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Manickasamy MK, Jayaprakash S, Girisa S, Kumar A, Lam HY, Okina E, Eng H, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Sethi G, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Delineating the role of nuclear receptors in colorectal cancer, a focused review. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:41. [PMID: 38372868 PMCID: PMC10876515 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the most prevalent form of cancer globally, causing a significant number of deaths, surpassing 0.9 million in the year 2020. According to GLOBOCAN 2020, CRC ranks third in incidence and second in mortality in both males and females. Despite extensive studies over the years, there is still a need to establish novel therapeutic targets to enhance the patients' survival rate in CRC. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) that regulate numerous essential biological processes such as differentiation, development, physiology, reproduction, and cellular metabolism. Dysregulation and anomalous expression of different NRs has led to multiple alterations, such as impaired signaling cascades, mutations, and epigenetic changes, leading to various diseases, including cancer. It has been observed that differential expression of various NRs might lead to the initiation and progression of CRC, and are correlated with poor survival outcomes in CRC patients. Despite numerous studies on the mechanism and role of NRs in this cancer, it remains of significant scientific interest primarily due to the diverse functions that various NRs exhibit in regulating key hallmarks of this cancer. Thus, modulating the expression of NRs with their agonists and antagonists, based on their expression levels, holds an immense prospect in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutical modalities of CRC. In this review, we primarily focus on the role and mechanism of NRs in the pathogenesis of CRC and emphasized the significance of targeting these NRs using a variety of agents, which may represent a novel and effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Manickasamy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sujitha Jayaprakash
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Hiu Yan Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Elena Okina
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Huiyan Eng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117600, Singapore.
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, 117699, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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White RE, Bannister M, Day A, Bergom HE, Tan VM, Hwang J, Dang Nguyen H, Drake JM. Saracatinib synergizes with enzalutamide to downregulate AR activity in CRPC. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1210487. [PMID: 37456235 PMCID: PMC10348659 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1210487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most diagnosed non-skin cancer amongst the American male population. Treatment for localized prostate cancer consists of androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs), which typically inhibit androgen production and the androgen receptor (AR). Though initially effective, a subset of patients will develop resistance to ADTs and the tumors will transition to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Second generation hormonal therapies such as abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide are typically given to men with CRPC. However, these treatments are not curative and typically prolong survival only by a few months. Several resistance mechanisms contribute to this lack of efficacy such as the emergence of AR mutations, AR amplification, lineage plasticity, AR splice variants (AR-Vs) and increased kinase signaling. Having identified SRC kinase as a key tyrosine kinase enriched in CRPC patient tumors from our previous work, we evaluated whether inhibition of SRC kinase synergizes with enzalutamide or chemotherapy in several prostate cancer cell lines expressing variable AR isoforms. We observed robust synergy between the SRC kinase inhibitor, saracatinib, and enzalutamide, in the AR-FL+/AR-V+ CRPC cell lines, LNCaP95 and 22Rv1. We also observed that saracatinib significantly decreases AR Y534 phosphorylation, a key SRC kinase substrate residue, on AR-FL and AR-Vs, along with the AR regulome, supporting key mechanisms of synergy with enzalutamide. Lastly, we also found that the saracatinib-enzalutamide combination reduced DNA replication compared to the saracatinib-docetaxel combination, resulting in marked increased apoptosis. By elucidating this combination strategy, we provide pre-clinical data that suggests combining SRC kinase inhibitors with enzalutamide in select patients that express both AR-FL and AR-Vs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E. White
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Maxwell Bannister
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Abderrahman Day
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Hannah E. Bergom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Victor M. Tan
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Justin Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Hai Dang Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Member, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Justin M. Drake
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Member, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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3
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Ye C, Gosser C, Runyon ED, Zha J, Cai J, Beharry Z, Bowes Rickman C, Klingeborn M, Liu Y, Xie J, Cai H. Src family kinases engage differential pathways for encapsulation into extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e96. [PMID: 37588411 PMCID: PMC10426749 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous biological nanoparticles secreted by all cell types. Identifying the proteins preferentially encapsulated in secreted EVs will help understand their heterogeneity. Src family kinases including Src and Fyn are a group of tyrosine kinases with fatty acylation modifications and/or multiple lysine residues (contributing charge interaction) at their N-terminus. Here, we demonstrate that Src and Fyn kinases were preferentially encapsulated in EVs and fatty acylation including myristoylation and palmitoylation facilitated their encapsulation. Genetic loss or pharmacological inhibition of myristoylation suppressed Src and/or Fyn kinase levels in EVs. Similarly, loss of palmitoylation reduced Fyn levels in EVs. Additionally, mutation of lysine at sites 5, 7, and 9 of Src kinase also inhibited the encapsulation of myristoylated Src into EVs. Knockdown of TSG101, which is a protein involved in the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) protein complex mediated EVs biogenesis and led to a reduction of Src levels in EVs. In contrast, filipin III treatment, which disturbed the lipid raft structure, reduced Fyn kinase levels, but not Src kinase levels in EVs. Finally, elevated levels of Src protein were detected in the serum EVs of host mice carrying constitutively active Src-mediated prostate tumors in vivo. Collectively, the data suggest that different EVs biogenesis pathways exist and can regulate the encapsulation of specific proteins into EVs. This study provides an understanding of the EVs heterogeneity created by different EVs biogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenming Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of Georgia AthensAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Cade Gosser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of Georgia AthensAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ethan Daniel Runyon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of Georgia AthensAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Junyi Zha
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of Georgia AthensAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jingwen Cai
- Department of Cellular Biology and AnatomyAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Zanna Beharry
- Department of Chemical and Physical SciencesUniversity of Virgin IslandsUSA
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and AnatomyAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Georgia AthensAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of Georgia AthensAthensGeorgiaUSA
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White RE, Bannister M, Day A, Bergom HE, Tan VM, Hwang J, Nguyen HD, Drake JM. Saracatinib synergizes with enzalutamide to downregulate androgen receptor activity in castration resistant prostate cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.22.537922. [PMID: 37163118 PMCID: PMC10168214 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.22.537922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most diagnosed non-skin cancer amongst the American male population. Treatment for localized prostate cancer consists of androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs), which typically inhibit androgen production and the androgen receptor (AR). Though initially effective, a subset of patients will develop resistance to ADTs and the tumors will transition to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Second generation hormonal therapies such as abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide are typically given to men with CRPC. However, these treatments are not curative and typically prolong survival only by a few months. Several resistance mechanisms contribute to this lack of efficacy such as the emergence of AR mutations, AR amplification, lineage plasticity, AR splice variants (AR-Vs) and increased kinase signaling. Having identified SRC kinase as a key tyrosine kinase enriched in CRPC patient tumors from our previous work, we evaluated whether inhibition of SRC kinase synergizes with enzalutamide or chemotherapy in several prostate cancer cell lines expressing variable AR isoforms. We observed robust synergy between the SRC kinase inhibitor, saracatinib, and enzalutamide, in the AR-FL+/AR-V+ CRPC cell lines, LNCaP95 and 22Rv1. We also observed that saracatinib significantly decreases AR Y 534 phosphorylation, a key SRC kinase substrate residue, on AR-FL and AR-Vs, along with the AR regulome, supporting key mechanisms of synergy with enzalutamide. Lastly, we also found that the saracatinib-enzalutamide combination reduced DNA replication compared to the saracatinib-docetaxel combination, resulting in marked increased apoptosis. By elucidating this combination strategy, we provide pre-clinical data that suggests combining SRC kinase inhibitors with enzalutamide in select patients that express both AR-FL and AR-Vs.
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5
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Gao L, Han B, Dong X. The Androgen Receptor and Its Crosstalk With the Src Kinase During Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:905398. [PMID: 35832549 PMCID: PMC9271573 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.905398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the androgen receptor (AR) signalling is the mainstay therapeutic target for metastatic prostate cancers, these tumours will inevitably develop therapy resistance to AR pathway inhibitors suggesting that prostate tumour cells possess the capability to develop mechanisms to bypass their dependency on androgens and/or AR to survive and progress. In many studies, protein kinases such as Src are reported to promote prostate tumour progression. Specifically, the pro-oncogene tyrosine Src kinase regulates prostate cancer cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion, and metastasis. Not only can Src be activated under androgen depletion, low androgen, and supraphysiological androgen conditions, but also through crosstalk with other oncogenic pathways. Reciprocal activations between Src and AR proteins had also been reported. These findings rationalize Src inhibitors to be used to treat castrate-resistant prostate tumours. Although several Src inhibitors had advanced to clinical trials, the failure to observe patient benefits from these studies suggests that further evaluation of the roles of Src in prostate tumours is required. Here, we summarize the interplay between Src and AR signalling during castrate-resistant prostate cancer progression to provide insights on possible approaches to treat prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Han
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Xuesen Dong,
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Yehya A, Ghamlouche F, Zahwe A, Zeid Y, Wakimian K, Mukherji D, Abou-Kheir W. Drug resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: an update on the status quo. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:667-690. [PMID: 36176747 PMCID: PMC9511807 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in men globally. Despite improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of PCa, a significant proportion of patients with high-risk localized disease and all patients with advanced disease at diagnosis will experience progression to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Multiple drugs are now approved as the standard of care treatments for patients with mCRPC that have been shown to prolong survival. Although the majority of patients will respond initially, primary and secondary resistance to these therapies make mCRPC an incurable disease. Several molecular mechanisms underlie the development of mCRPC, with the androgen receptor (AR) axis being the main driver as well as the key drug target. Understanding resistance mechanisms is crucial for discovering novel therapeutic strategies to delay or reverse the progression of the disease. In this review, we address the diverse mechanisms of drug resistance in mCRPC. In addition, we shed light on emerging targeted therapies currently being tested in clinical trials with promising potential to overcome mCRPC-drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Yehya
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Equally contributing authors
| | - Fatima Ghamlouche
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Equally contributing authors
| | - Amin Zahwe
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- Equally contributing authors
| | - Yousef Zeid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Kevork Wakimian
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
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Thiebaut C, Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Trédan O, Poulard C, Le Romancer M. Non-genomic signaling of steroid receptors in cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 538:111453. [PMID: 34520815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) are members of the nuclear receptor family, which are ligand-activated transcription factors. SRs regulate many physiological functions including development and reproduction, though they can also be involved in several pathologies, especially cancer. Highly controlled cellular responses to steroids involve transcriptional regulation (genomic activity) combined with direct activation of signaling cascades (non-genomic activity). Non-genomic signaling has been extensively studied in cancer, mainly in breast cancer for ER and PR, and prostate cancer for AR. Even though most of the studies have been conducted in cells, some of them have been confirmed in vivo, highlighting the relevance of this pathway in cancer. This review provides an overview of the current and emerging knowledge on non-genomic signaling with a focus on breast and prostate cancers and its clinical relevance. A thorough understanding of ER, PR, AR and GR non-genomic pathways may open new perspectives for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Thiebaut
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Vlaeminck-Guillem
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Service de Biochimie Biologie Moléculaire Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69495, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Olivier Trédan
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Medical Oncology Department, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69000, Lyon, France
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France.
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Tang Q, Cheng B, Dai R, Wang R. The Role of Androgen Receptor in Cross Talk Between Stromal Cells and Prostate Cancer Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:729498. [PMID: 34692685 PMCID: PMC8526848 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.729498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) lists as the second most lethal cancer for men in western countries, and androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in its initiation and progression, which prompts the development of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as the standard treatment. Prostate tumor microenvironment, consisting of stromal cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), has dynamic interactions with PCa epithelial cells and affects their growth and invasiveness. Studies have shown that both genomic and non-genomic AR signaling pathways are involved in the biological regulation of PCa epithelial cells. In addition, AR signaling in prostate stroma is also involved in PCa carcinogenesis and progression. Loss of AR in PCa stroma is clinically observed as PCa progresses to advanced stage. Especially, downregulation of AR in stromal fibroblasts dysregulates the expression levels of ECM proteins, thus creating a suitable environment for PCa cells to metastasize. Importantly, ADT treatment enhances this reciprocal interaction and predisposes stromal cells to promote cell invasion of PCa cells. During this process, AR in PCa epithelium actively responds to various stimuli derived from the surrounding stromal cells and undergoes enhanced degradation while elevating the expression of certain genes such as MMP9 responsible for cell invasion. AR reduction in epithelial cells also accelerates these cells to differentiate into cancer stem-like cells and neuroendocrine cells, which are AR-negative PCa cells and inherently resistant to ADT treatments. Overall, understanding of the cross talk between tumor microenvironment and PCa at the molecular level may assist the development of novel therapeutic strategies against this disease. This review will provide a snapshot of AR's action when the interaction of stromal cells and PCa cells occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyao Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rongyang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ronghao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Amer M, Shi L, Wolfenson H. The 'Yin and Yang' of Cancer Cell Growth and Mechanosensing. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4754. [PMID: 34638240 PMCID: PMC8507527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer, two unique and seemingly contradictory behaviors are evident: on the one hand, tumors are typically stiffer than the tissues in which they grow, and this high stiffness promotes their malignant progression; on the other hand, cancer cells are anchorage-independent-namely, they can survive and grow in soft environments that do not support cell attachment. How can these two features be consolidated? Recent findings on the mechanisms by which cells test the mechanical properties of their environment provide insight into the role of aberrant mechanosensing in cancer progression. In this review article, we focus on the role of high stiffness on cancer progression, with particular emphasis on tumor growth; we discuss the mechanisms of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction, and their dysregulation in cancerous cells; and we propose that a 'yin and yang' type phenomenon exists in the mechanobiology of cancer, whereby a switch in the type of interaction with the extracellular matrix dictates the outcome of the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Amer
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Lidan Shi
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Haguy Wolfenson
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Tanshinone IIA Inhibits Osteosarcoma Growth through a Src Kinase-Dependent Mechanism. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5563691. [PMID: 34422073 PMCID: PMC8376467 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5563691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor associated with high mortality rates due to the toxic side effects of current therapeutic methods. Tanshinone IIA can inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis in vitro, but the exact mechanism is still unknown. The aims of this study are to explore the antiosteosarcoma effect of tanshinone IIA via Src kinase and demonstrate the mechanism of this effect. Materials and Methods Osteosarcoma MG-63 and U2-OS cell lines were stable transfections with Src-shRNA. Then, the antiosteosarcoma effect of tanshinone IIA was tested in vitro. The protein expression levels of Src, p-Src, p-ERK1/2, and p-AKt were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. CCK-8 assay and BrdU immunofluorescence assay were used to detect cell proliferation. Transwell assay, cell scratch assay, and flow cytometry were used to detect cell invasion, migration, and cell cycle. Tumor-bearing nude mice with osteosarcoma were constructed. The effect of tanshinone IIA was detected by tumor HE staining, tumor inhibition rate, incidence of lung metastasis, and X-ray. Results The oncogene role of Src kinase in osteosarcoma is reflected in promoting cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and in inhibiting apoptosis. However, Src has different effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation among cell lines. At a cellular level, the antiosteosarcoma effect of tanshinone IIA is mediated by Src downstream of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKt signaling pathways. At the animal level, tanshinone IIA played a role in resisting osteosarcoma formation by Src downstream of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKt signaling pathways. Conclusion Tanshinone IIA plays an antiosteosarcoma role in vitro and in vivo and inhibits the progression of osteosarcoma mediated by Src downstream of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKt signaling pathways.
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Structural and Functional Analyses of the FAM46C/Plk4 Complex. Structure 2020; 28:910-921.e4. [PMID: 32433990 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
FAM46C, a non-canonical poly(A) polymerase, is frequently mutated in multiple myeloma. Loss of function of FAM46C promotes cell survival of multiple myeloma, suggesting a tumor-suppressive role. FAM46C is also essential for fastening sperm head and flagellum, indispensable for male fertility. The molecular mechanisms of these functions of FAM46C remain elusive. We report the crystal structure of FAM46C to provide the basis for its poly(A) polymerase activity and rationalize mutations associated with multiple myeloma. In addition, we found that FAM46C interacts directly with the serine/threonine kinase Plk4, the master regulator of centrosome duplication. We present the structure of FAM46C in complex with the Cryptic Polo-Box 1-2 domains of Plk4. Our structure-based mutational analyses show that the interaction with Plk4 recruits FAM46C to centrosomes. Our data suggest that Plk4-mediated localization of FAM46C enables its regulation of centrosome structure and functions, which may underlie the roles for FAM46C in cell proliferation and sperm development.
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Rambur A, Lours-Calet C, Beaudoin C, Buñay J, Vialat M, Mirouse V, Trousson A, Renaud Y, Lobaccaro JMA, Baron S, Morel L, de Joussineau C. Sequential Ras/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways recruitment drives basal extrusion in the prostate-like gland of Drosophila. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2300. [PMID: 32385236 PMCID: PMC7210301 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important but less understood step of epithelial tumourigenesis occurs when cells acquire the ability to leave their epithelial compartment. This phenomenon, described as basal epithelial cell extrusion (basal extrusion), represents the first step of tumour invasion. However, due to lack of adequate in vivo model, implication of emblematic signalling pathways such as Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathways, is scarcely described in this phenomenon. We have developed a unique model of basal extrusion in the Drosophila accessory gland. There, we demonstrate that both Ras/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways are necessary for basal extrusion. Furthermore, as in prostate cancer, we show that these pathways are co-activated. This occurs through set up of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Insulin Receptor (InR) dependent autocrine loops, a phenomenon that, considering human data, could be relevant for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Rambur
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Corinne Lours-Calet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claude Beaudoin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julio Buñay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marine Vialat
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Mirouse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yoan Renaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28 place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63009, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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13
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Yu C, Hu K, Nguyen D, Wang ZA. From genomics to functions: preclinical mouse models for understanding oncogenic pathways in prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2079-2102. [PMID: 31720076 PMCID: PMC6834478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has revealed numerous genomic alterations that induce aberrant signaling activities in prostate cancer (PCa). Among them are pathways affecting multiple cancer types, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, p53, Rb, Ras/Raf/MAPK, Myc, FGF, and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as ones that are prominent in PCa, including alterations in genes of AR signaling, the ETS family, NKX3.1, and SPOP. Cross talk among the oncogenic pathways can confer PCa resistance to therapy, particularly in advanced tumors, which are castration-resistant or show neuroendocrine features. Various experimental models, such as cancer cell lines, animal models, and patient-derived xenografts and organoids have been utilized to dissect PCa progression mechanisms. Here, we review the current preclinical mouse models for studying the most commonly altered pathways in PCa, with an emphasis on their interplays. We highlight the power of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) in translating genomic discoveries into understanding of the functions of these oncogenic events in vivo. Developing and analyzing PCa mouse models will undoubtedly continue to offer new insights into tumor biology and guide novel rationalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kevin Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Zhu A Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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14
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Kim S, Yang X, Yin A, Zha J, Beharry Z, Bai A, Bielawska A, Bartlett MG, Yin H, Cai H. Dietary palmitate cooperates with Src kinase to promote prostate tumor progression. Prostate 2019; 79:896-908. [PMID: 30900312 PMCID: PMC6502658 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genetic alterations have been identified during prostate cancer progression. The influence of environmental factors, particularly the diet, on the acceleration of tumor progression is largely unknown. Expression levels and/or activity of Src kinase are highly elevated in numerous cancers including advanced stages of prostate cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that high-fat diets (HFDs) promoted pathological transformation mediated by the synergy of Src and androgen receptor in vivo. Additionally, a diet high in saturated fat significantly enhanced proliferation of Src-mediated xenograft tumors in comparison with a diet high in unsaturated fat. The saturated fatty acid palmitate, a major constituent in a HFD, significantly upregulated the biosynthesis of palmitoyl-CoA in cancer cells in vitro and in xenograft tumors in vivo. The exogenous palmitate enhanced Src-dependent mitochondrial β-oxidation. Additionally, it elevated the amount of C16-ceramide and total saturated ceramides, increased the level of Src kinase localized in the cell membrane, and Src-mediated downstream signaling, such as the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and focal adhesion kinase. Our results uncover how the metabolism of dietary palmitate cooperates with elevated Src kinase in the acceleration of prostate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Amelia Yin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Junyi Zha
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Zanna Beharry
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965
| | - Aiping Bai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Alicja Bielawska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Hang Yin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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15
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Dai Y, Siemann D. c-Src is required for hypoxia-induced metastasis-associated functions in prostate cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:3519-3529. [PMID: 31190858 PMCID: PMC6512571 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s201320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastasis is the major cause of therapeutic failure in prostate cancer patients, and hypoxia has been shown to promote metastatic functions. However, whether Src family kinases (SFKs) can be upregulated under hypoxia is unclear. Materials and methods: In the current study, we evaluated the effects of hypoxia on cellular functions and activities of different SFK members (c-Src, Lyn, Fyn) in prostate cancer cells. Prostate cancer cell functions were determined in vitro including migration (wound-healing assay), invasion (Matrigel-based transwell assay) and clonogenic cell survival (colony formation assay). Protein expression was detected by Western blotting and gene knockdown was accomplished by siRNA transfection. Results:SRC, but not LYN and FYN, is associated with overall survival in prostate cancer patients, while all three phosphorylated proteins are highly expressed in tumors compared to normal tissues. Short-term hypoxic exposure significantly enhances cell migration, invasion, clonogenic survival, and consistently, c-Src phosphorylation in both PC-3ML and C4-2B cells. Knockdown of SRC, but not LYN or FYN, abolished hypoxia-induced functions. Finally, small molecule Src inhibitors strongly inhibited cell behaviors and c-Src activation under hypoxic conditions. Conclusion: Our data show that hypoxia is able to enhance metastatic-associated cell functions by activating c-Src in prostate cancer cells. Importantly, SFK inhibition by small molecule inhibitors was able to impair hypoxia-induced metastasis associated cell functions, suggesting a possible role of SFK inhibitors for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Dietmar Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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16
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Androgens Induce Invasiveness of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells Through AR/Src/PI3-K Complex Assembly. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4490. [PMID: 30872694 PMCID: PMC6418124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is still characterized by high morbidity and mortality. A specific BC subtype named triple negative BC (TNBC) lacks estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR, respectively) and is characterized by the absence of overexpression/amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in TNBC, although its function in these cancers is still debated. Moreover, few therapeutic options are currently available for the treatment of TNBC. In this study, we have used TNBC-derived MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB453 cells that, albeit at different extent, both express AR. Androgen challenging induces migration and invasiveness of these cells. Use of the anti-androgen bicalutamide or AR knockdown experiments show that these effects depend on AR. Furthermore, the small peptide, S1, which mimics the AR proline-rich motif responsible for the interaction of AR with SH3-Src, reverses the effects in both cell lines, suggesting that the assembly of a complex made up of AR and Src drives the androgen-induced motility and invasiveness. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in androgen-treated MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB453 cells show that the AR/Src complex recruits p85α, the regulatory subunit of PI3-K. In such a way, the basic machinery leading to migration and invasiveness is turned-on. The S1 peptide inhibits motility and invasiveness of TNBC cells and disrupts the AR/Src/p85α complex assembly in MDA-MB231 cells. This study shows that the rapid androgen activation of Src/PI3-K signaling drives migration and invasiveness of TNBC cells and suggests that the S1 peptide is a promising therapeutic option for these cancers.
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17
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Wang M, Hinton JP, Gard JMC, Garcia JGN, Knudsen BS, Nagle RB, Cress AE. Integrin α6β4E variant is associated with actin and CD9 structures and modifies the biophysical properties of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:838-850. [PMID: 30865564 PMCID: PMC6589785 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin α6β4 is an essential, dynamic adhesion receptor for laminin 332 found on epithelial cells, required for formation of strong cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion and induced migration, and coordinated by regions of the β4C cytoplasmic domain. β4E, a unique splice variant of β4 expressed in normal tissue, contains a cytoplasmic domain of 231 amino acids with a unique sequence of 114 amino acids instead of β4C’s canonical 1089 amino acids. We determined the distribution of α6β4E within normal human glandular epithelium and its regulation and effect on cellular biophysical properties. Canonical α6β4C expressed in all basal cells, as expected, while α6β4E expressed within a subset of luminal cells. α6β4E expression was induced by three-dimensional culture conditions, activated Src, was reversible, and was stabilized by bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor. α6β4C expressed in all cells during induced migration, whereas α6β4E was restricted to a subset of cells with increased kinetics of cell–cell and cell–ECM resistance properties. Interestingly, α6β4E presented in “ringlike” patterns measuring ∼1.75 × 0.72 microns and containing actin and CD9 at cell–ECM locations. In contrast, α6β4C expressed only within hemidesmosome-like structures containing BP180. Integrin α6β4E is an inducible adhesion isoform in normal epithelial cells that can alter biophysical properties of cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - James P Hinton
- Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Jaime M C Gard
- Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Anne E Cress
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
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18
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Mendes Oliveira D, Grillone K, Mignogna C, De Falco V, Laudanna C, Biamonte F, Locane R, Corcione F, Fabozzi M, Sacco R, Viglietto G, Malanga D, Rizzuto A. Next-generation sequencing analysis of receptor-type tyrosine kinase genes in surgically resected colon cancer: identification of gain-of-function mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:84. [PMID: 29665843 PMCID: PMC5905113 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvement in genetic characterization of Colon Cancer (CC) patients is required to propose new potential targets, since surgical resection coupled to chemotherapy, presents several limits such as cancer recurrence and drug resistance. Targeted therapies have more efficacy and less toxicity than standard treatments. One of the most relevant cancer-specific actionable targets are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) whose role in CC need to be better investigated. METHODS We have analysed 37 CC patients using the Ion AmpliSeq™ Comprehensive Cancer Panel (CCP). We have confirmed the somatic nature of RET variants through Sanger sequencing and assessed RET activation status and protein expression by immunofluorescence and western-blot analyses. We have used RET mutant expression vectors to evaluate the effect of selected mutations in HEK293 cells by performing proliferation, migration and clonogenic assays. RESULTS Among the 409 cancer-related genes included in the CCP we have focused on the RTKs. Overall, we have observed 101 different potentially damaging variants distributed across 31 RTK genes in 28 patients. The most frequently mutated RTKs were FLT4, ROS1, EPH7, ERBB2, EGFR, RET, FGFR3 and FGFR4. In particular, we have identified 4 different somatic variants in 10% of CC patients in RET proto-oncogene. Among them, we have demonstrated that the G533C variant was able to activate RET by promoting dimer formation and enhancing Y1062 phosphorylation. Moreover, we have demonstrated that RET G533C variant was able to stimulate anchorage-dependent proliferation, migration and clonogenic cell survival. Notably, the effects induced by the RET G533C variant were abolished by vandetanib. CONCLUSIONS The discovery of pathogenic variants across RTK genes in 75% of the CC patients under analysis, suggests a previously underestimated role for RTKs in CC development. The identification of a gain-of-function RET mutation in CC highlights the potential use of RET in targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Mendes Oliveira
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Salvatore Venuta -Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Katia Grillone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Salvatore Venuta -Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Salvatore Venuta - Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Valentina De Falco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmelo Laudanna
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Salvatore Venuta -Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Flavia Biamonte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Salvatore Venuta -Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Rosa Locane
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Salvatore Venuta - Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Salvatore Venuta - Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Salvatore Venuta -Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.
| | - Donatella Malanga
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Salvatore Venuta -Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.
| | - Antonia Rizzuto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus Salvatore Venuta - Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
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19
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Caccuri F, Ronca R, Laimbacher AS, Berenzi A, Steimberg N, Campilongo F, Mazzuca P, Giacomini A, Mazzoleni G, Benetti A, Caselli E, Presta M, Di Luca D, Fraefel C, Caruso A. U94 of human herpesvirus 6 down-modulates Src, promotes a partial mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and inhibits tumor cell growth, invasion and metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44533-44549. [PMID: 28562350 PMCID: PMC5546500 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
U94, the latency gene of human herpesvirus 6, was found to inhibit migration, invasion and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Because of its potent anti-migratory activity on ECs, we tested the capability of U94 to interfere with the individual steps of the metastatic cascade. We examined the U94 biological activity on the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB 231, as a model of highly aggressive cancer cell. Here we show that the expression of U94 delivered by an HSV-1-based amplicon promoted down-modulation of Src and downstream molecules linked to cell motility and proliferation. Indeed, U94 expression strongly inhibited cell migration, invasiveness and clonogenicity. We investigated the effects of U94 in a three-dimensional rotary cell-culture system and observed the ability of U94 to modify tumor cell morphology by inducing a partial mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. In fact, despite U94 did not induce any expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin, it down-modulated different mesenchymal markers as β-catenin, Vimentin, TWIST, Snail1, and MMP2. In vivo data on the tumorigenicity of MDA-MB 231 displayed the capability of U94 to control tumor growth, invasiveness and metastasis, as well as tumor-driven angiogenesis. The antitumor U94 activity was also confirmed on the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa. The ability of U94 to inhibit cell growth, invasion and metastasis opens the way to a promising field of research aimed to develop new therapeutic approaches for treating tumor and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caccuri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Angiola Berenzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nathalie Steimberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Campilongo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pietro Mazzuca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mazzoleni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Benetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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20
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Li Q, Alsaidan OA, Ma Y, Kim S, Liu J, Albers T, Liu K, Beharry Z, Zhao S, Wang F, Lebedyeva I, Cai H. Pharmacologically targeting the myristoylation of the scaffold protein FRS2α inhibits FGF/FGFR-mediated oncogenic signaling and tumor progression. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29540482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling facilitates tumor initiation and progression. Although currently approved inhibitors of FGFR kinase have shown therapeutic benefit in clinical trials, overexpression or mutations of FGFRs eventually confer drug resistance and thereby abrogate the desired activity of kinase inhibitors in many cancer types. In this study, we report that loss of myristoylation of fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2α), a scaffold protein essential for FGFR signaling, inhibits FGF/FGFR-mediated oncogenic signaling and FGF10-induced tumorigenesis. Moreover, a previously synthesized myristoyl-CoA analog, B13, which targets the activity of N-myristoyltransferases, suppressed FRS2α myristoylation and decreased the phosphorylation with mild alteration of FRS2α localization at the cell membrane. B13 inhibited oncogenic signaling induced by WT FGFRs or their drug-resistant mutants (FGFRsDRM). B13 alone or in combination with an FGFR inhibitor suppressed FGF-induced WT FGFR- or FGFRDRM-initiated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity or MAPK signaling, inducing cell cycle arrest and thereby inhibiting cell proliferation and migration in several cancer cell types. Finally, B13 significantly inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors without pathological toxicity to the liver, kidney, or lung in vivo In summary, our study suggests a possible therapeutic approach for inhibiting FGF/FGFR-mediated cancer progression and drug-resistant FGF/FGFR mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Li
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Yongjie Ma
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Sungjin Kim
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Junchen Liu
- the Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Kebin Liu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, and
| | - Zanna Beharry
- the Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965
| | - Shaying Zhao
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Fen Wang
- the Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Houjian Cai
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
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21
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Li Q, Ingram L, Kim S, Beharry Z, Cooper JA, Cai H. Paracrine Fibroblast Growth Factor Initiates Oncogenic Synergy with Epithelial FGFR/Src Transformation in Prostate Tumor Progression. Neoplasia 2018; 20:233-243. [PMID: 29444487 PMCID: PMC5814375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross talk of stromal-epithelial cells plays an essential role in both normal development and tumor initiation and progression. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-FGF receptor (FGFR)-Src kinase axis is one of the major signal transduction pathways to mediate this cross talk. Numerous genomic studies have demonstrated that expression levels of FGFR/Src are deregulated in a variety of cancers including prostate cancer; however, the role that paracrine FGF (from stromal cells) plays in dysregulated expression of epithelial FGFRs/Src and tumor progression in vivo is not well evaluated. In this study, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of wild-type FGFR1/2 or Src kinase in epithelial cells was not sufficient to initiate prostate tumorigenesis under a normal stromal microenvironment in vivo. However, paracrine FGF10 synergized with ectopic expression of epithelial FGFR1 or FGFR2 to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Additionally, paracrine FGF10 sensitized FGFR2-transformed epithelial cells to initiate prostate tumorigenesis. Next, paracrine FGF10 also synergized with overexpression of epithelial Src kinase to high-grade tumors. But loss of the myristoylation site in Src kinase inhibited paracrine FGF10-induced prostate tumorigenesis. Loss of myristoylation alters Src levels in the cell membrane and inhibited FGF-mediated signaling including inhibition of the phosphotyrosine pattern and FAK phosphorylation. Our study demonstrates the potential tumor progression by simultaneous deregulation of proteins in the FGF/FGFRs/Src signal axis and provides a therapeutic strategy of targeting myristoylation of Src kinase to interfere with the tumorigenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lishann Ingram
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Zanna Beharry
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965
| | | | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.
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22
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Ke L, Xiang Y, Guo X, Lu J, Xia W, Yu Y, Peng Y, Wang L, Wang G, Ye Y, Yang J, Liang H, Kang T, Lv X. c-Src activation promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway: a new and promising target for NPC. Oncotarget 2017; 7:28340-55. [PMID: 27078847 PMCID: PMC5053730 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of cellular Src (c-Src), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, could promote cancer progression through activating its downstream signaling pathways. However, the roles of c-Src and phosphorylated-Src (p-Src) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) progression are rarely investigated. Herein, we have identified high c-Src concentrations in the serum of NPC patients with distant metastasis using high-throughput protein microarrays. Levels of c-Src in serum and p-Src in human primary NPC samples were unfavorable independent prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival, disease-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival. Depletion or inactivation of c-Src in NPC cells using sgRNA with CRISPR/Cas9 system or PP2 decreased cell viability, colony formation, migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. In contrast, these malignancies could be up-regulated by overexpressed c-Src in a NPC cell line with low-metastasis potential. Furthermore, p-Src was involved in promoting NPC cell metastasis by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process via activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and cytoskeleton remodeling. The p-Src-induced EMT process could be retarded by PP2, which mediated by down-regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. In conclusion, elevated levels of c-Src in serum and p-Src in primary NPC tissue correlated with poor outcomes of NPC patients. And aberrant activation of c-Src facilitated NPC cells with malignant potential, especially metastasis ability, which mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway activation and sequentially induced the EMT process. These findings unveiled a promising approach for targeted therapy of advanced NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangru Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Lu
- Medical Research Center and Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Weixiong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yahui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Peng
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfang Ye
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiebang Kang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Androgen receptor regulates SRC expression through microRNA-203. Oncotarget 2017; 7:25726-41. [PMID: 27028864 PMCID: PMC5041939 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SRC kinase has pivotal roles in multiple developmental processes and in tumor progression. An inverse relationship has been observed between androgen receptor (AR) activity and SRC signaling in advanced prostate cancer (PCa); however, the modulation of AR/SRC crosstalk that leads to metastatic PCa is unclear. Here, we showed that patients with high SRC levels displayed correspondingly low canonical AR gene signatures. Our results demonstrated that activated AR induced miR-203 and reduced SRC levels in PCa model systems. miR-203 directly binds to the 3′ UTR of SRC and regulates the stability of SRC mRNA upon AR activation. Moreover, we found that progressive PCa cell migration and growth were associated with a decrease in AR-regulated miR-203 and an increase in SRC. Relationships among AR, miR-203, and SRC were also confirmed in clinical datasets and specimens. We suggest that the induction of SRC results in increased PCa metastasis that is linked to the dysregulation of the AR signaling pathway through the inactivation of miR-203.
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24
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Kim S, Alsaidan OA, Goodwin O, Li Q, Sulejmani E, Han Z, Bai A, Albers T, Beharry Z, Zheng YG, Norris JS, Szulc ZM, Bielawska A, Lebedyeva I, Pegan SD, Cai H. Blocking Myristoylation of Src Inhibits Its Kinase Activity and Suppresses Prostate Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6950-6962. [PMID: 29038344 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein N-myristoylation enables localization to membranes and helps maintain protein conformation and function. N-myristoyltransferases (NMT) catalyze co- or posttranslational myristoylation of Src family kinases and other oncogenic proteins, thereby regulating their function. In this study, we provide genetic and pharmacologic evidence that inhibiting the N-myristoyltransferase NMT1 suppresses cell-cycle progression, proliferation, and malignant growth of prostate cancer cells. Loss of myristoylation abolished the tumorigenic potential of Src and its synergy with androgen receptor in mediating tumor invasion. We identified the myristoyl-CoA analogue B13 as a small-molecule inhibitor of NMT1 enzymatic activity. B13 exposure blocked Src myristoylation and Src localization to the cytoplasmic membrane, attenuating Src-mediated oncogenic signaling. B13 exerted its anti-invasive and antitumor effects against prostate cancer cells, with minimal toxic side-effects in vivo Structural optimization based on structure-activity relationships enabled the chemical synthesis of LCL204, with enhanced inhibitory potency against NMT1. Collectively, our results offer a preclinical proof of concept for the use of protein myristoylation inhibitors as a strategy to block prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res; 77(24); 6950-62. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Octavia Goodwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Qianjin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Essilvo Sulejmani
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Aiping Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Thomas Albers
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zanna Beharry
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - James S Norris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zdzislaw M Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alicja Bielawska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Iryna Lebedyeva
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, Georgia.
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25
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Kim S, Yang X, Li Q, Wu M, Costyn L, Beharry Z, Bartlett MG, Cai H. Myristoylation of Src kinase mediates Src-induced and high-fat diet-accelerated prostate tumor progression in mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18422-18433. [PMID: 28939770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.798827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous fatty acids provide substrates for energy production and biogenesis of the cytoplasmic membrane, but they also enhance cellular signaling during cancer cell proliferation. However, it remains controversial whether dietary fatty acids are correlated with tumor progression. In this study, we demonstrate that increased Src kinase activity is associated with high-fat diet-accelerated progression of prostate tumors and that Src kinases mediate this pathological process. Moreover, in the in vivo prostate regeneration assay, host SCID mice carrying Src(Y529F)-transduced regeneration tissues were fed a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet and treated with vehicle or dasatinib. The high-fat diet not only accelerated Src-induced prostate tumorigenesis in mice but also compromised the inhibitory effect of the anticancer drug dasatinib on Src kinase oncogenic potential in vivo We further show that myristoylation of Src kinase is essential to facilitate Src-induced and high-fat diet-accelerated tumor progression. Mechanistically, metabolism of exogenous myristic acid increased the biosynthesis of myristoyl CoA and myristoylated Src and promoted Src kinase-mediated oncogenic signaling in human cells. Of the fatty acids tested, only exogenous myristic acid contributed to increased intracellular myristoyl CoA levels. Our results suggest that targeting Src kinase myristoylation, which is required for Src kinase association at the cellular membrane, blocks dietary fat-accelerated tumorigenesis in vivo Our findings uncover the molecular basis of how the metabolism of myristic acid stimulates high-fat diet-mediated prostate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Kim
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Xiangkun Yang
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Qianjin Li
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Meng Wu
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Leah Costyn
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Zanna Beharry
- the Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Houjian Cai
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
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26
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Nabbi A, McClurg UL, Thalappilly S, Almami A, Mobahat M, Bismar TA, Binda O, Riabowol KT. ING3 promotes prostate cancer growth by activating the androgen receptor. BMC Med 2017; 15:103. [PMID: 28511652 PMCID: PMC5434536 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) is a major driver of prostate cancer, and increased AR levels and co-activators of the receptor promote the development of prostate cancer. INhibitor of Growth (ING) proteins target lysine acetyltransferase or lysine deacetylase complexes to the histone H3K4Me3 mark of active transcription, to affect chromatin structure and gene expression. ING3 is a stoichiometric member of the TIP60 lysine acetyltransferase complex implicated in prostate cancer development. METHODS Biopsies of 265 patients with prostate cancer were stained for ING3, pan-cytokeratin, and DNA. LNCaP and C4-2 androgen-responsive cells were used for in vitro assays including immunoprecipitation, western blotting, Luciferase reporter assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability and migration assays were performed in prostate cancer cell lines using scrambled siRNA or siRNA targeting ING3. RESULTS We find that ING3 levels and AR activity positively correlate in prostate cancer. ING3 potentiates androgen effects, increasing expression of androgen-regulated genes and androgen response element-driven reporters to promote growth and anchorage-independent growth. Conversely, ING3 knockdown inhibits prostate cancer cell growth and invasion. ING3 activates the AR by serving as a scaffold to increase interaction between TIP60 and the AR in the cytoplasm, enhancing receptor acetylation and translocation to the nucleus. Activation is independent of ING3's ability to target the TIP60 complex to H3K4Me3, identifying a previously unknown chromatin-independent cytoplasmic activity for ING3. In agreement with in vitro observations, analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data (n = 498) and a prostate cancer tissue microarray (n = 256) show that ING3 levels are higher in aggressive prostate cancers, with high levels of ING3 predicting shorter patient survival in a low AR subgroup. Including ING3 levels with currently used indicators such as the Gleason score provides more accurate prognosis in primary prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the majority of previous reports suggesting tumor suppressive functions in other cancers, our observations identify a clear oncogenic role for ING3, which acts as a co-activator of AR in prostate cancer. Data from TCGA and our previous and current tissue microarrays suggest that ING3 levels correlate with AR levels and that in patients with low levels of the receptor, ING3 level could serve as a useful prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Nabbi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Urszula L McClurg
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Subhash Thalappilly
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amal Almami
- Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mahsa Mobahat
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tarek A Bismar
- Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Olivier Binda
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Karl T Riabowol
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,, #311 HMRB, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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27
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Koushyar S, Economides G, Zaat S, Jiang W, Bevan CL, Dart DA. The prohibitin-repressive interaction with E2F1 is rapidly inhibited by androgen signalling in prostate cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e333. [PMID: 28504694 PMCID: PMC5523065 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prohibitin (PHB) is a tumour suppressor molecule with pleiotropic activities across several cellular compartments including mitochondria, cell membrane and the nucleus. PHB and the steroid-activated androgen receptor (AR) have an interplay where AR downregulates PHB, and PHB represses AR. Additionally, their cellular locations and chromatin interactions are in dynamic opposition. We investigated the mechanisms of cell cycle inhibition by PHB and how this is modulated by AR in prostate cancer. Using a prostate cancer cell line overexpressing PHB, we analysed the gene expression changes associated with PHB-mediated cell cycle arrest. Over 1000 gene expression changes were found to be significant and gene ontology analysis confirmed PHB-mediated repression of genes essential for DNA replication and synthesis, for example, MCMs and TK1, via an E2F1 regulated pathway—agreeing with its G1/S cell cycle arrest activity. PHB is known to inhibit E2F1-mediated transcription, and the PHB:E2F1 interaction was seen in LNCaP nuclear extracts, which was then reduced by androgen treatment. Upon two-dimensional western blot analysis, the PHB protein itself showed androgen-mediated charge differentiation (only in AR-positive cells), indicating a potential dephosphorylation event. Kinexus phosphoprotein array analysis indicated that Src kinase was the main interacting intracellular signalling hub in androgen-treated LNCaP cells, and that Src inhibition could reduce this AR-mediated charge differentiation. PHB charge change may be associated with rapid dissociation from chromatin and E2F1, allowing the cell cycle to proceed. The AR and androgens may deactivate the repressive functions of PHB upon E2F1 leading to cell cycle progression, and indicates a role for AR in DNA replication licensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koushyar
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - G Economides
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Zaat
- Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - W Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - C L Bevan
- Androgen Signalling Laboratory, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D A Dart
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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28
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An N, Cen B, Cai H, Song JH, Kraft A, Kang Y. Pim1 kinase regulates c-Kit gene translation. Exp Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:31. [PMID: 28042518 PMCID: PMC5200960 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Receptor tyrosine kinase, c-Kit (CD117) plays a pivotal role in the maintenance and expansion of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Additionally, over-expression and/or mutational activation of c-Kit have been implicated in numerous malignant diseases including acute myeloid leukemia. However, the translational regulation of c-Kit expression remains largely unknown. Methods and results We demonstrated that loss of Pim1 led to specific down-regulation of c-Kit expression in HSPCs of Pim1−/− mice and Pim1−/−2−/−3−/− triple knockout (TKO) mice, and resulted in attenuated ERK and STAT3 signaling in response to stimulation with stem cell factor. Transduction of c-Kit restored the defects in colony forming capacity seen in HSPCs from Pim1−/− and TKO mice. Pharmacologic inhibition and genetic modification studies using human megakaryoblastic leukemia cells confirmed the regulation of c-Kit expression by Pim1 kinase: i.e., Pim1-specific shRNA knockdown down-regulated the expression of c-Kit whereas overexpression of Pim1 up-regulated the expression of c-Kit. Mechanistically, inhibition or knockout of Pim1 kinase did not affect the transcription of c-Kit gene. Pim1 kinase enhanced c-Kit 35S methionine labeling and increased the incorporation of c-Kit mRNAs into the polysomes and monosomes, demonstrating that Pim1 kinase regulates c-Kit expression at the translational level. Conclusions Our study provides the first evidence that Pim1 regulates c-Kit gene translation and has important implications in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfei An
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Bo Cen
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Jin H Song
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Andrew Kraft
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Yubin Kang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, DUMC 3961, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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29
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Castoria G, Auricchio F, Migliaccio A. Extranuclear partners of androgen receptor: at the crossroads of proliferation, migration, and neuritogenesis. FASEB J 2016; 31:1289-1300. [PMID: 28031322 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601047r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the role played by the protein partners of ligand-activated extranuclear androgen receptor (AR) in the final effects of hormone action, such as proliferation, migration, and neuritogenesis. The choice of AR partner, at least in part, depends on cell type. Androgen-activated receptor directly associates with cytoplasmic Src tyrosine kinase in epithelial cells, whereas in mesenchymal and neuronal cells, it prevalently interacts with filamin A. In the former, proliferation represents the final hormonal outcome, whereas in the latter, either migration or neuritogenesis, respectively, occurs. Furthermore, AR partner filamin A is replaced with Src when mesenchymal cells are stimulated with very low androgen concentrations. Consequently, the migratory effect is replaced by mitogenesis. Use of peptides that prevent receptor/partner assembly abolishes the effects that are dependent on their association and offers new therapeutic approaches to AR-related diseases. Perturbation of migration is often associated with metastatic spreading in cancer. In turn, cell cycle aberration causes tumors to grow faster, whereas toxic signaling triggers neurodegenerative events in the CNS. Here, we provide examples of new tools that interfere in rapid androgen effects, including migration, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation, together with their potential therapeutic applications in AR-dependent diseases-mainly prostate cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.-Castoria, G., Auricchio, F., Migliaccio, A. Extranuclear partners of androgen receptor: at the crossroads of proliferation, migration, and neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
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30
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Wu M, Ingram L, Tolosa EJ, Vera RE, Li Q, Kim S, Ma Y, Spyropoulos DD, Beharry Z, Huang J, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Cai H. Gli Transcription Factors Mediate the Oncogenic Transformation of Prostate Basal Cells Induced by a Kras-Androgen Receptor Axis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25749-25760. [PMID: 27760825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the differentiation of oncogenically transformed basal progenitor cells is one of the key steps in prostate tumorigenesis, the mechanisms mediating this cellular process are still largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that an expanded p63+ and CK5+ basal/progenitor cell population, induced by the concomitant activation of oncogenic Kras(G12D) and androgen receptor (AR) signaling, underwent cell differentiation in vivo The differentiation process led to suppression of p63-expressing cells with a decreased number of CK5+ basal cells but an increase of CK8+ luminal tumorigenic cells and revealed a hierarchal lineage pattern consisting of p63+/CK5+ progenitor, CK5+/CK8+ transitional progenitor, and CK8+ differentiated luminal cells. Further analysis of the phenotype showed that Kras-AR axis-induced tumorigenesis was mediated by Gli transcription factors. Combined blocking of the activators of this family of proteins (Gli1 and Gli2) inhibited the proliferation of p63+ and CK5+ basal/progenitor cells and development of tumors. Finally, we identified that Gli1 and Gli2 exhibited different functions in the regulation of p63 expression or proliferation of p63+ cells in Kras-AR driven tumors. Gli2, but not Gli1, transcriptionally regulated the expression levels of p63 and prostate sphere formation. Our study provides evidence of a novel mechanism mediating pathological dysregulation of basal/progenitor cells through the differential activation of the Gli transcription factors. Also, these findings define Gli proteins as new downstream mediators of the Kras-AR axis in prostate carcinogenesis and open a potential therapeutic avenue of targeting prostate cancer progression by inhibiting Gli signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lishann Ingram
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Ezequiel J Tolosa
- the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Renzo E Vera
- the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Qianjin Li
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Sungjin Kim
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Yongjie Ma
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Demetri D Spyropoulos
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Zanna Beharry
- the Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, and
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Martin E Fernandez-Zapico
- the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Houjian Cai
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602,
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31
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Ju X, Jiao X, Ertel A, Casimiro MC, Di Sante G, Deng S, Li Z, Di Rocco A, Zhan T, Hawkins A, Stoyanova T, Andò S, Fatatis A, Lisanti MP, Gomella LG, Languino LR, Pestell RG. v-Src Oncogene Induces Trop2 Proteolytic Activation via Cyclin D1. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6723-6734. [PMID: 27634768 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of castration-resistant prostate cancer demonstrated the enrichment of Src tyrosine kinase activity in approximately 90% of patients. Src is known to induce cyclin D1, and a cyclin D1-regulated gene expression module predicts poor outcome in human prostate cancer. The tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2/Trop2/M1S1) is enriched in the prostate, promoting prostate stem cell self-renewal upon proteolytic activation via a γ-secretase cleavage complex (PS1, PS2) and TACE (ADAM17), which releases the Trop2 intracellular domain (Trop2 ICD). Herein, v-Src transformation of primary murine prostate epithelial cells increased the proportion of prostate cancer stem cells as characterized by gene expression, epitope characteristics, and prostatosphere formation. Cyclin D1 was induced by v-Src, and Src kinase induction of Trop2 ICD nuclear accumulation required cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 induced abundance of the Trop2 proteolytic cleavage activation components (PS2, TACE) and restrained expression of the inhibitory component of the Trop2 proteolytic complex (Numb). Patients with prostate cancer with increased nuclear Trop2 ICD and cyclin D1, and reduced Numb, had reduced recurrence-free survival probability (HR = 4.35). Cyclin D1, therefore, serves as a transducer of v-Src-mediated induction of Trop2 ICD by enhancing abundance of the Trop2 proteolytic activation complex. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6723-34. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ju
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Ertel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathew C Casimiro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shengqiong Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Agnese Di Rocco
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tingting Zhan
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Hawkins
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nutrition, and Health Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, Rende CS, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fatatis
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Laboratory Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Leonard G Gomella
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucia R Languino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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32
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Yang CC, Fazli L, Loguercio S, Zharkikh I, Aza-Blanc P, Gleave ME, Wolf DA. Downregulation of c-SRC kinase CSK promotes castration resistant prostate cancer and pinpoints a novel disease subclass. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22060-71. [PMID: 26091350 PMCID: PMC4673146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SRC kinase is activated in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), phosphorylates the androgen receptor (AR), and causes its ligand-independent activation as a transcription factor. However, activating SRC mutations are exceedingly rare in human tumors, and mechanisms of ectopic SRC activation therefore remain largely unknown. Performing a functional genomics screen, we found that downregulation of SRC inhibitory kinase CSK is sufficient to overcome growth arrest induced by depriving human prostate cancer cells of androgen. CSK knockdown led to ectopic SRC activation, increased AR signaling, and resistance to anti-androgens. Consistent with the in vitro observations, stable knockdown of CSK conferred castration resistance in mouse xenograft models, while sensitivity to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib was retained. Finally, CSK was found downregulated in a distinct subset of CRPCs marked by AR amplification and ETS2 deletion but lacking PTEN and RB1 mutations. These results identify CSK downregulation as a principal driver of SRC activation and castration resistance and validate SRC as a drug target in a molecularly defined subclass of CRPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Yang
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Functional Genomics Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3Z6
| | - Salvatore Loguercio
- San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Irina Zharkikh
- Tumor Analysis Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pedro Aza-Blanc
- Functional Genomics Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Dieter A Wolf
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Stress Signaling Networks, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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33
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Wen M, Kwon Y, Wang Y, Mao JH, Wei G. Elevated expression of UBE2T exhibits oncogenic properties in human prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25226-39. [PMID: 26308072 PMCID: PMC4694827 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T (UBE2T) is reported in human prostate cancer. However, whether UBE2T plays any functional role in prostate cancer development remains unknown. We here report the first functional characterization of UBE2T in prostate carcinogenesis. Prostate cancer tissue array analysis confirmed upregulation of UBE2T in prostate cancer, especially these with distant metastasis. Moreover, higher level of UBE2T expression is associated with poorer prognosis of prostate cancer patients. Ectopic expression of UBE2T significantly promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation, motility and invasion, while UBE2T depletion by shRNA significantly inhibits these abilities of prostate cancer cells. Xenograft mouse model studies showed that overexpression of UBE2T promotes whereas UBE2T depletion inhibits tumor formation and metastasis significantly. Collectively, we identify critical roles of UBE2T in prostate cancer development and progression. These findings may serve as a framework for future investigations designed to more comprehensive determination of UBE2T as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Wen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Yongwon Kwon
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94127, USA
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94127, USA
| | - Guangwei Wei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012 P.R. China
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34
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Patel A, Sabbineni H, Clarke A, Somanath PR. Novel roles of Src in cancer cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, vascular permeability, microinvasion and metastasis. Life Sci 2016; 157:52-61. [PMID: 27245276 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Src-family kinases (SFKs), an intracellularly located group of non-receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in oncogenesis. The importance of SFKs has been implicated in the promotion of tumor cell motility, proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Recent evidences indicate that specific effects of SFKs on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as on endothelial and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment can have profound effects on tumor microinvasion and metastasis. Although, having been studied extensively, these novel features of SFKs may contribute to greater understanding of benefits from Src inhibition in various types of cancers. Here we review the novel role of SFKs, particularly c-Src in mediating EMT, modulation of tumor endothelial-barrier, transendothelial migration (microinvasion) and metastasis of cancer cells, and discuss the utility of Src inhibitors in vascular normalization and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Harika Sabbineni
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Andrea Clarke
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center and Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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35
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ERG deregulation induces IGF-1R expression in prostate cancer cells and affects sensitivity to anti-IGF-1R agents. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16611-22. [PMID: 25906745 PMCID: PMC4599293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying patients who may benefit from targeted therapy is an urgent clinical issue in prostate cancer (PCa). We investigated the molecular relationship between TMPRSS2-ERG (T2E) fusion gene and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) to optimize the use of IGF-1R inhibitors. IGF-1R was analyzed in cell lines and in radical prostatectomy specimens in relation to T2E status. ERG binding to IGF-1R promoter was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Sensitivity to anti-IGF-1R agents was evaluated alone or in combination with anti-androgen abiraterone acetate in vitro at basal levels or upon ERG modulation. IGF-1R analysis performed in PCa cells or clinical samples showed that T2E expression correlated with higher IGF-1R expression at mRNA and protein levels. Genetic modulation of ERG directly affected IGF-1R protein levels in vitro. ChIP analysis showed that ERG binds IGF-1R promoter and that promoter occupancy is higher in T2E-positive cells. IGF-1R inhibition was more effective in cell lines expressing the fusion gene and combination of IGF-1R inhibitors with abiraterone acetate produced synergistic effects in T2E-expressing cells. Here, we provide the rationale for use of T2E fusion gene to select PCa patients for anti-IGF-1R treatments. The combination of anti-IGF-1R-HAbs with an anti-androgen therapy is strongly advocated for patients expressing T2E.
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36
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Posadas EM, Ahmed RS, Karrison T, Szmulewitz RZ, O’Donnell PH, Wade JL, Shen J, Gururajan M, Sievert M, Stadler WM. Saracatinib as a metastasis inhibitor in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A University of Chicago Phase 2 Consortium and DOD/PCF Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium Study. Prostate 2016; 76:286-93. [PMID: 26493492 PMCID: PMC4904773 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fyn is a kinase that is upregulated in a subset of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Saracatinib potently inhibits Fyn activation. We have noted a relationship between Fyn expression and directional motility, a cellular process related to metastasis. As such we hypothesized that treatment with saracatinib would increase the time required to develop new metastatic lesions. METHODS Patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that had progressed after docetaxel were eligible for enrollment. This study was executed as a randomized discontinuation trial. During a lead-in phase of two 28-Day cycles, all patients received saracatinib. Afterward, patients with radiographically stable disease were randomized to either saracatinib or placebo. Patients continued treatment until evidence of new metastasis. RESULTS Thirty-one patients were treated. Only 26% of patients had stable disease after 8 weeks and thus proceeded to randomization. This required early termination of the study for futility. The 70% of patients who progressed after the lead-in phase exhibited expansion of existing lesions or decompensation due to clinical progression without new metastatic lesions. Fatigue was reported in more than 25% of patients (all grades) with only two patients experiencing grade 3 toxicity. Other grade 3 adverse events included dehydration, thrombocytopenia, and weakness. CONCLUSIONS This study was unable to determine if saracatinib had potential as metastasis inhibitor. Metastasis inhibition by saracatinib may still be viable in an earlier time in the disease history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M. Posadas
- Urologic Oncology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence to: Edwin M. Posadas, MD, FACP, Medical Director, Urologic Oncology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Rafi S. Ahmed
- Urologic Oncology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Theodore Karrison
- Biostatistics, Department of Health Service, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Russell Z. Szmulewitz
- Genitourinary Oncology Program, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peter H. O’Donnell
- Genitourinary Oncology Program, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - James L. Wade
- Cancer Care Specialists of Central Illinois, S.C, Decatur, Illinois
| | - James Shen
- Urologic Oncology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Murali Gururajan
- Urologic Oncology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Margarit Sievert
- Urologic Oncology Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Walter M. Stadler
- Genitourinary Oncology Program, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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37
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Zarif JC, Lamb LE, Schulz VV, Nollet EA, Miranti CK. Androgen receptor non-nuclear regulation of prostate cancer cell invasion mediated by Src and matriptase. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6862-76. [PMID: 25730905 PMCID: PMC4466655 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancers still depend on nuclear androgen receptor (AR) function despite their lack of dependence on exogenous androgen. Second generation anti-androgen therapies are more efficient at blocking nuclear AR; however resistant tumors still develop. Recent studies indicate Src is highly active in these resistant tumors. By manipulating AR activity in several different prostate cancer cell lines through RNAi, drug treatment, and the use of a nuclear-deficient AR mutant, we demonstrate that androgen acting on cytoplasmic AR rapidly stimulates Src tyrosine kinase via a non-genomic mechanism. Cytoplasmic AR, acting through Src enhances laminin integrin-dependent invasion. Active Matriptase, which cleaves laminin, is elevated within minutes after androgen stimulation, and is subsequently shed into the medium. Matriptase activation and shedding induced by cytoplasmic AR is dependent on Src. Concomitantly, CDCP1/gp140, a Matriptase and Src substrate that controls integrin-based migration, is activated. However, only inhibition of Matriptase, but not CDCP1, suppresses the AR/Src-dependent increase in invasion. Matriptase, present in conditioned medium from AR-stimulated cells, is sufficient to enhance invasion in the absence of androgen. Thus, invasion is stimulated by a rapid but sustained increase in Src activity, mediated non-genomically by cytoplasmic AR, leading to rapid activation and shedding of the laminin protease Matriptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelani C Zarif
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Laura E Lamb
- Department of Urology, Beaumont Health System - Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Veronique V Schulz
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Eric A Nollet
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.,Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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38
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Gentry LR, Karginov AV, Hahn KM, Der CJ. Characterization of an Engineered Src Kinase to Study Src Signaling and Biology. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1360:157-67. [PMID: 26501909 PMCID: PMC4621786 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3073-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibitors of protein kinases comprise the vast majority of approved signal transduction inhibitors for cancer treatment. An important facet of their clinical development is the identification of the key substrates critical for their driver role in cancer. One approach for substrate identification involves evaluating the phosphorylation events associated with stable expression of an activated protein kinase. Another involves genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of protein kinase expression or activity. However, both approaches are limited by the dynamic nature of signaling, complicating whether phosphorylation changes are primary or secondary activities of kinase function. We have developed rapamycin-regulated (RapR) protein kinases as molecular tools that allow for the study of spatiotemporal regulation of signaling. Here we describe the application of this technology to the Src tyrosine kinase and oncoprotein (RapR-Src). We describe how to achieve stable expression of this tool in cell lines and how to subsequently activate the tool and determine its function in signaling and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna R Gentry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrei V Karginov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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39
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Zong Y, Goldstein AS, Witte ON. Tissue Recombination Models for the Study of Epithelial Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015; 2015:pdb.top069880. [PMID: 26631129 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of cancer provide fundamental insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human cancer development. As an alternative to genetically engineered mouse models, increasing evidence shows that tissue recombination and transplantation models represent an efficient approach to faithfully recapitulate solid epithelial cancer in mice. Cancer can be rapidly initiated through lentiviral delivery of defined genetic alterations into target cells that are grown in a physiological milieu with an appropriate epithelial-stromal interaction. Through genetic manipulation of distinct subpopulations of epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, this powerful system can readily test both cell-autonomous roles of genetic events in the epithelial compartment and the paracrine effects of the microenvironment. Here we review the recent advances in mouse models of several epithelial cancers achieved using orthotopic transplantation and tissue recombination strategies, with an emphasis on the dissociated cell in vivo prostate regeneration model to investigate prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Owen N Witte
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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40
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Functional screen identifies kinases driving prostate cancer visceral and bone metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:E172-81. [PMID: 26621741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521674112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutationally activated kinases play an important role in the progression and metastasis of many cancers. Despite numerous oncogenic alterations implicated in metastatic prostate cancer, mutations of kinases are rare. Several lines of evidence suggest that nonmutated kinases and their pathways are involved in prostate cancer progression, but few kinases have been mechanistically linked to metastasis. Using a mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics dataset in concert with gene expression analysis, we selected over 100 kinases potentially implicated in human metastatic prostate cancer for functional evaluation. A primary in vivo screen based on overexpression of candidate kinases in murine prostate cells identified 20 wild-type kinases that promote metastasis. We queried these 20 kinases in a secondary in vivo screen using human prostate cells. Strikingly, all three RAF family members, MERTK, and NTRK2 drove the formation of bone and visceral metastasis confirmed by positron-emission tomography combined with computed tomography imaging and histology. Immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays indicated that these kinases are highly expressed in human metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer tissues. Our functional studies reveal the strong capability of select wild-type protein kinases to drive critical steps of the metastatic cascade, and implicate these kinases in possible therapeutic intervention.
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41
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Shi XB, Ma AH, Xue L, Li M, Nguyen HG, Yang JC, Tepper CG, Gandour-Edwards R, Evans CP, Kung HJ, deVere White RW. miR-124 and Androgen Receptor Signaling Inhibitors Repress Prostate Cancer Growth by Downregulating Androgen Receptor Splice Variants, EZH2, and Src. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5309-17. [PMID: 26573802 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
miR-124 targets the androgen receptor (AR) transcript, acting as a tumor suppressor to broadly limit the growth of prostate cancer. In this study, we unraveled the mechanisms through which miR-124 acts in this setting. miR-124 inhibited proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro and sensitized them to inhibitors of androgen receptor signaling. Notably, miR-124 could restore the apoptotic response of cells resistant to enzalutamide, a drug approved for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. We used xenograft models to examine the effects of miR-124 in vivo when complexed with polyethylenimine-derived nanoparticles. Intravenous delivery of miR-124 was sufficient to inhibit tumor growth and to increase tumor cell apoptosis in combination with enzalutamide. Mechanistic investigations revealed that miR-124 directly downregulated AR splice variants AR-V4 and V7 along with EZH2 and Src, oncogenic targets that have been reported to contribute to prostate cancer progression and treatment resistance. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical rationale to evaluate miR-124 for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Bao Shi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California.
| | - Ai-Hong Ma
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Lingru Xue
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Meimei Li
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Hao G Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Joy C Yang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Clifford G Tepper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Regina Gandour-Edwards
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Ralph W deVere White
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California. UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California.
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42
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Batth IS, Yun H, Kumar AP. Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON), more than a kinase: Role in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:937-46. [PMID: 26152593 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men in the United States. It is natural for a hormone-driven malignancy such as prostate cancer that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) would be the preferred treatment for clinical disease management. However, after initial treatment response a vast majority of patients develop metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is fatal. While great headway has been made to understand the possible mechanisms that drive castrate-resistant disease, a bonafide cure remains elusive. Reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling partly contributes to the emergence of CRPC. Here we briefly examine some of the known mechanisms of AR reactivation including intratumoral synthesis of androgens, modulation of AR coregulators, and AR variants with constitutive activity as well as activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. We primarily focus on the emerging dual function of the receptor tyrosine kinase (recepteur d'origine nantais; RON) as a traditional tyrosine kinase and transcription factor. We further discuss activation of RON as an alternate mechanism in the development of CRPC and available therapeutic approaches for clinical management of CRPC by combined inhibition of RON and AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Singh Batth
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Huiyoung Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Addankl P Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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43
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Doucet L, Terrisse S, Gauthier H, Pouessel D, Le Maignan C, Teixeira L, Culine S. Bases de biologie moléculaire du cancer de la prostate résistant à la castration. Bull Cancer 2015; 102:497-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular events that contribute to prostate cancer progression has created opportunities to develop novel therapy strategies. It is now well established that c-Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, regulates a complex signaling network that drives the development of castrate-resistance and bone metastases, events that signal the lethal phenotype of advanced disease. Preclinical studies have established a role for c-Src and Src Family Kinases (SFKs) in proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and bone metabolism, thus implicating Src signaling in both epithelial and stromal mechanisms of disease progression. A number of small molecule inhibitors of SFK now exist, many of which have demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models and several that have been tested in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. These agents have demonstrated provocative clinic activity, particularly in modulating the bone microenvironment in a therapeutically favorable manner. Here, we review the discovery and basic biology of c-Src and further discuss the role of SFK inhibitors in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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45
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Sicoli D, Jiao X, Ju X, Velasco-Velazquez M, Ertel A, Addya S, Li Z, Andò S, Fatatis A, Paudyal B, Cristofanilli M, Thakur ML, Lisanti MP, Pestell RG. CCR5 receptor antagonists block metastasis to bone of v-Src oncogene-transformed metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2015; 74:7103-14. [PMID: 25452256 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFK) integrate signal transduction for multiple receptors, regulating cellular proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in human cancer. Although Src is rarely mutated in human prostate cancer, SFK activity is increased in the majority of human prostate cancers. To determine the molecular mechanisms governing prostate cancer bone metastasis, FVB murine prostate epithelium was transduced with oncogenic v-Src. The prostate cancer cell lines metastasized in FVB mice to brain and bone. Gene expression profiling of the tumors identified activation of a CCR5 signaling module when the prostate epithelial cell lines were grown in vivo versus tissue cultures. The whole body, bone, and brain metastatic prostate cancer burden was reduced by oral CCR5 antagonist. Clinical trials of CCR5 inhibitors may warrant consideration in patients with CCR5 activation in their tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sicoli
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Faculty of Pharmacy, Nutrition, and Health Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaoming Ju
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marco Velasco-Velazquez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Adam Ertel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sankar Addya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nutrition, and Health Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fatatis
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bishnuhari Paudyal
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathew L Thakur
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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46
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Li B, Sun A, Jiang W, Thrasher JB, Terranova P. PI-3 kinase p110β: a therapeutic target in advanced prostate cancers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:188-198. [PMID: 25374921 PMCID: PMC4219313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancers in the castration-resistant stage are life-threatening because they are not curable in clinic. The novel androgen receptor inhibitor Xandi (Enzalutamide) and the new CYP17 inhibitor Zytiga (Abiraterone) prolonged patient survival only a few months in advanced prostate cancers. Therefore, novel therapeutic agents for advanced prostate cancers are urgently needed. PI-3 kinases are major intracellular signaling molecules that regulate multiple signal pathways related to cellular metabolism, cytokinesis, growth and survival. Accumulating evidence in the literature indicates that some isoforms of this kinase family are oncogenic and abnormally expressed in various human cancers, including prostate cancers. Recent extensive studies from our group and others showed that PI-3 kinase p110β is aberrantly overexpressed in advanced prostate cancers and is critical for prostate cancer development and progression as demonstrated in cell-based and animal models. Importantly, novel p110β-specific inhibitors have been developed and are currently been testing in clinical trials. In this article, we will briefly summarize recent developments in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People’s HospitalShaoxing 312000, China
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Medical CollegeZhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Aijing Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People’s HospitalShaoxing 312000, China
| | - Wencong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Medical CollegeZhanjiang 524001, China
| | - J Brantley Thrasher
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Paul Terranova
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas City, KS 66160, USA
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47
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Spreafico A, Chi KN, Sridhar SS, Smith DC, Carducci MA, Kavsak P, Wong TS, Wang L, Ivy SP, Mukherjee SD, Kollmannsberger CK, Sukhai MA, Takebe N, Kamel-Reid S, Siu LL, Hotte SJ. A randomized phase II study of cediranib alone versus cediranib in combination with dasatinib in docetaxel resistant, castration resistant prostate cancer patients. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:1005-16. [PMID: 24788563 PMCID: PMC4281773 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and the oncogenic Src pathway has been implicated in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in preclinical models. Cediranib and dasatinib are multi-kinase inhibitors targeting VEGFR and Src respectively. Phase II studies of cediranib and dasatinib in CRPC have shown single agent activity. METHODS Docetaxel-pretreated CRPC patients were randomized to arm A: cediranib alone (20 mg/day) versus arm B: cediranib (20 mg/day) plus dasatinib (100 mg/day) given orally on 4-week cycles. Primary endpoint was 12-week progression-free survival (PFS) as per the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group (PCWG2). Patient reported outcomes were evaluated using Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate (FACT-P) and Present Pain Intensity (PPI) scales. Correlative studies of bone turnover markers (BTM), including bone alkaline phosphate (BAP) and serum beta-C telopeptide (B-CTx) were serially assayed. Results A total of 22 patients, 11 per arm, were enrolled. Baseline demographics were similar in both arms. Median number of cycles =4 in arm A (range 1-12) and 2 in arm B (range 1-9). Twelve-week PFS was 73 % in arm A versus 18 % in arm B (p = 0.03). Median PFS in months (arm A versus B) was: 5.2 versus 2.6 (95 % CI: 1.9-6.5 versus 1.4-not reached). Most common grade 3 toxicities were hypertension, anemia and thrombocytopenia in arm A and hypertension, diarrhea and fatigue in arm B. One treatment-related death (retroperitoneal hemorrhage) was seen in arm A. FACT-P and PPI scores did not significantly change in either arm. No correlation between BTM and PFS was seen in either arm. CONCLUSIONS Although limited by small numbers, this randomized study showed that the combination of VEGFR and Src targeted therapy did not result in improved efficacy and may be associated with a worse outcome than VEGFR targeted therapy alone in patients with CRPC. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01260688.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim N. Chi
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael A. Carducci
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Kavsak
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy S. Wong
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S. Percy Ivy
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | | | | | | | - Naoko Takebe
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, USA
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Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Gillet G, Rimokh R. SRC: marker or actor in prostate cancer aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2014; 4:222. [PMID: 25184116 PMCID: PMC4135356 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A key question for urologic practitioners is whether an apparently organ-confined prostate cancer (PCa) is actually aggressive or not. The dilemma is to specifically identify among all prostate tumors the very aggressive high-grade cancers that will become life-threatening by developing extra-prostatic invasion and metastatic potential and the indolent cancers that will never modify a patient's life expectancy. A choice must be made between several therapeutic options to achieve the optimal personalized management of the disease that causes as little harm as possible to patients. Reliable clinical, biological, or pathological markers that would enable distinctions to be made between aggressive and indolent PCas in routine practice at the time of initial diagnosis are still lacking. The molecular mechanisms that explain why a PCa is aggressive or not are also poorly understood. Among the potential markers and/or actors in PCa aggressiveness, Src and other members of the Src kinase family, are valuable candidates. Activation of Src-dependent intracellular pathways is frequently observed in PCa. Indeed, Src is at the cross-roads of several pathways [including androgen receptor (AR), TGFbeta, Bcl-2, Akt/PTEN or MAPK, and ERK …], and is now known to influence some of the cellular and tissular events that accompany tumor progression: cell proliferation, cell motility, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, resistance to apoptosis, angiogenesis, neuroendocrine differentiation, and metastatic spread. Recent work even suggests that Src could also play a part in PCa initiation in coordination with the AR. The aim of this review is to gather data that explore the links between the Src kinase family and PCa progression and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Vlaeminck-Guillem
- University of Lyon, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMS 3453 CNRS, Lyon I University, Léon Bérard Centre , Lyon , France ; Medical Unit of Molecular Oncology and Transfer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils of Lyon , Lyon , France
| | - Germain Gillet
- University of Lyon, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMS 3453 CNRS, Lyon I University, Léon Bérard Centre , Lyon , France
| | - Ruth Rimokh
- University of Lyon, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMS 3453 CNRS, Lyon I University, Léon Bérard Centre , Lyon , France
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Delle Monache S, Sanità P, Calgani A, Schenone S, Botta L, Angelucci A. Src inhibition potentiates antitumoral effect of paclitaxel by blocking tumor-induced angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:20-31. [PMID: 25128812 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase Src is frequently over-activated in advanced cancers where it modulates the signaling transduction cascade of several growth factors. The feasibility of combination treatment of Src inhibitors with chemotherapy is currently under investigation. We evaluated the anti-tumoral effect of paclitaxel (PTX) in combination with S13, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with a prevalent specificity for Src, in a hormone-insensible prostate cancer (PCa) cell model. In vivo, combination treatment with PTX and S13 reduced dramatically PCa tumor growth with a relevant difference in the density of new blood vessels with respect to control and single treatments. This reduction was determined by a concomitant impairment of endothelial cell migration and of VEGF release by cancer cells. In fact, S13, when used alone, was sufficient to reduce tubule formation in vivo, and to inhibit VEGFR2 activation and FAK expression in endothelial cells. In addition, the combination treatment determined a significant reduction in ROS production and HIF-1 stabilization in PCa cells respect to single treatments with S13 or PTX. In conclusion, Src-inhibition could be an effective therapeutic strategy aimed at supporting the anti-angiogenic action of PTX in aggressive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Delle Monache
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, University of L׳Aquila, via Vetoio Coppito, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Sanità
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, University of L׳Aquila, via Vetoio Coppito, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessia Calgani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, University of L׳Aquila, via Vetoio Coppito, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Genova, viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of via A. Moro, snc, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, University of L׳Aquila, via Vetoio Coppito, 67100 L׳Aquila, Italy
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50
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Gelman IH, Peresie J, Eng KH, Foster BA. Differential requirement for Src family tyrosine kinases in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1470-9. [PMID: 25053806 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0490-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prostate cancer (CaP) recurrence after androgen ablation therapy remains a significant cause of mortality in aging men. Malignant progression and metastasis are typically driven by genetic and epigenetic changes controlled by the androgen receptor (AR). However, evidence suggests that activated nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, including those of the Src family kinases (SFK), directly phosphorylate AR, thereby activating its transcriptional activity in the absence of serum androgen levels. To ascertain whether CaP progression and metastasis require SFK members, an autochthonous transgenic adenocarcinoma (AD) of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model was crossed into Src-, Lyn- or Fyn-null backgrounds. Primary-site CaP formation was dependent on Src, to a lesser extent, Lyn, but not Fyn. Only Src(-) (/) (-);TRAMP prostate tumors were marked by reactive stroma. SFK deficiency did not affect progression to neuroendocrine (NE) disease, although there were fewer new cancer cases initiating after 34 weeks in the SFK(-/-);TRAMP mice compared with TRAMP controls. Of note, 15% to 21% of older (>33 weeks) Lyn- or Fyn-null TRAMP mice lacking primary-site tumors suffered from aggressive metastatic AD growths, compared with 3% of TRAMP mice. Taken with the data that TRAMP mice lacking Src or Lyn exhibited fewer macroscopic metastases compared with Fyn(-) (/) (-);TRAMP and TRAMP controls, this suggests that SFK can either promote or suppress specific parameters of metastatic growth, possibly depending on cross-talk with primary tumors. These data identify critical, yet potentially opposing roles played by various SFKs in the initiation and metastatic potential of CaP using the TRAMP model. IMPLICATIONS Genetically defined mouse models indicate a critical role for Src tyrosine kinase in CaP initiation and metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Jennifer Peresie
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kevin H Eng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Barbara A Foster
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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