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Takahashi A, Nomoto H, Onishi K, Manda S, Miya A, Kameda H, Nakamura A, Atsumi T. A comparative study of the effects of imeglimin add-on or metformin dose escalation on glycaemic variability in subjects with type 2 diabetes treated with low-dose metformin (MEGMI-CGM study). Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:3471-3474. [PMID: 38699794 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Takahashi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nomoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kinnosuke Onishi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Manda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aika Miya
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiraku Kameda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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McGill JB, Hirsch IB, Parkin CG, Aleppo G, Levy CJ, Gavin JR. The Current and Future Role of Insulin Therapy in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review. Diabetes Ther 2024; 15:1085-1098. [PMID: 38573469 PMCID: PMC11043311 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-024-01569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Early initiation of intensive insulin therapy has been demonstrated to be effective in controlling glycemia and possibly preserving beta-cell function. Innovations in insulin formulations and delivery systems continue. However, we have seen an acceleration in the development of new classes of diabetes medications for individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity, such as, for example, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs). These formulations have been shown to confer significant benefits in achieving good glycemic control with reduced hypoglycemia risk, weight loss, and cardiorenal protection. Therefore, it is reasonable to question whether there is still a role for insulin therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes. However, there are clear limitations inherent to GLP-1 RA therapy, including high rates of suboptimal adherence and treatment discontinuation due to high cost and side effects, which diminish long-term efficacy, and supply issues. In addition, newer formulations have shown improvements in convenience and tolerability, and have been shown to be even more effective when used in conjunction with basal insulin. In this narrative review, we discuss current evidence that supports GLP-1 RA use in combination with insulin therapy and the potential pitfalls of reliance on GLP-1 RAs as a substitute for insulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet B McGill
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid, Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Irl B Hirsch
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Building F, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Christopher G Parkin
- CGParkin Communications, Inc., 2675 Windmill Pkwy, Ste. 2721, Henderson, NV, 89074, USA.
| | - Grazia Aleppo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, 675 N St Clair St Galter Pavilion, Ste 14-100, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Carol J Levy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mount Sinai Diabetes Center and T1D Clinical Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 E 98th St, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - James R Gavin
- Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Yamada H, Morimoto J, Funazaki S, Tonezawa S, Takahashi A, Yoshida M, Nagashima S, Hara K. Retrospective Study of IDegLira, a New Fixed-Ratio Combination, in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Analysis of Background Factors Affecting Effectiveness After 6 Months of Treatment. J Clin Med Res 2023; 15:406-414. [PMID: 37822852 PMCID: PMC10563818 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to provide real-world data on the effectiveness and safety of a new fixed-ratio combination, insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) injection in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods The primary endpoint was the change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level 6 months after the introduction of IDegLira. We also examined the rate of achievement of target HbA1c 7% and the individualized HbA1c targets set for each patient. Baseline characteristics associated with the change in HbA1c were also assessed. Seventy-five patients with T2DM were included in the analysis. Results After the initiation of IDegLira, HbA1c decreased significantly from baseline with a change of -1.81% (baseline 9.61% and at 6 months 7.80%; P < 0.001). At baseline, the achievement rate of 7% HbA1c was 2.67% (n = 2), which increased to 36.0% (n = 27) after 6 months of IDegLira introduction (P < 0.05). The attainment rate of individualized HbA1c targets, which were set considering each patient's characteristics, improved from 2.67% (n = 2) to 49.3% (n = 37) (P < 0.001). Regardless of sex, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, duration of diabetes, or history of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use, IDegLira significantly reduced HbA1c, but a higher C-peptide index was associated with a greater reduction in HbA1c. Conclusion In this study, initiation of IDegLira in a real-world clinical setting was beneficial in lowering HbA1c in Japanese T2DM patients with inadequate glycemic control with existing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaka Yamada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Jun Morimoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Funazaki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shiori Tonezawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Asuka Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Masashi Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nagashima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
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Qasim SF, Ahsan T, Ghaus S, Imran P. Efficacy and safety profile of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist in obese Type-2 diabetes patients from a private institution in Karachi. Pak J Med Sci 2023; 39:1113-1118. [PMID: 37492314 PMCID: PMC10364304 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.39.4.7353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the effectiveness of GLP-1RAs in managing obese T2DM patients. Methods This prospective cohort analysis was conducted at Medicell Institute of Diabetes, Karachi, Pakistan; from July 2019 to July 2021. A total of 97 obese individuals >16 years of age with T2DM and IGT were initially enrolled, and 81 patients who showed up for the follow-up were prescribed one of the three GLP-1RAs available in Pakistan. Results Out of 81 patients who showed up for the follow-up visit, 43 had received Liraglutide, 25 were taking Dulaglutide, and 13 had been prescribed IDegLira supplemented with oral hypoglycemic medications ± insulin. The mean age of the enrolled patients was 49.21(12.44) years, and there was female predominance (55.6%). Overall, there was a significant weight and BMI reduction among the patients treated with either of the GLP-1RAs (P<.01). Furthermore, significant glycemic control was observed in all three groups after the treatment. The Dulaglutide group demonstrated a more significant reduction of HbA1c compared to Liraglutide group, which showed more pronounced weight and BMI reduction. Nevertheless, this class of medications was well-tolerated, with nausea being the most often reported side effect. Conclusion GLP-1RAs showed favorable weight and HbA1c reduction among patients of all three treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeeda Fouzia Qasim
- Saeeda Fouzia Qasim, FCPS & MRCP (Ireland) Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tasnim Ahsan
- Tasnim Ahsan, MRCP & FRCP Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saima Ghaus
- Saima Ghaus, FCPS & MRCP (UK) Medicell Institute of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (MIDEM), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Paras Imran
- Paras Imran, FCPS Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan
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Cañas JMH, Gutierrez MAG, Ossa AB. What is Glycaemic Variability and which Pharmacological Treatment Options are Effective? A Narrative Review. TOUCHREVIEWS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2023; 19:16-21. [PMID: 38046184 PMCID: PMC10688563 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2023.19.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycated haemoglobin is currently used for diagnosis and follow-up of diabetes mellitus. However, it has important limitations; as it only reflects the average glycaemia over the last 3 months, it does not allow the identification of crucial events, such as episodes of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia. Strict control of hyperglycaemia can result in severe hypoglycaemia that can be life threatening and can have important sequelae. Recently, the concept of glycaemic variability has been developed to provide information about the magnitude of glycaemic excursions and the duration of these fluctuations. This new approach has the potential to improve outcomes, decrease the risk of hypoglycaemia, and decrease cardiovascular risk. This review describes the most commonly prescribed non-insulin anti-diabetic drugs for diabetes management, their mechanism of action, and the existing evidence about their effectiveness in improving glycaemic variability and diabetes control.
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Nomoto H. Fixed-ratio combinations of basal insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a promising strategy for treating diabetes. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:188-197. [PMID: 37035222 PMCID: PMC10075027 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of appropriate glycemic control is important for the prevention of diabetic complications in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Numerous oral antidiabetic drugs are now clinically available, but in particular, the introduction of injection regimens using insulin and/or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA)s represents promising step-up options for oral antidiabetic drug treatment. The recently licensed fixed-ratio combination (FRC) products, which comprise basal insulin and a GLP-1RA, have potent anti-hyperglycemic effects and reduce the undesirable side-effects of each component, such as body weight gain, hypoglycemia, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Two FRCs-insulin degludec/Liraglutide and insulin glargine/Lixisenatide-are now clinically available and, to date, several phase II/III trials have been conducted in particular groups of subjects with T2D. However, their utility in real-world clinical settings is of interest for most clinicians. Recently reported real-world clinical trials of these two FRCs in various situations have demonstrated their efficacy regarding glycemic control and the quality of life of people with T2D. Their long-term safety and efficacy require confirmation, but a treatment strategy that includes an FRC may be compatible with the concept of “well-balanced” therapy in certain groups of patients with T2D who have inadequate glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nomoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan
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Oe Y, Nomoto H, Miya A, Kameda H, Cho KY, Nakamura A, Miyoshi H, Atsumi T. Letter to the Editor Regarding Efficacy of IDegLira Versus IDegAsp Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Study by isCGM. Adv Ther 2023; 40:383-386. [PMID: 36306064 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Oe
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nomoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Aika Miya
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiraku Kameda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kyu Yong Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Institute of Health Science Innovation for Medical Care, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyoshi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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Response to: Letter to the Editor Regarding Efficacy of IDegLira Versus IDegAsp Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Study by isCGM. Adv Ther 2023; 40:381-382. [PMID: 36261771 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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