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Pharmacokinetics of Azalomycin F, a Natural Macrolide Produced by Streptomycete Strains, in Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216464. [PMID: 34770873 PMCID: PMC8588360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As antimicrobial resistance has been increasing, new antimicrobial agents are desperately needed. Azalomycin F, a natural polyhydroxy macrolide, presents remarkable antimicrobial activities. To investigate its pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats, the concentrations of azalomycin F contained in biological samples, in vitro, were determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method, and, in vivo, samples were assayed by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC–MS/MS) method. Based on these methods, the pharmacokinetics of azalomycin F were first investigated. Its plasma concentration-time courses and pharmacokinetic parameters in rats were obtained by a non-compartment model for oral (26.4 mg/kg) and intravenous (2.2 mg/kg) administrations. The results indicate that the oral absolute bioavailability of azalomycin F is very low (2.39 ± 1.28%). From combinational analyses of these pharmacokinetic parameters, and of the results of the in-vitro absorption and metabolism experiments, we conclude that azalomycin F is absorbed relatively slowly and with difficulty by the intestinal tract, and subsequently can be rapidly distributed into the tissues and/or intracellular f of rats. Azalomycin F is stable in plasma, whole blood, and the liver, and presents plasma protein binding ratios of more than 90%. Moreover, one of the major elimination routes of azalomycin F is its excretion through bile and feces. Together, the above indicate that azalomycin F is suitable for administration by intravenous injection when used for systemic diseases, while, by oral administration, it can be used in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Jing T, Zhou D, Zhang M, Yun T, Qi D, Wei Y, Chen Y, Zang X, Wang W, Xie J. Newly Isolated Streptomyces sp. JBS5-6 as a Potential Biocontrol Agent to Control Banana Fusarium Wilt: Genome Sequencing and Secondary Metabolite Cluster Profiles. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:602591. [PMID: 33343545 PMCID: PMC7744762 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.602591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana is a key staple food and fruit in countries all over the world. However, the development of the global banana industry is seriously threatened by Fusarium wilt disease, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). In particular, Foc tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) could infect more than 80% of global banana and plantain crops. Until now, there were no commercial chemicals or resistant cultivars available to control the disease. Biological control using actinomycetes is considered a promising strategy. In this study, 88 actinomycetes were isolated from a banana orchard without symptoms of Fusarium wilt disease for more than 10 years. An actinobacterial strain labeled as JBS5-6 has exhibited strong antifungal activities against Foc TR4 and other selected 10 phytopathogenic fungi. Based on phenotypic and biochemical traits as well as complete genome analysis, strain JBS5-6 was assigned to Streptomyces violaceusniger. Extracts of the strain inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of Foc TR4 by destroying membrane integrity and the ultrastructure of cells. The complete genome of strain JBS5-6 was sequenced and revealed a number of key function gene clusters that contribute to the biosynthesis of active secondary metabolites. Sixteen chemical compounds were further identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde was one of the dominant components in strain JBS5-6 extracts. Moreover, fermentation broth of strain JBS5-6 significantly reduced the disease index of banana seedlings by inhibiting the infection of Foc TR4 in a pot experiment. Hence, strain JBS5-6 is a potential biocontrol agent for the management of disease and the exploitation of biofertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jing
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dengbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Miaoyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Tianyan Yun
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dengfeng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yongzan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoping Zang
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jianghui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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Krespach MKC, García-Altares M, Flak M, Hanno Schoeler, Scherlach K, Netzker T, Schmalzl A, Mattern DJ, Schroeckh V, Komor A, Mittag M, Hertweck C, Brakhage AA. Lichen-like association of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Aspergillus nidulans protects algal cells from bacteria. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:2794-2805. [PMID: 32753730 PMCID: PMC7784976 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organismal interactions within microbial consortia and their responses to harmful intruders remain largely understudied. An important step toward the goal of understanding functional ecological interactions and their evolutionary selection is the study of increasingly complex microbial interaction systems. Here, we discovered a tripartite biosystem consisting of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans, the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and the algicidal bacterium Streptomyces iranensis. Genetic analyses and MALDI-IMS demonstrate that the bacterium secretes the algicidal compound azalomycin F upon contact with C. reinhardtii. In co-culture, A. nidulans attracts the motile alga C. reinhardtii, which becomes embedded and surrounded by fungal mycelium and is shielded from the algicide. The filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora was susceptible to azalomycin F and failed to protect C. reinhardtii despite chemotactically attracting the alga. Because S. macrospora was susceptible to azalomycin F, this data imply that for protection the fungus needs to be resistant. Formation of the lichen-like association between C. reinhardtii and A. nidulans increased algal growth. The protection depends on the increased amounts of membrane lipids provided by resistant fungi, thereby generating a protective shelter against the bacterial toxin. Our findings reveal a strategy whereby algae survive lethal environmental algicides through cooperation with fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario K C Krespach
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - María García-Altares
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Metabolomics Platform, Department of Electronic Engineering (DEEEA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Michal Flak
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hanno Schoeler
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Tina Netzker
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Anica Schmalzl
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Derek J Mattern
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Schroeckh
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Komor
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Yuan G, Li P, Xu X, Li P, Zhong Q, He S, Yi H, Yi W, Guan Y, Wen ZT. Azalomycin F 5a Eradicates Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm by Rapidly Penetrating and Subsequently Inducing Cell Lysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030862. [PMID: 32013221 PMCID: PMC7036916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a serious threat to public health. Bacterial biofilm, as a natural lifestyle, is a major contributor to resistance to antimicrobials. Azalomycin F5a, a natural guanidine-containing polyhydroxy macrolide, has remarkable activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, a major causative agent of hospital-acquired infections. To further evaluate its potential to be developed as a new antimicrobial agent, its influence on S. aureus biofilm formation was evaluated using the crystal violet method, and then its eradication effect against mature biofilms was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, the drop plate method, and regrowth experiments. The results showed that azalomycin F5a could significantly inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation, and such effects were concentration dependent. In addition, it can also eradicate S. aureus mature biofilms with the minimum biofilm eradication concentration of 32.0 μg/mL. As extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) plays important roles in the structural integrity of bacterial biofilm, its influence on the eDNA release in S. aureus biofilm was further analyzed using gel electrophoresis. Combined with our previous works, these results indicate that azalomycin F5a could rapidly penetrate biofilm and causes damages to the cell membrane, leading to an increase in DNase release and eventually eradicating S. aureus biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganjun Yuan
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.)
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Z.T.W.); Tel.: +86-791-83813459 (G.Y.); +1-504-9418465 (Z.T.W.)
| | - Pingyi Li
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xuejie Xu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Peibo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qiwang Zhong
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Su He
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Houqin Yi
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Wenfang Yi
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yingying Guan
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Zezhang Tom Wen
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (Z.T.W.); Tel.: +86-791-83813459 (G.Y.); +1-504-9418465 (Z.T.W.)
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Song X, Yuan G, Li P, Cao S. Guanidine-Containing Polyhydroxyl Macrolides: Chemistry, Biology, and Structure-Activity Relationship. Molecules 2019; 24:E3913. [PMID: 31671653 PMCID: PMC6864768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has been seriously threatening human health, and discovering new antimicrobial agents from the natural resource is still an important pathway among various strategies to prevent resistance. Guanidine-containing polyhydroxyl macrolides, containing a polyhydroxyl lactone ring and a guanidyl side chain, can be produced by many actinomycetes and have been proved to possess many bioactivities, especially broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities. To explore the potential of these compounds to be developed into new antimicrobial agents, a review on their structural diversities, spectroscopic characterizations, bioactivities, acute toxicities, antimicrobial mechanisms, and the structure-activity relationship was first performed based on the summaries and analyses of related publications from 1959 to 2019. A total of 63 guanidine-containing polyhydroxyl macrolides were reported, including 46 prototype compounds isolated from 33 marine and terrestrial actinomycetes and 17 structural derivatives. Combining with their antimicrobial mechanisms, structure-activity relationship analyses indicated that the terminal guanidine group and lactone ring of these compounds are vital for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Further, based on their bioactivities and toxicity analyses, the discovery of guanidyl side-chain targeting to lipoteichoic acid of Staphylococcus aureus indicated that these compounds have a great potency to be developed into antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Song
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Ganjun Yuan
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Peibo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Sheng Cao
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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