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Xiao X, Huang S, Yang Z, Zhu Y, Zhu L, Zhao Y, Bai J, Kim KH. Momordica charantia Bioactive Components: Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Benefits Through Gut Health Modulation. J Med Food 2024; 27:589-600. [PMID: 38770678 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2024.k.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia (MC), a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is well known for its pharmacological activities that exhibit hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. These properties are largely because of its abundant bioactive compounds and phytochemicals. Over the years, numerous studies have confirmed the regulatory effects of MC extract on glycolipid metabolism. However, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on newly discovered MC-related components, such as insulin receptor-binding protein-19, adMc1, and MC protein-30 and triterpenoids 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al, and the role of MC in gut microbiota and bitter taste receptors. This review offers an up-to-date overview of the recently reported chemical compositions of MC, including polysaccharides, saponins, polyphenolics, peptides, and their beneficial effects. It also provides the latest updates on the role of MC in the regulation of gut microbiota and bitter taste receptor signaling pathways. As a result, this review will serve as a theoretical basis for potential applications in the creation or modification of MC-based nutrient supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shiting Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yansheng Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Juan Bai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Tang R, Luo J, Zhu X, Miao P, Tang H, Jian Y, Ruan S, Ling F, Tang M. Recent progress in the effect of ferroptosis of HSCs on the development of liver fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1258870. [PMID: 37860583 PMCID: PMC10584331 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1258870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological process that must take place for multiple chronic liver diseases to develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer. Liver fibrosis (LF) is regulated by various cytokines and signaling pathways in its occurrence and development. Ferroptosis is an important mode of cell death caused by iron-dependent oxidative damage and is regulated by iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation signaling pathways. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to LF. As the main material secreted by the extracellular matrix, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a general concern in the development of LF. Therefore, targeting HSC ferroptosis against LF is crucial. This review describes the current status of treating LF by inducing HSC ferroptosis that would aid studies in better understanding the current knowledge on ferroptosis in HSCs and the future research direction in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengyu Miao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Jian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Sibei Ruan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Ling
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxi Tang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Situmorang JH, Chen MC, Kuo WW, Lin SZ, Shih CY, Lin PY, Loh CH, Huang CY. 9-POHSA prevents NF-kB activation and ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation in rat hepatocytes. Lipids 2023; 58:241-249. [PMID: 37604154 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Liver inflammation has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, leading to the development of diseases like hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and fatty liver disease. One factor that has been linked to liver inflammation is increased levels of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which can be caused by poor diets and sedentary lifestyles that contribute to liver inflammation. There is promising research on a new class of lipids called fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), which have been shown to potentiate insulin release and exert an anti-inflammatory effect. Specifically, one type of FAHFA called 9-POHSA (palmitoleic acid ester of 9-hydroxy stearic acid) has been studied for its potential to attenuate inflammation-related indexes induced by LPS in hepatocytes, which play a critical role in the progression of liver inflammation. This study found that following LPS treatment, tumor necrosis factor- α, interleukin-6, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were upregulated and increased cell migration, but 9-POHSA pre-treatment attenuated the upregulation of these markers and prevented cell migration induced by LPS. Using flowcytometry analysis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found to be responsible for CTGF upregulation. In addition, the effects of 9-POHSA were likely associated with its inhibition of the activation of the NF-kB. These results suggest that 9-POHSA has potential as a therapy for liver inflammation and fibrosis by attenuating inflammation-related indexes induced by LPS in hepatocytes. This study provides important insight into the mechanisms of liver inflammation and the potential for new treatments to address liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Hasegawa Situmorang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Center for Biomedical Research, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Pi-Yu Lin
- Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hui Loh
- Department of Family Medicine and Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Center for Aging and Health, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
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Wang X, Zhou Y, Min J, Wang F. Zooming in and out of ferroptosis in human disease. Front Med 2023; 17:173-206. [PMID: 37121959 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-0992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is defined as an iron-dependent regulated form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. In the past decade, it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases that together involve almost every organ of the body, including various cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases, endocrine metabolic diseases, iron-overload-related diseases, orthopedic diseases and autoimmune diseases. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its regulatory pathways could provide additional strategies for the management of these disease conditions. Indeed, there are an expanding number of studies suggesting that ferroptosis serves as a bona-fide target for the prevention and treatment of these diseases in relevant pre-clinical models. In this review, we summarize the progress in the research into ferroptosis and its regulatory mechanisms in human disease, while providing evidence in support of ferroptosis as a target for the treatment of these diseases. We also discuss our perspectives on the future directions in the targeting of ferroptosis in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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Shao CJ, Zhou HL, Gao XZ, Xu CF. Downregulation of miR-221-3p promotes the ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells via upregulation of ATF3 to mediate the transcription inhibition of GPX4 and HRD1. Transl Oncol 2023; 32:101649. [PMID: 36947996 PMCID: PMC10040875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is an aggressive gastrointestinal tumor. MiRNAs participate in the tumorigenesis of GC. Nevertheless, the function of miR-221-3p in GC remains largely unknown. METHODS RNA levels were assessed by RT-qPCR. Western blot was performed to test the protein levels. The relation between miR-221-3p and ATF3 was investigated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. ChIP and dual-luciferase reporter assay were applied to assess the interaction between ATF3 and HRD1 or GPX4. Meanwhile, cell proliferation was investigated by CCK8 and colony formation assay. The content of erastin-induced Fe2+ was investigated by iron assay kit. Erastin-induced lipid ROS level was assessed by C11-BODIPY 581/591. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to detect the interaction between HRD1 and ACSL4. In addition, xenograft mice model was established to detect the effect of miR-221-3p in GC. RESULTS Depletion of miR-221-3p greatly attenuated GC cell proliferation through promoting ferroptosis. Meanwhile, ATF3 was downregulated in GC, and it was identified to be the downstream mRNA of miR-221-3p. MiR-221-3p downregulation could promoted the ferroptosis in GC cells through upregulation of ATF3. HRD1 mediates ubiquitination and degradation of ACSL4 to inhibit ferroptosis. ATF3 upregulation could reduce GC cell proliferation via downregulating the transcription of GPX4 and HRD1. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-221-3p markedly attenuated the growth of GC in mice. CONCLUSION HRD1 mediates ubiquitination and degradation of ACSL4 to inhibit ferroptosis. MiR-221-3p depletion upregulates the ferroptosis in GC cells via upregulation of ATF3 to mediate the transcription inhibition of GPX4 and HRD1. Our study might provide a novel target for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Lianyungang Cancer Hospital, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222006, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hai-Lang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The people's Hospital of Lianshui County, Huaian 223400, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xu-Zhu Gao
- Central laboratory, Lianyungang Cancer Hospital, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222006, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Chun-Fang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Kouroumalis E, Tsomidis I, Voumvouraki A. Iron as a therapeutic target in chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:616-655. [PMID: 36742167 PMCID: PMC9896614 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i4.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It was clearly realized more than 50 years ago that iron deposition in the liver may be a critical factor in the development and progression of liver disease. The recent clarification of ferroptosis as a specific form of regulated hepatocyte death different from apoptosis and the description of ferritinophagy as a specific variation of autophagy prompted detailed investigations on the association of iron and the liver. In this review, we will present a brief discussion of iron absorption and handling by the liver with emphasis on the role of liver macrophages and the significance of the iron regulators hepcidin, transferrin, and ferritin in iron homeostasis. The regulation of ferroptosis by endogenous and exogenous mod-ulators will be examined. Furthermore, the involvement of iron and ferroptosis in various liver diseases including alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease, chronic hepatitis B and C, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) will be analyzed. Finally, experimental and clinical results following interventions to reduce iron deposition and the promising manipulation of ferroptosis will be presented. Most liver diseases will be benefited by ferroptosis inhibition using exogenous inhibitors with the notable exception of HCC, where induction of ferroptosis is the desired effect. Current evidence mostly stems from in vitro and in vivo experimental studies and the need for well-designed future clinical trials is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsomidis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54621, Greece
| | - Argyro Voumvouraki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54621, Greece
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Li L, Zhu Z. Pharmacological modulation of ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for liver fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1071844. [PMID: 36703745 PMCID: PMC9871257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1071844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, which is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) materials (primarily fibrillar collagen-I), is an abnormal repair reaction and pathological outcome of chronic liver diseases caused by alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections. Liver fibrosis often progresses to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Ferroptosis, characterized by lipid peroxidation, is a form of iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death, and recent studies have reported that ferroptosis contribute to the development of liver fibrosis. Moreover, several agents have demonstrated therapeutic effects in experimental liver fibrosis models by inducing hepatic stellate cell (HSCs) ferroptosis. This review delineates the specific mechanism by which ferroptosis contributes to the development of liver fibrosis. Specifically, we focused on the different types of therapeutic agents that can induce HSCs ferroptosis and summarize their pharmacological effectiveness for liver fibrosis treatment. We suggest that HSCs ferroptosis may be a potential useful target of novel therapies for preventing and treating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- Liver Transplantation Center, Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Liver Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Department of hepatobiliary surgery, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, China
| | - Zhijun Zhu
- Liver Transplantation Center, Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Liver Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhijun Zhu,
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Zhang J, Guo J, Yang N, Huang Y, Hu T, Rao C. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death in liver injury. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1051. [PMID: 36535923 PMCID: PMC9763476 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is an important intracellular organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and unfolded protein response (UPR) are induced when the body is exposed to adverse external stimuli. It has been established that ERS can induce different cell death modes, including autophagy, apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis, through three major transmembrane receptors on the ER membrane, including inositol requirement enzyme 1α, protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and activating transcription factor 6. These different modes of cell death play an important role in the occurrence and development of various diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, metabolic diseases, and liver injury. As the largest metabolic organ, the liver is rich in enzymes, carries out different functions such as metabolism and secretion, and is the body's main site of protein synthesis. Accordingly, a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum system is present in hepatocytes to help the liver perform its physiological functions. Current evidence suggests that ERS is closely related to different stages of liver injury, and the death of hepatocytes caused by ERS may be key in liver injury. In addition, an increasing body of evidence suggests that modulating ERS has great potential for treating the liver injury. This article provided a comprehensive overview of the relationship between ERS and four types of cell death. Moreover, we discussed the mechanism of ERS and UPR in different liver injuries and their potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Jiafu Guo
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Nannan Yang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Yan Huang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Tingting Hu
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Chaolong Rao
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XState Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
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9
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Zhou X, Fu Y, Liu W, Mu Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Liu P. Ferroptosis in Chronic Liver Diseases: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:928321. [PMID: 35720113 PMCID: PMC9205467 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.928321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation, is a cell death pathway discovered in recent years. Ferroptosis plays an important role in tumors, ischemia-reperfusion injury, neurological diseases, blood diseases, etc. Recent studies have shown the importance of ferroptosis in chronic liver disease. This article summarizes the pathological mechanisms of ferroptosis involved in System Xc−, iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and some GPX4-independent pathways, and the latest research on ferroptosis in chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, the current bottleneck issues that restrict the research on ferroptosis are proposed to provide ideas and strategies for exploring new therapeutic targets for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yadong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongping Mu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jiamei Chen, ; Ping Liu,
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jiamei Chen, ; Ping Liu,
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10
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Zhou J, Tan Y, Wang R, Li X. Role of Ferroptosis in Fibrotic Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3689-3708. [PMID: 35783244 PMCID: PMC9248952 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s358470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a unique and pervasive form of regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation. It results from disturbed cellular metabolism and imbalanced redox homeostasis and is regulated by various cellular metabolic pathways. Recent preclinical studies have revealed that ferroptosis may be an attractive therapeutic target in fibrotic diseases, such as liver fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, and myocardial fibrosis. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis and its roles in fibrotic diseases. These updates may provide a novel perspective for the treatment of fibrotic diseases as well as future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rurong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuehan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xuehan Li, Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18980099133, Email
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11
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The Regulatory Roles of Polysaccharides and Ferroptosis-Related Phytochemicals in Liver Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112303. [PMID: 35684103 PMCID: PMC9182636 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a global health burden with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Liver injuries can develop into severe end-stage diseases, such as cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, without valid treatment. Therefore, identifying novel drugs may promote liver disease treatment. Phytochemicals, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes, are abundant in foods and medicinal plants and have various bioactivities, such as antioxidation, immunoregulation, and tumor killing. Recent studies have shown that many natural polysaccharides play protective roles in liver disease models in vitro and in vivo, such as fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, and liver cancer. The mechanisms of liver disease are complex. Notably, ferroptosis, a new type of cell death driven by iron and lipid peroxidation, is considered to be the key mechanism in many hepatic pathologies. Therefore, polysaccharides and other types of phytochemicals with activities in ferroptosis regulation provide novel therapeutic strategies for ferroptosis-related liver diseases. This review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms of ferroptosis and liver injury and compelling preclinical evidence of natural bioactive polysaccharides and phytochemicals in treating liver disease.
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Lin CH, Wu JS, Hsieh PC, Chiu V, Lan CC, Kuo CY. Wild Bitter Melon Extract Abrogates Hypoxia-Induced Cell Death via the Regulation of Ferroptosis, ER Stress, and Apoptosis in Microglial BV2 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:1072600. [PMID: 35449822 PMCID: PMC9017512 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1072600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are well-known phagocytic cells that are resistant to the central nervous system (CNS) and play an important role in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis. Activated microglial cells induce neuroinflammation under hypoxia and typically cause neuronal damage in CNS diseases. In this study, we propose that wild bitter melon extract (WBM) has a protective effect on hypoxia-induced cell death via regulation of ferroptosis, ER stress, and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that hypoxia caused microglial BV-2 the accumulation of lipid ROS, ferroptosis, ER stress, and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the pharmacological effects of WBM on BV-2 cells following hypoxia-induced cell death. The results indicated that WBM reversed hypoxia-downregulated antiferroptotic molecules Gpx4 and SLC7A11, as well as upregulated the ER stress markers CHOP and Bip. Moreover, WBM alleviated hypoxia-induced apoptosis via the regulation of cleaved-caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl-2. Our results suggest that WBM may be a good candidate for preventing CNS disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Nutrition and Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Sheng Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Valeria Chiu
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Chin Lan
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Yen Kuo
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien College of Healthcare and Management, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
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Orientin Alleviates Liver Inflammation via Downregulation of ZEB-2/PTEN Markers—Hepatic Stellate Cells Approach. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver inflammation is associated with an increased risk of liver fibrosis that substantially progresses to cirrhosis. Recently, usage of the herbal supplement has been increased because of its emerging role to dominate oxidative stress in hepatic injury. Orientin is one of the bioactive flavonoids that possesses a diversity of curative activities. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory role of orientin (1 mg/kg) in vitro in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and in vivo in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Moreover, the current study was supported by in silico investigation. Orientin demonstrated protection against LPS-induced HSC inflammation as evidenced by a decrease in iNOS, NO, and TNF-α and inhibition of the fibrotic markers ZEB-2 and PTEN. In addition, orientin afforded protection against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice as shown from decreased AST/ALT ratio, inhibition of the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-γ, reduction of fibrotic markers ZEB-2 and PTEN, and improvement of the histopathological changes. Furthermore, the docking study demonstrated virtual interactions of orientin with ZEB-2 and PTEN. Taken together, the current study suggested that the protective effects of orientin against LPS- and CCl4-induced liver inflammation are via inhibition of fibrotic markers and reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Saikosaponin D Inhibits the Proliferation and Promotes the Apoptosis of Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells by Inducing Autophagosome Formation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5451758. [PMID: 34457023 PMCID: PMC8390134 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5451758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of saikosaponin D (SSd) on the proliferation and apoptosis of the HSC-T6 hepatic stellate cell line and determine the key pathway that mediates SSd's function. Methods Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 kit. The EdU kit and flow cytometry were used to examine cell proliferation. The Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining kit and flow cytometry were used to examine cell apoptosis. Western blot analysis was performed to analyze the expression levels of LC3, Ki67, cleaved caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl2. Autophagosome formation was detected by LC3-GFP adenovirus transfection. Results SSd inhibits the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of acetaldehyde-activated HSC-T6 cells. SSd treatment increased the expression of cleaved caspase 3 and Bax but reduced that of Ki67 and Bcl2. The same concentration of SSd barely influenced the growth of normal rat liver BRL-3A cells. SSd upregulated LC3-II expression and induced autophagosome formation. Autophagy agonist rapamycin had the same effect as SSd and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine could neutralize the effect of SSd in acetaldehyde-activated HSC-T6 cells. Conclusions SSd could inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of HSC-T6 cells by inducing autophagosome formation.
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