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Nobre AFD, Sousa AMSD, Costa ADC, Fernandes MR, Kumar R, Ponne S, Rocha MG, Rodrigues AM, Camargo ZPD, Brilhante RSN. Effect of proton pump inhibitors on susceptibility and melanogenesis of Sporothrix species. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 39145374 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous infection caused by dimorphic Sporothrix species embedded in the clinical clade. Fungi have virulence factors, such as biofilm and melanin production, which contribute to their survival and are related to the increase in the number of cases of therapeutic failure, making it necessary to search for new options.Gap statement. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have already been shown to inhibit the growth and melanogenesis of other fungi.Aim. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the PPIs omeprazole (OMP), rabeprazole (RBP), esomeprazole, pantoprazole and lansoprazole on the susceptibility and melanogenesis of Sporothrix species, and their interactions with itraconazole, terbinafine and amphotericin B.Methodology. The antifungal activity of PPIs was evaluated using the microdilution method, and the combination of PPIs with itraconazole, terbinafine and amphotericin B was assessed using the checkerboard method. The assessment of melanogenesis inhibition was assessed using grey scale.Results. The OMP and RBP showed significant MIC results ranging from 32 to 256 µg ml-1 and 32 to 128 µg ml-1, respectively. Biofilms were sensitive, with a significant reduction (P<0.05) in metabolic activity of 52% for OMP and 50% for RBP at a concentration of 512 µg ml-1 and of biomass by 53% for OMP and 51% for RBP at concentrations of 512 µg ml-1. As for the inhibition of melanogenesis, only OMP showed inhibition, with a 54% reduction.Conclusion. It concludes that the PPIs OMP and RBP have antifungal activity in vitro against planktonic cells and biofilms of Sporothrix species and that, in addition, OMP can inhibit the melanization process in Sporothrix species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Feynman Dias Nobre
- One Health Microbiology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alanna Mayara Soares de Sousa
- One Health Microbiology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Anderson da Cunha Costa
- One Health Microbiology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mirele Rodrigues Fernandes
- One Health Microbiology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saravanaraman Ponne
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Kirumampakkam, Puducherry 607402, India
| | - Maria Gleiciane Rocha
- One Health Microbiology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- One Health Microbiology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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de Miranda LHM, Santiago MDA, Frankenfeld J, dos Reis EG, Menezes RC, Pereira SA, Gremião IDF, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Conceição-Silva F. Neutrophil Oxidative Burst Profile Is Related to a Satisfactory Response to Itraconazole and Clinical Cure in Feline Sporotrichosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:422. [PMID: 38921408 PMCID: PMC11205038 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the central role of cats in the transmission and amplification of Sporothrix, studies regarding immune response in feline sporotrichosis are scarce. In cats with sporotrichosis, neutrophil-rich lesions are usually associated to good general condition and lower fungal burden. However, the role of neutrophils in anti-Sporothrix immunity has been little explored in cats. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the neutrophil oxidative burst in the blood of cats with sporotrichosis. Cats with sporotrichosis included in the study were treated with itraconazole (ITZ) alone or combined with potassium iodide (KI). The neutrophil oxidative burst was evaluated through a flow-cytometry-based assay using dihydrorhodamine 123 (background) and stimulation with Zymosan and heat-killed Sporothrix yeasts. The cure rate was 50.0% in cats under treatment with ITZ monotherapy and 90.9% in cats treated with ITZ + KI (p = 0.014), endorsing the combination therapy as an excellent alternative for the treatment of feline sporotrichosis. Higher percentages of Sporothrix-stimulated neutrophils were associated with good general condition (p = 0.003). Higher percentages of Sporothrix- (p = 0.05) and Zymosan-activated (p = 0.014) neutrophils before and early in the treatment were related to clinical cure in ITZ-treated cats. The correlation between oxidative burst and successful use of KI could not be properly assessed given the low number of failures (n = 2) in this treatment group. Nasal mucosa involvement, typically linked to treatment failure, was related to lower percentages of activated neutrophils in the background at the treatment outcome (p = 0.02). Our results suggest a beneficial role of neutrophils in feline sporotrichosis and a positive correlation between neutrophil activation and the cure process in ITZ-treated cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Helena Monteiro de Miranda
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (M.d.A.S.); (F.C.-S.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (E.G.d.R.); (R.C.M.); (S.A.P.); (I.D.F.G.)
| | - Marta de Almeida Santiago
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (M.d.A.S.); (F.C.-S.)
| | - Julia Frankenfeld
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Facility, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.F.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Erica Guerino dos Reis
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (E.G.d.R.); (R.C.M.); (S.A.P.); (I.D.F.G.)
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (E.G.d.R.); (R.C.M.); (S.A.P.); (I.D.F.G.)
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (E.G.d.R.); (R.C.M.); (S.A.P.); (I.D.F.G.)
| | - Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (E.G.d.R.); (R.C.M.); (S.A.P.); (I.D.F.G.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Facility, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.F.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Fátima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil; (M.d.A.S.); (F.C.-S.)
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López-Ramírez LA, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Martínez-Duncker I, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Mora-Montes HM. Silencing of Sporothrix schenckii GP70 Reveals Its Contribution to Fungal Adhesion, Virulence, and the Host-Fungus Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:302. [PMID: 38786657 PMCID: PMC11121839 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is one of the etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a cutaneous and subcutaneous infection distributed worldwide. Like other medically relevant fungi, its cell wall is a molecular scaffold to display virulence factors, such as protective pigments, hydrolytic enzymes, and adhesins. Cell wall proteins with adhesive properties have been previously reported, but only a handful of them have been identified and characterized. One of them is Gp70, an abundant cell wall protein mainly found on the surface of yeast-like cells. Since the protein also has a role in the activity of 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cyclase and its abundance is low in highly virulent strains, its role in the Sporothrix-host interaction remains unclear. Here, a set of GP70-silenced strains was generated, and the molecular and phenotypical characterization was performed. The results showed that mutants with high silencing levels showed a significant reduction in the adhesion to laminin and fibrinogen, enzyme activity, and defects in the cell wall composition, which included reduced mannose, rhamnose, and protein content, accompanied by an increment in β-1,3-glucans levels. The cell wall N-linked glycan content was significantly reduced. These strains induced poor TNFα and IL-6 levels when interacting with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a dectin-1-, TLR2-, and TLR4-dependent stimulation. The IL-1β and IL-10 levels were significantly higher and were stimulated via dectin-1. Phagocytosis and stimulation of neutrophil extracellular traps by human granulocytes were increased in highly GP70-silenced strains. Furthermore, these mutants showed virulence attenuation in the invertebrate model Galleria mellonella. Our results demonstrate that Gp70 is a versatile protein with adhesin properties, is responsible for the activity of 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cyclase, and is relevant for the S. schenckii-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz A. López-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (L.A.L.-R.); (J.A.M.-Á.); (N.E.L.-P.)
| | - José A. Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (L.A.L.-R.); (J.A.M.-Á.); (N.E.L.-P.)
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Mor. 62209, Mexico;
| | - Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (L.A.L.-R.); (J.A.M.-Á.); (N.E.L.-P.)
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico; (L.A.L.-R.); (J.A.M.-Á.); (N.E.L.-P.)
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de Souza Rabello VB, de Melo Teixeira M, Meyer W, Irinyi L, Xavier MO, Poester VR, Pereira Brunelli JG, Almeida-Silva F, Bernardes-Engemann AR, Ferreira Gremião ID, Dos Santos Angelo DF, Clementino IJ, Almeida-Paes R, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. Multi-locus sequencing typing reveals geographically related intraspecies variability of Sporothrix brasiliensis. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 170:103845. [PMID: 38040325 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by pathogenic Sporothrix species. Among them, Sporothrix brasiliensis is the main species associated with endemic regions in South America, especially Brazil. It is highly virulent and can be spread through zoonotic transmission. Molecular epidemiological surveys are needed to determine the extent of genetic variation, to investigate outbreaks, and to identify genotypes associated with antifungal resistance and susceptibility. This study investigated the sequence variation of different constitutive genes and established a novel multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for S. brasiliensis. Specific primers were designed for 16 genes using Primer-BLAST software based on the genome sequences of three S. brasiliensis strains (ATCC MYA-4823, A001 and A005). Ninety-one human, animal, and environmental S. brasiliensis isolates from different Brazilian geographic regions (South, Southeast, Midwest and Northeast) andtwo isolates from Paraguay were sequenced. The loci that presented the highest nucleotide diversity (π) were selected for the MLST scheme. Among the 16 studied genetic loci, four presented increased π value and were able to distinguish all S. brasiliensis isolates into seven distinct haplotypes. The PCR conditions were standardized for four loci. Some of the obtained haplotypes were associated with the geographic origin of the strains. This study presents an important advance in the understanding of this important agent of sporotrichosis in Brazil. It significantly increased the discriminatory power for genotyping of S. brasiliensis isolates, and enabled new contributions to the epidemiological studies of this human and animal pathogen in Brazil and in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Brito de Souza Rabello
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marcus de Melo Teixeira
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Research and Education Network, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laszlo Irinyi
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Research and Education Network, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Laboratório de Micologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Laboratório de Micologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Almeida-Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Reis Bernardes-Engemann
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Inácio José Clementino
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Liu YY, Song Y, Guan MQ, Yang L, Chen RL, Shi Y, Cui Y, Li SS. Hyperthermia is a promising potential adjunct to treating sporotrichosis: A refractory case of HIV sporotrichosis and in vitro experiments on Sporothrix spp. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13671. [PMID: 37897073 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthermia is a common monotherapy for sporotrichosis, but only in patients with special conditions, such as pregnancy and nursing. However, hyperthermia has not been used more widely for sporotrichosis in clinical practice. PATIENTS/METHODS An HIV-positive adult male with lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix globosa that did not respond to conventional itraconazole therapy lasting >2 months received adjunctive therapy with local hyperthermia. To simulate the effects of heat exposure on the growth and morphology of Sporothrix spp. in vitro, S. globosa, S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis were exposed to intermittent heat (42°C) for 1 h a day for 7 or 28 days and observed under transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Itraconazole combined with local hyperthermia significantly improved the lesions, and the patient was successfully cured of sporotrichosis, with no recurrence after 2 years of follow-up. Cultures of Sporothrix spp. treated with 7 days of daily heat exposure in vitro showed obvious decreases in colony diameters, but not numbers, compared with untreated cultures (p < .001). After 28 days of heat exposure in vitro, Sporothrix spp. were unable to thrive (p < .001), and ultrastructural alterations, including loose cell wall structure, incomplete cell membrane, disrupted vacuoles and fragmented nuclei, were noticeable. CONCLUSIONS Our case findings and in vitro experiments on Sporothrix spp., together with a literature review of previous sporotrichosis cases, suggest that hyperthermia has a clinical role as a treatment adjunct. Large-scale clinical trials are required to examine the utility of hyperthermia in various forms of cutaneous sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng-Qi Guan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Yang
- Instrument Center, State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui-Li Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Martínez-Ortega JI, Franco-Gonzalez S, Ramirez Cibrian AG. An Immune-Based Therapeutical Approach in an Elderly Patient With Fixed Cutaneous Sporotrichosis. Cureus 2024; 16:e53192. [PMID: 38425596 PMCID: PMC10901695 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous fungal infection caused by thermally dimorphic fungi from the Sporothrix genus, primarily prevalent in tropical regions of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Mexico's Jalisco state is an endemic hotspot with a remarkable prevalence rate of 54.4%. Clinical presentation varies based on immune status and virulence. The most common form is cutaneous-lymphangitic (67%), with fixed cutaneous cases accounting for 28%. This case study explores a traditional therapeutic approach for fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis but introduces a distinct immunological perspective.
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de Andrade IB, Alves V, Pereira L, Miranda B, Corrêa-Junior D, Galdino Figueiredo-Carvalho MH, Santos MV, Almeida-Paes R, Frases S. Effect of rapamycin on Cryptococcus neoformans: cellular organization, biophysics and virulence factors. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:1061-1075. [PMID: 37721517 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes infections mainly in immunosuppressed individuals, such as transplant recipients. Aims: This study investigated the effects of rapamycin, an immunosuppressant drug, on the cellular organization, biophysical characteristics, and main virulence factors of C. neoformans. Methods: Morphological, structural, physicochemical and biophysical analyses of cells and secreted polysaccharides of the reference H99 C. neoformans strain were investigated under the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of rapamycin. Results: Rapamycin at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.5 μM reduced C. neoformans cell viability by 53%, decreased capsule, increased cell size, chitin and lipid body formation, and changed peptidase and urease activity. Conclusion: Further studies are needed to assess how rapamycin affects the virulence factors and pathogenicity of C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Bastos de Andrade
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Alves
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Pereira
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Miranda
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dario Corrêa-Junior
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Vinicius Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lin L, Huang J, Fang J, Li J, Cai W, Zhang J, Lu S. Prevalence and Antifungal Susceptibility of Sporothrix species in Guangzhou, Southern China. Mycoses 2023. [PMID: 37156262 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous and chronic infection caused by traumatic inoculation of pathogenic sporothrix species, usually infecting the skins and subcutaneous tissues of humans and animals. However, the lack of epidemiological data required further molecular identification to describe the distribution of this fungus in our region. In this study, forty-eight clinical sporothrix isolated from Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital were classified, and the susceptibility of each strain to seven antifungal agents was determined. METHODS Forty strains of S. globosa and eight strains of S. shenkshii were identified via colony morphology and PCR sequencing of calmodulin gene. RESULTS Antifungal susceptibility tests of the mycelial phase in vitro showed terbinafine (TRB) and luliconazole (LULI) were the most effective, followed by itraconazole (ITZ) and amphotericin B (AMB). By contrast, voriconazole (VCZ), 5-flucytosine (5FC) and fluconazole (FCZ) have low efficacy with high MIC. CONCLUSION Our results showed a predominantly S. globosa infection trend in southern China. Simultaneously, sporothrix is sensitive to TRB, LULI, ITZ and AMB whereas resistant to FCZ. This study firstly reports antifungal sensitivity test in vitro and epidemiological correlation analysis of sporothrix in southern China, and also the first time to find that sporothrix is sensitive to LULI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyue Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Munhoz LS, Poester VR, Benelli JL, Melo AM, Trápaga MR, Nogueira CW, Zeni G, Flores MM, Stevens DA, Xavier MO. Effectiveness of diphenyl diselenide against experimental sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad035. [PMID: 36977574 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 is a stable organoselenium compound with promising in vitro antifungal activity against several fungi, including Sporothrix brasiliensis. This species is associated with feline and zoonotic sporotrichosis, an emergent mycosis in Latin America. We evaluated the activity of (PhSe)2, alone and in association with itraconazole, in the treatment of sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis, in a murine model. Sixty mice were subcutaneously infected with S. brasiliensis in the footpad and treated by gavage for 30 consecutive days. The six treatment groups received: no active treatment, itraconazole (50 mg/kg), (PhSe)2 at 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg dosages, or itraconazole (50 mg/kg) + (PhSe)2 1 mg/kg, once a day, starting seven days post-inoculation. A significant reduction in the fungal burden of internal organs was achieved in the groups treated with (PhSe)2 1 mg/kg or itraconazole alone in comparison with the untreated group. Higher dosages (5 and 10 mg/kg) of (PhSe)2 increased the clinical manifestation of sporotrichosis and mortality rate. Treatment with both itraconazole and (PhSe)2 1 mg/kg was better than their activities alone (P < .001). This is the first demonstration of the potential use of (PhSe)2, alone or with the present drug of choice, in the treatment of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Silveira Munhoz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 96203-900, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Louise Benelli
- Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Corrêa Jr. (HU-FURG), vinculado à Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH), Rio Grande city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 96200-190, Brazil
| | - Aryse Martins Melo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, 1600-609, Portugal
| | - Mariana Rodrigues Trápaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Martins Flores
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - David A Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California 95128, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 96203-900, Brazil
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10
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Arinelli A, Aleixo ALQC, Freitas DFS, do Valle ACF, Almeida-Paes R, Nobre Guimarães AL, Oliveira RVC, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, Curi ALL. Ocular Manifestations of Sporotrichosis in a Hyperendemic Region in Brazil: Description of a Series of 120 Cases. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:329-337. [PMID: 35080998 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2027465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe 120 cases of ocular sporotrichosis. METHODS Review of medical records of patients with culture-proven (from eye specimen) ocular sporotrichosis, in Rio de Janeiro, from 2007 to 2017. RESULTS Women were more affected (61.7%) and median age was 24 years. The isolated ocular form was more frequent (75.8%). Fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis was the most commonly associated form (48.3%). Hypersensitivity reactions were observed in 10% of patients. Ocular involvement was unilateral in 98.3% of the cases, and the most frequent clinical presentation was granulomatous conjunctivitis (86.7%), followed by eyelid lesion (25%). Dacryocystitis represented 7.5% of the cases, predominantly in children (55.6%). Itraconazole was the first choice treatment (95.8%). Sequelae were observed in 23 patients (22.5%), and surgical treatment was required for most of them. CONCLUSION Ocular sporotrichosis can be considered a characteristic form of the zoonotic transmission, with high morbidity. Delay in initiating specific treatment is likely to increase the risk of progression to more severe forms of the disease, and development of ocular sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arinelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Ophthalmology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana L Q C Aleixo
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Ophthalmology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dayvison F S Freitas
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio C F do Valle
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratory of Mycology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana L Nobre Guimarães
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel V C Oliveira
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L L Curi
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Ophthalmology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Seibert G, Poletto ALR, Prade JV, Mario DN, Stopiglia CDO. Reversal of itraconazole resistance in Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Rev Iberoam Micol 2022; 39:68-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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12
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Indoung S, Chanchayanon B, Chaisut M, Buapeth KO, Morteh R, Jantrakajorn S. Feline sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto in Southern Thailand: phenotypic characterization, molecular identification, and antifungal susceptibility. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6706854. [PMID: 36130102 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline sporotrichosis caused by the Sporothrix schenckii complex is a global subcutaneous mycosis, having higher prevalence in Latin America and Malaysia. However, its etiological agents have not been elucidated in Thailand, a neighboring country of Malaysia, where the cases are increasing. This study identified 38 feline isolates of S. schenckii from Southern Thailand, collected between 2018 and 2021, using phenotypic characterization and molecular identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing of partial calmodulin (CAL) and ß-tubulin (Bt2) genes. Phenotypic characteristics proved that the isolates were S. schenckii sensu lato, with low thermotolerance. Based on partial CAL and Bt2-PCR sequencing, all isolates were identified as S. schenckii sensu stricto. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the isolates were clustered with S. schenckii sensu stricto isolated from the cats in Malaysia. A low degree of genetic diversity was observed among the Thai feline isolates. The antifungal susceptibility of these isolates to antifungal agents, including itraconazole (ITC), ketoconazole (KTC), fluconazole (FLC), and amphotericin B (AMB), was investigated according to the M27-A3 protocol of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results showed low ITC, KTC, and AMB activities against S. schenckii sensu stricto isolates, with high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of 1-8, 1-8, and 2-16 µg/ml, respectively, whereas FLC exhibited MICs of 64 and > 64 µg/ml. This study indicated that S. schenckii sensu stricto is the causative agent responsible for feline sporotrichosis in Southern Thailand. Their phenotypic characteristics and in vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles will help to improve our understanding of this mycosis in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowakon Indoung
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Baramee Chanchayanon
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Mananya Chaisut
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kanok-On Buapeth
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Rajeef Morteh
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sasibha Jantrakajorn
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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13
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Gallo S, Arias-Rodriguez C, Sánchez-Cifuentes EA, Santa-Vélez C, Larrañaga-Piñeres I, Gaviria-Barrera ME, Vásquez-Ochoa LA, Montoya D, Jiménez-Alzate MDP. First three cases of cat-associated zoonotic cutaneous sporotrichosis in Colombia. Int J Dermatol 2022; 61:1276-1279. [PMID: 35959537 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by dimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. The route of entry of the causative agent is direct inoculation by skin trauma, generally with decaying wood and other vegetation. However, cat-transmitted sporotrichosis has become more relevant in recent decades especially in South America. Until now, there are no case reports of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis in Colombia. CASE REPORT We present three cases of cutaneous sporotrichosis after the scratches of an ill cat, in the feline's owners and its veterinarian, confirmed by culture and PCR, where S. schenckii sensu stricto was isolated and typified. CONCLUSIONS Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis is becoming more relevant in recent decades due to its potential to generate epidemics and become a public health problem. In addition, since the associated species are more virulent, the disease has more aggressive behavior. In Colombia, this is the first case series of cat-transmitted cutaneous sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Camilo Arias-Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Erika A Sánchez-Cifuentes
- Grupo Micología Médica, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Catalina Santa-Vélez
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Isabel Larrañaga-Piñeres
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali, Colombia
| | | | | | - Daniel Montoya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria Del P Jiménez-Alzate
- Grupo Micología Médica, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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14
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Rodrigues AM, Gonçalves SS, de Carvalho JA, Borba-Santos LP, Rozental S, de Camargo ZP. Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:776. [PMID: 35893145 PMCID: PMC9331723 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, a human and animal disease caused by Sporothrix species, is the most important implantation mycosis worldwide. Sporothrix taxonomy has improved in recent years, allowing important advances in diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. Molecular epidemiology reveals that S. brasiliensis remains highly prevalent during the cat-transmitted sporotrichosis outbreaks in South America and that the spread of S. brasiliensis occurs through founder effects. Sporothrix globosa and S. schenckii are cosmopolitan on the move, causing major sapronoses in Asia and the Americas, respectively. In this emerging scenario, one-health approaches are required to develop a creative, effective, and sustainable response to tackle the spread of sporotrichosis. In the 21st century, it has become vital to speciate Sporothrix, and PCR is the main pillar of molecular diagnosis, aiming at the detection of the pathogen DNA from clinical samples through multiplex assays, whose sensitivity reaches remarkably three copies of the target. The treatment of sporotrichosis can be challenging, especially after the emergence of resistance to azoles and polyenes. Alternative drugs arising from discoveries or repositioning have entered the radar of basic research over the last decade and point to several molecules with antifungal potential, especially the hydrazone derivatives with great in vitro and in vivo activities. There are many promising developments for the near future, and in this review, we discuss how these trends can be applied to the Sporothrix-sporotrichosis system to mitigate the advance of an emerging and re-emerging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil;
| | - Jamile Ambrósio de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
| | - Luana P. Borba-Santos
- Cell Biology and Parasitology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil; (L.P.B.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sonia Rozental
- Cell Biology and Parasitology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil; (L.P.B.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
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15
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Kischkel B, Lopes-Bezerra L, Taborda CP, A. B. Joosten L, Cristina dos Santos J, Netea MG. Differential recognition and cytokine induction by the peptidorhamnomannan from Sporothrix brasiliensis and S. schenckii. Cell Immunol 2022; 378:104555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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de Andrade IB, Araújo GRDS, Brito-Santos F, Figueiredo-Carvalho MHG, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Frases S, Almeida-Paes R. Comparative Biophysical and Ultrastructural Analysis of Melanins Produced by Clinical Strains of Different Species From the Trichosporonaceae Family. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:876611. [PMID: 35547117 PMCID: PMC9081797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.876611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is one of the most studied virulence factors in pathogenic fungi. This pigment protects them from a series of both environmental and host stressors. Among basidiomycetes, Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichosporon asahii are known to produce melanin in the presence of phenolic precursors. Other species from the Trichosporonaceae family also produce this pigment, but the extent to this production among the clinically relevant species is unknown. For this reason, the aim of this study was to verify the production of melanin by different Trichosporonaceae species of clinical interest and to compare their pigments with the ones from C. neoformans and T. asahii, which are more prevalent in human infections. Melanin was produced in a minimal medium supplemented with 1 mM L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Pigment was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, Zeta potential measurements, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was found that, besides C. neoformans and T. asahii, Trichosporon japonicum, Apiotrichum montevideense, Trichosporon inkin, Trichosporon faecale, Cutaneotrichosporon debeurmannianum, and Cutaneotrichosporon arboriformis also produce melanin-like particles in the presence of L-DOPA. Melanin particles have negative charge and are smaller than original cells. Variations in color, fluorescence, and chemical composition was noticed between the studied strains. All melanins presented carbon, oxygen, sodium, and potassium in their composition. Melanins from the most pathogenic species also presented iron, zinc, and copper, which are important during parasitism. Biophysical properties of these melanins can confer to the Trichosporonaceae adaptive advantages to both parasitic and environmental conditions of fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Bastos de Andrade
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glauber Ribeiro de Sousa Araújo
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Brito-Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede Micologia RJ - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede Micologia RJ - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Nava-Pérez N, Neri-García LG, Romero-González OE, Terrones-Cruz JA, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Biological and Clinical Attributes of Sporothrix globosa, a Causative Agent of Sporotrichosis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2067-2090. [PMID: 35498634 PMCID: PMC9041366 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s362099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an important subcutaneous mycosis with high prevalence and threat to human and animal health worldwide. Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are the main etiological agents of this disease; and even though many efforts have been made recently to understand the Sporothrix-host interaction, little is known about S. globosa, an underestimated species. This organism shows the lowest virulence among the members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade and represents an important pathogenic agent due to its global distribution. Here, we offer a review with all the known information about S. globosa, including its genome and proteomic information, and compare it with S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, to explain the differences observed among these species, in terms of virulence, the host immune response, and the antifungal sensitivity. Also, we provide the gene prediction of some S. globosa putative virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nallely Nava-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Lisset G Neri-García
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Oscar E Romero-González
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Joshua A Terrones-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
- Correspondence: Laura C García-Carnero; Héctor M Mora-Montes, Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México, Tel +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8193, Fax +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8153, Email ;
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
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18
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Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Sporotrichosis in a Reference Center of Uruguay. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030322. [PMID: 35330324 PMCID: PMC8950135 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sporotrichosis is a fungal implantation disease of subacute/ chronic course caused by species of the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix spp. This infection usually develops after traumatic inoculation of contaminated soil, plants or organic material contaminated by Sporothrix spp. conidia into skin or mucosa. The objective of this work is to contribute to the knowledge of sporotrichosis in Uruguay by providing a report of a series of cases diagnosed in a reference center. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of cases of sporotrichosis diagnosed in the last 38 years. Results: In the period analyzed, 157 cases of sporotrichosis were diagnosed, 152 of those corresponded to male patients. The most frequent clinical presentation was nodular lymphatic in 120 patients. In relation to epidemiological antecedents, 128 patients had been scratched by armadillos during hunting. Conclusions: Sporotrichosis in Uruguay is a sporadic disease with a clear seasonal pattern related to particular social practices, such as hunting armadillos. Related to this practice, the affectation is greater in males and in young adults.
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19
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García-Carnero LC, Martínez-Álvarez JA. Virulence Factors of Sporothrix schenckii. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030318. [PMID: 35330320 PMCID: PMC8949611 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is one of the etiological agents of sporotrichosis. In this review, we discuss the virulence factors that have been proven to participate in the S. schenckii-host interaction. Among these known factors, we can find cell wall glycoproteins, adhesins, melanin, extracellular vesicles, and dimorphism. Furthermore, the morphological transition of S. schenckii in response to environmental conditions such as pH and temperature represents a means by which the fungus is able to establish mycosis in mammals. One of the key features in the development of sporotrichosis is the adhesion of the fungus to the host extracellular matrix. This event represents the first step to developing the mycosis, which involves adhesins such as the glycoproteins Gp70, Hsp60, and Pap1, which play a key role during the infection. The production of melanin helps the fungus to survive longer in the tissues and to neutralize or diminish many of the host’s attacks, which is why it is also considered a key factor in pathogenesis. Today, the study of human fungal pathogens’ virulence factors is a thriving area of research. Although we know some of the virulence factors in S. schenckii, much remains to be understood about the complex process of sporotrichosis development and the factors involved during the infection.
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Rabello VBS, Almeida MA, Bernardes-Engemann AR, Almeida-Paes R, de Macedo PM, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. The Historical Burden of Sporotrichosis in Brazil: a Systematic Review of Cases Reported from 1907 to 2020. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:231-244. [PMID: 34825345 PMCID: PMC8882507 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a cosmopolitan subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix species. Recently, this mycosis has gained notoriety due to the appearance of new endemic areas, recognition of new pathogenic species, changes in epidemiology, occurrence of outbreaks, and increasing numbers of cases. The purpose of this study is to analyze the peculiarities of sporotrichosis cases in Brazil since its first report in the country until 2020. In this work, ecological, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratorial characteristics were compiled. A systematic review of human sporotrichosis diagnosed in Brazil and published up to December 2020 was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, Web of Science, and LILACS databases. Furthermore, animal sporotrichosis and environmental isolation of Sporothrix spp. in Brazil were also evaluated. The study included 230 papers, resulting in 10,400 human patients. Their ages ranged from 5 months to 92 years old and 55.98% were female. The lymphocutaneous form was predominant (56.14%), but systemic involvement was also notably reported (14.34%), especially in the lungs. Besides, hypersensitivity manifestations (4.55%) were described. Most patients had the diagnosis confirmed by isolation of Sporothrix spp., mainly from skin samples. Sporothrix brasiliensis was the major agent identified. HIV infection, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes were the most common comorbidities. Cure rate was 85.83%. Concerning animal sporotrichosis, 8538 cases were reported, mostly in cats (90.77%). Moreover, 13 Sporothrix spp. environmental strains were reported. This review highlights the burden of the emergent zoonotic sporotrichosis in Brazil, reinforcing the importance of "One Health" based actions to help controlling this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Brito Souza Rabello
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Abreu Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea Reis Bernardes-Engemann
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Marques de Macedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica Em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Vargas-Macías AP, Gómez-Gaviria M, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Current Models to Study the Sporothrix-Host Interaction. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:833111. [PMID: 37746241 PMCID: PMC10512367 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.833111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a worldwide distributed subcutaneous mycosis that affects mammals, including human beings. The infection is caused by members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade, which includes Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. The fungus can be acquired through traumatic inoculation of conidia growing in vegetal debris or by zoonotic transmission from sick animals. Although is not considered a life-threatening disease, it is an emergent health problem that affects mostly immunocompromised patients. The sporotrichosis causative agents differ in their virulence, host range, and sensitivity to antifungal drugs; therefore, it is relevant to understand the molecular bases of their pathogenesis, interaction with immune effectors, and mechanisms to acquired resistance to antifungal compounds. Murine models are considered the gold standard to address these questions; however, some alternative hosts offer numerous advantages over mammalian models, such as invertebrates like Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor, or ex vivo models, which are useful tools to approach questions beyond virulence, without the ethical or budgetary features associated with the use of animal models. In this review, we analyze the different models currently used to study the host-Sporothrix interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Charles-Niño CL, Loera A, Medina-Guerrero EO, Sanroman-Loza EA, Toledo B, Pedroza-Roldan C. Sporotrichosis: an Overview in the Context of the One Health Approach. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Human sporotrichosis: recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Dermatology for the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic management. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:757-777. [PMID: 36155712 PMCID: PMC9582924 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in the zoonotic epidemic of sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis, which started in the late 1990s in Rio de Janeiro and is now found in almost all Brazilian states, has been equally advancing in neighboring countries of Brazil. Changes in the clinical-epidemiological profile, advances in the laboratory diagnosis of the disease, and therapeutic difficulties have been observed throughout these almost 25 years of the epidemic, although there is no national consensus. The last international guideline dates from 2007. OBJECTIVES Update the clinical classification, diagnostic methods and recommendations on the therapeutic management of patients with sporotrichosis. METHODS Twelve experts in human sporotrichosis were selected from different Brazilian regions, and divided into three work groups: clinical, diagnosis and treatment. The bibliographic research was carried out on the EBSCOHost platform. Meetings took place via electronic mail and remote/face-to-face and hybrid settings, resulting in a questionnaire which pointed out 13 divergences, resolved based on the opinion of the majority of the participants. RESULTS The clinical classification and laboratory diagnosis were updated. Therapeutic recommendations were made for the different clinical forms. CONCLUSION Publication of the first national recommendation, carried out by the Brazilian Society of Dermatology, aimed at the Brazilian scientific community, especially dermatologists, infectologists, pediatricians, family medicine personnel, and laboratory professionals who work in the management of human sporotrichosis.
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Brandolt TM, Klafke GB, Ramos DF, Halicki PCB, Vicenti JRDM, Pereira WA, Poester VR, Sanchotene KO, Xavier MO. In vitro susceptibility of Sporothrix spp. to complexes coordinated with Co(II) and cobalt chloride hexahydrate. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Clinical and Anatomopathological Evaluation of BALB/c Murine Models Infected with Isolates of Seven Pathogenic Sporothrix Species. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121647. [PMID: 34959602 PMCID: PMC8705601 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis with worldwide distribution and caused by seven pathogenic species of Sporothrix genus: S. schenckii sensu stricto, S. brasiliensis, S. globosa and S. luriei (clinical clade), and the species S. mexicana, S. pallida and S. chilensis (environmental clade). Isolates of the same species of Sporothrix may have different pathogenicities; however, few isolates of this fungus have been studied. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the clinical and anatomopathological changes in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed BALB/c mice infected with clinical and environmental isolates of seven different species of Sporothrix, from both clades. One human clinical isolate of S. schenckii sensu stricto, S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. luriei, S. mexicana and S. chilensis species and one environmental isolate of S. pallida were inoculated subcutaneously in immunocompetent mice and the same isolates of S. brasiliensis and S.schenckii sensu stricto were inoculated in immunossupressed mice. Clinical manifestations as external lesions, apathy, and alopecia were observed. At 21, 35, and 49 days after fungal inoculation, four mice from each group were weighed, euthanized and necropsied for evaluation of splenic index, recovery of fungal cells, macroscopic and histopathological analysis of livers, lungs, kidneys, and hearts. The survival assessment was observed for 50 days following inoculation. Our results demonstrated that, clinical S. schenckii isolate, followed by clinical S. mexicana, and environmental S. pallida isolates, the last two, species grouped in the environmental clade, were capable of inducing greater anatomopathological changes in mice, which was reflected in the severity of the clinical signs of these animals. Thus, we reinforce the hypothesis that the pathogenicity of Sporothrix is not only related to the species of this fungus, but also shows variation between different isolates of the same species.
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Villalobos-Duno HL, Barreto LA, Alvarez-Aular Á, Mora-Montes HM, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Franco B, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Niño-Vega GA. Comparison of Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition and Structure Between Strains of Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:726958. [PMID: 34616384 PMCID: PMC8489378 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are the main causative agents of sporotrichosis, a human subcutaneous mycosis. Differences in virulence patterns are associated with each species but remain largely uncharacterized. The S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis cell wall composition and virulence are influenced by the culturing media, with little or no influence on S. globosa. By keeping constant the culturing media, we compared the cell wall composition of three S. schenckii and two S. brasiliensis strains, previously described as presenting different virulence levels on a murine model of infection. The cell wall composition of the five Sporothrix spp. strains correlated with the biochemical composition of the cell wall previously reported for the species. However, the rhamnose-to-β-glucan ratio exhibits differences among strains, with an increase in cell wall rhamnose-to-β-glucan ratio as their virulence increased. This relationship can be expressed mathematically, which could be an important tool for the determination of virulence in Sporothrix spp. Also, structural differences in rhamnomannan were found, with longer side chains present in strains with lower virulence reported for both species here studied, adding insight to the importance of this polysaccharide in the pathogenic process of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor L Villalobos-Duno
- Laboratorio de Micología, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Laura A Barreto
- Instituto Superior de Formación Docente Salome Ureña, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Álvaro Alvarez-Aular
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica y Productos Naturales, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Franco
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Gustavo A Niño-Vega
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Melanin of Sporothrix globosa affects the function of THP-1 macrophages and modulates the expression of TLR2 and TLR4. Microb Pathog 2021; 159:105158. [PMID: 34454025 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin is an important virulence factor for Sporothrix globosa, the causative agent of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis that occurs worldwide. Although previous research suggests that melanin is involved in the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis, little is known about its influence on the macrophages that represent the frontline components of innate immunity. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of melanin on phagocytic activity and the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 during S. globosa infection of macrophages in vitro. METHODS To compare phagocytic activity and survival rates, THP-1 macrophages and primary mouse peritoneal macrophages were co-cultured with a wild-type S. globosa strain (Mel+), an albino mutant strain (Mel-), a tricyclazole-treated Mel + strain (TCZ-Mel+), or melanin ghosts extracted from S. globosa conidia. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) generation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were assayed in THP-1 cells infected with S. globosa conidia. Quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to observe the effect of melanin on TLR2 and TLR4 expression. Knockdown of TLR2/4 expression with small interfering RNA was performed to further verify the role of these receptors during infection. RESULTS Macrophages infected with Mel + conidia showed a lower phagocytosis index and a higher survival rate than TCZ-Mel+ and Mel- in vitro. After incubation with S. globosa, the release of ROS, NO, TNF-α and IL-6 by THP-1 were decreased in the presence of melanin. Increased mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 occurred upon S. globosa infection in THP-1, whereas the presence of melanin suppressed TLR2 and TLR4. Moreover, TLR2 or TLR4 knockdown showed a trend toward reducing the pernicious effect of S. globosa conidia on THP-1 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results indicated that melanin inhibits the phagocytosis of S. globosa and guards against macrophage attack by providing protection from oxygen- and nitrogen-derived radicals, as well as suppressing the host pro-inflammatory cytokine response (TNF-α and IL-6). Melanin was also involved in modulating TLR2 and TLR4 receptor expression, weakening the killing efficiency of S. globosa.
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Sporotrichosis: A Clinicopathologic Study of 89 Consecutive Cases, Literature Review, and New Insights About Their Differential Diagnosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 42:751-755. [PMID: 32149828 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporotrichosis is the most common and least severe of deep mycoses. This disease has varied clinic presentation as well as several differential diagnosis. METHODS A cross-sectional and retrospective, individually based, observational study, based on records from the dermatopathology service of a university hospital in Brazil. A total of 175 patients were identified with clinical suspicion of sporotrichosis, from 2009 to 2017. Statistical analysis using prevalence ratios was conducted to characterize the clinicopathologic and epidemiological aspects. RESULTS The disease was suspected in 175 patients given the clinical presentation. Of these, 86 cases (49.14%) were sporotrichosis, 39 (22.29%) chronic granulomatous inflammatory processes of unidentified etiology, and 5 squamous cell carcinomas (2.86%). The majority of cases (52 or 60.46%) occurred in the upper limbs. A total of 40 samples presented a suppurative chronic granulomatous inflammatory process (46.51%). Only 5 samples (12.50%) showed positive staining (periodic-Schiff acid or GROCOTT). CONCLUSIONS The sporotrichosis cases underwent both cumulative and linear growth, especially in the group above 60 years. Squamous cell carcinomas appeared several times as a misdiagnosis of sporotrichosis by dermatologists, so it should be considered as an important differential diagnose due to the current context of skin cancers.
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Lozoya-Pérez NE, García-Carnero LC, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Martínez-Duncker I, Mora-Montes HM. Tenebrio molitor as an Alternative Model to Analyze the Sporothrix Species Virulence. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:2059-2072. [PMID: 34113132 PMCID: PMC8184153 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s312553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sporotrichosis is an increasing threat for humans, affecting mainly skin and subcutaneous tissues but that can cause disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients. Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are the main etiological agents of this mycosis, and each species show different virulence levels. The gold standard to assess fungal virulence is the mouse model that is expensive and time-consuming. Thus, invertebrate models have been reported as an alternative for the evaluation of fungal virulence. Here, we assessed whether Tenebrio molitor larvae could be a new alternative to study Sporothrix spp. virulence. Methods T. molitor larvae were inoculated with different doses of S. schenckii, S. brasiliensis, and S. globosa, and animal mortality, cytotoxicity, and immunological parameters were analyzed, including the ability to stimulate immunological priming. Results Mortality curves demonstrated that yeast-like cells were the best fungal morphology to kill larvae and showed a similar ranking in virulence than that reported in other animal models, ie, being S. brasiliensis and S. globosa the species with the highest and lowest virulence, respectively. The usefulness of this model was validated with the analysis of several S. schenckii strains with different virulence degrees, and changes in cytotoxicity, humoral and cellular immunological parameters. Low-virulence strains stimulated low levels of cytotoxicity, phenoloxidase activity, and hemocyte countings, and these immunological cells poorly uptake fungi. Moreover, using recombinant Gp70 from S. schenckii immunological priming was stimulated in larvae and this protected against a lethal dose of fungal cells from any of the three species under study. Conclusion The study demonstrated that T. molitor larvae are an appropriate alternative invertebrate model to analyze the virulence of S. schenckii, S. brasiliensis, and S. globosa. Additionally, hemocyte levels, phenoloxidase activity, cytotoxicity, uptake by hemocytes, and immunological priming are biological parameters that can be used to study the Sporothrix-T. molitor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, México
| | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, México
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular; Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, México
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Liu S, Youngchim S, Zamith-Miranda D, Nosanchuk JD. Fungal Melanin and the Mammalian Immune System. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040264. [PMID: 33807336 PMCID: PMC8066723 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanins are ubiquitous complex polymers that are commonly known in humans to cause pigmentation of our skin. Melanins are also present in bacteria, fungi, and helminths. In this review, we will describe the diverse interactions of fungal melanin with the mammalian immune system. We will particularly focus on Cryptococcus neoformans and also discuss other major melanotic pathogenic fungi. Melanin interacts with the immune system through diverse pathways, reducing the effectiveness of phagocytic cells, binding effector molecules and antifungals, and modifying complement and antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichen Liu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (S.L.); (D.Z.-M.)
| | - Sirida Youngchim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (S.L.); (D.Z.-M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (S.L.); (D.Z.-M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence:
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Aneke CI, Rhimi W, Hubka V, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Virulence and Antifungal Susceptibility of Microsporum canis Strains from Animals and Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:296. [PMID: 33809233 PMCID: PMC8000290 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic and antifungal profiles of dermatophytes play an important role in causing infections in humans and animals. This study aimed to assess the virulence factors produced by Microsporum canis strains, in vitro antifungal profile and the relationship between virulence, antifungal profile and occurrence of lesions in animals and humans. A total of 100 M. canis strains from humans with tinea corporis (n = 10) and from animals presenting (n = 64) or not (n = 26) skin lesions was employed to evaluate phospholipase (Pz), hemolytic (Hz), lipase (Lz), catalase (Ca), and thermotolerance (GI) activities. In addition, in vitro antifungal profile was conducted using the CLSI broth microdilution method. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in Lz and Ca values was revealed among strains from hosts with and without lesions. Voriconazole, terbinafine, and posaconazole were the most active drugs followed by ketoconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, and fluconazole in decreasing activity order. The significant positive correlation between azole susceptibility profile of M. canis and virulence factors (i.e., hemolysin and catalase) suggest that both enzyme patterns and antifungal susceptibility play a role in the appearance of skin lesions in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Inyang Aneke
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Bari, Italy; (C.I.A.); (W.R.); (D.O.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, 410001 Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Bari, Italy; (C.I.A.); (W.R.); (D.O.)
| | - Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Bari, Italy; (C.I.A.); (W.R.); (D.O.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, 6517658978 Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Bari, Italy; (C.I.A.); (W.R.); (D.O.)
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Etchecopaz A, Toscanini MA, Gisbert A, Mas J, Scarpa M, Iovannitti CA, Bendezú K, Nusblat AD, Iachini R, Cuestas ML. Sporothrix Brasiliensis: A Review of an Emerging South American Fungal Pathogen, Its Related Disease, Presentation and Spread in Argentina. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030170. [PMID: 33652625 PMCID: PMC7996880 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, caused by Sporothrix schenckii and related species, is the most frequent implantation mycosis in Latin America. In Argentina, over the last 8 years, there have been 0.16 new cases per month of feline sporotrichosis in 2011, increasing to 0.75 cases per month in 2019 and involving zoonotic transmission to humans. Molecular identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected Sporothrix brasiliensis in these feline and zoonotic outbreaks. This study will focus on different feline and human sporotrichosis outbreaks caused by S. brasiliensis in Argentina during 2011–2019. We will address the sources of infection and environmental hotspots, as well as the application of several treatment strategies for improving the pharmacotherapy of the different clinical forms of the disease. Finally, we will provide a detailed summary of the clinical aspects and new advances in host–pathogen interactions, virulence factors and immune response, focusing on state-of-the-art diagnostic tools and potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Etchecopaz
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427 CWN, Argentina; (A.E.); (M.S.)
| | - María A. Toscanini
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (Nanobiotec), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113 AAD, Argentina; (M.A.T.); (A.D.N.)
| | - Amelia Gisbert
- Cátedra de Clínica Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427 CWN, Argentina; (A.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Javier Mas
- Cátedra de Clínica Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427 CWN, Argentina; (A.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Miguel Scarpa
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427 CWN, Argentina; (A.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Cristina A. Iovannitti
- Centro de Micología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; (C.A.I.); (K.B.)
| | - Karla Bendezú
- Centro de Micología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; (C.A.I.); (K.B.)
| | - Alejandro D. Nusblat
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (Nanobiotec), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113 AAD, Argentina; (M.A.T.); (A.D.N.)
| | - Ricardo Iachini
- Instituto de Zoonosis «Luis Pasteur», Buenos Aires C1405 DCD, Argentina;
| | - María L. Cuestas
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427 CWN, Argentina; (A.E.); (M.S.)
- Centro de Micología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; (C.A.I.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-11-59509500 (ext. 2176/77)
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Extracellular Vesicles from Sporothrix Yeast Cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 432:35-44. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83391-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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de Lima ÍMF, Ferraz CE, Gonçalves de Lima-Neto R, Takano DM. Case Report: Sweet Syndrome in Patients with Sporotrichosis: A 10-Case Series. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2533-2538. [PMID: 33025874 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sporotrichosis is an emerging disease caused by fungi of the genus Sporothrix, distributed worldwide, but mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. This disease is caused by traumatic inoculation of contaminated material (either animal or vegetal in origin) into the skin. Sporotrichosis cases caused by zoonotic transmission through felines have significantly increased over the last 20 years in Brazil. There is a spectrum of clinical outcomes, from classical lymphocutaneous and fixed forms to disseminated manifestations and extracutaneous lesions; however, hypersensitivity reactions related to sporotrichosis, including Sweet syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatoses), are uncommon. In Brazil, Sporothrix brasiliensis is repeatedly associated with feline infection and has consistently shown higher virulence, tendency to escalate to outbreaks or epidemics, and development of atypical forms. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to report the cases of 10 patients with sporotrichosis infected by S. brasiliensis species who developed Sweet syndrome to alert this association, especially in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cláudia Elise Ferraz
- 2Hospital of Clinics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,3Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Gonçalves de Lima-Neto
- 2Hospital of Clinics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,3Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040323. [PMID: 33260702 PMCID: PMC7712150 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a human subcutaneous mycosis. Although the protocols to evaluate Sporothrix virulence in animal models are well described, the cell preparation before inoculation is not standardized, and several culturing media are used to grow yeast-like cells. Here, we found that carbon or nitrogen limitation during fungal cell preparation negatively impacted the ability of S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis to kill Galleria mellonella larvae, but not S. globosa. The fungal growth conditions associated with the short median survival of animals were accompanied by increased hemocyte countings, phenoloxidase activity, and cytotoxicity. The fungal growth under carbon or nitrogen limitation also affected the cell wall composition of both S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis and showed increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan at the cell surface, while those growing conditions had a minimal impact on the S.globosa wall, which had higher levels of this polysaccharide exposed on the wall regardless of the culture condition. This polysaccharide exposure was linked to the increased ability of insect hemocytes to uptake fungal cells, suggesting that this is one of the mechanisms behind the lower virulence of S.globosa or cells from the other species grown in carbon or nitrogen limitation.
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Zu J, Yao L, Song Y, Cui Y, Guan M, Chen R, Zhen Y, Li S. Th2 Biased Immunity With Altered B Cell Profiles in Circulation of Patients With Sporotrichosis Caused by Sporothrix globosa. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570888. [PMID: 33281813 PMCID: PMC7691245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycotic infection, and Sporothrixglobosa is one of the causative agents with a worldwide distribution, notably in Asia. However, the immune profile in human sporotrichosis caused by S. globosa still remains obscure. Here, we demonstrated enhanced Th2 response in circulation with significant increases in Th2 frequency, Th2/Tregs as well as IL-4 seretion in patients. Elevated IL-17A+Th17 percentage was accompanied with reduced IL-17A level in serum, which may imply a dysfunction of this CD4+T subset in S. globosa infection. In addition, Th2 percentage, the ratios of Th2/Tregs and Th17/Tregs were all raised in patients with fixed cutaneous form, while only Th2/Tregs displayed increment in lymphocutaneous form. Meanwhile, the percentage of double negative B cells was significantly increased and positively correlated with Th2 and Tregs in whole patients. Except naïve B cells, all memory B cells together with Th2 cells increased in patients with short duration (less than 6 months), which may suggest a collaboration of T cells with altered B cell profile in human sporotrichosis caused by S. globosa. In consistent with the changes of IFN-γ+Th1, IL-4+Th2 and IL-17A+Th17 in patients with short duration, the percentages of these effector T cells all expanded when cocultured with S. globosa yeast cells in vitro. These data shed light on the potential involvement of peripheral T and B cell immunity against this mycotic infection and indicated that different immune responses existed in different stages of sporotrichosis; meanwhile different immune profile may contribute to different clinical manifestations of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjiao Zu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengqi Guan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruili Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Silva-Bailão MG, Lima PDS, Oliveira MME, Oliveira LC, Almeida-Paes R, Borges CL, Bailão AM, Coelho ASG, Soares CMDA, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. Comparative proteomics in the three major human pathogenic species of the genus Sporothrix. Microbes Infect 2020; 23:104762. [PMID: 32992009 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis of humans and other mammals, caused by dimorphic species of the genus Sporothrix. In Brazil, human disease is broadly linked to transmission by infected cats and is mainly caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix globosa. In this study, we used a nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry approach to provide the yeast proteomic profiles of S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii and S. globosa. From a total of 247 identified proteins, 137 were found as differentially expressed. Functional classification revealed that most are related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism as well as stress response. Our data indicate that S. brasiliensis metabolism is distinct of that of S. schenckii and S. globosa, mainly regarding amino acid metabolism and cell wall remodeling, which are induced in the former. Enzymes belonging to glycolytic pathway are, on the other hand, up-regulated in S. schenckii and S. globosa. These findings may explain the previously described more virulent character of S. brasiliensis. Besides complementing genomic comparisons already published, this first comparative proteomic study provided information that indicates new aspects of Sporothrix species metabolism as well as offers information that may be useful in the development of prospective functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirelle Garcia Silva-Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Sousa Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Sporothrix globosa melanin inhibits antigenpresentation by macrophages and enhances deep organ dissemination. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:19-31. [PMID: 32772310 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a Sporothrix virulence factor that can inhibit the innate immune functions of macrophages such as phagocytosis and killing. However, no data on melanin's influence on antigen presentation by macrophages are available. In this study, we used conidia, yeasts, and melanin ghosts (MGs) from a black Sporothrix globosa strain (MEL+) and its ultraviolet-induced albino mutant (MEL-), to study the influence of melanin on expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation by mouse macrophages (MHC class II, CD80, CD86), as well as on levels of transcription factors regulating their expression (CIITA and promoters I, III, and IV). A murine infection model was used to assess the virulence of both strains and differences in expression of MHC class II and CD80/86 in vivo. MHC class II, CD86 CIITA, and PIV expressions were lower in macrophages infected with MEL+ than in macrophages infected with MEL- conidia, while CD80 expression was similar. No statistical difference in gene expression was observed between macrophages infected by MEL+ and MEL- yeasts. Infection by MGs alone had no clear effect on expression of antigen presentation-associated molecules. Mice infected with MEL+ S. globosa had significantly higher fungal burdens in the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and testicle compared with mice infected with MEL- S. globosa 21 days post-infection. MHC class II expression changes in the animal study were similar to those observed in the in vitro experiment. Our results indicate that S. globosa melanin can inhibit expression of antigen presentation-associated molecules during both the early and late stages of infection, representing a new mechanism to evade host immunity and to enhance dissemination. Further investigations of melanin's impact on adaptive immunity will be helpful in understanding this fungal virulence factor.
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Comparative Analysis of Putative Virulence-Associated Factors of Microsporum canis Isolates from Human and Animal Patients. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:665-673. [PMID: 32643011 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microsporum canis is a zoophilic dermatophyte and the most common fungus isolated from dogs and cats worldwide. To invade skin, this pathogen uses different enzymes, which may be associated with virulence, that contribute to the fungal pathogenicity. The aim of this study is to compare the expression of enzymes that may be associated with virulence, and thermotolerance of M. canis strains isolated from dogs, cats, and humans. The in vitro expression of the enzymes keratinase, catalase, urease, hemolysin, and aspartic protease was evaluated in 52 M. canis strains recently isolated from 14 human patients, 12 dogs, 15 symptomatic, and 11 asymptomatic cats. In addition, thermotolerance was assessed by comparative analysis of fungal growth at 25 °C and 35 °C. Keratinase activity was low in 34 and moderate in 18 strains. Aspartic-protease activity was low in 7, moderate in 33, and high in 12 strains. Hemolysin activity was low in 44 and moderate in 8 strains. All strains were classified as low producers of catalase. All but three strains produced urease in vitro, with a broad range of activity. The strains presented in vitro growth at the two studied temperatures were classified as presenting low (36.5%), medium (44.3%), or high (19.2%) thermotolerance. There was no statistically significant difference in the new putative virulence-associated factors studied among the different hosts, which suggests that they may have a similar role on human, cat, and dog infection. Also, no difference was observed between strains isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic cats. This suggests that these factors have a limited impact on the fate of feline dermatophytosis caused by M. canis.
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Boechat JS, Pereira SA, de Sá Machado AC, Viana PG, Almeida-Paes R, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Gremião IDF, de Oliveira MME. Canine sporotrichosis: polyphasic taxonomy and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Sporothrix species in an endemic area in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:135-143. [PMID: 32617836 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, a mycosis caused by pathogenic species of the genus Sporothrix, affects diverse species of mammals. Until 2007, Sporothrix schenckii was considered the unique etiologic agent of sporotrichosis. Canine sporotrichosis is a poorly reported disease, and the majority of cases are from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. There are scarce studies on the characterization of canine isolates of Sporothrix schenckii complex, as well as few antifungal susceptibility data available. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical isolates of Sporothrix from dogs from Brazil at species level and evaluate their antifungal susceptibility profile. Polyphasic taxonomy was used to characterization at species level (morphological, phenotypical characteristics, and molecular identification). Antifungal susceptibility profiles (amphotericin B, itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, and terbinafine) were determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution method (M38-A2). According to phenotypic identification and molecular analysis, 46 isolates included in this study were identified as S. brasiliensis and one as S. schenckii. Amphotericin B presented the highest minimum inhibitory concentration values, and the other drugs showed effective in vitro antifungal activity. This is the first report of S. schenckii in dogs from Brazil, since S. brasiliensis is the only species that has been described in canine isolates from Rio de Janeiro to date. Nevertheless, no differences were observed in the antifungal susceptibility profiles between the S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii isolates, and it is important to continuously study new canine clinical isolates from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Sepulveda Boechat
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline de Sá Machado
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Gonçalves Viana
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
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Albuquerque PC, Fonseca e Fonseca BDP, Zicker F, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Almeida-Paes R. Bibliometric assessment and key messages of sporotrichosis research (1945-2018). F1000Res 2020; 9:654. [PMID: 33968371 PMCID: PMC8080985 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24250.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 07/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Sporotrichosis has recently emerged as an important mycosis worldwide, with diverse transmission and epidemiologic profiles. For instance, in Brazil most cases are related to zoonotic transmission from naturally infected cats, and the majority of cases in China are due to external injury with environmental materials. Publications on sporotrichosis and on its etiologic agent may guide the direction of the research in this field. It can also define priorities for future studies. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the trends of global research in Sporothrix and sporotrichosis, based on publications records retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases for the period of 1945 to 2018. The overall productivity in the field, its geographical and temporal distribution, research themes, co-authorship networks, funding sources, and if audience and research findings are addressed in the abstracts. Results: A total of 4,007 unique publications involving 99 countries were retrieved, most of them published after 2000. Authors based on institutions from the United States of America and Brazil accounted for 57.4% of the publications. Brazil was the leading country in terms of research collaboration and networking, with co-authorship with 45 countries. The thematic mapping revealed a temporal shift from clinical to applied research. Despite the large number of countries publishing in this field, most of funded studies came from Brazil, Mexico, China, South Africa, or the United States of America. The analysis of content identified few specific public health recommendations for prevention, case-management, or research. Moreover, most papers do not have a clearly defined intended audience. Conclusion: As the research in this field is emerging in several countries, with the generation of a large amount of data, it is necessary that scientists strengthen efforts to translate the research results into practice to curb this neglected infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Costa Albuquerque
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040361, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Zicker
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040361, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040900, Brazil
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Albuquerque PC, Fonseca E Fonseca BDP, Zicker F, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Almeida-Paes R. Bibliometric assessment and key messages of sporotrichosis research (1945-2018). F1000Res 2020; 9:654. [PMID: 33968371 PMCID: PMC8080985 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24250.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sporotrichosis has recently emerged as an important mycosis worldwide, with diverse transmission and epidemiologic profiles. For instance, in Brazil most cases are related to zoonotic transmission from naturally infected cats, and the majority of cases in China are due to external injury with environmental materials. Publications on sporotrichosis and on its etiologic agent may guide the direction of the research in this field. It can also define priorities for future studies. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the trends of global research in
Sporothrix and sporotrichosis, based on publications records retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases for the period of 1945 to 2018. The overall productivity in the field, its geographical and temporal distribution, research themes, co-authorship networks, funding sources, and if audience and research findings are addressed in the abstracts. Results: A total of 4,007 unique publications involving 99 countries were retrieved, most of them published after 2000. Authors based on institutions from the United States of America and Brazil accounted for 57.4% of the publications. Brazil was the leading country in terms of research collaboration and networking, with co-authorship with 45 countries. The thematic mapping revealed a temporal shift from clinical to applied research. Despite the large number of countries publishing in this field, most of funded studies came from Brazil, Mexico, China, South Africa, or the United States of America. The analysis of content identified few specific public health recommendations for prevention, case-management, or research. Moreover, most papers do not have a clearly defined intended audience. Conclusion: As the research in this field is emerging in several countries, with the generation of a large amount of data, it is necessary that scientists strengthen efforts to translate the research results into practice to curb this neglected infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Costa Albuquerque
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040361, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Zicker
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040361, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040900, Brazil
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Song Y, Li S, Shi Y, Zhao L, Cui Y, Yao L, Zhen Y, Chen R, Cui Y. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Sporothrix globosa isolates from Jilin Province, northeastern China: comparison of yeast and mycelial phases. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:81-90. [PMID: 32557246 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The dimorphic fungus Sporothrix globosa is the predominant etiologic agent causing sporotrichosis in China, particularly in the northeast. It has been demonstrated that the incubation temperature and growth phase can influence in vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles of S. schenckii sensu stricto and S. brasiliensis (sibling species of S. globosa). Few studies have reported on the antifungal susceptibility of S. globosa, especially using large numbers of isolates. In this study, we assessed the susceptibility of 80 isolates of S. globosa originating from Jilin Province, northeastern China, to six antifungal agents (itraconazole, terbinafine, voriconazole, posaconazole, fluconazole, and amphotericin B), at varying incubation temperatures and in different fungal growth phases. The isolates were most sensitive to terbinafine (geometric mean [GM] of the minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]: 0.0356 μg/ml for the mycelial phase at 30 °C, 0.0332 μg/ml for the mycelial phase at 35 °C, and 0.031 μg/ml for the yeast phase, respectively), followed by posaconazole (GM of the MIC: 4.2501 μg/ml for the mycelial phase at 30 °C, 1.4142 μg/ml for the mycelial phase at 35 °C, and 0.7195 μg/ml for the yeast phase, respectively) and itraconazole (GM of the MIC: 6.8448 μg/ml for the mycelial phase at 30 °C, 3.1383 μg/ml for the mycelial phase at 35 °C, and 1.0263 μg/ml for the yeast phase, respectively). The isolates were relatively resistant to fluconazole (GM of the MIC: 76.7716 μg/ml for the mycelial phase at 30 °C, 66.2570 μg/ml for the mycelial phase at 35 °C, and 24.4625 μg/ml for the yeast phase, respectively) and voriconazole (GM of the MIC: 26.2183 μg/ml for the mycelial phase at 30 °C, 13.6895 μg/ml for the mycelial phase at 35 °C, and 1.3899 μg/ml for the yeast phase, respectively). For all the tested azole drugs, the MICs at 30 °C were significantly higher than those at 35 °C (P < 0.001); for all agents except terbinafine, the MICs of S. globosa in the yeast phase were significantly lower than those of the strains in the mycelial phase (P < 0.001). These results show that the sensitivities of S. globosa to antifungal compounds are dependent on incubation temperature and growth phase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study of antifungal susceptibility of S. globosa isolates reported to date. To establish epidemiological cutoff values for S. globosa, further antifungal susceptibility testing studies by independent laboratories located in different regions and using uniform conditions are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lipei Zhao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Cui
- School of Architecture and Design, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruili Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Cruz ILR, Freitas DFS, de Macedo PM, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, do Valle ACF, Almeida MDA, Coelho RA, Brito-Santos F, Figueiredo-Carvalho MHG, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Almeida-Paes R. Evolution of virulence-related phenotypes of Sporothrix brasiliensis isolates from patients with chronic sporotrichosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:5-18. [PMID: 32440844 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis in immunocompromised patients has a high morbidity and may cause deaths. Particularly, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with low T CD4 counts develop a chronic disease, with severe and widespread forms. Recently, the ability of Sporothrix brasiliensis, the main agent of zoonotic sporotrichosis, to increase its virulence in a diabetic patient without HIV infection was described. Since it was a unique finding, it is not known how often this occurs in patients with chronic and refractory sporotrichosis. The aim of this study is to compare sequential Sporothrix isolates obtained from patients with sporotrichosis and AIDS in order to detect changes in virulence-related phenotypes and acquisition of antifungal resistance during the evolution of the disease. Fungal growth in different substrates, antifungal susceptibility, thermotolerance, resistance to oxidative stress, and production of hydrolytic enzymes were evaluated. Correlations were assessed between clinical and phenotypic variables. Sixteen isolates, all identified as S. brasiliensis, obtained from five patients were studied. They grew well on glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, but poorly on lactate. Except from isolates collected from two patients, which were non-wild type for terbinafine, they were considered wild type for the antifungal drugs tested. Thermotolerance of the isolates was moderate to high. Except for phytase and phospholipase, isolates were able to produce virulence-related enzymes on different levels. Changes in all studied phenotypes were observed during the course of the disease in some patients. The results show that the HIV-driven immunosuppression is more relevant than fungal phenotypes on the unfavorable outcomes of disseminated sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Ludmila Rodrigues Cruz
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscila Marques de Macedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Francesconi do Valle
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos de Abreu Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Rowena Alves Coelho
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Brito-Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Galdino Figueiredo-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
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Parker N, Strong N, Pichetsurnthorn P, Lalich D, Moore T. Disseminated Sporotrichosis With Brain Abscesses in an HIV-Infected Patient. Cureus 2020; 12:e8016. [PMID: 32399376 PMCID: PMC7212747 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a mycotic infection caused by the Sporothrix schenckii species complex. It typically presents as a localized, mostly cutaneous or lymphocutaneous infection, but has been increasingly presenting as a disseminated infection in immunocompromised individuals, especially in HIV/AIDS patients. We also included a literature review of sporotrichosis in this patient population. The aim of this case report is to raise awareness about atypical presentations of sporotrichosis in an attempt to decrease the time to diagnosis, initiate treatment earlier when infection is suspected, and improve overall survival in vulnerable patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Parker
- Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, USA
| | - Nora Strong
- Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Moore
- Infectious Disease, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, USA
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46
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Etchecopaz A, Lanza N, Toscanini M, Devoto T, Pola S, Daneri G, Iovannitti C, Cuestas M. Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis in Argentina: Case report, molecular identification and in vitro susceptibility pattern to antifungal drugs. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:100908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Rodrigues AM, Della Terra PP, Gremião ID, Pereira SA, Orofino-Costa R, de Camargo ZP. The threat of emerging and re-emerging pathogenic Sporothrix species. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:813-842. [PMID: 32052359 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a neglected subcutaneous mycosis of humans and animals acquired by traumatic inoculation of soil and plant material (classical route) contaminated with infectious propagules of the pathogen or being bitten/scratched by infected cats (alternative route). Within a genus composed of 53 species displaying an essentially environmental core, there are only a few members which have considerable impacts on human or animal health. Infections are typically caused by S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii or S. globosa. Rare mammal pathogens include members of the S. pallida and S. stenocereus complexes. To illustrate the tremendous impact of emerging zoonotic sporotrichosis on public health, we discuss the main features of the expanding epidemics driven by S. brasiliensis in cats and humans. The cat entry in the transmission chain of sporotrichosis, causing epizooties (cat-cat) or zoonosis (cat-human), has contributed to the definition of new paradigms in Sporothrix transmission, reaching epidemic levels, making the disease a serious public health problem. Indeed, S. brasiliensis infection in humans and animals is likely to become even more important in the future, with projections of its expansion in biogeographic domains and host range, as well as greater virulence in mammals. Therefore, lessons from a long-standing outbreak in the state of Rio de Janeiro about the source and distribution of the etiological agents among outbreak areas can be used to create better control and prevention plans and increase awareness of sporotrichosis as a serious emerging zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil.
| | - Paula Portella Della Terra
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Isabella Dib Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosane Orofino-Costa
- Dermatology Department, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FCM-UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
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48
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Yao L, Song Y, Zhou J, Cui Y, Li S. Epidemiological and clinical comparisons of paediatric and adult sporotrichosis in Jilin Province, China. Mycoses 2019; 63:308-313. [PMID: 31829465 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Jun‐feng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Shan‐Shan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
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49
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The Role of Melanin in Fungal Pathogenesis for Animal Hosts. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 422:1-30. [PMID: 31278515 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of pigments that are ubiquitous throughout biology. They play incredibly diverse and important roles ranging from radiation protection to immune defense, camouflage, and virulence. Fungi have evolved to use melanin to be able to persist in the environment and within organisms. Fungal melanins are often located within the cell well and are able to neutralize reactive oxygen species and other radicals, defend against UV radiation, bind and sequester non-specific peptides and compounds, and produce a physical barrier that defends the cell. For this reason, melanized fungi are often well-suited to be human pathogens-melanin allows fungi to neutralize the microbicidal oxidative bursts of our innate immune system, bind and inactivate to antimicrobial peptides and enzymes, sequester antifungal pharmaceuticals, and create a shield to block immune recognition of the fungus. Due to the importance and pervasiveness of melanin in fungal virulence, mammalian immune systems have evolved antifungal strategies that involve directly detecting and binding to fungal melanins. Such strategies include the use of melanin-specific antibody responses and C-type lectins like the newly discovered melanin-specific MelLec receptor.
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50
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Almeida-Paes R, Brito-Santos F, Oliveira MME, Bailão AM, Borges CL, Araújo GRDS, Frases S, Soares CMDA, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. Interaction with Pantoea agglomerans Modulates Growth and Melanization of Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:367-381. [PMID: 31214857 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii stand as the most virulent agents of sporotrichosis, a worldwide-distributed subcutaneous mycosis. The origin of Sporothrix virulence seems to be associated with fungal interactions with organisms living in the same environment. To assess this hypothesis, the growth of these two species in association with Pantoea agglomerans, a bacterium with a habitat similar to Sporothrix spp., was evaluated. Growth, melanization, and gene expression of the fungus were compared in the presence or absence of the bacterium in the same culture medium. Both S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii grew in contact with P. agglomerans yielding heavily melanized conidia after 5 days of incubation at 30 °C in Sabouraud agar. This increased melanin production occurred around bacterial colonies, suggesting that fungal melanization is triggered by a diffusible bacterial product, which is also supported by a similar pattern of melanin production during Sporothrix spp. growth in contact with heat-killed P. agglomerans. Growth of P. agglomerans was similar in the presence or absence of the fungus. However, the growth of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii was initially inhibited, but further enhanced when these species were co-cultured with P. agglomerans. Moreover, fungi were able to use killed bacteria as both carbon and nitrogen sources for growth. Representational difference analysis identified overexpressed genes related to membrane transport when S. brasiliensis was co-cultured with the bacteria. The down-regulation of metabolism-related genes appears to be related to nutrient availability during bacterial exploitation. These findings can lead to a better knowledge on Sporothrix ecology and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Brito-Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Glauber Ribeiro de Souza Araújo
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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