Chicken Is a Useful Model to Investigate the Role of Adipokines in Metabolic and Reproductive Diseases

Chemerin abundance in egg white and its expression with receptors in extra-embryonic annexes of Pekin ducks: implications for embryo development

Embryonic mortality is a significant problem in the commercial duck industry worldwide. Therefore, identification of new biomarkers for duck embryo development is necessary. In the chicken (order Galliformes), we previously showed that chemerin is a hormone locally produced by the reproductive tract in hens, particularly in the magnum area, leading to its accumulation in the egg white and within the embryo annexes during embryonic development. We therefore hypothesized that the chemerin concentration in egg white could be a biomarker of egg performance and reproductive parameters in Pekin ducks (order Anseriformes). Thus, we collected eggs from Pekin ducks over a 5-d period at three stages of the laying period (before the laying peak, after the laying peak, and at the end of the laying period) to measure the chemerin concentrations in egg white by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The chemerin concentration in egg white decreased during the laying period and was not associated with reproductive parameters. We found negative correlations between the chemerin level in egg white and the albumen weight. Reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that chemerin and its three receptors CMKLR1, GPR1, and CCRL2 were expressed in the reproductive tract and within allantoic and amniotic annexes during embryo development. Chemerin concentrations strongly increased in amniotic fluid on embryonic day 16 (ED16) when the egg white was transferred into the amniotic sac. Finally, chemerin inhibition in egg white by in ovo injections of anti-chemerin antibodies (0.01, 0.1, and 1 µg) increased the embryo mortality rate. These data demonstrate the important role of the chemerin system during egg formation and embryo development in Pekin ducks, suggesting their potential use as biomarkers for determining the quality of poultry eggs and embryo development.

Quercetin ameliorates lipid deposition in primary hepatocytes of the chicken embryo

1. The accumulation of excessive fat plays a role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and phytogenic feed additives have the potential to ameliorate this. This study involved the isolation and culture of primary hepatocytes from chicken embryos to establish a model of hepatic steatosis induced by oleic acid/dexamethasone (OA/DEX). Lipid accumulation and cell viability were assessed using Nile Red staining, Oil Red O staining and cell count Kit -8 (CCK8) following treatment with varying concentrations of quercetin (Que). The potential mechanism by which Que exerts its effects was preliminarily investigated.2. The results indicated that OA effectively treated lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. There was no notable variance in cell proliferation between the normal and OA/DEX groups when subjected to Que treatment at concentrations of 1000 ng/ml and 10 000 ng/ml. Triglycerides and cholesterol (low and high density) decreased with Que treatment, with the most substantial reduction observed at 10 000 ng/ml.3. Gene expression levels decreased to levels similar to those in the control groups. Western blot data demonstrated that sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) protein expression correlated with its mRNA expression level. Que mitigated lipid accumulation through the alpha serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Expression levels of lipid-related genes (APOB, PPARα, CYP3A5 and SREBP-1) decreased to levels similar to the control groups. Western blot data demonstrated that the SREBP-1 protein expression correlated with its mRNA expression level.4. Supplementation with Que ameliorated lipid accumulation through AKT and ERK signalling pathway in OA/DEX-induced high-fat hepatocytes.

Development of fatty liver disease model using high cholesterol and low choline diet in white leghorn chickens

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which shows similar symptoms as fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome (FLHS) in chickens, is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and cancer in humans. NAFLD patients and FLHS in chickens have demonstrated severe liver disorders when infected by emerging strains of human hepatitis E virus (HEV) and avian HEV, respectively. We sought to develop a fatty liver disease chicken model by altering the diet of 3-week-old white leghorn chickens. The high cholesterol, and low choline (HCLC) diet included 7.6% fat with additional 2% cholesterol and 800 mg/kg choline in comparison to 5.3% fat, and 1,300 mg/kg choline in the regular diet. Our diet induced fatty liver avian model successfully recapitulates the clinical features seen during NAFLD in humans and FLHS in chickens, including hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis, as indicated by significantly higher serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, liver triglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids. By developing this chicken model, we expect to provide a platform to explore the role of lipids in the liver pathology linked with viral infections and contribute to the development of prophylactic interventions.

E2F transcription factor 5, a new regulator in adipogenesis to mediate the role of Krüppel-like factor 7 in chicken preadipocyte differentiation and proliferation

E2F transcription factor 5 (E2F5) gene is a transcription factor, plays an important role in the development of a variety of cells. E2F5 is expressed in human and mouse adipocytes, but its specific function in adipogenesis is unclear. Krüppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) facilitates proliferation and inhibits differentiation in chicken preadipocytes. Our previous KLF7 chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing analysis revealed a KLF7-binding peak in the 3' flanking region of the E2F5, indicating a regulatory role of KLF7 in this region. In the present study, we investigated E2F5 potential role, the overexpression and knockdown analyses revealed that E2F5 inhibited the differentiation and promoted the proliferation of chicken preadipocytes. Moreover, we identified enhancer activity in the 3' flanking region (nucleotides +22661/+22900) of E2F5 and found that KLF7 overexpression increased E2F5 expression and luciferase activity in this region. Deleting the putative KLF7-binding site eliminated the promoting effect of KLF7 overexpression on E2F5 expression. Further, E2F5 reversed the KLF7-induced decrease in preadipocyte differentiation and increase in preadipocyte proliferation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that KLF7 inhibits differentiation and promotes proliferation in preadipocytes by enhancing E2F5 transcription.

Characterization of reproductive hormones and related gene expression in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the egg-laying interval in White King pigeon

The egg-laying interval (LI) directly reflects the laying performance of breeding pigeons, influenced by reproductive hormones. This study aimed to assess reproductive hormone levels in serum and the expression of related genes and their receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in 4 stages: first (LI1), third (LI3), fifth (LI5), and seventh (LI7) days. The results showed that serum gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) level decreased from LI1 to LI7 (P < 0.01) and peaked in LI1. The serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels stayed at high levels from LI1 to LI5. The FSH level decreased slightly from LI5 to LI7 (P > 0.05), but the LH level decreased rapidly (P < 0.01). The prolactin (PRL) levels significantly increased in LI5 (P < 0.01) compared with LI1 and then stayed at a high level. The GnRH1 expression in the hypothalamus had no significant change in LI (P > 0.05). However, the GnRHR first decreased from LI1 to LI3 (P < 0.05) and then increased. The FSH mRNA level in the pituitary gland decreased from LI1 to LI3 and slightly increased in LI5 (P > 0.05). The change pattern of FSHR was similar to that of FSH and peaked in LI5 (P < 0.05). The LH expression level was the highest in LI5 and significantly higher than that in LI3 and LI7 (P < 0.05). However, the LHR mRNA level decreased in LI (P < 0.05). The expression patterns of PRL and PRLR were similar; they were upregulated in LI and peaked in LI7 (P < 0.01). The expression pattern of GnRHR was similar to that of FSH, LH, and FSHR, suggesting the critical role of GnRHR in LI. Furthermore, the expression levels of these genes peaked in LI5, closely correlating with the maturation of the first largest follicle in pigeons. PRL-PRLR signaling inhibited GnRH activity to promote ovulation. This study provided a basis for further investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of reproduction in pigeons.

Chemerin concentration in egg white in layer and broiler hens during the laying period for 2 successive generations

The genetic selection progress in layers and broilers makes poultry production one of the fastest growing industries. Objectives of the breeding companies are the stability or the increase in the laying rate and the production of viable chicks. New biomarkers are necessary to improve reproductive and egg performances. Chemerin (Chem) produced by oviduct accumulates in egg white (EW). Here, we hypothesized that EW Chem concentration was dependent on the stage of laying and on the breed (layer vs. broiler). In addition, they could be associated to laying performance and fertility parameters. In breeding companies, we collected during 2 successive generations (G0 (mother) and G1 (daughter)) eggs from 100 layers and 100 broilers hens during 5 d at 3 stages: before, after laying peak and at the end of laying period. For each egg, the EW was sampled to measure Chem concentration by ELISA assay. In each generation at the end of laying period, magnums from oviduct, where the EG is formed, were collected in layers and broilers in order to investigate Chem differential expression by RT-qPCR between both breeds. Chem concentration in EW was dependent on the time of laying period and its profile was differently regulated in layers and broilers. Indeed, it increased at the end of laying in layers whereas it decreased after the laying peak in broilers. At the end of laying period, Chem concentration in EW was almost 2-fold higher in layers than in broilers and this was confirmed in both G0 and G1 generations at the Chem mRNA and protein levels in the magnum. For the 2 successive generations, Chem concentration in EW was negatively correlated with the laying rate and the fertility parameter in broiler hens whereas it was negatively correlated with the egg quality (weight of whole egg and weight of albumen) and positively with the fertility rate at some time of laying in layer hens. Taken together, the Chem concentration in EW could be a potential predictive tool for reproductive parameters in genetic selection.

Expression of chemerin and its receptors in extra-embryonic annexes and role of chemerin and its GPR1 receptor in embryo development in layer and broiler hens

Intensive genetic selection of broiler breeders and layer hens resulted in differences in the mechanisms of growth and also in cell metabolism during embryogenesis. Previous research has shown that an adipokine named chemerin and one of these receptors, CMKLR1 were potentially involved in broiler embryo development. Here, our objectives were 1) to compare the expression of chemerin and its receptors CMKLR1, GPR1, and CCRL2 and chemerin concentration in extra-embryonic annexes (allantoic and amniotic membranes and fluids and plasma) in broiler and layer fertile eggs during the development (embryonic day (ED) 7, 14, and 18) by RT-qPCR and specific chicken ELISA and 2) to investigate the role of chemerin and one of its receptors GPR1 in embryo development after in ovo injections of neutralizing antibodies against chicken chemerin and GPR1. We found that chemerin expression in amniotic membranes was higher in layer than broiler eggs at ED7 and ED14 whereas the expression of the 3 receptors was higher in layer than broiler in the allantoic membranes at ED14 and ED18. Chemerin concentration was more important in layer than broiler at ED14 and ED18 in amniotic liquid and at all the studied stages in blood plasma. We also showed positive correlation between amniotic chemerin concentration and chemerin amniotic membrane expression, chemerin plasma concentration and embryo body weight in both breeds. Finally, in ovo injection of chicken chemerin and GPR1 neutralizing antibodies increased embryo mortality in both layer and broiler eggs. Taken together, even if chemerin concentration and chemerin system expression in embryonic membranes are mainly higher expressed in layer than in broiler, chemerin potentially through GPR1 could promote embryo development in both breeds.

The effect of diet density on allometry in pullet growth and early egg production

Understanding the effect of nutrition on pullet growth curves and body composition may help to design new feeding strategies that influence body composition and (long-term) laying performance. Therefore, this study examined the effect of nutrient density (low, medium or high metabolizable energy and essential amino acids), fed in the rearing phase until 17 wk of age, on Hy-Line white W80 pullet growth, body composition development and egg production performance until wk 35. Data were subjected to mixed model analyses. To determine a multiphasic allometric relationship between body components, an overall growth curve was established and inflection points were determined. The linear higher BW at the end of the rearing phase, due to increased diet density, was maintained during the peak production phase until wk 35. Egg production parameters were not affected by rearing diet density. Breast and body crude protein percentages were not influenced by dietary treatments, whereas body crude fat and abdominal fat pad percentages were linearly increased with diet density from early age onward. Body crude protein was initially deposited at the same rate as body dry matter. In a second phase of growth from wk 12 onward, crude protein deposition was lower than body dry matter deposition, but was not influenced by rearing diet. Body crude fat, on the other hand, initially grew at a lower rate than body dry matter, but increased in deposition rate during a second phase of growth starting at wk 2 to 5. Pullets fed the high density diet showed higher deposition of crude fat vs. dry matter as compared to pullets fed the medium density diets in the first phase until wk 2, but exhibited lower crude fat deposition in the second phase until wk 8. These results indicate that until approximately wk 12, crude protein deposition was mainly driving growth and was not influenced by diet density. From wk 5 to 6 onward, crude fat deposition relative to protein deposition increased and this was influenced by diet density from an early age.

A chromosome-level genome assembly for the Silkie chicken resolves complete sequences for key chicken metabolic, reproductive, and immunity genes

A set of high-quality pan-genomes would help identify important genes that are still hidden/incomplete in bird reference genomes. In an attempt to address these issues, we have assembled a de novo chromosome-level reference genome of the Silkie (Gallus gallus domesticus), which is an important avian model for unique traits, like fibromelanosis, with unclear genetic foundation. This Silkie genome includes the complete genomic sequences of well-known, but unresolved, evolutionarily, endocrinologically, and immunologically important genes, including leptin, ovocleidin-17, and tumor-necrosis factor-α. The gap-less and manually annotated MHC (major histocompatibility complex) region possesses 38 recently identified genes, with differentially regulated genes recovered in response to pathogen challenges. We also provide whole-genome methylation and genetic variation maps, and resolve a complex genetic region that may contribute to fibromelanosis in these animals. Finally, we experimentally show leptin binding to the identified leptin receptor in chicken, confirming an active leptin ligand-receptor system. The Silkie genome assembly not only provides a rich data resource for avian genome studies, but also lays a foundation for further functional validation of resolved genes.

Adipokines expression in reproductive tract, egg white and embryonic annexes in hen

In mammals, molecules mainly secreted by white adipose tissue named adipokines are also synthetized locally in the reproductive tract and are able to influence reproductive functions. In avian species, previous studies indicated that the adipokine chemerin is highly abundant in the albumen, compared to the yolk and this was associated to high chemerin expression in the magnum. In addition, the authors observed that chemerin and its receptors are expressed by allantoic and amniotic membranes and chemerin is present in fluids during the embryo development. Here, we studied other adipokines, including adiponectin, visfatin, apelin, and adipolin in egg white and their known receptors in the active (egg-laying hen) and regressed (hen not laying) oviduct and embryonic annexes during embryo development. By using Western blot, RT-qPCR analysis and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated the expression of different adipokines in the egg albumen (visfatin) and the reproductive tract (adiponectin, visfatin, apelin, adipolin, and their cognate receptors) according the position of egg in the oviduct. We showed that the expression of adipokines and adipokines receptors was strongly reduced in the regressed oviducts (arrested laying hen). Results indicated that visfatin and adiponectin appeared at ED11 to 14 and increased until ED18 in amniotic fluid whereas it was found from ED7 and was unchanged during embryo development in allantoic fluid. Taken together, adipokines and their receptors are expressed in the egg white, the reproductive tract and the embryonic annexes. Data obtained suggest important functions of theses metabolic hormones during the chicken embryo development. Thus, adipokines could be potential biomarkers to improve the embryo development.

Role of central Adiponectin and its interactions with NPY and GABAergic systems on food intake in neonatal layer chicken

BACKGROUND & AIM

Adiponectin is a member of the adipokine family and contributes to regulating energy homeostasis, reproduction, and various biological functions, such as insulin receptor signaling pathway sensitivity, mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative metabolism, neurogenesis, and suppression of inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of adiponectin and its interaction with the neuropeptide Y (NPY) and GABAergic systems on central appetite regulation in neonatal layer-type chickens.

MATERIALS & METHODS

In this study, 6 experiments were conducted, each of which included 4 experimental groups. In the first experiment, the chickens were injected with saline and adiponectin (20.73, 41.45, and 62.18 nmol). In the second experiment, saline, adiponectin (62.18 nmol), B5063 (NPY1 receptor antagonist, 2.12 nmol), and simultaneous injections of adiponectin and B5063 were performed. Experiments 3 to 6 were done in the same way to experiment 1, but the chickens were injected with SF22 (NPY2 receptor antagonist, 2.66 nmol), SML0891 (NPY5 receptor antagonist, 2.89 nmol), picrotoxin (GABAA receptor antagonist, 0.89 nmol), CGP54626 (GABAB receptor antagonist, 0.047 nmol) instead of B5063. Feed consumption was measured 120 min after the injection.

RESULTS

A dose-dependent increase in appetite was observed after the injection of adiponectin (20.73, 41.45, and 62.18 nmol) (P<0.05). The injection of B5063 + adiponectin attenuated the hyperphagic effect of adiponectin (P< 0.05). In addition, co-injection of picrotoxin and adiponectin significantly decreased adiponectin-induced hyperphagia (P<0.05). In addition, adiponectin significantly increased the number of steps, jumps, exploratory food, pecks, and standing time, while decreasing sitting time and rest time (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that the hyperphagic effects of adiponectin are probably mediated through NPY1 and GABAA receptors in neonatal layer-type chickens.

Genome-wide survey identifies TNNI2 as a target of KLF7 that inhibits chicken adipogenesis via downregulating FABP4

Krüppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) negatively regulates adipocyte differentiation; however, the mechanism underlying its activity in mammals and birds remains poorly understood. To identify genome-wide KLF7-binding motifs in preadipocytes, we conducted a chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing analysis of immortalized chicken preadipocytes (ICP2), which revealed 11,063 specific binding sites. Intergenic binding site analysis showed that KLF7 regulates several novel factors whose functions in chicken and mammal adipogenesis are underexplored. We identified a novel regulator, troponin I2 (TNNI2), which is positively regulated by KLF7. TNNI2 is downregulated during preadipocyte differentiation and acts as an adipogenic repressor at least in part by repressing FABP4 promoter activity. In conclusion, we demonstrated that KLF7 functions through cis-regulation of TNNI2, which inhibits adipogenesis. Our findings not only provide the first genome-wide picture of KLF7 associations in preadipocytes but also identify a novel function of TNNI2.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 is involved in the deteriorated performance of aged laying hens

The underlying mechanism behind the deteriorated laying performance of aged laying hens remains unclear. In the present study, the laying performance and gene expression along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis were determined. A total of 300 healthy 90-wk-old ISA hens with similar body weights were classified into three groups according to their laying rate between 90 and 94 wk of age. The experimental groups were the low laying rate (<60%, LLR), high laying rate (>85%, HLR), and intermediate laying rate (60% < laying rate < 85%, MLR) hens. At the end of 94 wk of age, eight hens were randomly selected from each group for tissue collection. The gene expression of hormones and their receptors were determined in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and follicles. The results showed that the serum 17-β-estradiol had no significant difference among the three groups. However, the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in LLR hens was significantly decreased in the serum, small white follicles (SWF), and dominant follicles (DF, P < 0.05). Within the hypothalamus and small yellow follicles (SYF), the mRNA expression level of estrogen receptor was higher in the MLR group (P < 0.05). Compared with HLR hens, the steroid hormone-synthesis key gene, CYP19A1 was significantly decreased in the SWF of MLR-hens and DF of MLR- and LLR-hens (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression level of IGF1 receptor was higher in the hypothalamus, pituitary, SWF, large white follicles (LWF), SYF, and DF of LLR hens, compared to the HLR hens (P < 0.05). These results suggest that decreased IGF1 in serum and follicles was associated with the decreased egg production of aged laying hens. The present study provides novel insights into the endocrine changes in aged hens having different egg production.

KLF7 promotes preadipocyte proliferation via activation of the Akt signaling pathway by Cis-regulating CDKN3

Krüppel-like transcription factor 7 (KLF7) promotes preadipocyte proliferation; however, its target gene in this process has not yet been identified. Using KLF7 ChIP-seq analysis, we previously showed that a KLF7-binding peak is present upstream of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 gene ( CDKN3) in chicken preadipocytes. In the present study, we identify CDKN3 as a target gene of KLF7 that mediates the effects of KLF7 on preadipocyte proliferation. Furthermore, 5'-truncating mutation analysis shows that the minimal promoter is located between nt -160 and nt -7 (relative to the translation initiation codon ATG) of CDKN3. KLF7 overexpression increases CDKN3 promoter activity in the DF-1 and immortalized chicken preadipocyte (ICP1) cell lines. Deletion of the putative binding site of KLF7 abolishes the promotive effect of KLF7 overexpression on CDKN3 promoter activity. Moreover, CDKN3 knockdown and overexpression assays reveal that CDKN3 enhances ICP1 cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis shows that CDKN3 accelerates the G1/S transition. Furthermore, we find that KLF7 promotes ICP1 cell proliferation via Akt phosphorylation by regulating CDKN3. Taken together, our results suggest that KLF7 promotes preadipocyte proliferation by activating the Akt signaling pathway by cis-regulating CDKN3, thus driving the G1/S transition.

Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide on Production Performance, Egg Quality and Ovarian Function in Laying Hens with Fatty Liver Syndrome

Simple Summary

Fatty liver syndrome (FLS) often occurs in caged laying hens and can cause decreases in production performance. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), degraded from chitin or chitosan, has been demonstrated to prevent metabolic diseases in rodents. In this work, we found that dietary COS supplementation could improve production performance and egg quality in laying hens with FLS. Further study indicated that improved ovarian morphology and function may be involved in these beneficial effects of COS. Specifically, dietary COS supplementation decreased oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the ovaries of laying hens with FLS. This study provides evidence for the application of COS to improve production performance and egg quality in laying hens with FLS.

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the role of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) as an additive in the feed of laying hens with fatty liver syndrome (FLS). Effects on production performance, egg quality as well as ovarian function were determined. A total of 360 Lohmann Pink-shell laying hens (28 weeks old) were randomly assigned to 5 groups (6 replicates × 12 birds). Hens were fed with a basal diet and a high-energy low-protein (HELP) diet supplemented with 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg COS. COS reversed the lowered laying rates, increased feed-to-egg ratios and decreased albumen heights and Haugh units induced by the HELP diet. Additionally, COS improved the ovarian morphologies damaged by the HELP diet. Furthermore, COS enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced malonaldehyde levels and downregulated the mRNA expressions of nuclear factor kappa B, pro-inflammation cytokine genes and pro-apoptosis-related genes, while it upregulated the mRNA expression of anti-apoptosis-related genes in the ovaries of HELP-diet-fed hens. These findings suggested that dietary COS supplementation could improve production performance and egg quality in laying hens with FLS, and these beneficial effects were linked to improved ovarian morphology, which was attributed to decreased oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the ovaries.

Chicken white egg chemerin as a tool for genetic selection for egg weight and hen fertility

Embryo mortality rate, which can reach up to 40% in avian species, is a major issue for breeding. It is therefore important to identify new embryo development biomarkers for genetic selection to improve reproductive performances. We have recently shown that chemerin is expressed in the oviductal hen magnum, accumulates in egg white, is correlated with embryo survival and could thus be used as a molecular marker of embryo development. Eggs from seven hen breeds (n = 70) were collected during five successive days at the end of the laying period. After weighing eggs, yolk and albumen, an egg white sample from each egg was collected and a blood sample was taken from each hen. Chemerin concentrations in albumen and blood samples were measured by a specific home made ELISA assay. Hen's plasma and egg's albumen chemerin levels were found to be correlated with reproductive parameters such as fecundity, fertility, embryo mortality, hatchability and laying rates. The inter-hen chemerin level variability in albumen was higher than intra-hen except for one breed (R+). We observed significantly different levels of chemerin in egg white between breeds. However, chemerin concentrations in egg white were not significantly associated to variations of hen plasma chemerin levels. Interestingly, we observed negative correlations between albumen chemerin concentrations and egg weight (r = -0.43, p = 0.001), between albumen weight (r = -0.40, p = 0.002), and between yolk weight (r = -0.28, p = 0.03). We also showed negative correlations between egg white chemerin concentrations and fecundity (r = -0.32, p = 0.011) and fertility (r = -0.27, p = 0.04) whereas no significant correlation was observed with the laying rate. Taken together, these results suggest that egg white chemerin concentration might be a good biomarker for genetic selection for egg weight and fertility in hens, provided these data are confirmed on a larger scale.

3’UTR-Seq analysis of chicken abdominal adipose tissue reveals widespread intron retention in 3’UTR and provides insight into molecular basis of feed efficiency

Feed efficiency (FE) is an important trait in the broiler industry due to its direct correlation to efficient muscle growth instead of fat deposition. The present study characterized and compared gene expression profiles in abdominal fat from broiler chickens of different FE levels to enhance the understanding of FE biology. Specifically, traditional whole-transcript RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and 3’ UTR-sequencing (3’ UTR-seq) were applied to 22 and 61 samples, respectively. Overall, these two sequencing techniques shared a high correlation (0.76) between normalized counts, although 3’ UTR-seq showed a higher variance in sequencing and mapping performance statistics across samples and a lower rate of uniquely mapped reads. A higher percentage of 3’ UTR-seq reads mapped to introns suggested the frequent presence of cleavage sites in introns, thus warranting future research to study its regulatory function. Differential expression analysis identified 1198 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high FE (HFE) and intermediate FE (IFE) chickens with False Discovery Rate < 0.05 and fold change > 1.2. The processes that were significantly enriched by the DEGs included extracellular matrix remodeling and mechanisms impacting gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels. Gene ontology enrichment analysis suggested that the divergence in fat deposition and FE in broiler chickens could be associated with peroxisome and lipid metabolism possibly regulated by G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2).

Seasonal and sexual variation in mRNA expression of selected adipokine genes affecting fat deposition and metabolism of the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Emus are farmed for fat production. Oil rendered from their back and abdominal fat pads has good anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has ingredients that promote cell growth. Our objective is to examine the mRNA expression of 7 emu adipokine genes (eFABP4, eSCD1, eAdipoQ, eAdipoR1, eAdipoR2, eLEP and eLepR) to identify gene markers that may help improve emu fat production. Back and abdominal fat tissues from 11 adult emus were biopsied at four time points (April, June, August and November). Total RNA was isolated and cDNA was synthesized. Gene specific primers were designed for partial cloning fragments to amplify the open reading frame of the 7 genes. eLEP was not expressed in emu fat tissue. Nucleotides and amino acids sequences of the 6 expressed gene were compared with homologs from other species and phylogenetic relationships established. Seasonal mRNA expression of each gene was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and differential expression analysed by the 2-ΔΔCT method. The 6 expressed genes showed seasonal variation in expression and showed association of expression level with back fat adiposity. More whole-genome scanning studies are needed to develop novel molecular markers that can be applied to improve fat production in emus.

Identification of Key Candidate Genes in Runs of Homozygosity of the Genome of Two Chicken Breeds, Associated with Cold Adaptation

Simple Summary

The search for genomic regions related to adaptive abilities preserved in the chicken gene pool of two breeds, which have not been under intensive selection pressure, is of great importance for breeding in the future. This study aimed to identify key candidate genes associated with the adaptation of chickens to cold environments (using the example of the Russian White breed) by using molecular genetic methods. A total of 12 key genes on breed-specific ROH (runs of homozygosity) islands were identified, which may be potential candidate genes associated with the high level of adaptability of chickens to cold environments in the early postnatal period. These genes were associated with lipid metabolism, maintaining body temperature in cold environments, non-shivering thermogenesis and muscle development and are perspectives for further research.

Abstract

It is well known that the chicken gene pools have high adaptive abilities, including adaptation to cold environments. This research aimed to study the genomic distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH) in a population of Russian White (RW) chickens as a result of selection for adaptation to cold environments in the early postnatal period, to perform a structural annotation of the discovered breed-specific regions of the genome (compared to chickens of the Amroks breed) and to suggest key candidate genes associated with the adaptation of RW chickens to cold environments. Genotyping of individual samples was performed using Illumina Chicken 60K SNP BeadChip^® chips. The search for homozygous regions by individual chromosomes was carried out using the PLINK 1.9 program and the detectRuns R package. Twelve key genes on breed-specific ROH islands were identified. They may be considered as potential candidate genes associated with the high adaptive ability of chickens in cold environments in the early postnatal period. Genes associated with lipid metabolism (SOCS3, NDUFA4, TXNRD2, IGFBP 1, IGFBP 3), maintaining body temperature in cold environments (ADIPOQ, GCGR, TRPM2), non-shivering thermogenesis (RYR2, CAMK2G, STK25) and muscle development (METTL21C) are perspectives for further research. This study contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation to cold environments in chickens and provides a molecular basis for selection work.

Reconstruction of a generic genome-scale metabolic network for chicken: Investigating network connectivity and finding potential biomarkers

Chicken is the first sequenced avian that has a crucial role in human life for its meat and egg production. Because of various metabolic disorders, study the metabolism of chicken cell is important. Herein, the first genome-scale metabolic model of a chicken cell named iES1300, consists of 2427 reactions, 2569 metabolites, and 1300 genes, was reconstructed manually based on KEGG, BiGG, CHEBI, UNIPROT, REACTOME, and MetaNetX databases. Interactions of metabolic genes for growth were examined for E. coli, S. cerevisiae, human, and chicken metabolic models. The results indicated robustness to genetic manipulation for iES1300 similar to the results for human. iES1300 was integrated with transcriptomics data using algorithms and Principal Component Analysis was applied to compare context-specific models of the normal, tumor, lean and fat cell lines. It was found that the normal model has notable metabolic flexibility in the utilization of various metabolic pathways, especially in metabolic pathways of the carbohydrate metabolism, compared to the others. It was also concluded that the fat and tumor models have similar growth metabolisms and the lean chicken model has a more active lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

C/EBPZ modulates the differentiation and proliferation of preadipocytes

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

This study investigated the functions of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein zeta (C/EBPZ; Gene ID: 10153) in adipose tissue.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Bioinformatics analysis were used to study the expression pattern of C/EBPZ in human adipose tissue. The expression and function of C/EBPZ in adipose tissue were further studied using chicken as animal model in vivo and in vitro.

RESULTS

The human C/EBPZ transcripts were greater and more stable in subcutaneous adipose tissue than in visceral adipose tissue (P < 0.01), and they were increased with age in adipose tissue (P < 0.05). In addition, the chicken C/EBPZ transcripts (C/EBPZ /ACTB) of visceral (abdominal) adipose tissue were significantly different between fat and lean broilers and decreased with age during development (P < 0.01). RNA-seq analysis showed that the C/EBPZ overexpression associated with adipose tissue development and DNA replication in chicken preadipocytes (P < 0.05). Additionally, overexpression of chicken C/EBPZ inhibited preadipocytes differentiation and promoted preadipoytes proliferation in vitro (P < 0.05). In addition, C/EBPZ overexpression suppressed the promoter activities of PPARγ, C/EBPα, FASN and LPL, and promoted the promoter activities of GATA2 and FABP4 in chicken preadipocytes (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

C/EBPZ modulated the differentiation and proliferation of preadipocytes, and it might be a new negative regulator of adipogenesis.

Hypothalamic and ovarian transcriptome profiling reveals potential candidate genes in low and high egg production of white Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata)

In China, the low egg production rate is a major challenge to Muscovy duck farmers. Hypothalamus and ovary play essential role in egg production of birds. However, there are little or no reports from these tissues to identify potential candidate genes responsible for egg production in White Muscovy ducks. A total of 1,537 laying ducks were raised; the egg production traits which include age at first egg (days), number of eggs at 300 d, and number of eggs at 59 wk were recorded. Moreover, 4 lowest (LP) and 4 highest producing (HP) were selected at 59 wk of age, respectively. To understand the mechanism of egg laying regulation, we sequenced the hypothalamus and ovary transcriptome profiles in LP and HP using RNA-Seq. The results showed that the number of eggs at 300 d and number of eggs at 59 wk in the HP were significantly more (P < 0.001) than the LP ducks. In total, 106.98G clean bases were generated from 16 libraries with an average of 6.68G clean bases for each library. Further analysis showed 569 and 2,259 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the hypothalamus and ovary between LP and HP, respectively. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed 114 and 139 pathways in the hypothalamus and ovary, respectively which includes Calcium signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, Focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway, Apoptosis and Apelin signaling pathways that are involved in egg production. Based on the GO terms and KEGG pathways results, 10 potential candidate genes (P2RX1, LPAR2, ADORA1, FN1, AKT3, ADCY5, ADCY8, MAP3K8, PXN, and PTTG1) were identified to be responsible for egg production. Further, protein-protein interaction was analyzed to show the relationship between these candidate genes. Therefore, this study provides useful information on transcriptome of hypothalamus and ovary of LP and HP Muscovy ducks.

Effects of stocking density on the performance, tibia mineralization, and the expression of hypothalamic appetite genes in broiler chickens

The current study investigated the effects of stocking density (SD) on the performance, tibia mineralization, and the hypothalamic appetite genes expression in broilers. A total of 2,800 1-d-old male broilers (Cobb 500) were distributed in a completely randomized design to 1 of 5 SD treatments with 8 replicate cages for each treatment. The SD treatments were 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0, and 22.5 birds/m2, corresponding to 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 birds per cage (4 m2/cage), respectively. The concentration of tibia phosphorus was determined by the ammonium metavanadate colorimetric method and the mRNA abundance in different tissues was measured by the real-time quantitative PCR method. The data were analyzed by the one-way and/or two-way analysis of variance and polynomial contrasts were used to determine the effect of increasing SD. Feed intake linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing SD during d 1-42 production period. On d 42, body weight and tibia breaking strength were significantly lower in the groups of 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5 birds/m2 than in the groups of 12.5 and 15 birds/m2 (P < 0.01). Concentrations of ash and phosphorus in the tibia of broilers linearly decreased (P < 0.03) with increasing SD on d 42. The SD of 22.5 birds/m2 decreased the mRNA abundance of neuropeptide Y (NPY), NPY-receptor (NPYR) 1, and NPYR2 (P < 0.05), while it increased melanocortin receptor 4 mRNA abundance (P = 0.012) in the hypothalamus of broilers as compared with the SD of 12.5 birds/m2 on d 21 and 42. The mRNA abundance of hypothalamic cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), and CRF-receptor 1 (CRFR1) were higher (P < 0.05) in the group of 22.5 birds/m2 than in the group of 12.5 birds/m2 on d 21. We concluded that increasing stocking density beyond 15 birds/m2 (corresponding to the 45 kg/m2 at 42 days of age) suppressed final BW and bone mineralization of broilers raised in multitier cage system. Hypothalamic NPY and CRF signaling might be involved in the anorexigenic effect of HSD.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of ovaries from high and low egg-laying Lingyun black-bone chickens

Egg‐laying rate is mainly determined by ovarian function and regulated by the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis; however, the mechanism by which the ovary regulates the egg‐laying rate is still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in the transcriptomes of the ovary of Lingyun black‐bone chickens with relatively high and low egg‐laying rates and screen candidate genes related to the egg‐laying rate. RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐Seq) was conducted to explore the chicken transcriptome from the ovarian tissue of six Lingyun black‐bone chickens with high (group G, n = 3) and low (group D, n = 3) egg‐laying rates. The results showed that 235 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the chickens with high and low egg‐laying rates; among them, 209 DEGs were up‐regulated and 26 DEGs were down‐regulated. Gene Ontology analysis showed that the up‐regulated 209 DEGs were enriched in 50 GO terms and the down‐regulated 26 DEGs were enriched in 40 GO terms. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that up‐regulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 25 pathways and down‐regulated DEGs were significantly enriched in three pathways. Among the pathways, we found the longevity regulating pathway‐multiple species pathway, Estrogen signalling pathway and PPAR signalling pathway may have an essential function in regulating the egg‐laying rate. The results highlighted DEGs in the ovarian tissues of relatively high and low laying Lingyun black‐bone chicken and identified essential candidate genes related to the egg‐laying rate, thereby providing a theoretical basis for improving the egg‐laying rate of Lingyun black‐bone chicken.

Caecal microbiota could effectively increase chicken growth performance by regulating fat metabolism

It has been established that gut microbiota influences chicken growth performance and fat metabolism. However, whether gut microbiota affects chicken growth performance by regulating fat metabolism remains unclear. Therefore, seven‐week‐old chickens with high or low body weight were used in the present study. There were significant differences in body weight, breast and leg muscle indices, and cross‐sectional area of muscle cells, suggesting different growth performance. The relative abundance of gut microbiota in the caecal contents at the genus level was compared by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results of LEfSe indicated that high body weight chickens contained Microbacterium and Sphingomonas more abundantly (P < 0.05). In contrast, low body weight chickens contained Slackia more abundantly (P < 0.05). The results of H & E, qPCR, IHC, WB and blood analysis suggested significantly different fat metabolism level in serum, liver, abdominal adipose, breast and leg muscles between high and low body weight chickens. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that fat metabolism positively correlated with the relative abundance of Microbacterium and Sphingomonas while negatively correlated with the abundance of Slackia. Furthermore, faecal microbiota transplantation was performed, which verified that transferring faecal microbiota from adult chickens with high body weight into one‐day‐old chickens improved growth performance and fat metabolism in liver by remodelling the gut microbiota. Overall, these results suggested that gut microbiota could affect chicken growth performance by regulating fat metabolism.

Chemerin impairs food intake and body weight in chicken: Focus on hypothalamic neuropeptides gene expression and AMPK signaling pathway

Unlike mammals, the role of adipokines and more particularly of chemerin in the regulation of food intake is totally unknown in avian species. Here we investigated the effect of chemerin on the food and water consumption and on the body weight in chicken. We studied the effects on the plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and the hypothalamic neuropeptides and AMPK signaling pathway. Female broiler chickens were intraperitoneally injected, daily for 13 days with either vehicle (saline; n = 25) or chemerin (8 μg/kg; n = 25 and 16 μg/kg; n = 25). Food and water intakes were recorded 24 h after each administration. Overnight fasted animals were sacrificed at day 13 (D13), 24 h after the last injection and hypothalamus and left cerebral hemispheres were collected. Chemerin and its receptors protein levels were determined by western-blot. Gene expression of neuropeptide Y (Npy), agouti-related peptide (Agrp), corticotrophin releasing hormone (Crh), pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc), cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (Cart) and Taste 1 Receptor Member 1 (Tas1r1) were evaluated by RT-qPCR. In chicken, we found that the protein amount of chemerin, CCRL2 and GPR1 was similar in left cerebral hemisphere and hypothalamus whereas CMKLR1 was higher in hypothalamus. Chemerin administration (8 and 16 μg/kg) decreased both food intake and body weight compared to vehicle without affecting water intake and the size or volume of different brain subdivisions as determined by magnetic resonance imaging. It also increased plasma insulin levels whereas glucose levels were decreased. These data were associated with an increase in Npy and Agrp expressions and a decrease in Crh, Tas1r1 mRNA expression within the hypothalamus. Furthermore, chemerin decreased hypothalamic CMKLR1 protein expression and AMPK activation. Taken together, these results support that chemerin could be a peripheral appetite-regulating signal through modulation of hypothalamic peptides expression in chicken.

Spontaneous intake of essential oils after a negative postnatal experience has long-term effects on blood transcriptome in chickens

Chicks subjected to early stressful factors could develop long-lasting effects on their performances, welfare and health. Free access to essential oils (EO) in poultry farming could mitigate these effects and potentially reduce use of antimicrobial drugs. This study on chicken analyzed long-lasting effects of post-hatch adverse conditions (Delayed group), and the impact of EO intake on blood physiological parameters and transcriptome. Half of the Control and Delayed groups had free access to EO, while the other half had only water for the first 13 days post-hatching. Blood analyses of metabolites, inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers, and mRNA expression showed sex differences. Long-lasting effects of postnatal experience and EO intake persisted in blood transcriptome at D34. The early adverse conditions modified 68 genes in males and 83 genes in females. In Delayed males six transcription factors were over-represented (NFE2L2, MEF2A, FOXI1, Foxd3, Sox2 and TEAD1). In females only one factor was over-represented (PLAG1) and four under-represented (NFIL3, Foxd3, ESR2 and TAL1::TCF3). The genes showing modified expression are involved in oxidative stress, growth, bone metabolism and reproduction. Remarkably, spontaneous EO intake restored the expression levels of some genes affected by the postnatal adverse conditions suggesting a mitigating effect of EO intake.

Identification of differentially expressed genes associated with egg production in black-boned chicken

1. Muchuan black-bone chicken is well known in China for its meat quality and medicinal properties; however, its egg-laying performance is not ideal. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of black-boned chicken egg-laying, high-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to compare differences in the pituitary transcriptome between three high-rate (group H) and three low-rate (group L) egg production chickens. 2. In total, 171 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two groups, of which 113 were upregulated and 58 were downregulated in group L. Some of these genes are known to be related to hormone secretion or the regulation of reproductive processes; these include prolactin-releasing hormone (PRLH), distal-less homeobox 6 (DLX6), interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and cilia and flagella associated protein 69 (CFAP69). Notably, expression pattern analysis indicated that both PRLH and DLX6 may influence egg-laying performance. 3. The dataset provided a foundation for discovering important genes and pathways involved in the chicken egg-laying process, and may help to improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms of chicken reproduction.

Microbiota Changes Due to Grape Seed Extract Diet Improved Intestinal Homeostasis and Decreased Fatness in Parental Broiler Hens

In poultry, the selection of broilers for growth performance has induced a deterioration in the health of the parental hens associated with poor reproductive efficiency. To improve these parameters, we administered to laying parental broiler hens a regular diet supplemented or not (Control) with a moderate (1%) or a high level (2%) of grape seed extract (GSE). The 1% GSE diet was administered from a young age (from 4 to 40 weeks of age) and the high level of 2% GSE was administered only during a 2-week period (from 38 to 40 weeks of age) in the laying period. The analysis of 40-week-old hens showed that 2% GSE displayed a reduction in the fat tissue and an improvement in fertility with heavier and more resistant eggs. Seven monomer phenolic metabolites of GSE were significantly measured in the plasma of the 2% GSE hens. GSE supplementation increased the relative abundance of the following bacteria populations: Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacilliaceae and Lachnospiraceae. In conclusion, a supplementation period of only 2 weeks with 2% GSE is sufficient to improve the metabolic and laying parameters of breeder hens through a modification in the microbiota.

Expression of chemerin and its receptors in the ovaries of prepubertal and mature gilts

Recent studies have demonstrated that chemerin participates in the regulation of female reproductive function at the level of the ovaries. Due to the lack of data concerning the presence of the chemerin system (chemerin and its receptors: CMKLR1, GPR1, CCRL2) in the ovaries of pigs, one of the most economically important livestock species, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of chemerin and its receptors in the ovaries of prepubertal and mature gilts. We also aimed to examine the concentrations of chemerin in the follicular fluid of prepubertal and mature animals. In the present study, we have demonstrated the expression patterns of chemerin system components in the porcine follicles of different sizes of prepubertal and mature animals, as well as in corpora lutea of mature gilts during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. The obtained results suggest that the expression of chemerin system components is influenced by the reproductive stage, cell type, and the hormonal status of gilts (the estrous cycle/pregnancy). We have also presented the localization of the chemerin system components in various ovarian structures, and also showed changes in the concentration of chemerin in the follicular fluid of pigs. The presented findings not only confirm that chemerin is produced locally in the porcine ovary but they also demonstrate that chemerin directly affects ovarian cells, as confirmed by the presence of chemerin receptors in all ovarian structures. Therefore, chemerin appears to be an important intra-ovarian factor that could regulate ovary function in pigs.

Adipokines Expression and Effects in Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Early Embryo Development: Lessons from Mammals and Birds

Some evidence shows that body mass index in humans and extreme weights in animal models, including avian species, are associated with low in vitro fertilization, bad oocyte quality, and embryo development failures. Adipokines are hormones mainly produced and released by white adipose tissue. They play a key role in the regulation of energy metabolism. However, they are also involved in many other physiological processes including reproductive functions. Indeed, leptin and adiponectin, the most studied adipokines, but also novel adipokines including visfatin and chemerin, are expressed within the reproductive tract and modulate female fertility. Much of the literature has focused on the physiological and pathological roles of these adipokines in ovary, placenta, and uterine functions. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the involvement of leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and chemerin in the oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development in both mammals and birds.

Transcriptomic Analysis of circRNAs and mRNAs Reveals a Complex Regulatory Network That Participate in Follicular Development in Chickens

Follicular development plays a key role in poultry reproduction, affecting clutch traits and thus egg production. Follicular growth is determined by granulosa cells (GCs), theca cells (TCs), and oocyte at the transcription, translation, and secretion levels. With the development of bioinformatic and experimental techniques, non-coding RNAs have been shown to participate in many life events. In this study, we investigated the transcriptomes of GCs and TCs in three different physiological stages: small yellow follicle (SYF), smallest hierarchical follicle (F6), and largest hierarchical follicle (F1) stages. A differential expression (DE) analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and bioinformatic analyses were performed. A total of 18,016 novel circular RNAs (circRNAs) were detected in GCs and TCs, 8127 of which were abundantly expressed in both cell types. and more circRNAs were differentially expressed between GCs and TCs than mRNAs. Enrichment analysis showed that the DE transcripts were mainly involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In the WGCNA analysis, we identified six specific modules that were related to the different cell types in different stages of development. A series of central hub genes, including MAPK1, CITED4, SOD2, STC1, MOS, GDF9, MDH1, CAPN2, and novel_circ0004730, were incorporated into a Cytoscape network. Notably, using both DE analysis and WGCNA, ESR1 was identified as a key gene during follicular development. Our results provide valuable information on the circRNAs involved in follicle development and identify potential genes for further research to determine their roles in the regulation of different biological processes during follicle growth.

A grape seed extract maternal dietary supplementation in reproductive hens reduces oxidative stress associated to modulation of plasma and tissue adipokines expression and improves viability of offsprings

In reproductive hens, a feed restriction is an usual practice to improve metabolic and reproductive disorders. However, it acts a stressor on the animal. In mammals, grape seed extracts (GSE) reduces oxidative stress. However, their effect on endocrine and tissue response need to be deepened in reproductive hens. Here, we evaluated the effects of time and level of GSE dietary supplementation on growth performance, viability, oxidative stress and metabolic parameters in plasma and metabolic tissues in reproductive hens and their offsprings. We designed an in vivo trial using 4 groups of feed restricted hens: A (control), B and C (supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of the total diet composition in GSE since week 4, respectively) and D (supplemented with 1% of GSE since the hatch). In hens from hatch to week 40, GSE supplementation did not affect food intake and fattening whatever the time and dose of supplementation. Body weight was significantly reduced in D group as compared to control. In all hen groups, GSE supplementation decreased plasma oxidative stress index associated to a decrease in the mRNA expression of the NOX4 and 5 oxidant genes in liver and muscle and an increase in SOD mRNA expression. This was also associated to decreased plasma chemerin and increased plasma adiponectin and visfatin levels. Interestingly, maternal GSE supplementation increased the live body weight and viability of chicks at hatching and 10 days of age. This was associated to a decrease in plasma and liver oxidative stress parameters. Taken together, GSE maternal dietary supplementation reduces plasma and tissue oxidative stress associated to modulation of adipokines without affecting fattening in reproductive hens. A 1% GSE maternal dietary supplementation increased offspring viability and reduced oxidative stress suggesting a beneficial transgenerational effect and a potential use to improve the quality of the progeny in reproductive hens.