1
|
Rahravani M, Moravedji M, Mostafavi E, Mozoun MM, Zeeyaie AH, Mohammadi M, Seyfi H, Adhami G, Esmaeili S, Ameri M. Clinical, hematological and molecular evaluation of piroplasma and Anaplasma infections in small ruminants and tick vectors from Kurdistan province, western Iran. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:44-56. [PMID: 37080001 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne haemoparasite infections are a major challenge in small ruminant (SR) production across tropical areas. The present study evaluated the prevalence of Theileria, Babesia and Anaplasma in SRs and their tick vectors and estimated the association between pathogen prevalence with clinical hematological findings among SR populations in Kurdistan province, western Iran. In total, 250 blood samples and 250 tick species (one per animal) were collected from SR populations, along with clinical and hematological examinations. Microscopy of blood smears and molecular analysis were performed to detect potential infection with Theileria, Babesia and Anaplasma. Moreover, haemoparasites were explored in the isolated ticks using semi-nested PCR. Based on microscopy, the prevalence of Theileria, Anaplasma and Babesia infections was 91.2%, 23.2% and 2.4%, respectively. Semi-nested PCR analysis of blood samples demonstrated 86.8%, 78.8% and 14% prevalence for T. ovis, A. ovis and B. ovis, respectively. Dermacentor marginatus and Rhipicephalus turanicus were predominant isolated tick vectors from SR, while D. marginatus was the most contaminated tick in all investigated counties. There were, also, a statistically significant association between the estimated molecular prevalence rates with semi-yellow conjunctiva (A. ovis), body temperature (T. ovis and A. ovis), heart rate (T. ovis and B. ovis), mean white blood cell count (T. ovis and A. ovis), mean red blood cell count (T. ovis and B. ovis), as well as mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in all haemoparasite infections. Future studies are recommended to reveal the epidemiology of such infections in SRs in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahravani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Meysam Moravedji
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Ghazaaleh Adhami
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Saber Esmaeili
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Ameri
- Clinical Pathology, Non-Clinical Safety (NCS), In Vitro/In Vivo Translation (IVIVT), GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., Collegeville, PA. 19426, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Addo SO, Bentil RE, Yartey KN, Ansah-Owusu J, Behene E, Opoku-Agyeman P, Bruku S, Asoala V, Mate S, Larbi JA, Baidoo PK, Wilson MD, Diclaro JW, Dadzie SK. First molecular identification of multiple tick-borne pathogens in livestock within Kassena-Nankana, Ghana. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe risk of pathogen transmission continues to increase significantly in the presence of tick vectors due to the trade of livestock across countries. In Ghana, there is a lack of data on the incidence of tick-borne pathogens that are of zoonotic and veterinary importance. This study, therefore, aimed to determine the prevalence of such pathogens in livestock using molecular approaches. A total of 276 dry blood spots were collected from cattle (100), sheep (95) and goats (81) in the Kassena-Nankana Districts. The samples were analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and conventional assays and Sanger sequencing that targeted pathogens including Rickettsia, Coxiella, Babesia, Theileria, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. An overall prevalence of 36.96% was recorded from the livestock DBS, with mixed infections seen in 7.97% samples. Furthermore, the prevalence of infections in livestock was recorded to be 19.21% in sheep, 14.13% in cattle, and 3.62% in goats. The pathogens identified were Rickettsia spp. (3.26%), Babesia sp. Lintan (8.70%), Theileria orientalis (2.17%), Theileria parva (0.36%), Anaplasma capra (18.48%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1.81%), Anaplasma marginale (3.26%) and Anaplasma ovis (7.25%). This study reports the first molecular identification of the above-mentioned pathogens in livestock in Ghana and highlights the use of dry blood spots in resource-limited settings. In addition, this research provides an update on tick-borne pathogens in Ghana, suggesting risks to livestock production and human health. Further studies will be essential to establish the distribution and epidemiology of these pathogens in Ghana.
Collapse
|
3
|
Francois Millien M, Saint-Louis D, Michel D. Overview of the Main Species of Ticks and Animal and Human Tick-Related Diseases in the Caribbean, Particularly in Haiti. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.106080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caribbean region faces a wide diversity of ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in animals and humans. But to date, these have been the subject of few studies, resulting in a relative lack of knowledge of their epidemiology, pathogenicity, and the best prevention and control methods. Ticks are hematophagous mites, which feed on the blood of mammals, birds, and reptiles. They are subdivided into two large families: the Ixodidae or hard ticks and the Argasidae or soft ticks. Each collection of blood by ticks from infected hosts can lead to their infection, which will contaminate other previously unharmed animals and contribute to the spread of tick-borne diseases caused mainly by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It seems important to us to draw up a state of knowledge on ticks. Some long-known tick species like Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, and Amblyomma and diseases like Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis deserve to be better studied, and others are yet to be identified for further research. The study consists of a review of the various documents published on this theme by Haitian and foreign researchers. The data are analyzed to assess the spatiotemporal distribution of ticks and identify the pathogenic germs they harbor and the various pathologies they induce in the Caribbean and Haiti.
Collapse
|
4
|
Charles RA, Bermúdez S, Banović P, Alvarez DO, Díaz-Sánchez AA, Corona-González B, Etter EMC, Rodríguez González I, Ghafar A, Jabbar A, Moutailler S, Cabezas-Cruz A. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Central America and the Caribbean: A One Health Perspective. Pathogens 2021; 10:1273. [PMID: 34684222 PMCID: PMC8538257 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks have complex life cycles which involve blood-feeding stages found on wild and domestic animals, with humans as accidental hosts. At each blood-feeding stage, ticks can transmit and/or acquire pathogens from their hosts. Therefore, the circulation of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), especially the zoonotic ones, should be studied in a multi-layered manner, including all components of the chain of infections, following the 'One Health' tenets. The implementation of such an approach requires coordination among major stakeholders (such as veterinarians, physicians, acarologists, and researchers) for the identification of exposure and infection risks and application of effective prevention measures. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in Central America and the Caribbean and the challenges associated with the implementation of 'One Health' surveillance and control programs in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne A Charles
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sergio Bermúdez
- Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Research, Panama 0816-02593, Panama
| | - Pavle Banović
- Ambulance for Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Microbiology with Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | - Belkis Corona-González
- Department of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba
| | - Eric Marcel Charles Etter
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France
- ASTRE, University de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Islay Rodríguez González
- Department of Mycology-Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Marianao 13, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Abdul Ghafar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, the University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, the University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Sara Moutailler
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Niaz S, Ur Rahman Z, Ali I, Cossío-Bayúgar R, Amaro-Estrada I, Alanazi AD, Khattak I, Zeb J, Nasreen N, Khan A. Molecular prevalence, characterization and associated risk factors of Anaplasma spp. and Theileria spp. in small ruminants in Northern Pakistan. Parasite 2021; 28:3. [PMID: 33416491 PMCID: PMC7792498 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in four districts (Malakand, Swat, Bajaur and Shangla) of Northern Pakistan to investigate the prevalence, associated risk factors and phylogenetic analyses of Theileria and Anaplasma species in small ruminants. A total of 800 blood samples, 200 from each district, were collected from apparently healthy animals. PCR assays were performed using generic primers for Anaplasma spp. and Theileria spp. as well as species specific primers for A. ovis and T. ovis. Overall infection prevalence was 361/800 (45.1%). Theileria spp. infection prevalence (187/800, 23.3%) was higher than Anaplasma spp. (174/800, 21.7%). Amplified partial 18S rRNA genes were sequenced and enrolled animals were found to be infected by T. ovis (115/800, 14.3%), and at least two more Theileria species (72/800, 9%) were present (T. lestoquardi and T. annulata). All blood samples that were found to be positive for Anaplasma spp. were also positive for A. ovis. Infection prevalence was higher in sheep (227/361, 28.3%) compared to goats (134/361, 16.6%) (p < 0.005). Univariable analysis of risk factors showed that host, age, grazing system and acaricide treatment were significant determinants (p < 0.05) for both Theileria and Anaplasma infections. Multivariable analysis revealed that host, sex, age, tick infestation and grazing system were significant risk factors (p < 0.005) for both pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed variants among the A. ovis and T. annulata samples analysed, indicating that different genotypes are circulating in the field while T. ovis presented the same genotype for the samples analysed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rahman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534 Jiutepec 62550 Morelos México
| | - Itzel Amaro-Estrada
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534 Jiutepec 62550 Morelos México
| | - Abdullah D. Alanazi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University P.O. Box 1040 11911 Ad-Dawadimi Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Khattak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Jehan Zeb
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Toru Road, Sheikh Maltoon Town 23200 Mardan Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Obaidi QT, Hasan SD, Alsaad KM. Clinical, haematological and blood biochemical parameters in Arabian one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) with Babesia caballi infection. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to diagnose Babesia caballi in one-humped camels in Nineveh governorate, Iraq, using microscopic examination and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to evaluate the clinical, haematological and blood biochemical parameters in camels. A total of 62 camels from local breeds, 2-7 years old from both sexes, reared in Nineveh Governorate, were naturally infected with B. caballi and 12 clinically healthy camels were used as controls based on clinical and laboratory examination. Babesia caballi was diagnosed as pear-shaped organisms, existing mainly in pairs within the erythrocytes in blood smears stained by Giemsa, with mean parasitaemia rate 8.59±0.13%. Blood smears stained by acridine orange and conventional PCR confirmed B. caballi diagnosis. Infected camels were found to be suffering from partial or total loss of appetite, emaciation, pale mucous membranes, irregular heart beats, rough hair coat, digestive disturbances, haemoglobinuria and presence of ticks on various body parts. There was considerably elevated body temperature, respiratory and heart rates among infected camels in comparison with control groups. Haematological examinations indicated a statistically significant (P<0.05) decrease in red blood cell counts, haemoglobin and haematocrit with macrocytic hypochromic anaemia. Additionally, leukocytosis due to significant (P<0.05) rise in total leukocyte count and lymphocytes in infected camels in comparison with controls besides a significant (P<0.05) decrease in platelet count and fibrinogen were demonstrated. On the other hand, the mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, clotting time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were significantly (P<0.05) elevated in infected camels vs control. Biochemical analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) rise in troponin I, creatine phosphokinase myocardial band and lactate dehydrogenase in infected camels compared to healthy animals. This study concluded that B. caballi infected camels might be endemic in Nineveh governorate, Iraq. Babesia caballi in camels causes clinical, haematological, and blood biochemical changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q. T. Al-Obaidi
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Iraq
| | - S. D. Hasan
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Iraq
| | - K. M. Alsaad
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stuen S. Haemoparasites-Challenging and Wasting Infections in Small Ruminants: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2179. [PMID: 33266365 PMCID: PMC7700527 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemoparasites include bacteria, mycoplasma, protozoa and flagellates inhabiting the bloodstream of living hosts. These infections occur worldwide and are transmitted by vectors, especially ticks and tsetse flies. Geographical distribution varies due to movements of animals and vectors between geographical areas, and even between countries and continents. These changes may be caused by climate change, directly and indirectly, and have a huge effect on the epidemiology of these microbes. Active and ongoing surveillance is necessary to obtain reliable maps concerning the distribution of these infections in order to do proper risk assessment and efficient prophylactic treatment. Genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Mycoplasma, Babesia, Theileria and Trypanosoma include common haemoparasite species in small ruminants causing a variety of clinical manifestations from high fatality rates to more subclinical infections, depending on the species or strain involved. These infections may also cause ill-thift or long-lasting wasting conditions. Life-long infections are a common feature of these pathogens. The present review will focus on haemoparasites in small ruminants, especially related to challenging and wasting infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snorre Stuen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-4325 Sandnes, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Obregón Alvarez D, Corona-González B, Rodríguez-Mallón A, Rodríguez Gonzalez I, Alfonso P, Noda Ramos AA, Díaz-Sánchez AA, González Navarrete M, Rodríguez Fernández R, Méndez Mellor L, Catanese HN, Peláez M, Alemán Gainza Y, Marrero-Perera R, Roblejo-Arias L, Lobo-Rivero E, Silva CB, Fonseca AH, Roque López E, Cabezas-Cruz A. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Cuba, Half a Century of Scientific Research. Pathogens 2020; 9:E616. [PMID: 32731487 PMCID: PMC7459505 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks and the vast array of pathogens they transmit, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. In Cuba, the major tropical island in the Caribbean, ticks are an important cause of vector-borne diseases affecting livestock production, pet animal health and, to a lesser extent, human health. The higher number of tick species in the country belong to the Argasidae family and, probably less known, is the presence of an autochthonous tick species in the island, Ixodes capromydis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affecting animal and human health in Cuba. The review covers research results including ecophysiology of ticks, the epidemiology of TBPs, and the diagnostic tools used currently in the country for the surveillance of TBPs. We also introduce the programs implemented in the country for tick control and the biotechnology research applied to the development of anti-tick vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel Obregón Alvarez
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Belkis Corona-González
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Alina Rodríguez-Mallón
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31 between 158 and 190, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba;
| | - Islay Rodríguez Gonzalez
- Department of Mycology-Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Apartado Postal 601, Marianao 13, Havana 17100, Cuba; (I.R.G.); (A.A.N.R.)
| | - Pastor Alfonso
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Angel A. Noda Ramos
- Department of Mycology-Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Apartado Postal 601, Marianao 13, Havana 17100, Cuba; (I.R.G.); (A.A.N.R.)
| | - Adrian A. Díaz-Sánchez
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada;
| | - Maylin González Navarrete
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian University of Havana, Carretera Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Km 23½, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (M.G.N.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Rafmary Rodríguez Fernández
- National Laboratory of Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Autopista San Antonio de los Baños, Km 1½, San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa 38100, Cuba; (R.R.F.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Luis Méndez Mellor
- National Laboratory of Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Autopista San Antonio de los Baños, Km 1½, San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa 38100, Cuba; (R.R.F.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Helen N. Catanese
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State, University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Manuel Peláez
- Direction of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Ave. Boyeros y Conill, Plaza, Havana 10600, Cuba;
| | - Yousmel Alemán Gainza
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil;
| | - Roxana Marrero-Perera
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Lisset Roblejo-Arias
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Evelyn Lobo-Rivero
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Claudia B. Silva
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil;
| | - Adivaldo H. Fonseca
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil;
| | - Eugenio Roque López
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian University of Havana, Carretera Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Km 23½, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (M.G.N.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bishop RP, Kappmeyer LS, Onzere CK, Odongo DO, Githaka N, Sears KP, Knowles DP, Fry LM. Equid infective Theileria cluster in distinct 18S rRNA gene clades comprising multiple taxa with unusually broad mammalian host ranges. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:261. [PMID: 32430015 PMCID: PMC7236219 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine theileriosis, a tick-transmitted disease caused by the hemoprotozoan parasites Theileria equi and Theileria haneyi, affects equids throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a significant regulatory concern in non-endemic countries, where testing for equine theileriosis is required prior to horse import to prevent parasite entry. Within endemic areas, infection causes significant morbidity and mortality, leading to economic losses. No vaccine for equine theileriosis is available, and current drug treatment protocols are inconsistent and associated with significant side effects. Recent work has revealed substantial genetic variability among equine theileriosis organisms, and analysis of ribosomal DNA from affected animals around the world indicates that the organisms can be grouped into five distinct clades. As these diverse parasites are capable of infecting a wide range of both tick and mammalian hosts, movement of different equine Theileria species between endemic countries, and eventually into non-endemic countries, is a significant concern. Furthermore, the substantial genetic variability of these organisms will likely render currently utilized importation diagnostic tests unable to detect all equine Theileria spp. To this end, more complete characterization of these diverse parasites is critical to the continued global control of equine theileriosis. This review discusses current knowledge of equine Theileria spp. in this context, and highlights new opportunities and challenges for workers in this field.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Lowell S Kappmeyer
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Cynthia K Onzere
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - David O Odongo
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Kelly P Sears
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA. .,Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhoora RV, Collins NE, Schnittger L, Troskie C, Marumo R, Labuschagne K, Smith RM, Dalton DL, Mbizeni S. Molecular genotyping and epidemiology of equine piroplasmids in South Africa. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101358. [PMID: 31870636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently reported substantial genetic diversity within Theileria equi 18S rRNA gene sequences has led to the identification of five genotypes A, B, C, D, and E, complicating molecular and serological diagnosis. In addition, T. haneyi has lately been reported as a species closely related to the T. equi 18S rRNA genotype C (Knowles et al., 2018). Theileria spp. of this group have a monophyletic origin and are therefore referred to as Equus group to distinguish them from the remaining Theileria lineages (Jalovecka et al., 2019). In this study, we report on the development of genotype-specific quantitative real-time PCR assays capable of detecting and distinguishing between each parasite genotype. Alignment of complete 18S rRNA sequences available on GenBank allowed for the design of a single primer pair and five TaqMan minor groove binder (MGB™) probes specific for each genotype (A-E). The assays, evaluated as qPCR simplex and two qPCR multiplex formats (Multiplex EP-ABC and Multiplex EP-DE), were shown to be both efficient and specific in the detection of T. equi genotypes. The developed qPCR assays were used to study (i) the intra-specific diversity of parasite genotypes within horse and zebra, (ii) the inter-specific differences in parasite genotype diversity in horses as compared to zebra, and (iii) the geographic distribution of T. equi 18S rRNA genotypes in South Africa. In addition, (iv) the presence of T. haneyi in South Africa was evaluated. An assessment of 342 equine field samples comprising 149 field horses, 55 racehorses, and 138 wild zebra confirmed the previously reported presence of T. equi 18S rRNA genotypes A, B, C, and D, and absence of genotype E in South African equids. Theileria equi genotypes A, B, C, and D, were detected in zebra, whereas only genotypes A, C and D, could be identified in field horses, and only genotypes A and C in racehorses. Genotypes B and D were the dominant genotypes identified in zebra in South Africa, while horses were predominantly infected with T. equi genotypes A and C. The greater diversity of T. equi genotypes in zebra suggests that it is an ancestral host for this piroplasmid lineage. Importantly, evidence is presented that each identified T. equi genotype segregates independently in each of the three studied equid populations reinforcing the notion that they represent individual separate entities corresponding to species. Preliminary investigations of the relationship between T. equi genotype C infections and Theileria haneyi, suggest that in addition to the five currently known T. equi genotypes, South African equids are also infected with T. haneyi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Vasantrai Bhoora
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Nicola Elaine Collins
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Leonhard Schnittger
- Instituto de Patobiologia Veterinaria, Centre of Research in Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, INTA-Castelar, Prov. De Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ, CABA, Argentina
| | - Christo Troskie
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Ratselane Marumo
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Karien Labuschagne
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Rae Marvin Smith
- South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), National Zoological Garden, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Desire Lee Dalton
- South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), National Zoological Garden, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Sikhumbuzo Mbizeni
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Molecular Detection of Theileria ovis and Theleiria equi in Livestock from Palestine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11557. [PMID: 31399617 PMCID: PMC6688999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria and Babesia are intracellular protozoan parasites infecting a wide range of animals. In Palestine, there is limited information on the prevalence of Theileria and Babesia spp. in livestock. We used PCR of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene followed by DNA sequencing to detect and identify parasite DNA in blood samples from sheep (n = 49), goats (n = 48), horses (n = 40), camels (n = 34), donkeys (n = 28) and mules (n = 2) from four districts of Palestine. DNA of T. ovis and T. equi was detected in 19 and 2 ovine blood samples, respectively. None of the camels, donkeys, and goats were positive for T. ovis. Sheep had a significantly higher rate of infection than other animals (P < 0.05). Theileria ovis is highly prevalent in sheep, while T. equi DNA was detected in a small proportion of the equids in Palestine.
Collapse
|
12
|
Epidemiological Study of Equine Piroplasmosis ( Theileria equi and Babesia caballi) by Microscopic Examination and Competitive-ELISA in Erbil Province North-Iraq. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 14:404-412. [PMID: 31673258 PMCID: PMC6815869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine piroplasmosis is a major tick-borne disease that can lead to serious health problems and economic losses in horse industry. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in different species of Equus namely (Horse, mule, donkey and pony) by Giemsa stained blood films and competitive ELISA. METHODS This study was conducted at various geographic areas of Erbil governorate. A total of 349 blood samples from equine (209 horses, 62 mule, 57 donkey and 21 ponies) were collected to estimate the prevalence rate of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi by using Giemsa stained blood smear and competitive ELISA. RESULTS The overall prevalence rates were (10.6%) consisting of (8.3%), (1.7%) and (0.6) for T. equi, B. caballi and both infection respectively by Giemsa stained blood smears, and the rate was 38.97%, consisting of 20.9% for T. equi, 11.2% for B. caballi and 6.9% for both infection by cELISA. Seroprevalence rate of T. equi was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that B. caballi in equids. There was also a significant difference associated between age (P < 0.01), activity (P < 0.01), management (P < 0.001) and tick infestation (P < 0.001), but neither the type of equids nor the gender was significant differences associated with prevalence rate. CONCLUSION The present study concluded that the equine piroplasmosis is a vital infection distributed among the equine in Erbil province North of Iraq. Thus a better control programme should be implemented to contain and control the prevalence of the disease within the area.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu ZQ, Song JK, Zhang HJ, Liu TL, Fan XC, Zhao GH. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THEILERIA SPP. IN GOATS FROM SHAANXI PROVINCE, NORTHWESTERN CHINA. J Parasitol 2018; 104:726-731. [PMID: 30106337 DOI: 10.1645/18-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Theileriosis is an important tick-borne pathogen of livestock globally, causing severe reduction of livestock productivity and economic loss. To systematically investigate the prevalence and species of Theileria spp. in goats from Shaanxi province, a total of 509 blood samples were collected from dairy, cashmere and meat goats from 7 counties, and examined by using the microscopic examination and the nested PCR targeting the SSU rRNA gene. Of them, 268 (52.7%, 268/509) were positive for Theileria infection. The prevalence was closely associated with ages and production categories. The highest infection was found in meat goats of 7 to 12-months, and lowest was detected in cashmere goats of 3 to 6 months. Sequence analysis indicated the presence of 2 Theileria species, with Theileria luwenshuni as the prevalent species and the first report of Theileria sp. OT3 in goats in China. These findings indicated the wide distribution of Theileria spp. in goats of Shaanxi province, and would shed new light on the distribution of this parasite in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- * College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
First molecular evidence of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses in Cuba. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3109-3118. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Occurrence of tick-borne haemoparasites in cattle in the Mungwi District, Northern Province, Zambia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:707-717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
16
|
Gondard M, Cabezas-Cruz A, Charles RA, Vayssier-Taussat M, Albina E, Moutailler S. Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of the Caribbean: Current Understanding and Future Directions for More Comprehensive Surveillance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:490. [PMID: 29238699 PMCID: PMC5713125 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods of significant importance to human and veterinary medicine. They transmit a vast array of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Most epidemiological data on ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in the West Indies are limited to common livestock pathogens such as Ehrlichia ruminantium, Babesia spp. (i.e., B. bovis and B. bigemina), and Anaplasma marginale, and less information is available on companion animal pathogens. Of note, human tick-borne diseases (TBDs) remain almost completely uncharacterized in the West Indies. Information on TBP presence in wildlife is also missing. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the ticks and TBPs affecting human and animal health in the Caribbean, and introduce the challenges associated with understanding TBD epidemiology and implementing successful TBD management in this region. In particular, we stress the need for innovative and versatile surveillance tools using high-throughput pathogen detection (e.g., high-throughput real-time microfluidic PCR). The use of such tools in large epidemiological surveys will likely improve TBD prevention and control programs in the Caribbean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gondard
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, France
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceské Budejovice, Czechia
- Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceské Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Roxanne A. Charles
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit-Bourg, France
- INRA, UMR 1319 ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Borner J, Burmester T. Parasite infection of public databases: a data mining approach to identify apicomplexan contaminations in animal genome and transcriptome assemblies. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:100. [PMID: 28103801 PMCID: PMC5244568 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contaminations from various exogenous sources are a common problem in next-generation sequencing. Another possible source of contaminating DNA are endogenous parasites. On the one hand, undiscovered contaminations of animal sequence assemblies may lead to erroneous interpretation of data; on the other hand, when identified, parasite-derived sequences may provide a valuable source of information. Results Here we show that sequences deriving from apicomplexan parasites can be found in many animal genome and transcriptome projects, which in most cases derived from an infection of the sequenced host specimen. The apicomplexan sequences were extracted from the sequence assemblies using a newly developed bioinformatic pipeline (ContamFinder) and tentatively assigned to distinct taxa employing phylogenetic methods. We analysed 920 assemblies and found 20,907 contigs of apicomplexan origin in 51 of the datasets. The contaminating species were identified as members of the apicomplexan taxa Gregarinasina, Coccidia, Piroplasmida, and Haemosporida. For example, in the platypus genome assembly, we found a high number of contigs derived from a piroplasmid parasite (presumably Theileria ornithorhynchi). For most of the infecting parasite species, no molecular data had been available previously, and some of the datasets contain sequences representing large amounts of the parasite’s gene repertoire. Conclusion Our study suggests that parasite-derived contaminations represent a valuable source of information that can help to discover and identify new parasites, and provide information on previously unknown host-parasite interactions. We, therefore, argue that uncurated assembly data should routinely be made available in addition to the final assemblies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3504-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janus Borner
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Burmester
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ozubek S, Aktas M. Molecular and Parasitological Survey of Ovine Piroplasmosis, Including the First Report of Theileria annulata (Apicomplexa: Theileridae) in Sheep and Goats from Turkey. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:212-220. [PMID: 28082649 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood and tick samples were collected from 333 apparently healthy sheep and 257 goats as well as 10 sheep exhibiting clinical signs of babesiosis in Adana, Gaziantep, and Adiyaman Provinces in southern Turkey. Fully engorged female ticks were selected and maintained in an incubator until they oviposited. The tick carcasses and their egg masses were examined. Piroplasms compatible with Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. were observed in both symptomatic and asymptomatic small ruminants. Genomic DNA isolates from blood of ovine, tick samples, and egg masses were screened for piroplasms by utilizing 18S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and reverse line blotting (RLB) assays. Parasitemia ranged from 0.01% to 5.6% of erythrocytes in clinical cases. RLB showed positivity in 239 (40.5%) of the sampled apparently healthy sheep and goats and revealed the presence of three Theileria and one Babesia species. Theileria ovis was the most prevalent (35.4%), followed by Babesia ovis (5.4%), Theileria annulata (3.9%), and Theileria sp. MK (0.3%). Thirty-two small ruminants infected with T. ovis were also infected with B. ovis One animal infected with T. ovis was also infected with Theileria sp. MK. Ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma excavatum, Haemaphysalis parva, and Hyalomma anatolicum Egg masses of two female R. bursa carcasses were infected with B. ovis This is the first report of theileriosis caused by T. annulata in sheep and goats in Turkey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ozubek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, 23119, Turkey (; )
| | - M Aktas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, 23119, Turkey (; )
| |
Collapse
|