1
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Mason NR, Cahill H, Diamond Y, McCleary K, Kotecha RS, Marshall GM, Mateos MK. Down syndrome-associated leukaemias: current evidence and challenges. Ther Adv Hematol 2024; 15:20406207241257901. [PMID: 39050114 PMCID: PMC11268035 DOI: 10.1177/20406207241257901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk of developing haematological malignancies, in particular acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The microenvironment established by abnormal haematopoiesis driven by trisomy 21 is compounded by additional genetic and epigenetic changes that can drive leukaemogenesis in patients with DS. GATA-binding protein 1 (GATA1) somatic mutations are implicated in the development of transient abnormal myelopoiesis and the progression to myeloid leukaemia of DS (ML-DS) and provide a model of the multi-step process of leukaemogenesis in DS. This review summarises key genetic drivers for the development of leukaemia in patients with DS, the biology and treatment of ML-DS and DS-associated acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, late effects of treatments for DS-leukaemias and the focus for future targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola R. Mason
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hilary Cahill
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Yonatan Diamond
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen McCleary
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Rishi S. Kotecha
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Oncology, Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Leukaemia Translational Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Glenn M. Marshall
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, Randwick, NSW, Australia School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Marion K. Mateos
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Level 1 South Wing, High Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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2
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Musleh M, Alhusein Q. A rare presentation and treatment challenges for multiple myeloma in down syndrome: A case report and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e9154. [PMID: 38962468 PMCID: PMC11220454 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.9154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), characterized by trisomy 21, significantly increases susceptibility to leukemia, although the occurrence of multiple myeloma (MM) in DS is exceedingly rare. This report details the case of a 45-year-old female with DS who was diagnosed with MM, highlighting diagnostic and therapeutic complexities. It emphasizes the importance of tailored therapeutic strategies for treating MM in individuals with DS and the need for specialized approaches in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mais Musleh
- Department of HematologyFaculty of Medicine, Al Assad University HospitalDamascusSyria
| | - Qossay Alhusein
- Department of HematologyFaculty of Medicine, Al‐Mouwasat University HospitalDamascusSyria
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3
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Živančević K, Živanović J, Baralić K, Božić D, Marić Đ, Vukelić D, Miljaković EA, Djordjevic AB, Ćurčić M, Bulat Z, Antonijević B, Đukić-Ćosić D. Integrative investigation of hematotoxic effects induced by low doses of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic mixture: In vivo and in silico approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172608. [PMID: 38653421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The effect of the lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) mixture (MIX) on hematotoxicity development was investigated trough combined approach. In vivo subacute study (28 days) was performed on rats (5 per group): a control group and five groups orally exposed to increasing metal(loid) mixture doses, MIX 1- MIX 5 (mg/kg bw./day) (Pb: 0.003, 0.01, 0.1, 0.3, 1; Cd: 0.01, 0.03, 0.3, 0.9, 3; Hg: 0.0002, 0.0006, 0.006, 0.018, 0.06; As: 0.002, 0.006, 0.06, 0.18, 0.6). Blood was taken for analysis of hematological parameters and serum iron (Fe) analysis. MIX treatment increased thrombocyte/platelet count and MCHC and decreased Hb, HCT, MCV and MCH values compared to control, indicating the development of anemia and thrombocytosis. BMDIs with the narrowest width were identified for MCH [pg] (6.030E-03 - 1.287E-01 mg Pb/kg bw./day; 2.010E-02 - 4.290E-01 mg Cd/kg bw./day; 4.020E-04 - 8.580E-03 mg Hg/kg bw./day; 4.020E-03 - 8.580E-02 mg As/kg bw./day). In silico analysis showed target genes connected with MIX and the development of: anemia - ACHE, GSR, PARP1, TNF; thrombocytosis - JAK2, CALR, MPL, THPO; hematological diseases - FAS and ALAD. The main extracted pathways for anemia were related to apoptosis and oxidative stress; for thrombocytosis were signaling pathways of Jak-STAT and TPO. Changes in miRNAs and transcription factors enabled the mode of action (MoA) development based on the obtained results, contributing to mechanistic understanding and hematological risk related to MIX exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Živančević
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Laser Microscopy, Studentski trg 16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jovana Živanović
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Baralić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragica Božić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đurđica Marić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Vukelić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evica Antonijević Miljaković
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Ćurčić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Bulat
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Antonijević
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Đukić-Ćosić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Toxicological Risk Assessment Center, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Kugler E, Madiwale S, Yong D, Thoms JAI, Birger Y, Sykes DB, Schmoellerl J, Drakul A, Priebe V, Yassin M, Aqaqe N, Rein A, Fishman H, Geron I, Chen CW, Raught B, Liu Q, Ogana H, Liedke E, Bourquin JP, Zuber J, Milyavsky M, Pimanda J, Privé GG, Izraeli S. The NCOR-HDAC3 co-repressive complex modulates the leukemogenic potential of the transcription factor ERG. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5871. [PMID: 37735473 PMCID: PMC10514085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ERG (ETS-related gene) transcription factor is linked to various types of cancer, including leukemia. However, the specific ERG domains and co-factors contributing to leukemogenesis are poorly understood. Drug targeting a transcription factor such as ERG is challenging. Our study reveals the critical role of a conserved amino acid, proline, at position 199, located at the 3' end of the PNT (pointed) domain, in ERG's ability to induce leukemia. P199 is necessary for ERG to promote self-renewal, prevent myeloid differentiation in hematopoietic progenitor cells, and initiate leukemia in mouse models. Here we show that P199 facilitates ERG's interaction with the NCoR-HDAC3 co-repressor complex. Inhibiting HDAC3 reduces the growth of ERG-dependent leukemic and prostate cancer cells, indicating that the interaction between ERG and the NCoR-HDAC3 co-repressor complex is crucial for its oncogenic activity. Thus, targeting this interaction may offer a potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Kugler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Shreyas Madiwale
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Darren Yong
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie A I Thoms
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yehudit Birger
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA & Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johannes Schmoellerl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Aneta Drakul
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, and Children Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valdemar Priebe
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, and Children Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Yassin
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nasma Aqaqe
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avigail Rein
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Hila Fishman
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Ifat Geron
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Heather Ogana
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Liedke
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourquin
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, and Children Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Milyavsky
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - John Pimanda
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilbert G Privé
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- The Rina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
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5
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Huang W, Zhang W, Zeng L, Liao S, Liu F, Li L. ERG Expression is Helpful in Differentiating T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma from Thymoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2023; 31:137-141. [PMID: 35435050 DOI: 10.1177/10668969221095165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ETS-related gene (ERG) is the member of ETS-family of transcription factors and is commonly expressed in Ewing sarcoma. Recently, we found that ERG can also be expressed in lymphoblastic lymphoma. The aim of this article is to explore the expression patterns of ERG in T-lymphoblastic lymphoma, and to evaluate its diagnostic value for differentiating T-lymphoblastic lymphoma and nonneoplastic T-precursor cells in thymoma via immunohistochemistry. In this study, we explored the expression pattern of ERG in T-lymphoblastic lymphoma and thymoma specimens via immunohistochemistry. Sixteen T-lymphoblastic lymphoma and 18 thymoma specimens were evaluated for the expression of ERG. Our findings showed that ERG was expressed in 10 of the 16 (63%) T-lymphoblastic lymphoma specimens, and in only 1 of the 18 (6%) thymoma specimens. The positive and negative predictive value of ERG in T-lymphoblastic lymphoma was 91% and 74%, respectively. ERG is a helpful marker for the diagnosis of T-lymphoblastic lymphoma and is a promising new method to differentiate T-lymphoblastic lymphoma and the nonneoplastic T-precursor cells in thymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Huang
- Department of Pathology, 196534The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, 196534The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Department of Pathology, 196534The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shousheng Liao
- Department of Pathology, 196534The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fanrong Liu
- Department of Pathology, 196534The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lixiang Li
- Department of Pathology, 196534The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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6
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Li J, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Advances in molecular characterization of myeloid proliferations associated with Down syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:891214. [PMID: 36035173 PMCID: PMC9399805 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.891214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome (ML-DS) has a unique molecular landscape that differs from other subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia. ML-DS is often preceded by a myeloproliferative neoplastic condition called transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) that disrupts megakaryocytic and erythroid differentiation. Over the last two decades, many genetic and epigenetic changes in TAM and ML-DS have been elucidated. These include overexpression of molecules and micro-RNAs located on chromosome 21, GATA1 mutations, and a range of other somatic mutations and chromosomal alterations. In this review, we summarize molecular changes reported in TAM and ML-DS and provide a comprehensive discussion of these findings. Recent advances in the development of CRISPR/Cas9-modified induced pluripotent stem cell-based disease models are also highlighted. However, despite significant progress in this area, we still do not fully understand the pathogenesis of ML-DS, and there are no targeted therapies. Initial diagnosis of ML-DS has a favorable prognosis, but refractory and relapsed disease can be difficult to treat; therapeutic options are limited in Down syndrome children by their stronger sensitivity to the toxic effects of chemotherapy. Because of the rarity of TAM and ML-DS, large-scale multi-center studies would be helpful to advance molecular characterization of these diseases at different stages of development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixia Li
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Jixia Li, ; Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska,
| | - Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Haematology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Jixia Li, ; Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska,
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7
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Schuy J, Eisfeldt J, Pettersson M, Shahrokhshahi N, Moslem M, Nilsson D, Dahl N, Shahsavani M, Falk A, Lindstrand A. Partial Monosomy 21 Mirrors Gene Expression of Trisomy 21 in a Patient-Derived Neuroepithelial Stem Cell Model. Front Genet 2022; 12:803683. [PMID: 35186010 PMCID: PMC8854775 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.803683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients are an attractive disease model to study tissues with poor accessibility such as the brain. Using this approach, we and others have shown that trisomy 21 results in genome-wide transcriptional dysregulations. The effects of loss of genes on chromosome 21 is much less characterized. Here, we use patient-derived neural cells from an individual with neurodevelopmental delay and a ring chromosome 21 with two deletions spanning 3.8 Mb at the terminal end of 21q22.3, containing 60 protein-coding genes. To investigate the molecular perturbations of the partial monosomy on neural cells, we established patient-derived iPSCs from fibroblasts retaining the ring chromosome 21, and we then induced iPSCs into neuroepithelial stem cells. RNA-Seq analysis of NESCs with the ring chromosome revealed downregulation of 18 genes within the deleted region together with global transcriptomic dysregulations when compared to euploid NESCs. Since the deletions on chromosome 21 represent a genetic “contrary” to trisomy of the corresponding region, we further compared the dysregulated transcriptomic profile in with that of two NESC lines with trisomy 21. The analysis revealed opposed expression changes for 23 genes on chromosome 21 as well as 149 non-chromosome 21 genes. Taken together, our results bring insights into the effects on the global and chromosome 21 specific gene expression from a partial monosomy of chromosome 21qter during early neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Schuy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Eisfeldt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Maria Pettersson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mohsen Moslem
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mansoureh Shahsavani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anna Lindstrand,
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8
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Eldhose B, Pandrala M, Xavier C, Mohamed AA, Srivastava S, Sunkara AD, Dobi A, Malhotra SV. New Selective Inhibitors of ERG Positive Prostate Cancer: ERGi-USU-6 Salt Derivatives. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1703-1709. [PMID: 34790292 PMCID: PMC8591719 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Prostate
cancer is among the leading causes of cancer related death
of men in the United States. The ERG gene fusion
leading to overexpression of near full-length ERG transcript and protein represents most prevalent (50–65%)
prostate cancer driver gene alterations. The ERG oncoprotein overexpression
persists in approximately 35% of metastatic castration resistant prostate
cancers. Due to the emergence of eventual refractoriness to second-
and third-generation androgen axis-based inhibitors, there remains
a pressing need to develop drugs targeting other validated prostate
cancer drivers such as ERG. Here we report the new and more potent
ERG inhibitor ERGi-USU-6 developed by structure–activity studies
from the parental ERGi-USU. We have developed an improved procedure
for the synthesis of ERGi-USU-6 and identified a salt formulation
that further improves its activity in biological assays for selective
targeting of ERG harboring prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binil Eldhose
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Mallesh Pandrala
- Division of Radiation & Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Charles Xavier
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Mohamed
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, United States
| | - Anu D. Sunkara
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, United States
- Washington Adventist University, Takoma Park, Maryland 20912, United States
| | - Albert Dobi
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Sanjay V. Malhotra
- Division of Radiation & Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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9
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de Castro CPM, Cadefau M, Cuartero S. The Mutational Landscape of Myeloid Leukaemia in Down Syndrome. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4144. [PMID: 34439298 PMCID: PMC8394284 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) are particularly prone to haematopoietic disorders. Paediatric myeloid malignancies in DS occur at an unusually high frequency and generally follow a well-defined stepwise clinical evolution. First, the acquisition of mutations in the GATA1 transcription factor gives rise to a transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) in DS newborns. While this condition spontaneously resolves in most cases, some clones can acquire additional mutations, which trigger myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome (ML-DS). These secondary mutations are predominantly found in chromatin and epigenetic regulators-such as cohesin, CTCF or EZH2-and in signalling mediators of the JAK/STAT and RAS pathways. Most of them are also found in non-DS myeloid malignancies, albeit at extremely different frequencies. Intriguingly, mutations in proteins involved in the three-dimensional organization of the genome are found in nearly 50% of cases. How the resulting mutant proteins cooperate with trisomy 21 and mutant GATA1 to promote ML-DS is not fully understood. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge about the sequential acquisition of genomic alterations in ML-DS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Cadefau
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (C.P.M.d.C); (M.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Sergi Cuartero
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (C.P.M.d.C); (M.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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10
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Shimada A. Profile of down syndrome–associated malignancies: Epidemiology, clinical features and therapeutic aspects. PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phoj.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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11
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Grimm J, Heckl D, Klusmann JH. Molecular Mechanisms of the Genetic Predisposition to Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia in Infants With Down Syndrome. Front Oncol 2021; 11:636633. [PMID: 33777792 PMCID: PMC7992977 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.636633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome are genetically predisposed to developing acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. This myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome (ML–DS) demonstrates a model of step-wise leukemogenesis with perturbed hematopoiesis already presenting in utero, facilitating the acquisition of additional driver mutations such as truncating GATA1 variants, which are pathognomonic to the disease. Consequently, the affected individuals suffer from a transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM)—a pre-leukemic state preceding the progression to ML–DS. In our review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of the different steps of clonal evolution in Down syndrome leukemogenesis, and aim to provide a comprehensive view on the complex interplay between gene dosage imbalances, GATA1 mutations and somatic mutations affecting JAK-STAT signaling, the cohesin complex and epigenetic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Grimm
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan-Henning Klusmann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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12
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Greulich BM, Plotnik JP, Jerde TJ, Hollenhorst PC. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling activates ERG function in prostate cancer and provides a therapeutic target. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcaa046. [PMID: 33554122 PMCID: PMC7848947 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The TMPRSS2–ERG gene fusion and subsequent overexpression of the ERG transcription factor occurs in ∼50% of prostate tumors, making it the most common abnormality of the prostate cancer genome. While ERG has been shown to drive tumor progression and cancer-related phenotypes, as a transcription factor it is difficult to target therapeutically. Using a genetic screen, we identified the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway as important for ERG function in prostate cells. Our data confirm previous reports that ERG can transcriptionally activate TLR4 gene expression; however, using a constitutively active ERG mutant, we demonstrate that the critical function of TLR4 signaling is upstream, promoting ERG phosphorylation at serine 96 and ERG transcriptional activation. The TLR4 inhibitor, TAK-242, attenuated ERG-mediated migration, clonogenic survival, target gene activation and tumor growth. Together these data indicate a mechanistic basis for inhibition of TLR4 signaling as a treatment for ERG-positive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Greulich
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Joshua P Plotnik
- Biology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Travis J Jerde
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Peter C Hollenhorst
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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13
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Endothelial ERG alleviates cardiac fibrosis via blocking endothelin-1-dependent paracrine mechanism. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 37:873-890. [PMID: 33469864 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac endothelium communicates closely with adjacent cardiac cells by multiple cytokines and plays critical roles in regulating fibroblasts proliferation, activation, and collagen synthesis during cardiac fibrosis. E26 transformation-specific (ETS)-related gene (ERG) belongs to the ETS transcriptional factor family and is required for endothelial cells (ECs) homeostasis and cardiac development. This study aims at investigating the potential role and molecular basis of ERG in fibrotic remodeling within the adult heart. We observed that ERG was abundant in murine hearts, especially in cardiac ECs, but decreased during cardiac fibrosis. ERG knockdown within murine hearts caused spontaneously cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction, accompanied by the activation of multiple Smad-dependent and independent pathways. However, the direct silence of ERG in cardiac fibroblasts did not affect the expression of fibrotic markers. Intriguingly, ERG knockdown in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) promoted the secretion of endothelin-1 (ET-1), which subsequently accelerated the proliferation, phenotypic transition, and collagen synthesis of cardiac fibroblasts in a paracrine manner. Suppressing ET-1 with either a neutralizing antibody or a receptor blocker abolished ERG knockdown-mediated deleterious effect in vivo and in vitro. This pro-fibrotic effect was also negated by RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-peptide magnetic nanoparticles target delivery of ET-1 small interfering RNA to ECs in mice. More importantly, we proved that endothelial ERG overexpression notably prevented pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis. Collectively, endothelial ERG alleviates cardiac fibrosis via blocking ET-1-dependent paracrine mechanism and it functions as a candidate for treating cardiac fibrosis. • ERG is abundant in murine hearts, especially in cardiac ECs, but decreased during fibrotic remodeling. • ERG knockdown causes spontaneously cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. • ERG silence in HUVECs promotes the secretion of endothelin-1, which in turn activates cardiac fibroblasts in a paracrine manner. • Endothelial ERG overexpression prevents pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis.
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14
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Søndergaard E, Rauch A, Michaut M, Rapin N, Rehn M, Wilhelmson AS, Camponeschi A, Hasemann MS, Bagger FO, Jendholm J, Knudsen KJ, Mandrup S, Mårtensson IL, Porse BT. ERG Controls B Cell Development by Promoting Igh V-to-DJ Recombination. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2756-2769.e6. [PMID: 31775043 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell development depends on the coordinated expression and cooperation of several transcription factors. Here we show that the transcription factor ETS-related gene (ERG) is crucial for normal B cell development and that its deletion results in a substantial loss of bone marrow B cell progenitors and peripheral B cells, as well as a skewing of splenic B cell populations. We find that ERG-deficient B lineage cells exhibit an early developmental block at the pre-B cell stage and proliferate less. The cells fail to express the immunoglobulin heavy chain due to inefficient V-to-DJ recombination, and cells that undergo recombination display a strong bias against incorporation of distal V gene segments. Furthermore, antisense transcription at PAX5-activated intergenic repeat (PAIR) elements, located in the distal region of the Igh locus, depends on ERG. These findings show that ERG serves as a critical regulator of B cell development by ensuring efficient and balanced V-to-DJ recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Søndergaard
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Alexander Rauch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Magali Michaut
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Rapin
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Matilda Rehn
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anna S Wilhelmson
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Camponeschi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie S Hasemann
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Frederik O Bagger
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Johan Jendholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kasper J Knudsen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo T Porse
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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15
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Laurent AP, Kotecha RS, Malinge S. Gain of chromosome 21 in hematological malignancies: lessons from studying leukemia in children with Down syndrome. Leukemia 2020; 34:1984-1999. [PMID: 32433508 PMCID: PMC7387246 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Structural and numerical alterations of chromosome 21 are extremely common in hematological malignancies. While the functional impact of chimeric transcripts from fused chromosome 21 genes such as TEL-AML1, AML1-ETO, or FUS-ERG have been extensively studied, the role of gain of chromosome 21 remains largely unknown. Gain of chromosome 21 is a frequently occurring aberration in several types of acute leukemia and can be found in up to 35% of cases. Children with Down syndrome (DS), who harbor constitutive trisomy 21, highlight the link between gain of chromosome 21 and leukemogenesis, with an increased risk of developing acute leukemia compared with other children. Clinical outcomes for DS-associated leukemia have improved over the years through the development of uniform treatment protocols facilitated by international cooperative groups. The genetic landscape has also recently been characterized, providing an insight into the molecular pathogenesis underlying DS-associated leukemia. These studies emphasize the key role of trisomy 21 in priming a developmental stage and cellular context susceptible to transformation, and have unveiled its cooperative function with additional genetic events that occur during leukemia progression. Here, using DS-leukemia as a paradigm, we aim to integrate our current understanding of the role of trisomy 21, of critical dosage-sensitive chromosome 21 genes, and of associated mechanisms underlying the development of hematological malignancies. This review will pave the way for future investigations on the broad impact of gain of chromosome 21 in hematological cancer, with a view to discovering new vulnerabilities and develop novel targeted therapies to improve long term outcomes for DS and non-DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouchka P Laurent
- INSERM U1170, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Rishi S Kotecha
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sébastien Malinge
- INSERM U1170, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France.
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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16
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Abstract
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is a rare malignancy affecting megakaryocytes, platelet-producing cells that reside in the bone marrow. Children with Down syndrome (DS) are particularly prone to developing the disease and have a different age of onset, distinct genetic mutations, and better prognosis as compared with individuals without DS who develop the disease. Here, we discuss the contributions of chromosome 21 genes and other genetic mutations to AMKL, the clinical features of the disease, and the differing features of DS- and non-DS-AMKL. Further studies elucidating the role of chromosome 21 genes in this disease may aid our understanding of how they function in other types of leukemia, in which they are frequently mutated or differentially expressed. Although researchers have made many insights into understanding AMKL, much more remains to be learned about its underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen McNulty
- Northwestern University, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - John D Crispino
- Northwestern University, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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17
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Sas V, Blag C, Zaharie G, Puscas E, Lisencu C, Andronic-Gorcea N, Pasca S, Petrushev B, Chis I, Marian M, Dima D, Teodorescu P, Iluta S, Zdrenghea M, Berindan-Neagoe I, Popa G, Man S, Colita A, Stefan C, Kojima S, Tomuleasa C. Transient leukemia of Down syndrome. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:247-259. [PMID: 31043105 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1613629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Childhood leukemia is mostly a "developmental accident" during fetal hematopoiesis and may require multiple prenatal and postnatal "hits". The World Health Organization defines transient leukemia of Down syndrome (DS) as increased peripheral blood blasts in neonates with DS and classifies this type of leukemia as a separate entity. Although it was shown that DS predisposes children to myeloid leukemia, neither the nature of the predisposition nor the associated genetic lesions have been defined. Acute myeloid leukemia of DS is a unique disease characterized by a long pre-leukemic, myelodysplastic phase, unusual chromosomal findings and a high cure rate. In the present manuscript, we present a comprehensive review of the literature about clinical and biological findings of transient leukemia of DS (TL-DS) and link them with the genetic discoveries in the field. We address the manuscript to the pediatric generalist and especially to the next generation of pediatric hematologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sas
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,b Department of Pediatrics , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Cristina Blag
- b Department of Pediatrics , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Gabriela Zaharie
- c Department of Neonatology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Emil Puscas
- d Department of Surgery , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Cosmin Lisencu
- d Department of Surgery , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Nicolae Andronic-Gorcea
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Irina Chis
- e Department of Physiology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Mirela Marian
- f Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- f Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Patric Teodorescu
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Sabina Iluta
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- f Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- g MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Gheorghe Popa
- b Department of Pediatrics , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Sorin Man
- b Department of Pediatrics , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Anca Colita
- h Department of Pediatrics , Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Bucharest , Romania.,i Department of Pediatrics , Fundeni Clinical Institute , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Cristina Stefan
- j African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Seiji Kojima
- k Department of Pediatrics , Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan.,l Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research , Nagoya University Hospital , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- a Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,f Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,m Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
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18
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Cancer: a CINful evolution. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 52:136-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Systems biology approach to study the role of miRNA in promoter targeting during megakaryopoiesis. Exp Cell Res 2018; 366:192-198. [PMID: 29567115 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The distinct process of megakaryopoiesis requires occurrence of endomitosis for polyploidization of the megakaryocytes. Although, Cyclins, CDKs and have been described to regulate endomitosis, the exact mechanism still remains an enigma. miRNA which were otherwise known as post transcriptional gene silencers are now emerging with various non-canonical functions including gene regulation at pre-transcriptional level by miRNA binding at promoter region. Out of the many processes they regulate, miRNA have been manifested to play a role in megakaryocyte differentiation. In this study an attempt has been made to identify miRNA that could regulate cell cycle genes (Cyclins and CDKs) by targeting their promoters, during megakaryopoiesis. A new computational algorithm was implemented using Perl programming to identify putative targets of miRNA in CDK and Cyclin promoters. Perl script was also used to check nuclear localizing miRNA based on the presence of a consensus sequence. Real-time PCR was performed to analyze the expression of miRNA and their predicted targets in Dami vs. PMA treated Dami cells. Putative targets of miRNAs with longest, high complementarity matches in CDK/Cyclin promoters were obtained. We identified two significant miRNA, miR-1273g-3p and miR-619-5p with longest seed sequence matches. We further identified three main targets (CDK10, CDK11, Cyclin F) through which these two miRNA could regulate cell cycle during megakaryopoiesis. Our results reinforce the role of promoting targeting miRNA in regulation of cell cycle through certain CDK/Cyclins to support the process of endomitosis during megakaryopoiesis.
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20
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Abstract
In this article we discuss the occurrence of myeloid neoplasms in patients with a range of syndromes that are due to germline defects of the RAS signaling pathway and in patients with trisomy 21. Both RAS mutations and trisomy 21 are common somatic events contributing to leukemogenis. Thus, the increased leukemia risk observed in children affected by these conditions is biologically highly plausible. Children with myeloid neoplasms in the context of these syndromes require different treatments than children with sporadic myeloid neoplasms and provide an opportunity to study the role of trisomy 21 and RAS signaling during leukemogenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Kratz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Shai Izraeli
- The Genes, Development and Environment Institute for Pediatric Research, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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21
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Abstract
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a hematologic malignancy with a poor prognosis. Recent genome-wide sequencing studies have identified frequent mutations in genes encoding members of the cohesin complex. Mutations in cohesin contribute to myeloid malignancies by conferring enhanced self-renewal of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells but the mechanisms behind this phenotype have not been fully elucidated. Of note, cohesin mutations are highly prevalent in acute megakaryocytic leukemia associated with Down syndrome (DS-AMKL), where they occur in over half of patients. Evidence suggests that cohesin mutations alter gene expression through changes in chromatin accessibility and/or aberrant targeting of epigenetic complexes. In this review we discuss the pathogenic mechanisms by which cohesin mutations contribute to myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Fisher
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Maureen McNulty
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J. Burke
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John D. Crispino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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22
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Thirant C, Ignacimouttou C, Lopez CK, Diop M, Le Mouël L, Thiollier C, Siret A, Dessen P, Aid Z, Rivière J, Rameau P, Lefebvre C, Khaled M, Leverger G, Ballerini P, Petit A, Raslova H, Carmichael CL, Kile BT, Soler E, Crispino JD, Wichmann C, Pflumio F, Schwaller J, Vainchenker W, Lobry C, Droin N, Bernard OA, Malinge S, Mercher T. ETO2-GLIS2 Hijacks Transcriptional Complexes to Drive Cellular Identity and Self-Renewal in Pediatric Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:452-465. [PMID: 28292442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric transcription factors are a hallmark of human leukemia, but the molecular mechanisms by which they block differentiation and promote aberrant self-renewal remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the ETO2-GLIS2 fusion oncoprotein, which is found in aggressive acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, confers megakaryocytic identity via the GLIS2 moiety while both ETO2 and GLIS2 domains are required to drive increased self-renewal properties. ETO2-GLIS2 directly binds DNA to control transcription of associated genes by upregulation of expression and interaction with the ETS-related ERG protein at enhancer elements. Importantly, specific interference with ETO2-GLIS2 oligomerization reverses the transcriptional activation at enhancers and promotes megakaryocytic differentiation, providing a relevant interface to target in this poor-prognosis pediatric leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Thirant
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Cathy Ignacimouttou
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Cécile K Lopez
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | - Lou Le Mouël
- Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Clarisse Thiollier
- Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Siret
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Phillipe Dessen
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Zakia Aid
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Julie Rivière
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hana Raslova
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | | | - Benjamin T Kile
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Eric Soler
- INSERM UMR967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - John D Crispino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christian Wichmann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jürg Schwaller
- University Children's Hospital Beider Basel (UKBB), Departement of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - William Vainchenker
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Camille Lobry
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Droin
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM U523, CNRS UMS3655, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier A Bernard
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sébastien Malinge
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Thomas Mercher
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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23
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Potapova T, Gorbsky GJ. The Consequences of Chromosome Segregation Errors in Mitosis and Meiosis. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010012. [PMID: 28208750 PMCID: PMC5372005 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mistakes during cell division frequently generate changes in chromosome content, producing aneuploid or polyploid progeny cells. Polyploid cells may then undergo abnormal division to generate aneuploid cells. Chromosome segregation errors may also involve fragments of whole chromosomes. A major consequence of segregation defects is change in the relative dosage of products from genes located on the missegregated chromosomes. Abnormal expression of transcriptional regulators can also impact genes on the properly segregated chromosomes. The consequences of these perturbations in gene expression depend on the specific chromosomes affected and on the interplay of the aneuploid phenotype with the environment. Most often, these novel chromosome distributions are detrimental to the health and survival of the organism. However, in a changed environment, alterations in gene copy number may generate a more highly adapted phenotype. Chromosome segregation errors also have important implications in human health. They may promote drug resistance in pathogenic microorganisms. In cancer cells, they are a source for genetic and phenotypic variability that may select for populations with increased malignance and resistance to therapy. Lastly, chromosome segregation errors during gamete formation in meiosis are a primary cause of human birth defects and infertility. This review describes the consequences of mitotic and meiotic errors focusing on novel concepts and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Potapova
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
| | - Gary J Gorbsky
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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24
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Zhao HZ, Jia M, Luo ZB, Xu XJ, Li SS, Zhang JY, Guo XP, Tang YM. ETS-related gene is a novel prognostic factor in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:455-462. [PMID: 28123582 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The ETS-related gene (ERG) has been demonstrated to be associated with overall survival in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia and acute T cell-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) in adult patients. However, there are no data available regarding the impact of ERG expression on childhood ALL. In the present study, ERG expression levels were analyzed in bone marrow samples from 119 ALL pediatric patients. ALL patients demonstrated higher ERG expression compared with the controls (P<0.0001). In addition, low ERG expression identified a group of patients with higher white blood cell counts (P=0.011), higher percentages of T-ALL immunophenotype (P=0.027), and higher relapse rates (P=0.009). Survival analyses demonstrated that low ERG expression was associated with inferior relapse-free survival (RFS) in childhood ALL (P=0.036) and was an independent prognostic factor in multivariable analyses for RFS. In conclusion, low ERG expression is associated with poor outcomes and may be used to serve as a molecular prognostic marker to identify patients with a high risk of relapse in childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhao Zhao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ming Jia
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Bin Luo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Xu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Si-Si Li
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Ying Zhang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Guo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Min Tang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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25
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Zhang J, McCastlain K, Yoshihara H, Xu B, Chang Y, Churchman ML, Wu G, Li Y, Wei L, Iacobucci I, Liu Y, Qu C, Wen J, Edmonson M, Payne-Turner D, Kaufmann KB, Takayanagi SI, Wienholds E, Waanders E, Ntziachristos P, Bakogianni S, Wang J, Aifantis I, Roberts KG, Ma J, Song G, Easton J, Mulder HL, Chen X, Newman S, Ma X, Rusch M, Gupta P, Boggs K, Vadodaria B, Dalton J, Liu Y, Valentine ML, Ding L, Lu C, Fulton RS, Fulton L, Tabib Y, Ochoa K, Devidas M, Pei D, Cheng C, Yang J, Evans WE, Relling MV, Pui CH, Jeha S, Harvey RC, Chen IML, Willman CL, Marcucci G, Bloomfield CD, Kohlschmidt J, Mrózek K, Paietta E, Tallman MS, Stock W, Foster MC, Racevskis J, Rowe JM, Luger S, Kornblau SM, Shurtleff SA, Raimondi SC, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Dick JE, Hunger SP, Loh ML, Downing JR, Mullighan CG. Deregulation of DUX4 and ERG in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1481-1489. [PMID: 27776115 PMCID: PMC5144107 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements deregulating hematopoietic transcription factors are common in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Here we show that deregulation of the homeobox transcription factor gene DUX4 and the ETS transcription factor gene ERG is a hallmark of a subtype of B-progenitor ALL that comprises up to 7% of B-ALL. DUX4 rearrangement and overexpression was present in all cases and was accompanied by transcriptional deregulation of ERG, expression of a novel ERG isoform, ERGalt, and frequent ERG deletion. ERGalt uses a non-canonical first exon whose transcription was initiated by DUX4 binding. ERGalt retains the DNA-binding and transactivation domains of ERG, but it inhibits wild-type ERG transcriptional activity and is transforming. These results illustrate a unique paradigm of transcription factor deregulation in leukemia in which DUX4 deregulation results in loss of function of ERG, either by deletion or induced expression of an isoform that is a dominant-negative inhibitor of wild-type ERG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Kelly McCastlain
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Hiroki Yoshihara
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Beisi Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yunchao Chang
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ji Wen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Michael Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Kerstin B. Kaufmann
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shin-ichiro Takayanagi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Oncology Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Machida-shi, Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan
| | - Erno Wienholds
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Esmé Waanders
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sofia Bakogianni
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | - Kathryn G. Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Guangchun Song
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Heather L. Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Scott Newman
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Kristy Boggs
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Bhavin Vadodaria
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - James Dalton
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Marcus L Valentine
- Cytogenetics Core Facility, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Li Ding
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Charles Lu
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | | | - Lucinda Fulton
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Yashodhan Tabib
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Kerri Ochoa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- Department of Biostatistics, Colleges of Medicine, Public Health & Health Profession, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Deqing Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - William E. Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Mary V. Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Sima Jeha
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Richard C. Harvey
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - I-Ming L Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Cheryl L. Willman
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | | | | | - Krzysztof Mrózek
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | - Wendy Stock
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew C. Foster
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Janis Racevskis
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jacob M. Rowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Selina Luger
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Steven M. Kornblau
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sheila A Shurtleff
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Susana C. Raimondi
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - John E. Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mignon L. Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - James R. Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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26
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Xu B, Naughton D, Busam K, Pulitzer M. ERG Is a Useful Immunohistochemical Marker to Distinguish Leukemia Cutis From Nonneoplastic Leukocytic Infiltrates in the Skin. Am J Dermatopathol 2016; 38:672-7. [PMID: 26909589 PMCID: PMC5026187 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia cutis (LC) and reactive myeloid infiltrates in the skin may be difficult to distinguish pathologically, sometimes even after an extensive immunohistochemical work-up. This poses a serious clinical dilemma, as the prognosis and treatment of either condition are markedly different. Although most reactive myeloid infiltrates require a simple course of corticosteroids before the symptoms regress, the development of LC may require chemotherapeutic or transplant-variant interventions. Erythroblast transformation specific regulated gene-1 (ERG) is a member of the erythroblast transformation specific family of transcription factors, which are downstream effectors of mitogenic signaling transduction pathways. ERG is a key regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and apoptosis and has recently been found to be overexpressed in acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia. In this study, the authors aimed to explore the diagnostic utility of ERG immunohistochemistry in LC by comparing the frequency and expression level of ERG immunostain in 32 skin biopsies, 16 with LC and 16 with reactive leukocytic infiltrates. A significantly higher frequency of ERG positivity was detected in LC (13/16, 81.4%), compared with reactive conditions (0/16). In addition, the expression level of ERG in LC, calculated using H score (mean ± standard error of mean, 188 ± 24), was significantly higher than that in nonneoplastic leukocytic infiltrate (28 ± 8). Our results strongly suggest that ERG expression is potentially an extremely useful marker to distinguish between cases of LC from those of reactive myeloid infiltrates in the skin with a positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 84.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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27
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Shah AV, Birdsey GM, Randi AM. Regulation of endothelial homeostasis, vascular development and angiogenesis by the transcription factor ERG. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 86:3-13. [PMID: 27208692 PMCID: PMC5404112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the ETS transcription factor ERG has emerged as a major regulator of endothelial function. Multiple studies have shown that ERG plays a crucial role in promoting angiogenesis and vascular stability during development and after birth. In the mature vasculature ERG also functions to maintain endothelial homeostasis, by transactivating genes involved in key endothelial functions, while repressing expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Its homeostatic role is lineage-specific, since ectopic expression of ERG in non-endothelial tissues such as prostate is detrimental and contributes to oncogenesis. This review summarises the main roles and pathways controlled by ERG in the vascular endothelium, its transcriptional targets and its functional partners and the emerging evidence on the pathways regulating ERG's activity and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti V Shah
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme M Birdsey
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Randi
- Vascular Sciences, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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28
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Banno K, Omori S, Hirata K, Nawa N, Nakagawa N, Nishimura K, Ohtaka M, Nakanishi M, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Toki T, Ito E, Yamamoto T, Kokubu C, Takeda J, Taniguchi H, Arahori H, Wada K, Kitabatake Y, Ozono K. Systematic Cellular Disease Models Reveal Synergistic Interaction of Trisomy 21 and GATA1 Mutations in Hematopoietic Abnormalities. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1228-41. [PMID: 27134169 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal aneuploidy and specific gene mutations are recognized early hallmarks of many oncogenic processes. However, the net effect of these abnormalities has generally not been explored. We focused on transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) in Down syndrome, which is characteristically associated with somatic mutations in GATA1. To better understand functional interplay between trisomy 21 and GATA1 mutations in hematopoiesis, we constructed cellular disease models using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome-editing technologies. Comparative analysis of these engineered iPSCs demonstrated that trisomy 21 perturbed hematopoietic development through the enhanced production of early hematopoietic progenitors and the upregulation of mutated GATA1, resulting in the accelerated production of aberrantly differentiated cells. These effects were mediated by dosage alterations of RUNX1, ETS2, and ERG, which are located in a critical 4-Mb region of chromosome 21. Our study provides insight into the genetic synergy that contributes to multi-step leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Banno
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sayaka Omori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Nawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Natsuki Nakagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Nishimura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Manami Ohtaka
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Toki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Chikara Kokubu
- Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junji Takeda
- Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitomi Arahori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuko Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuji Kitabatake
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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29
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Weber S, Haferlach C, Jeromin S, Nadarajah N, Dicker F, Noël L, Zenger M, Alpermann T, Kern W, Haferlach T, Schnittger S. Gain of chromosome 21 or amplification of chromosome arm 21q is one mechanism for increased ERG expression in acute myeloid leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 55:148-57. [PMID: 26542308 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acquired genomic gains and losses are common and lead to altered expression of genes located within or nearby the affected regions. Increased expression of the ETS-related transcription factor gene ERG has been described in myeloid malignancies with chromosomal rearrangements involving chromosome band 21q22, but also in cytogenetically normal AML, where it is associated with adverse prognosis. In this study, fluorescence in situ hybridization on interphase nuclei disclosed an amplification of the ERG gene (more than six copies) in 33 AML patients with structural rearrangements of 21q22. Array comparative genomic hybridization of these cases disclosed a minimal amplified region at the position 39.6-40.0 Mbp from pter that harbors ERG as the only gene. Analysis by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed significantly higher ERG mRNA expression in these patients and in a group of 95 AML patients with complete or partial gain of chromosome 21 (three to six copies) compared with 351 AML patients without gain of chromosome 21. Quantification of ERG DNA copy numbers revealed a strong correlation with ERG mRNA expression. Furthermore, in patients with gain of chromosome 21, higher ERG expression was found to be associated with RUNX1 mutations. Our results suggest that acquired gain of chromosome 21 or amplification of chromosome arm 21q is one mechanism contributing to increased ERG expression in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Louisa Noël
- MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory, Munich, Germany
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Takahashi T, Inoue A, Yoshimoto J, Kanamitsu K, Taki T, Imada M, Yamada M, Ninomiya S, Toki T, Terui K, Ito E, Shimada A. Transient myeloproliferative disorder with partial trisomy 21. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:2021-4. [PMID: 26138905 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid malignancy with Down syndrome (ML-DS) is estimated to have a step-wise leukemogenesis including GATA1 mutation. Trisomy 21 is essential for ML-DS; however, we do not know exactly which gene or genes located on chromosome 21 are necessary for the ML-DS. We report a female infant with transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) and partial trisomy 21. SNP array analysis showed 10 Mb amplification of 21q22.12-21q22.3, which included DYRK1A, ERG, and ETS but not the RUNX1 gene. With two other reported TMD cases having partial trisomy 21, DYRK1A, ERG, and ETS were the most likely genes involved in collaboration with the GATA1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Takahashi
- Division of Medical Support, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Inoue
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Junko Yoshimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiko Taki
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahide Imada
- Division of Medical Support, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ninomiya
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Toki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kiminori Terui
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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31
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Giam M, Rancati G. Aneuploidy and chromosomal instability in cancer: a jackpot to chaos. Cell Div 2015; 10:3. [PMID: 26015801 PMCID: PMC4443636 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-015-0009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability (GIN) is a hallmark of cancer cells that facilitates the acquisition of mutations conferring aggressive or drug-resistant phenotypes during cancer evolution. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a form of GIN that involves frequent cytogenetic changes leading to changes in chromosome copy number (aneuploidy). While both CIN and aneuploidy are common characteristics of cancer cells, their roles in tumor initiation and progression are unclear. On the one hand, CIN and aneuploidy are known to provide genetic variation to allow cells to adapt in changing environments such as nutrient fluctuations and hypoxia. Patients with constitutive aneuploidies are more susceptible to certain types of cancers, suggesting that changes in chromosome copy number could positively contribute to cancer evolution. On the other hand, chromosomal imbalances have been observed to have detrimental effects on cellular fitness and might trigger cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Furthermore, mouse models for CIN have led to conflicting results. Taken together these findings suggest that the relationship between CIN, aneuploidy and cancer is more complex than what was previously anticipated. Here we review what is known about this complex ménage à trois, discuss recent evidence suggesting that aneuploidy, CIN and GIN together promote a vicious cycle of genome chaos. Lastly, we propose a working hypothesis to reconcile the conflicting observations regarding the role of aneuploidy and CIN in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maybelline Giam
- Institute for Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, 138648 Singapore
| | - Giulia Rancati
- Institute for Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, 138648 Singapore ; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551 Singapore ; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
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32
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The oncogene ERG: a key factor in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:403-14. [PMID: 25915839 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ETS-related gene (ERG) is a member of the E-26 transformation-specific (ETS) family of transcription factors with roles in development that include vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, haematopoiesis and bone development. ERG's oncogenic potential is well known because of its involvement in Ewing's sarcoma and leukaemia. However, in the past decade ERG has become highly associated with prostate cancer development, particularly as a result of a gene fusion with the promoter region of the androgen-induced TMPRRSS2 gene. We review ERG's structure and function, and its role in prostate cancer. We discuss potential new therapies that are based on targeting ERG.
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Mateos MK, Barbaric D, Byatt SA, Sutton R, Marshall GM. Down syndrome and leukemia: insights into leukemogenesis and translational targets. Transl Pediatr 2015; 4:76-92. [PMID: 26835364 PMCID: PMC4729084 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2224-4336.2015.03.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a significantly increased risk of childhood leukemia, in particular acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (DS-ALL). A pre-leukemia, called transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD), characterised by a GATA binding protein 1 (GATA1) mutation, affects up to 30% of newborns with DS. In most cases, the pre-leukemia regresses spontaneously, however one-quarter of these children will go on to develop AMKL or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) . AMKL and MDS occurring in young children with DS and a GATA1 somatic mutation are collectively termed myeloid leukemia of Down syndrome (ML-DS). This model represents an important multi-step process of leukemogenesis, and further study is required to identify therapeutic targets to potentially prevent development of leukemia. DS-ALL is a high-risk leukemia and mutations in the JAK-STAT pathway are frequently observed. JAK inhibitors may improve outcome for this type of leukemia. Genetic and epigenetic studies have revealed likely candidate drivers involved in development of ML-DS and DS-ALL. Overall this review aims to identify potential impacts of new research on how we manage children with DS, pre-leukemia and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion K Mateos
- 1 Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia ; 2 School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia ; 3 Children's Cancer Institute Australia, University of New South Wales, Lowy Cancer Centre, Randwick, Australia
| | - Draga Barbaric
- 1 Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia ; 2 School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia ; 3 Children's Cancer Institute Australia, University of New South Wales, Lowy Cancer Centre, Randwick, Australia
| | - Sally-Anne Byatt
- 1 Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia ; 2 School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia ; 3 Children's Cancer Institute Australia, University of New South Wales, Lowy Cancer Centre, Randwick, Australia
| | - Rosemary Sutton
- 1 Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia ; 2 School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia ; 3 Children's Cancer Institute Australia, University of New South Wales, Lowy Cancer Centre, Randwick, Australia
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- 1 Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia ; 2 School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia ; 3 Children's Cancer Institute Australia, University of New South Wales, Lowy Cancer Centre, Randwick, Australia
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Abstract
Children with constitutional trisomy 21 (cT21, Down Syndrome, DS) are at a higher risk for both myeloid and B-lymphoid leukaemias. The myeloid leukaemias are often preceded by a transient neonatal pre-leukaemic syndrome, Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis (TAM). TAM is caused by cooperation between cT21 and acquired somatic N-terminal truncating mutations in the key haematopoietic transcription factor GATA1. These mutations, which are not leukaemogenic in the absence of cT21, are found in almost one-third of neonates with DS. Analysis of primary human fetal liver haematopoietic cells and of human embryonic stem cells demonstrates that cT21 itself substantially alters human fetal haematopoietic development. Consequently, many haematopoietic developmental defects are observed in neonates with DS even in the absence of TAM. Although studies in mouse models have suggested a pathogenic role of deregulated expression of several chromosome 21-encoded genes, their role in human leukaemogenesis remains unclear. As cT21 exists in all embryonic cells, the molecular basis of cT21-associated leukaemias probably reflects a complex interaction between deregulated gene expression in haematopoietic cells and the fetal haematopoietic microenvironment in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Roberts
- Paediatrics and Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Rastogi A, Tan SH, Mohamed AA, Chen Y, Hu Y, Petrovics G, Sreenath T, Kagan J, Srivastava S, McLeod DG, Sesterhenn IA, Srivastava S, Dobi A, Srinivasan A. Functional antagonism of TMPRSS2-ERG splice variants in prostate cancer. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:273-84. [PMID: 25221645 PMCID: PMC4162137 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion between ERG coding sequences and the TMPRSS2 promoter is the most prevalent in prostate cancer (CaP). The presence of two main types of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcripts in CaP specimens, Type I and Type II, prompted us to hypothesize that the cumulative actions of different ERG variants may impact CaP development/progression. Using TMPRSS2-ERG3 (Type I) and TMPRSS2-ERG8 (Type II) expression vectors, we determined that the TMPRSS2- ERG8 encoded protein is deficient in transcriptional regulation compared to TMPRSS2-ERG3. Co-transfection of vectors resulted in decreased transcriptional regulation compared to TMPRSS2-ERG3 alone, suggesting transdominance of ERG8. Expression of exogenous ERG8 protein resulted in a decrease in endogenous ERG3 protein levels in TMPRSS2-ERG positive VCaP cells, with a concomitant decrease in C-MYC. Further, we showed a physical association between ERG3 and ERG8 in live cells by the bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, providing a basis for the observed effects. Inhibitory effects of TMPRSS2-ERG8 on TMPRSS2- ERG3 were also corroborated by gene expression data from human prostate cancers, which showed a positive correlation between C-MYC expression and TMPRSS2-ERG3/TMPRSS2- ERG8 ratio. We propose that an elevated TMPRSS2-ERG3/TMPRSS2-ERG8 ratio results in elevated C-MYC in CaP, providing a strong rationale for the biomarker and therapeutic utility of ERG splice variants, along with C-MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Rastogi
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shyh-Han Tan
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahmed A. Mohamed
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Taduru Sreenath
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Kagan
- Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sudhir Srivastava
- Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David G. McLeod
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Shiv Srivastava
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Albert Dobi
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alagarsamy Srinivasan
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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Xavier AC, Ge Y, Taub J. Unique clinical and biological features of leukemia in Down syndrome children. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 3:175-86. [DOI: 10.1586/ehm.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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38
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Perturbation of fetal hematopoiesis in a mouse model of Down syndrome's transient myeloproliferative disorder. Blood 2013; 122:988-98. [PMID: 23719302 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-460998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome develop a unique congenital clonal megakaryocytic proliferation disorder (transient myeloproliferative disorder [TMD]). It is caused by an expansion of fetal megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors (MEPs) triggered by trisomy of chromosome 21 and is further enhanced by the somatic acquisition of a mutation in GATA1. These mutations result in the expression of a short-isoform GATA1s lacking the N-terminal domain. To examine the hypothesis that the Hsa21 ETS transcription factor ERG cooperates with GATA1s in this process, we generated double-transgenic mice expressing hERG and Gata1s. We show that increased expression of ERG by itself is sufficient to induce expansion of MEPs in fetal livers. Gata1s expression synergizes with ERG in enhancing the expansion of fetal MEPs and megakaryocytic precursors, resulting in hepatic fibrosis, transient postnatal thrombocytosis, anemia, a gene expression profile that is similar to that of human TMD and progression to progenitor myeloid leukemia by 3 months of age. This ERG/Gata1s transgenic mouse model also uncovers an essential role for the N terminus of Gata1 in erythropoiesis and the antagonistic role of ERG in fetal erythroid differentiation and survival. The human relevance of this finding is underscored by the recent discovery of similar mutations in GATA1 in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
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39
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Transposon mutagenesis reveals cooperation of ETS family transcription factors with signaling pathways in erythro-megakaryocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6091-6. [PMID: 23533276 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304234110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To define genetic lesions driving leukemia, we targeted cre-dependent Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon mutagenesis to the blood-forming system using a hematopoietic-selective vav 1 oncogene (vav1) promoter. Leukemias of diverse lineages ensued, most commonly lymphoid leukemia and erythroleukemia. The inclusion of a transgenic allele of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)V617F resulted in acceleration of transposon-driven disease and strong selection for erythroleukemic pathology with transformation of bipotential erythro-megakaryocytic cells. The genes encoding the E-twenty-six (ETS) transcription factors Ets related gene (Erg) and Ets1 were the most common sites for transposon insertion in SB-induced JAK2V617F-positive erythroleukemias, present in 87.5% and 65%, respectively, of independent leukemias examined. The role of activated Erg was validated by reproducing erythroleukemic pathology in mice transplanted with fetal liver cells expressing translocated in liposarcoma (TLS)-ERG, an activated form of ERG found in human leukemia. Via application of SB mutagenesis to TLS-ERG-induced erythroid transformation, we identified multiple loci as likely collaborators with activation of Erg. Jak2 was identified as a common transposon insertion site in TLS-ERG-induced disease, strongly validating the cooperation between JAK2V617F and transposon insertion at the Erg locus in the JAK2V617F-positive leukemias. Moreover, loci expressing other regulators of signal transduction pathways were conspicuous among the common transposon insertion sites in TLS-ERG-driven leukemia, suggesting that a key mechanism in erythroleukemia may be the collaboration of lesions disturbing erythroid maturation, most notably in genes of the ETS family, with mutations that reduce dependence on exogenous signals.
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40
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Ayed W, Gouas L, Penault-Llorca F, Amouri A, Tchirkov A, Vago P. [Trisomy 21 and cancers]. Morphologie 2012; 96:57-66. [PMID: 23141635 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with trisomy 21, still called Down's syndrome (DS), present a particular tumoral profile compared to the general population with an increased incidence of leukaemia in the childhood and a low risk of solid cancer in the adulthood. DS children indeed present a 50-fold risk of developing a leukaemia compared to age-matched non-trisomic children and most of them develop a specific myelodysplasic disorder called transient myelodysplasic disorder. In spite of the low incidence of solid tumors, some are very rare as breast cancer, nephroblastoma, neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma, whereas the others remain more frequent as retinoblastoma, lymphoma and gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumours. In this review, we present possible mechanisms which can favour, or on the contrary repress the formation and progression of tumours in DS patients, which are related to gene effect dosage of oncogenes or tumour repressors on chromosome 21, tumour angiogenesis, apoptosis and epithelial cell-stroma interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ayed
- Université Clermont 1, UFR médecine, cytologie histologie embryologie cytogénétique, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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41
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Tijchon E, Havinga J, van Leeuwen FN, Scheijen B. B-lineage transcription factors and cooperating gene lesions required for leukemia development. Leukemia 2012; 27:541-52. [PMID: 23047478 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into B lymphocytes requires the concerted action of specific transcription factors, such as RUNX1, IKZF1, E2A, EBF1 and PAX5. As key determinants of normal B-cell development, B-lineage transcription factors are frequently deregulated in hematological malignancies, such as B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), and affected by either chromosomal translocations, gene deletions or point mutations. However, genetic aberrations in this developmental pathway are generally insufficient to induce BCP-ALL, and often complemented by genetic defects in cytokine receptors and tyrosine kinases (IL-7Rα, CRLF2, JAK2 and c-ABL1), transcriptional cofactors (TBL1XR1, CBP and BTG1), as well as the regulatory pathways that mediate cell-cycle control (pRB and INK4A/B). Here we provide a detailed overview of the genetic pathways that interact with these B-lineage specification factors, and describe how mutations affecting these master regulators together with cooperating lesions drive leukemia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tijchon
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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42
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Abstract
If assessed by a number of criteria for cancer predisposition, Down's syndrome (DS) should be an overwhelmingly cancer-prone condition. Although childhood leukaemias occur more frequently in DS, paradoxically, individuals with DS have a markedly lower incidence of most solid tumours. Understanding the mechanisms that are capable of overcoming such odds could potentially open new routes for cancer prevention and therapy. In this Opinion article, we discuss recent reports that suggest unique and only partially understood mechanisms behind this paradox, including tumour repression, anti-angiogenic effects and stem cell ageing and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Nižetić
- The Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Centre for Paediatrics, and Stem Cell Laboratory, National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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Hematopoietic overexpression of the transcription factor Erg induces lymphoid and erythro-megakaryocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:15437-42. [PMID: 22936051 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213454109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor encoded by the E-twenty-six (ETS)-related gene, ERG, is an essential regulator of hematopoietic stem cell function and a potent human oncoprotein. Enforced expression of ERG in murine hematopoietic cells leads to the development of a well-characterized lymphoid leukemia and a less well-defined non lymphoid disease. To clarify the latter, we generated murine bone marrow chimeras with enforced Erg expression in engrafted hematopoietic progenitor cells. As expected, these mice developed lymphoid leukemia. However, the previously reported non lymphoid disease that developed was shown to be a uniform, transplantable leukemia with both erythroid and megakaryocytic characteristics. In vivo, this disease had the overall appearance of an erythroleukemia, with an accumulation of immature erythroblasts that infiltrated the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lung. However, when stimulated in vitro, leukemic cell clones exhibited both erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation, suggesting that transformation occurred in a bipotential progenitor. Thus, in mice, Erg overexpression induces the development of not only lymphoid leukemia but also erythro-megakaryocytic leukemia.
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44
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Roy A, Roberts I, Vyas P. Biology and management of transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) in children with Down syndrome. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 17:196-201. [PMID: 22421527 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (ML-DS), particularly megakaryoblastic leukaemia, which is clonally -related to the neonatal myeloproliferative syndrome, Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis (TAM) unique to infants with DS. Molecular, biological, and clinical data indicate that TAM is initiated before birth when fetal liver haematopoietic cells trisomic for chromosome 21 acquire mutations in GATA1. TAM usually resolves spontaneously by 6 months; however 20-30% subsequently develop ML-DS harbouring the same GATA1 mutation(s). This review focuses on recent studies describing haematological, clinical and biological features of TAM and discusses approaches to diagnose, treat and monitor minimal residual disease in TAM. An important unanswered question is whether ML-DS is always preceded by TAM as it may be clinically and possibly haematologically 'silent'. We have briefly discussed the role of population-based screening for TAM and development of treatment strategies to eliminate the preleukaemic TAM clone, thereby preventing ML-DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Roy
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Roberts
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Paresh Vyas
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit and Department of Haematology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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45
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Malinge S, Bliss-Moreau M, Kirsammer G, Diebold L, Chlon T, Gurbuxani S, Crispino JD. Increased dosage of the chromosome 21 ortholog Dyrk1a promotes megakaryoblastic leukemia in a murine model of Down syndrome. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:948-62. [PMID: 22354171 PMCID: PMC3287382 DOI: 10.1172/jci60455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS; also known as trisomy 21) have a markedly increased risk of leukemia in childhood but a decreased risk of solid tumors in adulthood. Acquired mutations in the transcription factor-encoding GATA1 gene are observed in nearly all individuals with DS who are born with transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD), a clonal preleukemia, and/or who develop acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL). Individuals who do not have DS but bear germline GATA1 mutations analogous to those detected in individuals with TMD and DS-AMKL are not predisposed to leukemia. To better understand the functional contribution of trisomy 21 to leukemogenesis, we used mouse and human cell models of DS to reproduce the multistep pathogenesis of DS-AMKL and to identify chromosome 21 genes that promote megakaryoblastic leukemia in children with DS. Our results revealed that trisomy for only 33 orthologs of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) genes was sufficient to cooperate with GATA1 mutations to initiate megakaryoblastic leukemia in vivo. Furthermore, through a functional screening of the trisomic genes, we demonstrated that DYRK1A, which encodes dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A, was a potent megakaryoblastic tumor-promoting gene that contributed to leukemogenesis through dysregulation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activation. Given that calcineurin/NFAT pathway inhibition has been implicated in the decreased tumor incidence in adults with DS, our results show that the same pathway can be both proleukemic in children and antitumorigenic in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Malinge
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Meghan Bliss-Moreau
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gina Kirsammer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren Diebold
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy Chlon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sandeep Gurbuxani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John D. Crispino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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46
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Abstract
Although adults with Down syndrome (DS) show a decreased incidence of cancer compared to individuals without DS, children with DS are at an increased risk of leukemia. Nearly half of these childhood leukemias are classified as acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), a relatively rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we summarize the clinical features of myeloid leukemia in DS, review recent research on the mechanisms of leukemogenesis, including the roles of GATA1 mutations and trisomy 21, and discuss treatment strategies. Given that trisomy 21 is a relatively common event in hematologic malignancies, greater knowledge of how the genes on chromosome 21 contribute to DS-AMKL will increase our understanding of a broader class of patients with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Khan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Canzonetta C, Hoischen A, Giarin E, Basso G, Veltman JA, Nacheva E, Nizetic D, Groet J. Amplified segment in the 'Down syndrome critical region' on HSA21 shared between Down syndrome and euploid AML-M0 excludes RUNX1, ERG and ETS2. Br J Haematol 2012; 157:197-200. [PMID: 22221250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome have a 20- to 50-fold increased risk of acute lymphocytic or myeloid leukaemia. Whole or partial gains of chromosome 21 have been described in multiple childhood leukaemias, and have recently been reported as a likely primary event in B-precursor-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It is unclear which amplified gene(s) on chromosome 21 play a key role in leukaemia progression. We describe a minimal amplified segment within the so-called 'Down syndrome critical region' shared between two cases of AML-M0; a Down syndrome, and a constitutionally normal individual. Interestingly, the amplified region does not include the oncogenes RUNX1, ETS2 and ERG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Canzonetta
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ghanem H, Tank N, Tabbara IA. Prognostic implications of genetic aberrations in acute myelogenous leukemia with normal cytogenetics. Am J Hematol 2012; 87:69-77. [PMID: 22072438 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.22197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous disease in which somatic mutations, that disturb cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation, accumulate in hematopoietic progenitor cells. Cytogenetic findings, at diagnosis, have been proven to be one of the most important prognostic indicators in AML. About half of the patients with AML are found to have "normal" cytogenetic analysis by standard culture techniques. These patients are considered as an intermediate risk group. Cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML) is the largest cytogenetic risk group, and the variation in clinical outcome of patients in this group is greater than in any other cytogenetic group. Besides mutation testing, age and presenting white blood cell count are important predictors of overall survival, suggesting that other factors independent of cytogenetic abnormalities, contribute to the outcome of patients with AML. The expanding knowledge at the genetic and molecular levels is helping define several subgroups of patients with CN-AML with variable prognosis. In this review, we describe the clinical and prognostic characteristics of CN-AML patients as a group, as well as the various molecular and genetic aberrations detected in these patients and their clinical and prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hady Ghanem
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Sreenath TL, Dobi A, Petrovics G, Srivastava S. Oncogenic activation of ERG: A predominant mechanism in prostate cancer. J Carcinog 2011; 10:37. [PMID: 22279422 PMCID: PMC3263025 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.91122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalent gene fusions involving regulatory sequences of the androgen receptor (AR) regulated genes (primarily TMPRSS2) and protein coding sequences of nuclear transcription factors of the ETS gene family (predominantly ERG) result in unscheduled androgen dependent ERG expression in prostate cancer (CaP).Cumulative data from a large number of studies in the past six years accentuate ERG alterations in more than half of all CaP patients in Western countries. Studies underscore that ERG functions are involved in the biology of CaP. ERG expression in normal context is selective to endothelial cells, specific hematopoetic cells and pre-cartilage cells. Normal functions of ERG are highlighted in hematopoetic stem cells. Emerging data continues to unravel molecular and cellular mechanisms by which ERG may contribute to CaP. Herein, we focus on biological and clinical aspects of ERG oncogenic alterations, potential of ERG-based stratification of CaP and the possibilities of targeting the ERG network in developing new therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taduru L Sreenath
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Lana-Elola E, Watson-Scales SD, Fisher EMC, Tybulewicz VLJ. Down syndrome: searching for the genetic culprits. Dis Model Mech 2011; 4:586-95. [PMID: 21878459 PMCID: PMC3180222 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.008078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) and results in a large number of phenotypes, including learning difficulties, cardiac defects, distinguishing facial features and leukaemia. These are likely to result from an increased dosage of one or more of the ∼310 genes present on Hsa21. The identification of these dosage-sensitive genes has become a major focus in DS research because it is essential for a full understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying pathology, and might eventually lead to more effective therapy. The search for these dosage-sensitive genes is being carried out using both human and mouse genetics. Studies of humans with partial trisomy of Hsa21 have identified regions of this chromosome that contribute to different phenotypes. In addition, novel engineered mouse models are being used to map the location of dosage-sensitive genes, which, in a few cases, has led to the identification of individual genes that are causative for certain phenotypes. These studies have revealed a complex genetic interplay, showing that the diverse DS phenotypes are likely to be caused by increased copies of many genes, with individual genes contributing in different proportions to the variance in different aspects of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lana-Elola
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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