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Fang Q. The Versatile Attributes of MGMT: Its Repair Mechanism, Crosstalk with Other DNA Repair Pathways, and Its Role in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:331. [PMID: 38254819 PMCID: PMC10814553 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT or AGT) is a DNA repair protein with the capability to remove alkyl groups from O6-AlkylG adducts. Moreover, MGMT plays a crucial role in repairing DNA damage induced by methylating agents like temozolomide and chloroethylating agents such as carmustine, and thereby contributes to chemotherapeutic resistance when these agents are used. This review delves into the structural roles and repair mechanisms of MGMT, with emphasis on the potential structural and functional roles of the N-terminal domain of MGMT. It also explores the development of cancer therapeutic strategies that target MGMT. Finally, it discusses the intriguing crosstalk between MGMT and other DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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2
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Shaw R, Karmakar S, Basu M, Ghosh MK. DDX5 (p68) orchestrates β-catenin, RelA and SP1 mediated MGMT gene expression in human colon cancer cells: Implication in TMZ chemoresistance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194991. [PMID: 37793472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
DDX5 (p68) upregulation has been linked with various cancers of different origins, especially Colon Adenocarcinomas. Similarly, across cancers, MGMT has been identified as the major contributor of chemoresistance against DNA alkylating agents like Temozolomide (TMZ). TMZ is an emerging potent chemotherapeutic agent across cancers under the arena of drug repurposing. Recent studies have established that patients with open MGMT promoters are prone to be innately resistant or acquire resistance against TMZ compared to its closed conformation. However, not much is known about the transcriptional regulation of MGMT gene in the context of colon cancer. This necessitates studying MGMT gene regulation which directly impacts the cellular potential to develop chemoresistance against alkylating agents. Our study aims to uncover an unidentified mechanism of DDX5-mediated MGMT gene regulation. Experimentally, we found that both mRNA and protein expression levels of MGMT were elevated in response to p68 overexpression in multiple human colon cancer cell lines and vice-versa. Since p68 cannot directly interact with the MGMT promoter, transcription factors viz., β-catenin, RelA (p65) and SP1 were also studied as reported contributors. Through co-immunoprecipitation and GST-pull-down studies, p68 was established as an interacting partner of SP1 in addition to β-catenin and NF-κB (p50-p65). Mechanistically, luciferase reporter and chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that p68 interacts with the MGMT promoter via TCF4-LEF, RelA and SP1 sites to enhance its transcription. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of p68 as a transcriptional co-activator of MGMT promoter and our study identifies p68 as a novel and master regulator of MGMT gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Shaw
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhajit Karmakar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24 Parganas, 743372, India
| | - Mrinal K Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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3
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Bai P, Fan T, Sun G, Wang X, Zhao L, Zhong R. The dual role of DNA repair protein MGMT in cancer prevention and treatment. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 123:103449. [PMID: 36680944 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alkylating agents are genotoxic chemicals that can induce and treat various types of cancer. This occurs through covalent bonding with cellular macromolecules, in particular DNA, leading to the loss of functional integrity under the persistence of modifications upon replication. O6-alkylguanine (O6-AlkylG) adducts are proposed to be the most potent DNA lesions induced by alkylating agents. If not repaired correctly, these adducts can result, at the molecular level, in DNA point mutations, chromosome aberrations, recombination, crosslinking, and single- and double-strand breaks (SSB/DSBs). At the cellular level, these lesions can result in malignant transformation, senescence, or cell death. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a DNA repair protein capable of removing the alkyl groups from O6-AlkylG adducts in a damage reversal process that can prevent the adverse biological effects of DNA damage caused by guanine O6-alkylation. MGMT can thereby defend normal cells against tumor initiation, however it can also protect tumor cells against the beneficial effects of chemotherapy. Hence, MGMT can play an important role in both the prevention and treatment of cancer; thus, it can be considered as a double-edged sword. From a clinical perspective, MGMT is a therapeutic target, and it is important to explore the rational development of its clinical exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tengjiao Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Department of Medical Technology, Beijing Pharmaceutical University of Staff and Workers, Beijing 100079, China
| | - Guohui Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Clinical Trials Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lijiao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Chen SH, Huang WT, Kao WC, Hsiao SY, Pan HY, Fang CW, Shiue YL, Chou CL, Li CF. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase modulates cisplatin-induced DNA double-strand breaks by targeting the homologous recombination pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:2. [PMID: 33397362 PMCID: PMC7780675 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The homologous recombination (HR) pathway is involved in DNA damage response (DDR), which is crucial to cancer cell survival after treatment with DNA damage agents. O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is associated with cisplatin (CDDP) resistance in cancer cells; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we explored the interactions between MGMT and the HR pathway in CDDP-activated DDR and their clinical implications in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods Human NPC cells were assessed using loss-of-function approaches in vitro. The expression correlations between MGMT and major proteins of the HR pathway were analyzed through Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, and bioinformatic analysis by using a public database. The physical interactions between MGMT and HR proteins were studied using co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analyses. Cell comet tails and γ-H2AX expression levels were examined to evaluate double-strand break (DSB) formation. Established immunofluorescence and reporter analyses were conducted to measure HR activity. Xenograft and cell viability studies were used to assess the therapeutic potential of MGMT inhibition in combination with CDDP and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, respectively. Results Among major proteins of the HR pathway, MGMT suppression inhibited CDDP-induced RAD51 expression. Bioinformatic analyses showed a positive correlation between MGMT and RAD51 expression in patients with NPC. Moreover, MGMT physically interacted with BRCA1 and regulated CDDP-induced BRCA1 phosphorylation (ser 988). In functional assays, MGMT inhibition increased CDDP-induced DSB formation through attenuation of HR activity. NPC xenograft studies demonstrated that MGMT inhibition combined with CDDP treatment reduced tumor size and downregulated RAD51 expression and BRCA1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, MGMT suppression increased PARP inhibitor–induced cell death and DSB formation in NPC cells. Conclusion MGMT is crucial in the activation of the HR pathway and regulates DDR in NPC cells treated with CDDP and PARP inhibitor. Thus, MGMT is a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatments involving HR-associated DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hung Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsung Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Kao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yen Hsiao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Pan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wen Fang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Rd., Yongkang Dist., Tainan, 71004, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, No.70, Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
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5
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Serpe M, Forenza C, Adamo A, Russo N, Perugino G, Ciaramella M, Valenti A. The DNA Alkylguanine DNA Alkyltransferase-2 (AGT-2) Of Caenorhabditis Elegans Is Involved In Meiosis And Early Development Under Physiological Conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6889. [PMID: 31053748 PMCID: PMC6499797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferases (AGTs) are evolutionary conserved proteins that repair alkylation damage in DNA, counteracting the effects of agents inducing such lesions. Over the last years AGTs have raised considerable interest for both the peculiarity of their molecular mechanism and their relevance in cancer biology. AGT knock out mice show increased tumour incidence in response to alkylating agents, and over-expression of the human AGT protein in cancer cells is frequently associated with resistance to alkylating chemotherapy. While all data available point to a function of AGT proteins in the cell response to alkylation lesions, we report for the first time that one of the two AGT paralogs of the model organism C. elegans, called AGT-2, also plays unexpected roles in meiosis and early development under physiological conditions. Our data suggest a role for AGT-2 in conversion of homologous recombination intermediates into post-strand exchange products in meiosis, and show that agt-2 gene down-regulation, or treatment of animals with an AGT inhibitor results in increased number of germ cells that are incompatible with producing viable offspring and are eliminated by apoptosis. These results suggest possible functions for AGTs in cell processes distinct from repair of alkylating damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Serpe
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Chiara Forenza
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Adele Adamo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Noemi Russo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perugino
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Ciaramella
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Anna Valenti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy.
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The specific role of O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in cancer chemotherapy. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:1971-1996. [PMID: 30001630 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA repair protein, O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), can confer resistance to guanine O6-alkylating agents. Therefore, inhibition of resistant MGMT protein is a practical approach to increase the anticancer effects of such alkylating agents. Numerous small molecule inhibitors were synthesized and exhibited potential MGMT inhibitory activities. Although they were nontoxic alone, they also inhibited MGMT in normal tissues, thereby enhancing the side effects of chemotherapy. Therefore, strategies for tumor-specific MGMT inhibition have been proposed, including local drug delivery and tumor-activated prodrugs. Over-expression of MGMT in hematopoietic stem cells to protect bone marrow from the toxic effects of chemotherapy is also a feasible selection. The future prospects and challenges of MGMT inhibitors in cancer chemotherapy were also discussed.
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Paul MW, Zelensky AN, Wyman C, Kanaar R. Single-Molecule Dynamics and Localization of DNA Repair Proteins in Cells. Methods Enzymol 2018; 600:375-406. [PMID: 29458767 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct observation of individual protein molecules in their native environment, at nanometer resolution, in a living cell, in motion is not only fascinating but also uniquely informative. Several recent major technological advances in genomic engineering, protein and synthetic fluorophore development, and light microscopy have dramatically increased the accessibility of this approach. This chapter describes the procedures for modifying endogenous genomic loci to producing fluorescently tagged proteins, their high-resolution visualization, and analysis of their dynamics in mammalian cells, using DNA repair proteins BRCA2 and RAD51 as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten W Paul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex N Zelensky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Wyman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Miggiano R, Valenti A, Rossi F, Rizzi M, Perugino G, Ciaramella M. Every OGT Is Illuminated … by Fluorescent and Synchrotron Lights. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122613. [PMID: 29206193 PMCID: PMC5751216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
O6-DNA-alkyl-guanine-DNA-alkyl-transferases (OGTs) are evolutionarily conserved, unique proteins that repair alkylation lesions in DNA in a single step reaction. Alkylating agents are environmental pollutants as well as by-products of cellular reactions, but are also very effective chemotherapeutic drugs. OGTs are major players in counteracting the effects of such agents, thus their action in turn affects genome integrity, survival of organisms under challenging conditions and response to chemotherapy. Numerous studies on OGTs from eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea have been reported, highlighting amazing features that make OGTs unique proteins in their reaction mechanism as well as post-reaction fate. This review reports recent functional and structural data on two prokaryotic OGTs, from the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, respectively. These studies provided insight in the role of OGTs in the biology of these microorganisms, but also important hints useful to understand the general properties of this class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Miggiano
- DSF-Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Anna Valenti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Franca Rossi
- DSF-Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Menico Rizzi
- DSF-Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Perugino
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Ciaramella
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Interdomain interactions rearrangements control the reaction steps of a thermostable DNA alkyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:86-96. [PMID: 27777086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkylated DNA-protein alkyltransferases (AGTs) are conserved proteins that repair alkylation damage in DNA by using a single-step mechanism leading to irreversible alkylation of the catalytic cysteine in the active site. Trans-alkylation induces inactivation and destabilization of the protein, both in vitro and in vivo, likely triggering conformational changes. A complete picture of structural rearrangements occurring during the reaction cycle is missing, despite considerable interest raised by the peculiarity of AGT reaction, and the contribution of a functional AGT in limiting the efficacy of chemotherapy with alkylating drugs. METHODS As a model for AGTs we have used a thermostable ortholog from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus (SsOGT), performing biochemical, structural, molecular dynamics and in silico analysis of ligand-free, DNA-bound and mutated versions of the protein. RESULTS Conformational changes occurring during lesion recognition and after the reaction, allowed us to identify a novel interaction network contributing to SsOGT stability, which is perturbed when a bulky adduct between the catalytic cysteine and the alkyl group is formed, a mandatory step toward the permanent protein alkylation. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlighted conformational changes and perturbation of intramolecular interaction occurring during lesion recognition and catalysis, confirming our previous hypothesis that coordination between the N- and C-terminal domains of SsOGT is important for protein activity and stability. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE A general model of structural rearrangements occurring during the reaction cycle of AGTs is proposed. If confirmed, this model might be a starting point to design strategies to modulate AGT activity in therapeutic settings.
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Measurement of O 6 -alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity in tumour cells using stable isotope dilution HPLC-ESIMS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1033-1034:138-146. [PMID: 27544051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Paranjpe A, Bailey NI, Konduri S, Bobustuc GC, Ali-Osman F, Yusuf MA, Punganuru SR, Madala HR, Basak D, Mostofa A, Srivenugopal KS. New insights into estrogenic regulation of O6-methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) in human breast cancer cells: Co-degradation of ER-α and MGMT proteins by fulvestrant or O6-benzylguanine indicates fresh avenues for therapy. J Biomed Res 2016; 30:393-410. [PMID: 27845303 PMCID: PMC5044712 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20160040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy using estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) antagonists for attenuating horm2one-driven cell proliferation is a major treatment modality for breast cancers. To exploit any DNA repair deficiencies associated with endocrine therapy, we investigated the functional and physical interactions of ER-α with O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), a unique DNA repair protein that confers tumor resistance to various anticancer alkylating agents. The ER-α -positive breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D) and ER- negative cell lines (MDAMB-468, MDAMB-231), and established inhibitors of ER-α and MGMT, namely, ICI-182,780 (Faslodex) and O6-benzylguanine, respectively, were used to study MGMT- ER interactions. The MGMT gene promoter was found to harbor one full and two half estrogen-responsive elements (EREs) and two antioxidant-responsive elements (AREs). MGMT expression was upregulated by estrogen, downregulated by tamoxifen in Western blot and promoter-linked reporter assays. Similarly, both transient and stable transfections of Nrf-2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2) increased the levels of MGMT protein and activity 3 to 4-fold reflecting novel regulatory nodes for this drug-resistance determinant. Of the different ER-α antagonists tested, the pure anti-estrogen fulvestrant was most potent in inhibiting the MGMT activity in a dose, time and ER-α dependent manner, similar to O6-benzylguanine. Interestingly, fulvestrant exposure led to a degradation of both ER-α and MGMT proteins and O6-benzylguanine also induced a specific loss of ER-α and MGMT proteins in MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells with similar kinetics. Immunoprecipitation revealed a specific association of ER-α and MGMT proteins in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, silencing of MGMT gene expression triggered a decrease in the levels of both MGMT and ER-α proteins. The involvement of proteasome in the drug-induced degradation of both proteins was also demonstrated. Fulvestrant enhanced the cytotoxicity of MGMT-targeted alkylating agents, namely, temozolomide and BCNU by 3 to 4-fold in ER-α positive cells, but not in ER-negative cells. We conclude that MGMT and ER-α proteins exist as a complex and are co-targeted for ubiquitin-conjugation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. The findings offer a clear rationale for combining alkylating agents with endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Paranjpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Nathan I Bailey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Santhi Konduri
- Neuro-Oncology Section, Aurora Advanced Cancer Care, Milwaukee, WI 53215, USA
| | - George C Bobustuc
- Neuro-Oncology Section, Aurora Advanced Cancer Care, Milwaukee, WI 53215, USA
| | - Francis Ali-Osman
- Department of Surgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mohd A Yusuf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Surendra R Punganuru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Hanumantha Rao Madala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Debasish Basak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Agm Mostofa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Kalkunte S Srivenugopal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
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12
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Identification of the Structural Features of Guanine Derivatives as MGMT Inhibitors Using 3D-QSAR Modeling Combined with Molecular Docking. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070823. [PMID: 27347909 PMCID: PMC6273773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA repair enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which plays an important role in inducing drug resistance against alkylating agents that modify the O6 position of guanine in DNA, is an attractive target for anti-tumor chemotherapy. A series of MGMT inhibitors have been synthesized over the past decades to improve the chemotherapeutic effects of O6-alkylating agents. In the present study, we performed a three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) study on 97 guanine derivatives as MGMT inhibitors using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) methods. Three different alignment methods (ligand-based, DFT optimization-based and docking-based alignment) were employed to develop reliable 3D-QSAR models. Statistical parameters derived from the models using the above three alignment methods showed that the ligand-based CoMFA (Qcv2 = 0.672 and Rncv2 = 0.997) and CoMSIA (Qcv2 = 0.703 and Rncv2 = 0.946) models were better than the other two alignment methods-based CoMFA and CoMSIA models. The two ligand-based models were further confirmed by an external test-set validation and a Y-randomization examination. The ligand-based CoMFA model (Qext2 = 0.691, Rpred2 = 0.738 and slope k = 0.91) was observed with acceptable external test-set validation values rather than the CoMSIA model (Qext2 = 0.307, Rpred2 = 0.4 and slope k = 0.719). Docking studies were carried out to predict the binding modes of the inhibitors with MGMT. The results indicated that the obtained binding interactions were consistent with the 3D contour maps. Overall, the combined results of the 3D-QSAR and the docking obtained in this study provide an insight into the understanding of the interactions between guanine derivatives and MGMT protein, which will assist in designing novel MGMT inhibitors with desired activity.
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Perugino G, Miggiano R, Serpe M, Vettone A, Valenti A, Lahiri S, Rossi F, Rossi M, Rizzi M, Ciaramella M. Structure-function relationships governing activity and stability of a DNA alkylation damage repair thermostable protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:8801-16. [PMID: 26227971 PMCID: PMC4605297 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylated DNA-protein alkyltransferases repair alkylated DNA bases, which are among the most common DNA lesions, and are evolutionary conserved, from prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes. The human ortholog, hAGT, is involved in resistance to alkylating chemotherapy drugs. We report here on the alkylated DNA-protein alkyltransferase, SsOGT, from an archaeal species living at high temperature, a condition that enhances the harmful effect of DNA alkylation. The exceptionally high stability of SsOGT gave us the unique opportunity to perform structural and biochemical analysis of a protein of this class in its post-reaction form. This analysis, along with those performed on SsOGT in its ligand-free and DNA-bound forms, provides insights in the structure-function relationships of the protein before, during and after DNA repair, suggesting a molecular basis for DNA recognition, catalytic activity and protein post-reaction fate, and giving hints on the mechanism of alkylation-induced inactivation of this class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Perugino
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Miggiano
- DiSF-Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Serpe
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Vettone
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Samarpita Lahiri
- DiSF-Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Franca Rossi
- DiSF-Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mosè Rossi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Menico Rizzi
- DiSF-Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Ciaramella
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80125 Naples, Italy
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ZHAO WENTING, WANG YUTIAN, HUANG ZHAOWEI, FANG JING. BRCA2 affects the efficiency of DNA double-strand break repair in response to N-nitroso compounds with differing carcinogenic potentials. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:1948-1954. [PMID: 23833673 PMCID: PMC3700919 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) is frequently mutated or epigenetically repressed in human cancer and has a significant role in the homologous recombination (HR) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Although N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) and N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) have similar chemical structures and are able to induce DNA damage, they have varying carcinogenic risks. We hypothesized that the DNA damage repair pathways that are induced by these N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) may differ and that this may contribute to the genotoxic-carcinogenic effect of the NOCs. The present study aimed to characterize the formation of DSBs by NDEA, NDELA and NDPA and also to investigate whether BRCA2 is involved in the DNA damage response. The NOCs were observed to time-dependently induce DSBs and the expression of γ-H2AX in gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. It was observed that the DNA damage induced by NDEA, the most potent carcinogen, was not repaired as efficiently as that caused by NDELA or NDPA. The expression of BRCA2 and RAD51 was demonstrated to be inhibited by NDEA treatment but upregulated by NDELA or NDPA treatment. Furthermore, the knock down of BRCA2 expression impaired the DNA damage repair induced by NDELA or NDPA. The cells with this knock down exhibited an increased sensitivity to NDELA or NDPA treatment, but not to NDEA. These findings suggest that a BRCA2-mediated pathway contributes to differential DSB repair and sensitivity in response to NOC exposure and that it may be associated with the genotoxic-carcinogenic potential of NOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- WEN-TING ZHAO
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031
| | - YU-TIAN WANG
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003,
P.R. China
| | - ZHAO-WEI HUANG
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003,
P.R. China
| | - JING FANG
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031
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Pegg AE. Multifaceted roles of alkyltransferase and related proteins in DNA repair, DNA damage, resistance to chemotherapy, and research tools. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:618-39. [PMID: 21466232 DOI: 10.1021/tx200031q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
O(6)-Alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) is a widely distributed, unique DNA repair protein that acts as a single agent to directly remove alkyl groups located on the O(6)-position of guanine from DNA restoring the DNA in one step. The protein acts only once, and its alkylated form is degraded rapidly. It is a major factor in counteracting the mutagenic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic effects of agents that form such adducts including N-nitroso-compounds and a number of cancer chemotherapeutics. This review describes the structure, function, and mechanism of action of AGTs and of a family of related alkyltransferase-like proteins, which do not act alone to repair O(6)-alkylguanines in DNA but link repair to other pathways. The paradoxical ability of AGTs to stimulate the DNA-damaging ability of dihaloalkanes and other bis-electrophiles via the formation of AGT-DNA cross-links is also described. Other important properties of AGTs include the ability to provide resistance to cancer therapeutic alkylating agents, and the availability of AGT inhibitors such as O(6)-benzylguanine that might overcome this resistance is discussed. Finally, the properties of fusion proteins in which AGT sequences are linked to other proteins are outlined. Such proteins occur naturally, and synthetic variants engineered to react specifically with derivatives of O(6)-benzylguanine are the basis of a valuable research technique for tagging proteins with specific reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Pegg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Pennsylvania 17033, United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Ljungman
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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