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Heinzl F, Lorenz S, Scholz-Kreisel P, Weiskopf D. Filling data gaps in long-term solar UV monitoring by statistical imputation methods. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1265-1278. [PMID: 38789913 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of long-term time trends of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation on ground level is of high scientific interest. For this purpose, precise measurements over a long time are necessary. One of the challenges solar UV monitoring faces is the permanent and gap-free data collection over several decades. Data gaps hamper the formation and comparison of monthly or annual means, and, in the worst case, lead to incorrect conclusions in further data evaluation and trend analysis of UV data. For estimating data to fill gaps in long-term UV data series (daily radiant exposure and highest daily irradiance), we developed three statistical imputation methods: a model-based imputation, considering actual local solar radiation conditions using predictors correlated to the local UV values in an empirical model; an average-based imputation based on a statistical approach of averaging available local UV measurement data without predictors; and a mixture of these two imputation methods. A detailed validation demonstrates the superiority of the model-based imputation method. The combined method can be considered the best one in practice. Furthermore, it has been shown that the model-based imputation method can be used as an useful tool to identify systematic errors at and between calibration steps in long-term erythemal UV data series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Heinzl
- Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Oberschleissheim, 85764, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Lorenz
- Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Oberschleissheim, 85764, Germany
| | - Peter Scholz-Kreisel
- Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Oberschleissheim, 85764, Germany
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, Oberschleissheim, 85764, Germany
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Fuller-Thomson E, Deng Z, Fuller-Thomson EG. Association Between Area Temperature and Severe Vision Impairment in a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Americans. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2024; 31:119-126. [PMID: 37338863 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2023.2221727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several small studies have associated exposure to elevated average temperature with specific vision problems. However, no large-scale studies have examined the relationship between vision impairment and average area temperature in the general population. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a large nationally representative sample of older adults to further explore this relationship. METHODS Secondary analysis of the American Community Survey (ACS). The survey was conducted through mail, telephone and in-person interviews. Data from six consecutive years of the cross-sectional survey were analysed (2012-2017). The subsample analysed included community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults aged 65 and older in the coterminous US who lived in the same state in which they were born (n = 1,707,333). The question on severe vision impairment was "Is this person blind or does he/she have serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses?". Average annual temperature data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration was combined into a 100-year average and mapped to corresponding US Census Bureau's public use microdata areas from the ACS. RESULTS Higher average temperature is consistently associated with increased odds of severe vision impairment across all cohorts (i.e. age, sex, race, income, and educational attainment cohorts) with the exception of Hispanic older adults. Compared to those who lived in counties with average temperature of < 50 °F (< 10 °C) , the odds of severe vision impairment were 44% higher in counties with average temperature of 60 °F (15.5 °C) or above (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.42-1.46). CONCLUSION If the association is found to be causal, the predicted rise in global temperatures could impact the number of older Americans affected by severe vision impairment and the associated health and economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esme Fuller-Thomson
- Institute for Life Course & Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - ZhiDi Deng
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elysia G Fuller-Thomson
- Institute for Life Course & Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Valappil NKM, Mammen PC, de Oliveira-Júnior JF, Cardoso KRA, Hamza V. Assessment of spatiotemporal variability of ultraviolet index (UVI) over Kerala, India, using satellite remote sensing (OMI/AURA) data. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:106. [PMID: 38168710 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal dynamics of daily ultraviolet index (UVI) for a period of 18 years (2004-2022) over the Indian state of Kerala were statistically characterised in the study. The UVI measurements used for the study were derived from the ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) of the AURA satellite and classified into different severity levels for analysis. Basic statistics of daily, monthly and seasonal UVI as well as Mann-Kendall (MK) statistical trend characteristics and the rate of change of daily UVI using Theil-Sen's slope test were also evaluated. A higher variability of UVI characteristics was observed in the Kerala region, and more than 79% of the measurements fell into the categories of very high and extreme UVI values, which suggests the need of implementation of appropriate measures to reduce health risks. Although the UVI measured during the study period shows a slight decrease, most of the data show a seasonal variation with undulating low and peak values. Higher UVI are observed during the months of March, April and September. The region also has higher UVI during the southwest monsoon (SWM) and summer seasons. Although Kerala region as a single whole unit, UVI show a non-significant decreasing trend (-0.83), the MK test revealed the increasing and decreasing trends of UVI ranging from -1.96 to 0.41 facilitated the delineation of areas (domains) where UVI are increasing or decreasing. The domain of UVI increase occupies the central and southern (S) parts, and the domains of decrease cover the northern (N) and S parts of the Kerala region. The rate of change of daily UVI in domain of increase and decrease shows an average rate of 0.34 × 10-5 day-1 and -2 × 10-5 day-1, respectively. The parameters (rainfall, air temperature, cloud optical depth (COD) and solar zenith angle (SZA)) that affect the strength of UV rays reaching the surface indicate that a cloud-free atmosphere or low thickness clouds prevails in the Kerala region. Overall, the study results indicate the need for regular monitoring of UVI in the study area and also suggest appropriate campaigns to disseminate information and precautions for prolonged UVI exposure to reduce the adverse health effects, since the study area has a high population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninu Krishnan Modon Valappil
- Geoscience and Digital Earth Centre (INSTeG), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - José Francisco de Oliveira-Júnior
- Laboratory of Applied Meteorology and Environment (LAMMA), Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, S/N, CEP, Tabuleiro dos Martins, Maceio, Alagoas, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Kelvy Rosalvo Alencar Cardoso
- Laboratory of Applied Meteorology and Environment (LAMMA), Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, S/N, CEP, Tabuleiro dos Martins, Maceio, Alagoas, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Vijith Hamza
- Kerala State Disaster Management Authority, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695033, India.
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Murage P, Hajat S, Macintyre HL, Leonardi GS, Ratwatte P, Wehling H, Petrou G, Higlett M, Hands A, Kovats S. Indicators to support local public health to reduce the impacts of heat on health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108391. [PMID: 38118211 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Heat exposure presents a significant weather-related health risk in England and Wales, and is associated with acute impacts on mortality and adverse effects on a range of clinical conditions, as well as increased healthcare costs. Most heat-related health outcomes are preventable with health protection measures such as behavioural changes, individual cooling actions, and strategies implemented at the landscape level or related to improved urban infrastructure. We review current limitations in reporting systems and propose ten indicators to monitor changes in heat exposures, vulnerabilities, heat-health outcomes, and progress on adaptation actions. These indicators can primarily inform local area decision-making in managing risks across multiple sectors such as public health, adult and social care, housing, urban planning, and education. The indicators can be used alongside information on other vulnerabilities relevant for heat and health such as underlying morbidity or housing characteristics, to prioritise the most effective adaptation actions for those who need it the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peninah Murage
- HPRU in Environmental Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
| | - Shakoor Hajat
- HPRU in Environmental Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Giorgos Petrou
- Institute of Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London (UCL), United Kingdom
| | | | - Angela Hands
- Office of Health Improvement and Disparities, United Kingdom
| | - Sari Kovats
- HPRU in Environmental Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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Owusu NO, Sousan S, Richards SL, Balanay JAG. Occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation in an eastern North Carolina university outdoor setting during the four seasons. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2024; 21:77-85. [PMID: 37756362 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2264331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor workers perform tasks throughout the year that expose them to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and increase their risk of UVR-related adverse health effects. Multiple studies on occupational solar UVR exposures during summer have been published but similar investigations during other seasons are limited. The purpose of this study was to assess solar UVR exposure in an eastern North Carolina university setting during all four seasons (fall, winter, spring, and summer) to assess risk for outdoor workers, particularly groundskeepers, throughout the year. UVR effective irradiance (UVReff) was measured by area monitoring using a digital data-logging radiometer and a weatherproof UVR detector for 164 days from October 2020 to October 2021. Results showed that hourly and daily mean UVReff exceeded the 1-hr and 8-hr ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), respectively, in all months and seasons at varying degrees. Winter had the lowest mean UVReff (3.4 × 10-3 ± 1.7 × 10-3 mW/cm2), but 91.1% and 100% of the hourly and daily UVReff measurements, respectively, still exceeded the TLVs. This study demonstrates the risk of overexposure to solar UVR among outdoor workers during cold months and seasons and the importance of implementing UVR protection throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana-Obaayaa Owusu
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Sinan Sousan
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie L Richards
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jo Anne G Balanay
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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El-Aziz FEZAA, Ismail MS, Askary AE, El-Kott AF, Tantawy AA. The assessment of the protective impact of spidroin extract against UV-A radiation damage by using earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) as a robust human skin model via macroscopic and histological observations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44906-44916. [PMID: 35141825 PMCID: PMC9200702 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have confirmed the damage caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet-A rays. Malignant melanoma and skin cancer are two of the most serious health consequences. Thus, the UV-A protectant is intended to protect the skin, especially the two primary layers of skin (epidermis that represents the interface between the body and its surroundings and dermis). Spider silk is the most powerful natural fibre due to its regeneration, biocompatibility, antimicrobial, wound healing, antiseptic, and blood clotting properties. This work targeted to determine the protective effect of spidroin extract against UV-A radiation damage. Earthworms Aporrectodea caliginosa were collected from Assiut University's farm. Each set of ten earthworms was separated into six groups and placed in a plastic container. Webs of spiders collected from trees and old houses. Spidroin was extracted and utilised in this work to determine the potential effects of topical application on UV-A protection. The experiment is divided into two sections: (1) UV-A exposure and (2) the use of spidroin extract to protect the earthworms from ultraviolet radiation. Two control groups (1،2) of worms were not received UV-A exposure, and four groups (3,4,5,6) were exposed to UVR-A. In contrast, groups (5,6) were received spidroin extract before exposure to UV-A. Each group from the groups (3,4,5,6) was exposed for three consecutive days (¼ hour/day, ½ hour/day, and 1 h/day), using a UV-Lamp with a wavelength of 366 nm. The histopathological changes revealed that after 1⁄4 h of UV exposure, the cuticle was swollen with a slightly detached epithelium. The cuticle was down after 1⁄2 h of exposure, and the epidermis was totally damaged and necrosed. After 1 h, the exposure showed destruction of the epidermis in the circular muscle with a loss of muscle filament integrity, varying size, and altered nucleus form, along with mild disintegration of longitudinal muscle. Spidroin extract is critical for earthworm protection against UV-A radiation damage and able to regeneration. For the first time, morphological and histological analysis was established to detect the Spidroin extract evaluated for topical application on earthworms. Earthworms can be considered as a robust human skin model prior to UV-A exposure. It induces a complete protective effect against UV-A radiation damage in earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - May S Ismail
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmad El Askary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Tantawy
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Rendell R, Khazova M, Higlett M, O'Hagan J. Impact of High Solar UV Radiant Exposures in Spring 2020 on SARS-CoV-2 Viral Inactivation in the UK †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:542-548. [PMID: 33590505 PMCID: PMC8013580 DOI: 10.1111/php.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Potential for SARS-CoV-2 viral inactivation by solar UV radiation in outdoor spaces in the UK has been assessed. Average erythema effective and UV-A daily radiant exposures per month were higher (statistically significant, P < 0.05) in spring 2020 in comparison with spring 2015-2019 across most of the UK, while irradiance generally appeared to be in the normal expected range of 2015-2019. It was found that these higher radiant exposures may have increased the potential for SARS-CoV-2 viral inactivation outdoors in April and May 2020. Assessment of the 6-year period 2015-2020 in the UK found that for 50-60% of the year, that is most of October to March, solar UV is unlikely to have a significant (at least 90% inactivation) impact on viral inactivation outdoors. Minimum times to reach 90% and 99% inactivation in the UK are of the order of tens of minutes and of the order of hours, respectively. However, these times are best case scenarios and should be treated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rendell
- Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Marina Khazova
- Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Michael Higlett
- Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - John O'Hagan
- Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
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