid Carrier-Based Oral Glutathione Formulation Mediates Renoprotection against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Nephrotoxicity, and Improves Oral Bioavailability of Glutathione Confirmed through RP-HPLC Micellar Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2021; 26:7491. [PMID: 34946570 PMCID: PMC8706828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to develop a new glutathione (GSH) oral formulation to enhance the delivery of GSH and counter the nephrotoxicity of the anticancer drug, cyclophosphamide (CP). A nanostructured lipid carrier glutathione formulation (GSH-NLCs) composed of glutathione (500 mg), stearic and oleic acid (300 mg, each), and Tween® 80 (2%, w/v) was prepared through the emulsification-solvent-evaporation technique, which exhibited a 452.4 ± 33.19 nm spheroidal-sized particulate material with narrow particle size distributions, -38.5 ± 1.4 mV zeta potential, and an entrapment efficiency of 79.8 ± 1.9%. The GSH formulation was orally delivered, and biologically tested to ameliorate the CP-induced renal toxicity in a rat model. Detailed renal morphology, before and after the GSH-NLCs administration, including the histopathological examinations, confirmed the ameliorating effects of the prepared glutathione formulation together with its safe oral delivery. CP-induced oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase depletion, elevation of malondialdehyde levels, depletion of Bcl-2 concentration levels, and upregulated NF-KB levels were observed and were controlled within the recommended and near normal/control levels. Additionally, the inflammatory mediator marker, IL-1β, serum levels were marginally normalized by delivery of the GHS-NLCs formulation. Oral administration of the pure glutathione did not exhibit any ameliorating effects on the renal tissues, which suggested that the pure glutathione is reactive and is chemically transformed during the oral delivery, which affected its pharmacological action at the renal site. The protective effects of the GSH-NLCs formulation through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects suggested its prominent role in containing CP-induced renal toxicity and renal tissue damage, together with the possibility of administrating higher doses of the anticancer drug, cyclophosphamide, to achieve higher and effective anticancer action in combination with the GSH-NLCs formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
| | - Tarek M. Faris
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt;
| | - Abeer S. Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (A.S.H.); (H.B.M.)
| | - Hebatallah B. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (A.S.H.); (H.B.M.)
| | - Mahmoud I. El Dosoky
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt;
| | - Esam M. Aboubakr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt;
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Li Y, Chakraborty A, Broughton BRS, Ferens D, Widdop RE, Ricardo SD, Samuel CS. Comparing the renoprotective effects of BM-MSCs versus BM-MSC-exosomes, when combined with an anti-fibrotic drug, in hypertensive mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112256. [PMID: 34607108 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD), impairs the viability of human bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) post-transplantation. To address this, we demonstrated that combining BM-MSCs with the anti-fibrotic drug, serelaxin (RLX), enhanced BM-MSC-induced renoprotection in preclinical CKD models. Given the increased interest and manufacturing advantages to using stem cell-derived exosomes (EXO) as therapeutics, this study determined whether RLX could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of BM-MSC-EXO, and compared the renoprotective effects of RLX and BM-MSC-EXO versus RLX and BM-MSCs in mice with hypertensive CKD. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were uninephrectomised, received deoxycorticosterone acetate and given saline to drink (1K/DOCA/salt) for 21 days. Control mice were uninephrectomised and given normal drinking water for the same time-period. Subgroups of 1K/DOCA/salt-hypertensive mice were then treated with either RLX (0.5 mg/kg/day) or BM-MSC-EXO (25 μg/mouse; equivalent to 1-2 × 106 BM-MSCs/mouse) alone; combinations of RLX and BM-MSC-EXO or BM-MSCs (1 × 106/mouse); or the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, spironolactone (20 mg/kg/day), from days 14-21. 1K/DOCA/salt-hypertensive mice developed kidney tubular damage, inflammation and fibrosis, and impaired kidney function 21 days post-injury. Whilst RLX alone attenuated the 1K/DOCA/salt-induced fibrosis, BM-MSC-EXO alone only diminished measures of tissue inflammation post-treatment. Comparatively, the combined effects of RLX and BM-MSC-EXO or BM-MSCs demonstrated similar anti-fibrotic efficacy, but RLX and BM-MSCs offered broader renoprotection over RLX and/or BM-MSC-EXO, and comparable effects to spironolactone. Only RLX and BM-MSCs, but not RLX and/or BM-MSC-EXO, also attenuated the 1K/DOCA/salt-induced hypertension. Hence, although RLX improved the renoprotective effects of BM-MSC-EXO, combining RLX with BM-MSCs provided a better therapeutic option for hypertensive CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Li
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Amlan Chakraborty
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Brad R S Broughton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dorota Ferens
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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10
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Metabolomic Evaluation of Chronic Periodontal Disease in Older Adults. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:1796204. [PMID: 34840526 PMCID: PMC8617563 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1796204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an infectious inflammatory disease related to the destruction of supporting tissues of the teeth, leading to a functional loss of the teeth. Inflammatory molecules present in the exudate are catalyzed and form different metabolites that can be identified and quantified. Thus, we evaluated the inflammatory exudate present in crevicular fluid to identify metabolic biological markers for diagnosing chronic periodontal disease in older adults. Research participants were selected from long-term institutions in Brazil. Participants were individuals aged 65 years or older, healthy, or with chronic periodontal disease. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to evaluate potential biomarkers in 120 crevicular fluid samples. We identified 969 metabolites in the individuals. Of these, 15 metabolites showed a variable importance with projection score > 1 and were associated with periodontal disease. Further analysis showed that among the 15 metabolites, two (5-aminovaleric acid and serine, 3TMS derivative) were found at higher concentrations in the crevicular fluid, indicating their potential diagnostic power for periodontal disease in older adults. Our findings indicated that some metabolites are present at high concentrations in the crevicular fluid in older adults with periodontal disease and can be used as biomarkers of periodontal disease.
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Trac N, Chen LY, Zhang A, Liao CP, Poon C, Wang J, Ando Y, Joo J, Garri C, Shen K, Kani K, Gross ME, Chung EJ. CCR2-targeted micelles for anti-cancer peptide delivery and immune stimulation. J Control Release 2020; 329:614-623. [PMID: 33011241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signaling between the CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) with its ligand, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) promotes cancer progression by directly stimulating tumor cell proliferation and downregulating the expression of apoptotic proteins. Additionally, the MCP-1/CCR2 signaling axis drives the migration of circulating monocytes into the tumor microenvironment, where they mature into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that promote disease progression through induction of angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, and suppression of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. In order to simultaneously disrupt MCP-1/CCR2 signaling and target CCR2-expressing cancer cells for drug delivery, KLAK-MCP-1 micelles consisting of a CCR2-targeting peptide sequence (MCP-1 peptide) and the apoptotic KLAKLAK peptide were synthesized. In vitro, KLAK-MCP-1 micelles were observed to bind and induce cytotoxicity to cancer cells through interaction with CCR2. In vivo, KLAK-MCP-1 micelles inhibited tumor growth (34 ± 11%) in a subcutaneous B16F10 murine melanoma model despite minimal tumor accumulation upon intravenous injection. Tumors treated with KLAK-MCP1 demonstrated reduced intratumor CCR2 expression and altered infiltration of TAMs and CTLs as evidenced by immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analysis. These studies highlight the potential application of CCR2-targeted nanotherapeutic micelles in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Trac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Leng-Ying Chen
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Ailin Zhang
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Chun-Peng Liao
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Christopher Poon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Jonathan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Yuta Ando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Johan Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Carolina Garri
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Keyue Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Kian Kani
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Mitchell E Gross
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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Tripathy N, Wang J, Tung M, Conway C, Chung EJ. Transdermal Delivery of Kidney-Targeting Nanoparticles Using Dissolvable Microneedles. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:475-486. [PMID: 33184578 PMCID: PMC7596160 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 13% of the world's population and will lead to dialysis or kidney transplantation. Unfortunately, clinically available drugs for CKD show limited efficacy and toxic extrarenal side effects. Hence, there is a need to develop targeted delivery systems with enhanced kidney specificity that can also be combined with a patient-compliant administration route for such patients that need extended treatment. Towards this goal, kidney-targeted nanoparticles administered through transdermal microneedles (KNP/MN) is explored in this study. METHODS A KNP/MN patch was developed by incorporating folate-conjugated micelle nanoparticles into polyvinyl alcohol MN patches. Rhodamine B (RhB) was encapsulated into KNP as a model drug and evaluated for biocompatibility and binding with human renal epithelial cells. For MN, skin penetration efficiency was assessed using a Parafilm model, and penetration was imaged via scanning electron microscopy. In vivo, KNP/MN patches were applied on the backs of C57BL/6 wild type mice and biodistribution, organ morphology, and kidney function assessed. RESULTS KNP showed high biocompatibility and folate-dependent binding in vitro, validating KNP's targeting to folate receptors in vitro. Upon transdermal administration in vivo, KNP/MN patches dissolved within 30 min. At varying time points up to 48 h post-KNP/MN administration, higher accumulation of KNP was found in kidneys compared with MN that consisted of the non-targeting, control-NP. Histological evaluation demonstrated no signs of tissue damage, and kidney function markers, serum blood urea nitrogen and urine creatinine, were found to be within normal ranges, indicating preservation of kidney health. CONCLUSIONS Our studies show potential of KNP/MN patches as a non-invasive, self-administrable platform to direct therapies to the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Tripathy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jonathan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Madelynn Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Claire Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Acute and sub-chronic toxicity evaluation of the crude methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae) and its fractions. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1138-1144. [PMID: 32983901 PMCID: PMC7493130 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral toxicity effect of crude methanolic extract (CMX) of Diospyros mespiliformis hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae) was studied. Crude methanolic extract of D. mespiliformis has an LD50 higher than 5 g/kg post oral treatment in rats, thus relatively safe. The leaf and bark ethyl acetate fractions of D. mespiliformis were relatively safe post 28-days repeated treatment in rats.
Diospyros mespiliformis, commonly called Jackal berry or African ebony, belongs to the plant family, Ebenaceae. The roots, barks and leaves have been used traditionally to treat wide varieties of conditions, however, there is limited information and literature reports concerning the toxicity and safety of this plant. The present study was conducted to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the crude methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis and its fraction in Wistar rats. Diospyros mespiliformis was extracted by methanol 96 %. The crude methanolic extract was then fractionated into low, average and high polar compounds using hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol respectively. For the acute toxicity study, the revised limit Dose Test of “Up and Down” procedure according to the OECD guideline was used to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of the crude methanolic leaf and bark extracts using a single fixed dose (5 g/kg) of the extracts administered by oral-gavage sequentially to 5 female Wistar rats. The rats were observed for instant death and toxicity signs for 24 h and then daily for 14 days. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the bark and leaf ethyl acetate fractions (extract) was administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg bw /day respectively for 28 days to healthy Wistar rats. At the end of the experimental period, body weight, certain haematological, serum biochemical and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Results showed that acute oral administration of crude methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis (5 g/kg bw) produced neither mortality nor visible changes in behavior or any other physiological activities and indicated that the LD50 of crude methanolic leaf and bark extract was greater than 5 g/kg bw in Wistar Rats. In the 28-days repeated dose oral toxicity study, no significant toxic effects was detected in any of the parameters evaluated. In conclusion, the crude methanolic extract was found safe in the acute toxicity study and the ethyl acetate fraction of Diospyros mespiliformis in the sub chronic study in rats could be safe for therapeutic purposes over a period not exceeding 28 days.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- DW, Distilled water
- Diospyros mespiliformis
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Ethyl acetate
- HEL, H and E haematoxylin and eosin
- K+, potassium
- LD50, median lethal dose
- MCH, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
- MCHC, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
- MCV, Mean corpuscular volume
- Median lethal dose
- NC, normal control
- Na+, sodium
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PCV, Packed cell volume
- RBC, Red blood cells
- Repeated dose toxicity
- SEM, standard error of mean
- TB, Total bilirubin
- TC, Total cholesterol
- UDP, Up and Down” Procedure
- UDU, Usmanu Danfodiyo University
- WBC, White blood cells
- WHO, world health organization
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Huang Y, Jiang K, Zhang X, Chung EJ. The effect of size, charge, and peptide ligand length on kidney targeting by small, organic nanoparticles. Bioeng Transl Med 2020; 5:e10173. [PMID: 33005739 PMCID: PMC7510478 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 15% of the US adult population. However, most clinically available drugs for CKD show low bioavailability to the kidneys and non-specific uptake by other organs which results in adverse side effects. Hence, a targeted, drug delivery strategy to enhance kidney drug delivery is highly desired. Recently, our group developed small, organic nanoparticles called peptide amphiphile micelles (PAM) functionalized with the zwitterionic peptide ligand, (KKEEE)3K, that passage through the glomerular filtration barrier for kidney accumulation. Despite high bioavailability to the kidneys, these micelles also accumulated in the liver to a similar extent. To further optimize the physicochemical properties and develop design rules for kidney-targeting micelles, we synthesized a library of PAMs of varying size, charge, and peptide repeats. Specifically, variations of the original (KKEEE)3K peptide including (KKEEE)2K, (KKEEE)K, (EEKKK)3E, (EEKKK)2E, (EEKKK)E, KKKKK, and EEEEE were functionalized onto nanoparticles, and peptide surface density and PEG linker molecular weight were altered. After characterization with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticles were intravenously administered into wildtype mice, and biodistribution was assessed through ex vivo imaging. All micelles localized to the kidneys, but nanoparticles that are positively-charged, close to the renal filtration size cut-off, and consisted of additional zwitterionic peptide sequences generally showed higher renal accumulation. Upon immunohistochemistry, micelles were confirmed to bind to the multiligand receptor, megalin, and histological analyses showed no tissue damage. Our study provides insight into the design of micelle carriers for kidney targeting and their potential for future therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kairui Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xuting Zhang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus Reduces Blood Glucose Level through Downregulation of Gluconeogenesis Gene Expression in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2020; 2020:6108575. [PMID: 32399477 PMCID: PMC7201496 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are observed to be potential probiotics with functional properties such as lowering fasting blood glucose (FBG), as a promising hyperglycemia management. This study investigated the ability and mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus BSL and Lactobacillus rhamnosus R23 on lowering FBG in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). The rats were orally administered with L. rhamnosus BSL and L. rhamnosus R23 by giving 1 mL cell suspension (109 CFU/mL) daily for 30 days. The body weight (BW) was recorded once in three days, and FBG was recorded once in six days. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was measured 1 week after injection with STZ and before sacrifice. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 15, and 30 for LAB population and identification, performed by PCR detecting 16S rRNA. Oral administration of L. rhamnosus BSL and L. rhamnosus R23 decreased FBG and improved glucose tolerance via downregulation of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pc) expression by 0.57- and 0.60-fold change, respectively (P < 0.05). The lipid profiles, BUN, creatinine, SGOT, and SGPT were significantly (P < 0.05) different between normal and diabetic rats, but they were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among diabetic rats. Both strains were effective in increasing fecal LAB population. Molecular identification of the isolated LAB from fecal sample indicated that they were able to survive and pass through the digestive tract. These results suggested that both strains have the ability to manage blood glucose level and become a promising agent to manage hyperglycemia and diabetes.
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scFv against HSP60 of Strongyloides sp. and Its Application in the Evaluation of Parasite Frequency in the Elderly. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:4086929. [PMID: 32399087 PMCID: PMC7201452 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4086929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at evaluating serological method using scFv anti-Strongyloides sp. and reporting the frequencies of the results with conventional parasitological technique (faeces) in elderly individuals. Among 112 elderly individuals (≥60 years of age), 14.28% were positive for at least one enteroparasite, with one individual positive for S. stercoralis. Sera were evaluated for the presence of anti-Strongyloides sp. antibodies using total or detergent fraction extracts of Strongyloides venezuelensis, which presented positivity rates of 19.64% and 10.71%, respectively. An anti-HSP60 single-chain variable fragment from Strongyloides sp. was used to detect parasite antigens, with 5.36% (6 individuals) of ELISA-positive individuals returning a positive result. While the serological test indicates previous or recent infection and may be limited by antigen purification, the anti-HSP60 method reflects the presence of Strongyloides sp. immune complexes and exhibits greater sensitivity and specificity. Our results demonstrate the variable occurrence of enteroparasites in elderly individuals residing in long-term nursing homes and validate a novel epidemiological tool to describe infection cases by Strongyloides sp.
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Rodrigues WF, Miguel CB, Lazo-Chica JE, Trindade da Silva CA, Vieira CU, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Freire Oliveira CJ, Napimoga MH. Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, and hematological parameters in experimental periodontal disease after β-adrenergic blockade. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2019; 23:511-516. [PMID: 31849395 PMCID: PMC6906902 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_77_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) observed during periodontal disease were linked with vascular manifestations. Recent studies showed that the beta-blocker propranolol reduces the pathological parameters associated with certain molecules at sites of bone injury. Hence, in this study, we evaluated the activity of propranolol on hematological parameters and systemic concentrations of inflammatory proteins in a model of experimental periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periodontal disease was induced in rats. After euthanasia, the number of inflammatory cells in each rat was quantified using histopathological assays. In addition, hematological parameters were quantitated using automated analysers, cytokine levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and CRP levels were determined using a high-sensitivity immunoturbidimetric assay. RESULTS Low doses of propranolol suppressed the systemic production of CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6; however, the hematological parameters were not affected. CONCLUSIONS β-adrenergic activation indirectly contributes to the pattern of systemic inflammatory molecules observed in periodontal disease. These molecules may initiate cardiovascular diseases as a consequence of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Francisco Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Bioquímica Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Botelho Miguel
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
- Unidade de Biociências, Centro Universitário de Mineiros, Mineiros, GO, Brazil
| | - Javier Emilio Lazo-Chica
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Ueira Vieira
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Bioquímica Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Bioquímica Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Napimoga
- Neuroimmune Interface of Pain Research, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Rosa RC, Rodrigues WF, Miguel CB, Cardoso FAG, Espindula AP, Oliveira CJF, Volpon JB. CHRONIC CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL ADVERSELY AFFECTS THE BONE OF YOUNG RATS. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2019; 27:321-324. [PMID: 31798324 PMCID: PMC6870540 DOI: 10.1590/1413-785220192706222834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess the effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the longitudinal growth of the tibia and bone quality parameters in young rats under an experimental setup. METHODS: The control (n=10) rats received only water. The ethanol (n=10) rats received ethyl alcohol at concentrations established in the protocol for the induction of chronic alcohol consumption. The blood samples were immediately collected via cardiac puncture and processed to evaluate the levels of alkaline phosphatase by automated spectrophotometry. Following blood sample collection, both tibias were dissected, and weighed; the tibial length was measured., and the samples were stored in a freezer for future analysis of the bone mineral content and mechanical resistance, known as maximal load and stiffness. RESULTS: Compromised bone health, with a 35.3% decrease in the serum alkaline phosphatase levels (p < 0.01), a 10% decrease in the tibial mass (p < 0.05), and a 5.3% decrease in the tibial length (p < 0.0001) were noted. Furthermore, a 10% decrease in the bone mineral density was observed (p < 0.01), which led to a 17.2% decrease in the maximum strength (p < 0.01) and 22.6% decrease in stiffness (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Chronic consumption of alcohol affected the bones of young rats, making them weaker and osteopenic. In addition, the long bones were shorter, suggesting interference with growth. Level of Evidence III, Case Control Study.
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Armbruster CE, Forsyth VS, Johnson AO, Smith SN, White AN, Brauer AL, Learman BS, Zhao L, Wu W, Anderson MT, Bachman MA, Mobley HLT. Twin arginine translocation, ammonia incorporation, and polyamine biosynthesis are crucial for Proteus mirabilis fitness during bloodstream infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007653. [PMID: 31009518 PMCID: PMC6497324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), which can progress to secondary bacteremia. While numerous studies have investigated experimental infection with P. mirabilis in the urinary tract, little is known about pathogenesis in the bloodstream. This study identifies the genes that are important for survival in the bloodstream using a whole-genome transposon insertion-site sequencing (Tn-Seq) approach. A library of 50,000 transposon mutants was utilized to assess the relative contribution of each non-essential gene in the P. mirabilis HI4320 genome to fitness in the livers and spleens of mice at 24 hours following tail vein inoculation compared to growth in RPMI, heat-inactivated (HI) naïve serum, and HI acute phase serum. 138 genes were identified as ex vivo fitness factors in serum, which were primarily involved in amino acid transport and metabolism, and 143 genes were identified as infection-specific in vivo fitness factors for both spleen and liver colonization. Infection-specific fitness factors included genes involved in twin arginine translocation, ammonia incorporation, and polyamine biosynthesis. Mutants in sixteen genes were constructed to validate both the ex vivo and in vivo results of the transposon screen, and 12/16 (75%) exhibited the predicted phenotype. Our studies indicate a role for the twin arginine translocation (tatAC) system in motility, translocation of potential virulence factors, and fitness within the bloodstream. We also demonstrate the interplay between two nitrogen assimilation pathways in the bloodstream, providing evidence that the GS-GOGAT system may be preferentially utilized. Furthermore, we show that a dual-function arginine decarboxylase (speA) is important for fitness within the bloodstream due to its role in putrescine biosynthesis rather than its contribution to maintenance of membrane potential. This study therefore provides insight into pathways needed for fitness within the bloodstream, which may guide strategies to reduce bacteremia-associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie E. Armbruster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Valerie S. Forsyth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Alexandra O. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Sara N. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Ashley N. White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Aimee L. Brauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Brian S. Learman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Michigan School of Public Health; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Weisheng Wu
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Bachman
- Department of Pathology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Harry L. T. Mobley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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In Vivo Safety and Regeneration of Long-Term Transported Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells for Renal Regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 16:81-92. [PMID: 30815353 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite major progress in stem cell therapy, our knowledge of the characteristics and tissue regeneration potency of long-term transported cells is insufficient. In a previous in vitro study, we established the optimal cell transport conditions for amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs). In the present study, the target tissue regeneration of long-term transported cells was validated in vivo. Methods For renal regeneration, transported AFSCs were seeded on a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffold and implanted in a partially resected kidney. The target tissue regeneration of the transported cells was compared with that of freshly harvested cells in terms of morphological reconstruction, histological microstructure reformation, immune cell infiltration, presence of induced cells, migration into remote organs, expression of inflammation/fibrosis/renal differentiation-related factors, and functional recovery. Results The kidney implanted with transported cells showed recovery of total kidney volume, regeneration of glomerular/renal tubules, low CD4/CD8 infiltration, and no occurrence of cancer during 40 weeks of observation. The AFSCs gradually disappeared and did not migrate into the liver, lung, or spleen. We observed low expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and fibrotic factors; enhanced expression of the genes Wnt4, Pax2, Wt1, and Emx2; and significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen and creatinine values. There were no statistical differences between the performance of freshly harvested cells and that of the transported cells. Conclusion This study demonstrates that long-term transported cells under optimized conditions can be used for cell therapy without adverse effects on stem cell characteristics, in vivo safety, and tissue regeneration potency.
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Chun SY, Kim DH, Kim JS, Kim HT, Yoo ES, Chung JW, Ha YS, Song PH, Joung YK, Han DK, Chung SK, Kim BS, Kwon TG. A Novel Dorsal Slit Approached Non-Ischemic Partial Nephrectomy Method for a Renal Tissue Regeneration in a Mouse Model. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:453-466. [PMID: 30603569 PMCID: PMC6171652 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney ischemia-reperfusion (IR) via laparotomy is a conventional method for kidney surgery in a mouse model. However, IR, an invasive procedure, can cause serious acute and chronic complications through apoptotic and inflammatory pathways. To avoid these adverse responses, a Non-IR and dorsal slit approach was designed for kidney surgery. METHODS Animals were divided into three groups, 1) sham-operated control; 2) IR, Kidney IR via laparotomy; and 3) Non-IR, Non-IR and dorsal slit. The effects of Non-IR method on renal surgery outcomes were verified with respect to animal viability, renal function, apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, renal regeneration, and systemic response using histology, immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, serum chemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and Masson's trichrome staining. RESULTS The Non-IR group showed 100% viability with mild elevation of serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine values at day 1 after surgery, whereas the IR group showed 20% viability and lethal functional abnormality. Histologically, renal tubule epithelial cell injury was evident on day 1 in the IR group, and cellular apoptosis enhanced TUNEL-positive cell number and Fas/caspase-3 and KIM-1/NGAL expression. Inflammation and fibrosis were high in the IR group, with enhanced CD4/CD8-positive T cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and Masson's trichrome stain-positive cell numbers. The Non-IR group showed a suitable microenvironment for renal regeneration with enhanced host cell migration, reduced immune cell influx, and increased expression of renal differentiation-related genes and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The local renal IR influenced distal organ apoptosis and inflammation by releasing circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION The Non-IR and dorsal slit method for kidney surgery in a mouse model can be an alternative surgical approach for researchers without adverse reactions such as apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, functional impairment, and systemic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Chun
- BioMedical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Research Support Team, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 170 Hyunchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415 South Korea
| | - Jeong Shik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Central Hospital, 480 Munsu-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan, 44667 South Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, 807 Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404 South Korea
| | - Eun Sang Yoo
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Chung
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, 807 Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404 South Korea
| | - Yun-Sok Ha
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
| | - Phil Hyun Song
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42415 South Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Joung
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarangro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 South Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarangro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 South Korea
| | - Sung Kwang Chung
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
| | - Bum Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, 807 Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404 South Korea
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Fu MS, Coelho C, De Leon-Rodriguez CM, Rossi DCP, Camacho E, Jung EH, Kulkarni M, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans urease affects the outcome of intracellular pathogenesis by modulating phagolysosomal pH. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007144. [PMID: 29906292 PMCID: PMC6021110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen and its interaction with macrophages is a key event determining the outcome of infection. Urease is a major virulence factor in C. neoformans but its role during macrophage interaction has not been characterized. Consequently, we analyzed the effect of urease on fungal-macrophage interaction using wild-type, urease-deficient and urease-complemented strains of C. neoformans. The frequency of non-lytic exocytosis events was reduced in the absence of urease. Urease-positive C. neoformans manifested reduced and delayed intracellular replication with fewer macrophages displaying phagolysosomal membrane permeabilization. The production of urease was associated with increased phagolysosomal pH, which in turn reduced growth of urease-positive C. neoformans inside macrophages. Interestingly, the ure1 mutant strain grew slower in fungal growth medium which was buffered to neutral pH (pH 7.4). Mice inoculated with macrophages carrying urease-deficient C. neoformans had lower fungal burden in the brain than mice infected with macrophages carrying wild-type strain. In contrast, the absence of urease did not affect survival of yeast when interacting with amoebae. Because of the inability of the urease deletion mutant to grow on urea as a sole nitrogen source, we hypothesize urease plays a nutritional role involved in nitrogen acquisition in the environment. Taken together, our data demonstrate that urease affects fitness within the mammalian phagosome, promoting non-lytic exocytosis while delaying intracellular replication and thus reducing phagolysosomal membrane damage, events that could facilitate cryptococcal dissemination when transported inside macrophages. This system provides an example where an enzyme involved in nutrient acquisition modulates virulence during mammalian infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Shun Fu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carolina Coelho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carlos M. De Leon-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Diego C. P. Rossi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emma Camacho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric H. Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Madhura Kulkarni
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Association of Kidney Tissue Barrier Disrupture and Renal Dysfunction in Resuscitated Murine Septic Shock. Shock 2018; 46:398-404. [PMID: 26926005 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Septic shock-related kidney failure is characterized by almost normal morphological appearance upon pathological examination. Endothelial barrier disrupture has been suggested to be of crucial importance for septic shock-induced organ dysfunction. Therefore, in murine resuscitated cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic shock, we tested the hypothesis whether there is a direct relationship between the kidney endothelial barrier injury and renal dysfunction. Anesthetized mice underwent CLP, and 15 h later, were anesthetized again and surgically instrumented for a 5-h period of intensive care comprising lung-protective mechanical ventilation, fluid resuscitation, continuous i.v. norepinephrine to maintain target hemodynamics, and measurement of creatinine clearance (CrCl). Animals were stratified according to low or high CrCl. Nitrotyrosine formation, expression of the inducible isoform of the nitric oxide synthase, and blood cytokine (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, interleukin-10) and chemokine (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, keratinocyte-derived chemokine) levels were significantly higher in animals with low CrCl. When plotted against CrCl and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels, extravascular albumin accumulation, and tissue expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 showed significant mathematical relationships related to kidney (dys)function. Preservation of the constitutive expression of the hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathione-γ-lyase was associated with maintenance of organ function. The direct quantitative relation between microvascular leakage and kidney (dys)function may provide a missing link between near-normal tissue morphology and septic shock-related renal failure, thus further highlighting the important role of vascular integrity in septic shock-related renal failure.
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Marco-Rius I, Gordon JW, Mattis AN, Bok R, Santos RD, Sukumar S, Larson PE, Vigneron DB, Ohliger MA. Diffusion-weighted imaging of hyperpolarized [ 13 C]urea in mouse liver. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 47:141-151. [PMID: 28419644 PMCID: PMC5645231 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of hyperpolarized (HP) [13 C,15 N]urea to the ADC of endogenous water in healthy and fibrotic mouse liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS ADC measurements for water and [13 C]urea were made in agarose phantoms at 14.1T. Next, the ADC of water and injected HP [13 C,15 N]urea were measured in eight CD1 mouse livers before and after induction of liver fibrosis using CCl4 . Liver fibrosis was quantified pathologically using the modified Brunt fibrosis score and compared to the measured ADC of water and urea. RESULTS In cell-free phantoms with 12.5% agarose, water ADC was nearly twice the ADC of urea (1.93 × 10-3 mm2 /s vs. 1.00 × 10-3 mm2 /s). The mean ADC values of water and [13 C,15 N]urea in healthy mouse liver (±SD) were nearly identical [(0.75 ± 0.11) × 10-3 mm2 /s and (0.75 ± 0.22) × 10-3 mm2 /s, respectively]. Mean water and [13 C,15 N]urea ADC values in fibrotic liver (±SD) were (0.84 ± 0.22) × 10-3 mm2 /s and (0.75 ± 0.15) × 10-3 mm2 /s, respectively. Neither water nor urea ADCs were statistically different in the fibrotic livers compared to baseline (P = 0.14 and P = 0.99, respectively). Water and urea ADCs were positively correlated at baseline (R2 = 0.52 and P = 0.045) but not in fibrotic livers (R2 = 0.23 and P = 0.23). CONCLUSION ADC of injected hyperpolarized urea in healthy liver reflects a smaller change as compared to free solution than ADC of water. This may reflect differences in cellular compartmentalization of the two compounds. No significant change in ADC of either water or urea were observed in relatively mild stages of liver fibrosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:141-151.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Marco-Rius
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeremy W. Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aras N. Mattis
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF Liver Center University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Romelyn Delos Santos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Subramanian Sukumar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peder E.Z. Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF Liver Center University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF Liver Center University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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25
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de Sousa BC, Miguel CB, Rodrigues WF, Machado JR, da Silva MV, da Costa TA, Lazo-Chica JE, Degasperi TDP, Sales-Campos H, Bucek EU, Freire Oliveira CJ. Effects of short-term consumption of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit juice on mice intestine, liver and kidney immune modulation. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1306492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Coutinho de Sousa
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Botelho Miguel
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius da Silva
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alvares da Costa
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Javier Emilio Lazo-Chica
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Helioswilton Sales-Campos
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Uber Bucek
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Uberaba, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Ibrahim A, Mbaya AW, Anene MB, Luka J, Hassan SU. Comparative biochemical and pathological changes in some laboratory animals experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei and their responses to diminazene diaceturate (Veriben®) therapy. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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