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Wang T, Li L, Cao S, Sun L, Yu G, Xia Q, Liu T, Zhao Q, Wang Z, Wang C, Yang B, Liu Y, Chen X, Chen S, Zhou G, Liu H, Sun Y, Zhang F. Targeted serum proteome profiling reveals nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-related biomarkers to discriminate linear IgA bullous disorder from dermatitis herpetiformis. Clin Immunol 2024; 265:110291. [PMID: 38908771 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) represent the major subtypes of IgA mediated autoimmune bullous disorders. We sought to understand the disease etiology by using serum proteomics. We assessed 92 organ damage biomarkers in LABD, DH, and healthy controls using the Olink high-throughput proteomics. The positive proteomic serum biomarkers were used to correlate with clinical features and HLA type. Targeted proteomic analysis of IgA deposition bullous disorders vs. controls showed elevated biomarkers. Further clustering and enrichment analyses identified distinct clusters between LABD and DH, highlighting the involvement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Comparative analysis revealed biomarkers with distinction between LABD and DH and validated in the skin lesion. Finally, qualitative correlation analysis with DEPs suggested six biomarkers (NBN, NCF2, CAPG, FES, BID, and PXN) have better prognosis in DH patients. These findings provide potential biomarkers to differentiate the disease subtype of IgA deposition bullous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lichen Li
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Cao
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lele Sun
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gongqi Yu
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qianqian Xia
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baoqi Yang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxia Liu
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuechao Chen
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guizhi Zhou
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; National Clinical Key Project of Dermatology and Venereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yonghu Sun
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; National Clinical Key Project of Dermatology and Venereology, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Furen Zhang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; National Clinical Key Project of Dermatology and Venereology, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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2
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Xu J, He C, Cai Y, Wang X, Yan J, Zhang J, Zhang F, Urbonaviciute V, Cheng Y, Lu S, Holmdahl R. NCF4 regulates antigen presentation of cysteine peptides by intracellular oxidative response and restricts activation of autoreactive and arthritogenic T cells. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103132. [PMID: 38547647 PMCID: PMC11096609 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematous, are regulated by polymorphisms in genes contributing to the NOX2 complex. Mutations in both Ncf1 and Ncf4 affect development of arthritis in experimental models of RA, but the different regulatory pathways mediated by NOX2-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) have not yet been clarified. Here we address the possibility that intracellular ROS, regulated by the NCF4 protein (earlier often denoted p40phox) which interacts with endosomal membranes, could play an important role in the oxidation of cysteine peptides in mononuclear phagocytic cells, thereby regulating antigen presentation and activation of arthritogenic T cells. To study the role of NCF4 we used mice with an amino acid replacing mutation (NCF4R58A), which is known to affect interaction with endosomal membranes, leading to decreased intracellular ROS production. To study the impact of NCF4 on T cell activation, we used the glucose phosphate isomerase peptide GPI325-339, which contains two cysteine residues (325-339c-c). Macrophages from mice with the NCF458A mutation efficiently presented the peptide when the two cysteines were intact and not crosslinked, leading to a strong arthritogenic T cell response. T cell priming occurred in the draining lymph nodes (LNs) within 8 days after immunization. Clodronate treatment, which depletes antigen-presenting mononuclear phagocytes, ameliorated arthritis severity, whereas treatment with FYT720, which traps activated T cells in LNs, prohibited arthritis. We conclude that NCF4-dependent intracellular ROS maintains cysteine peptides in an oxidized crosslinked state, which prevents presentation of peptides recognized by non-tolerized T cells and thereby protects against autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, and Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chang He
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Schoole of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongsong Cai
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Xipeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Jidong Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 710061, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Vilma Urbonaviciute
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, and Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, and Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bakhshaei F, Sharifiyazdi H, Rowshan-Ghasrodashti A, Zare HR, Mirzaei A, Nazifi S. Polymorphism in neutrophil cytosolic factor 4 (NCF4) of dairy cows had mastitis in previous lactations, and the relationship with the respiratory burst. Res Vet Sci 2023; 160:39-44. [PMID: 37263099 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase), as a key factor in innate immunity, consists of several components, one of them is p40phox which is encoded by neutrophil cytosolic factor 4 (NCF4). Respiratory burst and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are antimicrobial mechanisms associated with NADPH oxidase. This study evaluated the effects of g.18174 A > G and g.18270C > T single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in NCF4 on bovine mastitis and the respiratory burst capacity of neutrophils. SNPs of 160 dairy cattle were determined using a novel PCR-RFLP protocol by employing restriction enzymes, MboI and FokI. Also, the flow cytometry measured respiratory burst in 82 blood samples. Our results indicated that only g.18174 A > G SNP reduced the respiratory burst capacity. However, both SNPs were not significantly correlated with clinical mastitis. We concluded that g.18174 A > G decreases the function of NADPH oxidase. However, both SNPs were not significantly correlated with clinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Bakhshaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Sharifiyazdi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Rowshan-Ghasrodashti
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun Branch, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Zare
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Flowcytometry, Sa'adati Pathobiology Laboratory, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdollah Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Azarova I, Polonikov A, Klyosova E. Molecular Genetics of Abnormal Redox Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054738. [PMID: 36902173 PMCID: PMC10003739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress resulting from an imbalance between the production of free radicals and their neutralization by antioxidant enzymes is one of the major pathological disorders underlying the development and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present review summarizes the current state of the art advances in understanding the role of abnormal redox homeostasis in the molecular mechanisms of T2D and provides comprehensive information on the characteristics and biological functions of antioxidant and oxidative enzymes, as well as discusses genetic studies conducted so far in order to investigate the contribution of polymorphisms in genes encoding redox state-regulating enzymes to the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Azarova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Klyosova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
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He C, Luo H, Coelho A, Liu M, Li Q, Xu J, Krämer A, Malin S, Yuan Z, Holmdahl R. NCF4 dependent intracellular reactive oxygen species regulate plasma cell formation. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102422. [PMID: 36095971 PMCID: PMC9482113 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by genetically determined variants of the NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) complex component, NCF4, leads to enhanced production of autoantibodies to collagen type II (COL2) and severe collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. To further understand this process, we used mice harboring a mutation in the lipid endosomal membrane binding site (R58A) of NCF4 subunit. This mutation did not affect the extracellular ROS responses but showed instead decreased intracellular responses following B cell stimulation. Immunization with COL2 led to severe arthritis with increased antibody levels in Ncf458A mutated animals without significant effects on antigen presentation, autoreactive T cell activation and germinal center formation. Instead, plasma cell formation was enhanced and had altered CXCR3/CXCR4 expression. This B cell intrinsic effect was further confirmed with chimeric B cell transfer experiments and in vitro LPS or CD40L with anti-IgM stimulation. We conclude that NCF4 regulates the terminal differentiation of B cells to plasma cells through intracellular ROS. Ncf4R58A selectively affects intracellular ROS production after stimulation. Decreased intracellular ROS in B cell promotes plasma cell formation intrinsically. BCR stimulation induced NOX2 complex-ROS regulates CXCR3 expression on plasma cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Huqiao Luo
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Coelho
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng Liu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Qijing Li
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Alexander Krämer
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen Malin
- Department of Medicine Solna (MedS) Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Zhang TP, Li R, Li HM, Xiang N, Tan Z, Wang GS, Li XM. The Contribution of Genetic Variation and Aberrant Methylation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Pathway Genes to Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823863. [PMID: 35309329 PMCID: PMC8924038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling pathway participates in immune regulation of multiple autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We conducted this study to investigate the association of AHR signaling pathway genes (AHR, ARNT, AHRR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as their methylation levels, with RA susceptibility. Nine SNPs (AHR gene rs2066853, rs2158041, rs2282885, ARNT gene rs10847, rs1889740, rs11204735, AHRR gene rs2292596, rs2672725, rs349583) were genotyped via improved multiple ligase detection reaction (iMLDR) in 479 RA patients and 496 healthy controls. We used the Illumina Hiseq platform to detect methylation levels of these genes in 122 RA patients and 123 healthy controls. A significant increase in rs11204735 C allele frequency was observed in RA patients when compared to controls. Further, rs11204735 polymorphism was associated with a decreased risk of RA under the dominant model. ARNT CCC haplotype frequency was significantly increased in RA patients in comparison to controls. In the AHRR gene, rs2672725 GG genotype, G allele frequencies were significantly related to an increased risk of RA and rs2292596, rs2672725 polymorphism were significantly associated with an increased risk of RA under the dominant model, recessive model, respectively. However, no significant association was identified between AHR gene polymorphism and RA susceptibility. The AHR methylation level in RA patients was significantly higher than the controls, while AHRR methylation level was abnormally reduced in RA patients. In addition, AHRR rs2672725 genotype distribution was significantly associated with the AHRR methylation level among RA patients. In summary, ARNT rs11204735, AHRR rs2292596, and rs2672725 polymorphisms were associated with RA susceptibility and altered AHR, AHRR methylation levels were related to the risk of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong-Miao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Xiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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