1
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Zhang X, Liang X, Wen Y, Wu F, Gao G, Zhang L, Gu Y, Zhang J, Zhou F, Li W, Tang L, Yang X, Zhao H, Zhou C, Hirsch FR. RAC1 inhibition ameliorates IBSP-induced bone metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114528. [PMID: 39052477 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-to-osteoclast differentiation (osteoclastogenesis) plays an essential role in tumor osteolytic bone metastasis (BM), while its specific mechanisms remain largely uncertain in lung adenocarcinoma BM. In this study, we demonstrate that integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), which is highly expressed in the cancer cells from bone metastatic and primary lesions of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, can facilitate BM and directly promote macrophage-to-osteoclast differentiation independent of RANKL/M-CSF. In vivo results further suggest that osteolytic BM in lung cancer specifically relies on IBSP-induced macrophage-to-osteoclast differentiation. Mechanistically, IBSP regulates the Rac family small GTPase 1 (Rac1)-NFAT signaling pathway and mediates the forward shift of macrophage-to-osteoclast differentiation, thereby leading to early osteolysis. Moreover, inhibition of Rac1 by EHT-1864 or azathioprine in mice models can remarkably alleviate IBSP-induced BM of lung cancer. Overall, our study suggests that tumor-secreted IBSP promotes BM by inducing macrophage-to-osteoclast differentiation, with potential as an early diagnostic maker for BM, and Rac1 can be the therapeutic target for IBSP-promoted BM in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xijun Liang
- Clinical Cancer Institute, Center for Translational Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaokai Wen
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fengying Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guanghui Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yifeng Gu
- Interventional Radiology Department, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai 2000325, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Center of Excellence for Thoracic Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1128, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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2
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Al-Hawary SIS, Alsalamy A, Gupta R, Alsaab HO, Hjazi A, Edilboyev U, Ramadan MF, Hussien BM, Ahmed M, Hosseini-Fard SR. VAV3 in human cancers: Mechanism and clinical implication. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154681. [PMID: 37467637 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are primarily involved in signal transmission between cell membrane receptors and intracellular mediators. Upon replacing GDP with GTP, GEFs can alter their conformation, resulting in their binding to downstream effectors, such as GTPases like Ras homologous (Rho). VAV GEF family are versatile proteins working as an adaptor mediator and GEF for Rho GTPase. They act as a phosphorylation-dependent molecular switcher, fluctuating between active (tyrosine phosphorylated) and inactive (non-phosphorylated) conformation in cell signaling. Accumulating data showed that VAV3 is implicated in cancer progression. The higher levels of VAV3 in human cancers proposed that it may have an oncogenic role in cancer progression. Available studies demonstrated that VAV3 promoted cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), colony formation, cell cycle, survival, migration and invasion, and suppressed cell apoptosis. In addition, other studies indicated that VAV3 may have a prognostic value in cancer as well as it may act as a mediator in cancer chemoresistance. Here, we aimed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of VAV3 in cancer progression as well as to review its value as a prognostic biomarker and chemoresistance mediator in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna 66002, Iraq
| | - Reena Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, District-Mathura, U.P., 281406, India
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Unarbek Edilboyev
- Department of Engineering Graphics and Design Theory, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Beneen M Hussien
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Muhja Ahmed
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Badaoui M, Sobolewski C, Luscher A, Bacchetta M, Köhler T, van Delden C, Foti M, Chanson M. Targeting HuR-Vav3 mRNA interaction prevents Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion to the cystic fibrosis airway epithelium. JCI Insight 2023; 8:161961. [PMID: 36602863 PMCID: PMC9977432 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by chronic bacterial infections leading to progressive bronchiectasis and respiratory failure. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) is the predominant opportunistic pathogen infecting the CF airways. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3 plays a critical role in Pa adhesion to the CF airways by inducing luminal fibronectin deposition that favors bacteria trapping. Here we report that Vav3 overexpression in CF is caused by upregulation of the mRNA-stabilizing protein HuR. We found that HuR accumulates in the cytoplasm of CF airway epithelial cells and that it binds to and stabilizes Vav3 mRNA. Interestingly, disruption of the HuR-Vav3 mRNA interaction improved the CF epithelial integrity, inhibited the formation of the fibronectin-made bacterial docking platforms, and prevented Pa adhesion to the CF airway epithelium. These findings indicate that targeting HuR represents a promising antiadhesive approach in CF that can prevent initial stages of Pa infection in a context of emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandre Luscher
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Thilo Köhler
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian van Delden
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Lin SC, Liao YC, Chen PM, Yang YY, Wang YH, Tung SL, Chuang CM, Sung YW, Jang TH, Chuang SE, Wang LH. Periostin promotes ovarian cancer metastasis by enhancing M2 macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts via integrin-mediated NF-κB and TGF-β2 signaling. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:109. [PMID: 36550569 PMCID: PMC9784270 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality among gynecological cancers due to late diagnosis and lack of effective targeted therapy. Although the study of interplay between cancer cells with their microenvironment is emerging, how ovarian cancer triggers signaling that coordinates with immune cells to promote metastasis is still elusive. METHODS Microarray and bioinformatics analysis of low and highly invasive ovarian cancer cell lines were used to reveal periostin (POSTN), a matrix protein with multifunctions in cancer, with elevated expression in the highly invasive cells. Anchorage independent assay, Western blot, RNA interference, confocal analysis and neutralizing antibody treatment were performed to analyze the effects of POSTN on tumor promotion and to explore the underlying mechanism. Chemotaxis, flow cytometry and cytokine array analyses were undertaken to analyze the involvement of POSTN in cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) and macrophage modulation. Correlations between POSTN expression levels and clinical characteristics were analyzed using the Oncomine, commercial ovarian cancer cDNA and China Medical University Hospital patient cohort. In vivo effect of POSTN on metastasis was studied using a mouse xenograft model. RESULTS Expression of POSTN was found to be elevated in highly invasive ovarian cancer cells. We observed that POSTN was co-localized with integrin β3 and integrin β5, which was important for POSTN-mediated activation of ERK and NF-κB. Ectopic expression of POSTN enhanced whereas knockdown of POSTN decreased cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro, as well as tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. POSTN enhanced integrin/ERK/NF-κB signaling through an autocrine effect on cancer cells to produce macrophage attracting and mobilizing cytokines including MIP-1β, MCP-1, TNFα and RANTES resulting in increased chemotaxis of THP-1 monocytes and their polarization to M2 macrophages in vitro. In agreement, tumors derived from POSTN-overexpressing SKOV3 harbored more tumor-associated macrophages than the control tumors. POSTN induced TGF-β2 expression from ovarian cancer cells to promote activation of adipose-derived stromal cells to become CAF-like cells expressing alpha smooth muscle actin and fibroblast activation protein alpha. Consistently, increased CAFs were observed in POSTN overexpressing SKOV3 cells-derived metastatic tumors. In clinical relevance, we found that expression of POSTN was positively correlated with advanced-stage diseases and poor overall survival of patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a POSTN-integrin-NF-κB-mediated signaling and its involvement in enhancing M2 macrophages and CAFs, which could potentially participate in promoting tumor growth. Our results suggest that POSTN could be a useful prognosis marker and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chieh Lin
- grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine and Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan ,grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Liao
- grid.59784.370000000406229172Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ming Chen
- grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine and Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan ,grid.452796.b0000 0004 0634 3637Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yu Yang
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Wang
- grid.59784.370000000406229172Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan ,grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Lin Tung
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ton-Yen General Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan ,Department of Nursing, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Mu Chuang
- grid.278247.c0000 0004 0604 5314Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Sung
- grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ,grid.411508.90000 0004 0572 9415Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hsuan Jang
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan ,grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shuang-En Chuang
- grid.59784.370000000406229172National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Hai Wang
- grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine and Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan ,grid.59784.370000000406229172Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan ,grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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5
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Sachdeva A, Hart CA, Kim K, Tawadros T, Oliveira P, Shanks J, Brown M, Clarke N. Non-canonical EphA2 activation underpins PTEN-mediated metastatic migration and poor clinical outcome in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1254-1262. [PMID: 35869144 PMCID: PMC9519535 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The key process of mesenchymal to amoeboid transition (MAT), which enables prostate cancer (PCa) transendothelial migration and subsequent development of metastases in red bone marrow stroma, is driven by phosphorylation of EphA2S897 by pAkt, which is induced by the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid. Here we investigate the influence of EphA2 signalling in PCa progression and long-term survival. Methods The mechanisms underpinning metastatic biopotential of altered EphA2 signalling in relation to PTEN status were assessed in vitro using canonical (EphA2D739N) and non-canonical (EphA2S897G) PC3-M mutants, interrogation of publicly available PTEN-stratified databases and clinical validation using a PCa TMA (n = 177) with long-term follow-up data. Spatial heterogeneity of EphA2 was assessed using a radical prostatectomy cohort (n = 67). Results Non-canonical EphA2 signalling via pEphA2S897 is required for PCa transendothelial invasion of bone marrow endothelium. High expression of EphA2 or pEphA2S897 in a PTENlow background is associated with poor overall survival. Expression of EphA2, pEphA2S897 and the associated MAT marker pMLC2 are spatially regulated with the highest levels found within lesion areas within 500 µm of the prostate margin. Conclusion EphA2 MAT-related signalling confers transendothelial invasion. This is associated with a substantially worse prognosis in PTEN-deficient PCa.
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6
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Ren W, Xu C, Wang S, Li H, Dai H, Yang F, Shao Y, Bai Y. The effect of VAV3 polymorphisms on thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2022; 75:178-184. [PMID: 34292486 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of thyroid cancer is rising rapidly in China, but there are few studies on the risk factors of thyroid cancer in the Chinese Han population. METHODS We performed this case-control study of 510 patients and 509 controls to for determine the linkage of VAV3 variants (rs17019602, rs7521681, rs4915076, and rs1777451) with thyroid cancer susceptibility by computing the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Multi-factor dimension reduction (MDR) analysis was conducted to assess interaction of VAV3 genetic variants. RESULTS We found that rs7521681 was remarkably related to a higher risk of thyroid cancer (OR = 1.74, p = 0.012), whereas rs4915076 (OR = 0.66, p = 0.001) significantly decreased thyroid cancer susceptibility. Stratified analyses showed that rs4915076 had a protective role in thyroid cancer in both ages >45 years (OR = 0.70, p = 0.017) and age ≤45 years (OR = 0.63, p = 0.007). Rs17019602 could increase the susceptibility of thyroid cancer in men (OR = 4.76, p = 0.049). Rs7521681 was related to an increased risk of thyroid cancer in women (OR = 1.97, p = 0.012). Rs4915076 could protect individuals from thyroid cancer both in men (OR = 0.60, p = 0.031) and women (OR = 0.68, p = 0.010). Moreover, rs4915076 was the best single-locus model to predict thyroid cancer. Interestingly, the interaction model of rs17019602, rs7521681, rs4915076, rs1777451, and age was a candidate gene-environment model. CONCLUSION Our results indicated VAV3 variants were associated with thyroid cancer, which provides a new sight into etiology of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Ren
- Otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Chongwen Xu
- Otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Shiyang Wang
- Otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Huajing Li
- Otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hao Dai
- Otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Fangli Yang
- Otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yuan Shao
- Otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Yanxia Bai
- Otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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7
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Goka ET, Mesa Lopez DT, Lippman ME. Hormone-Dependent Prostate Cancers are Dependent on Rac Signaling for Growth and Survival. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1052-1061. [PMID: 33722851 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a common cause of cancer mortality in men. Initially, cancers are dependent of androgens for growth and survival. First line therapies reduce levels of circulating androgens or target the androgen receptor (AR) directly. Although most patients show durable responses, many patients eventually progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) creating a need for alternative treatment options. The Rac1 signaling pathway has previously been implicated as a driver of cancer initiation and disease progression. We investigated the role of HACE1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase for Rac1, in prostate cancer and found that HACE1 is commonly lost resulting in hyperactive Rac signaling leading to enhanced cellular proliferation, motility and viability. Importantly, we show that a Rac inhibitor can attenuate the growth and survival of prostate cancer cells. Rac signaling was also found to be critical in prostate cancers that express the AR. Rac inhibition in androgen dependent cells resulted in reduction of AR target gene expression suggesting that targeting Rac1 may be an alternative method for blocking the AR signaling axis. Finally, when used in combination with AR antagonists, Rac inhibition enhanced the suppression of AR target gene expression. Therefore, targeting Rac in prostate cancer has the potential to enhance the efficacy of approved AR therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc E Lippman
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia.
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8
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Giles KA, Gould CM, Achinger-Kawecka J, Page SG, Kafer GR, Rogers S, Luu PL, Cesare AJ, Clark SJ, Taberlay PC. BRG1 knockdown inhibits proliferation through multiple cellular pathways in prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:37. [PMID: 33596994 PMCID: PMC7888175 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BRG1 (encoded by SMARCA4) is a catalytic component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex, with key roles in modulating DNA accessibility. Dysregulation of BRG1 is observed, but functionally uncharacterised, in a wide range of malignancies. We have probed the functions of BRG1 on a background of prostate cancer to investigate how BRG1 controls gene expression programmes and cancer cell behaviour. Results Our investigation of SMARCA4 revealed that BRG1 is over-expressed in the majority of the 486 tumours from The Cancer Genome Atlas prostate cohort, as well as in a complementary panel of 21 prostate cell lines. Next, we utilised a temporal model of BRG1 depletion to investigate the molecular effects on global transcription programmes. Depleting BRG1 had no impact on alternative splicing and conferred only modest effect on global expression. However, of the transcriptional changes that occurred, most manifested as down-regulated expression. Deeper examination found the common thread linking down-regulated genes was involvement in proliferation, including several known to increase prostate cancer proliferation (KLK2, PCAT1 and VAV3). Interestingly, the promoters of genes driving proliferation were bound by BRG1 as well as the transcription factors, AR and FOXA1. We also noted that BRG1 depletion repressed genes involved in cell cycle progression and DNA replication, but intriguingly, these pathways operated independently of AR and FOXA1. In agreement with transcriptional changes, depleting BRG1 conferred G1 arrest. Conclusions Our data have revealed that BRG1 promotes cell cycle progression and DNA replication, consistent with the increased cell proliferation associated with oncogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01023-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Giles
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7000, Australia
| | - Cathryn M Gould
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Joanna Achinger-Kawecka
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Scott G Page
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Georgia R Kafer
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Samuel Rogers
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Phuc-Loi Luu
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Susan J Clark
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Phillippa C Taberlay
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7000, Australia.
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9
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Zhao N, Peacock SO, Lo CH, Heidman LM, Rice MA, Fahrenholtz CD, Greene AM, Magani F, Copello VA, Martinez MJ, Zhang Y, Daaka Y, Lynch CC, Burnstein KL. Arginine vasopressin receptor 1a is a therapeutic target for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/498/eaaw4636. [PMID: 31243151 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) recurs after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and is incurable. Reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in the low androgen environment of ADT drives CRPC. This AR activity occurs through a variety of mechanisms, including up-regulation of AR coactivators such as VAV3 and expression of constitutively active AR variants such as the clinically relevant AR-V7. AR-V7 lacks a ligand-binding domain and is linked to poor prognosis. We previously showed that VAV3 enhances AR-V7 activity to drive CRPC progression. Gene expression profiling after depletion of either VAV3 or AR-V7 in CRPC cells revealed arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1A) as the most commonly down-regulated gene, indicating that this G protein-coupled receptor may be critical for CRPC. Analysis of publicly available human PC datasets showed that AVPR1A has a higher copy number and increased amounts of mRNA in advanced PC. Depletion of AVPR1A in CRPC cells resulted in decreased cell proliferation and reduced cyclin A. In contrast, androgen-dependent PC, AR-negative PC, or nontumorigenic prostate epithelial cells, which have undetectable AVPR1A mRNA, were minimally affected by AVPR1A depletion. Ectopic expression of AVPR1A in androgen-dependent PC cells conferred castration resistance in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, treatment of CRPC cells with the AVPR1A ligand, arginine vasopressin (AVP), activated ERK and CREB, known promoters of PC progression. A clinically safe and selective AVPR1A antagonist, relcovaptan, prevented CRPC emergence and decreased CRPC orthotopic and bone metastatic growth in mouse models. Based on these preclinical findings, repurposing AVPR1A antagonists is a promising therapeutic approach for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stephanie O Peacock
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Chen Hao Lo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Laine M Heidman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Meghan A Rice
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Cale D Fahrenholtz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ann M Greene
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Fiorella Magani
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Valeria A Copello
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Maria Julia Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yushan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yehia Daaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Conor C Lynch
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kerry L Burnstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA. .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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10
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Győri DS, Mócsai A. Osteoclast Signal Transduction During Bone Metastasis Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:507. [PMID: 32637413 PMCID: PMC7317091 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are myeloid lineage-derived bone-resorbing cells of hematopoietic origin. They differentiate from myeloid precursors through a complex regulation process where the differentiation of preosteoclasts is followed by intercellular fusion to generate large multinucleated cells. Under physiological conditions, osteoclastogenesis is primarily directed by interactions between CSF-1R and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, CSF-1), receptor activator of nuclear factor NF-κB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL), as well as adhesion receptors (e.g., integrins) and their ligands. Osteoclasts play a central role in physiological and pathological bone resorption and are also required for excessive bone loss during osteoporosis, inflammatory bone and joint diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis) and cancer cell-induced osteolysis. Due to the major role of osteoclasts in these diseases the better understanding of their intracellular signaling pathways can lead to the identification of potential novel therapeutic targets. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases and lipid kinases play major roles in osteoclasts and small-molecule kinase inhibitors are emerging new therapeutics in diseases with pathological bone loss. During the last few years, we and others have shown that certain lipid (such as phosphoinositide 3-kinases PI3Kβ and PI3Kδ) and tyrosine (Src-family and Syk) kinases play a critical role in osteoclast differentiation and function in humans and mice. Some of these signaling pathways shows similarity to immunoreceptor-like receptor signaling and involves important other enzymes (e.g., PLCγ2) and adapter proteins (such as the ITAM-bearing adapters DAP12 and the Fc-receptor γ-chain). Here, we review recently identified osteoclast signaling pathways and their role in osteoclast differentiation and function as well as pathological bone loss associated with osteolytic tumors of the bone. A better understanding of osteoclast signaling may facilitate the design of novel and more efficient therapies for pathological bone resorption and osteolytic skeletal metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid S. Győri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Maldonado MDM, Medina JI, Velazquez L, Dharmawardhane S. Targeting Rac and Cdc42 GEFs in Metastatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:201. [PMID: 32322580 PMCID: PMC7156542 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 have emerged as key players in cancer metastasis, due to their essential roles in regulating cell division and actin cytoskeletal rearrangements; and thus, cell growth, migration/invasion, polarity, and adhesion. This review will focus on the close homologs Rac and Cdc42, which have been established as drivers of metastasis and therapy resistance in multiple cancer types. Rac and Cdc42 are often dysregulated in cancer due to hyperactivation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), belonging to both the diffuse B-cell lymphoma (Dbl) and dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) families. Rac/Cdc42 GEFs are activated by a myriad of oncogenic cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, cytokine receptors, and integrins; consequently, a number of Rac/Cdc42 GEFs have been implicated in metastatic cancer. Hence, inhibiting GEF-mediated Rac/Cdc42 activation represents a promising strategy for targeted metastatic cancer therapy. Herein, we focus on the role of oncogenic Rac/Cdc42 GEFs and discuss the recent advancements in the development of Rac and Cdc42 GEF-interacting inhibitors as targeted therapy for metastatic cancer, as well as their potential for overcoming cancer therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Julia Isabel Medina
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Luis Velazquez
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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12
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Chen Z, Chen X, Lu B, Gu Y, Chen Q, Lei T, Nie F, Gu J, Huang J, Wei C, Sun M, Wang Z. Up-regulated LINC01234 promotes non-small-cell lung cancer cell metastasis by activating VAV3 and repressing BTG2 expression. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:7. [PMID: 31959200 PMCID: PMC6972004 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to regulate tumorigenesis and cancer progression, but their contributions to non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) metastasis remain poorly understood. Our previous and other studies have revealed the involvement of upregulated LINC01234 in regulating gastric cancer and colon cancer cells proliferation, and we aimed to investigate whether LINC01234 overexpression also contribute to cancer cells metastasis in this study. Methods We collect the NSCLC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues and analyzed expression levels of LINC01234 by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. LINC01234 were knocked down by using siRNAs or shRNAs, and overexpressed by transfection with overexpression vector; RNA levels of miRNA were downregulated or upregulated with inhibitors or mimics. Transwell assays were used to evaluate cell migration and invasive ability; in vivo metastasis experiments were performed to investigate the effect of LINC01234 on NSCLC cells metastasis. Luciferase reporter, RIP, and ChIP assays were used to determine the regulation of LINC01234 on its targets. Results LINC01234 expression is increased in NSCLC tissues, and its upregulation is associated with metastasis and shorter survival in NSCLC. Downregulation of LINC01234 impairs cell migration and invasion in vitro, and inhibits cells metastasis in vivo by acting as a competing endogenous RNA for the miR-340-5p and miR-27b-3p. LINC01234 also interacts with the RNA-binding proteins LSD1 and EZH2, leading to histone modification and transcriptional repression of the anti-proliferative genes BTG2. Conclusions Taken together, our findings identify two oncogenic regulatory axes in NSCLC centering on LINC01234: one involving miR-340-5p/miR-27b-3p in the cytoplasm and the second involving EZH2, LSD1, and BTG2 in the nucleus. Our study indicates that these genes may be targeted to reduce or prevent NSCLC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyao Chen
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China, 210011
| | - Xin Chen
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China, 210011
| | - Binbin Lu
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China, 210011
| | - Yu Gu
- Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Qinnan Chen
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China, 210011
| | - Tianyao Lei
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China, 210011
| | - Fengqi Nie
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China, 210011
| | - Jingyao Gu
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China, 210011
| | - Jiali Huang
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China, 210011
| | - Chenchen Wei
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China, 210011
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China, 210011.
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13
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Xu ZD, Hao T, Gan YH. RhoG/Rac1 signaling pathway involved in migration and invasion of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cells. Oral Dis 2019; 26:302-312. [PMID: 31793126 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore whether RhoG/Rac1 was involved in migration and invasion of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). MATERIALS AND METHODS RhoG and Rac1 were evaluated in two SACC cell lines, namely SACC-83 and SACC-LM, with low and high rates of lung metastasis, respectively. Functional changes were evaluated using cell proliferation, transwell, and wound-healing assays, and molecular events were investigated using real-time PCR and Western blot assays. RESULTS RhoG and Rac1 were highly expressed and more activated in SACC-LM cells than in SACC-83 cells. RhoG overexpression promoted SACC-83 cell migration and invasion through activating Rac1. The knockdown of RhoG or Rac1 partially blocked epiregulin-induced migration and invasion in SACC-83 cells. Epiregulin-induced activation of RhoG/Rac1 in SACC-83 cells was blocked by a Src inhibitor, or an AKT inhibitor or AKT siRNA, or an ERK1/2 inhibitor. Moreover, the epiregulin-induced phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2 in SACC-83 cells was blocked by a Src inhibitor, and the epiregulin-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was blocked by an AKT inhibitor or AKT siRNA. Overexpression of activated AKT induced activation of ERK1/2 and RhoG. CONCLUSIONS RhoG/Rac1 signaling pathway was involved in SACC cell migration and invasion. RhoG/Rac1 at least partially mediated epiregulin/Src/AKT/ERK1/2 signaling to promote SACC cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Dong Xu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Hao
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Hua Gan
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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14
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Wang Y, Huang J, Chen W, Wang R, Kao M, Pan Y, Chan S, Tsai K, Kung H, Lin K, Wang L. Dysregulation of cystathionine γ-lyase promotes prostate cancer progression and metastasis. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e45986. [PMID: 31468690 PMCID: PMC6776913 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201845986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), an endogenous signaling gaseous molecule, is involved in various physiological activities, including vessel relaxation, regulation of cellular bioenergetics, inflammation, and angiogenesis. By using xenograft orthotopic implantation of prostate cancer PC3 cells and subsequently comparing bone metastatic with primary tumor-derived cancer cells, we find that H2 S-producing enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH) is upregulated in bone-metastatic PC3 cells. Clinical data further reveal that the expression of CTH is elevated in late-stage prostate cancer patients, and higher CTH expression correlates with poor survival from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) prostate cancer RNA-seq datasets. CTH promotes NF-κB nuclear translocation through H2 S-mediated sulfhydration on cysteine-38 of the NF-κB p65 subunit, resulting in increased IL-1β expression and H2 S-induced cell invasion. Knockdown of CTH in PC3 cells results in the suppression of tumor growth and distant metastasis, while overexpression of CTH in DU145 cells promotes primary tumor growth and lymph node metastasis in the orthotopic implanted xenograft mouse model. Together, our findings provide evidence that CTH generated H2 S promotes prostate cancer progression and metastasis through IL-1β/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Hsiang Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunanMiaoli CountyTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Jo‐Ting Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunanMiaoli CountyTaiwan
| | - Wen‐Ling Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunanMiaoli CountyTaiwan
| | - Rong‐Hsuan Wang
- Institute of BiotechnologyCollege of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Chien Kao
- Institute of BiotechnologyCollege of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Yan‐Ru Pan
- Institute of BiotechnologyCollege of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Shih‐Hsuan Chan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunanMiaoli CountyTaiwan
- Institute of Molecular MedicineCollege of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
- Chiese Medicine Research CenterInstitute of Integrated MedicineChina Medical UniversityTaichung CityTaiwan
| | - Kuo‐Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Education and ResearchKaohsiung Veterans General HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesNational Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Chemical BiologyNational Pingtung University of EducationPingtungTaiwan
| | - Hsing‐Jien Kung
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunanMiaoli CountyTaiwan
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug DiscoveryTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kai‐Ti Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunanMiaoli CountyTaiwan
- Institute of BiotechnologyCollege of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Lu‐Hai Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research InstitutesZhunanMiaoli CountyTaiwan
- Chiese Medicine Research CenterInstitute of Integrated MedicineChina Medical UniversityTaichung CityTaiwan
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15
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Wu JI, Lin YP, Tseng CW, Chen HJ, Wang LH. Crabp2 Promotes Metastasis of Lung Cancer Cells via HuR and Integrin β1/FAK/ERK Signaling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:845. [PMID: 30696915 PMCID: PMC6351595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased Crabp2 levels have been found in various types of cancer, and are associated with poor patients’ survival. Although Crabp2 is found to be overexpressed in lung cancer, its role in metastasis of lung cancer is unclear. In this study, Crabp2 was overexpressed in high-metastatic C10F4 than low-metastatic lung cancer cells. Analysis of clinical samples revealed that high CRABP2 levels were correlated with lymph node metastases, poor overall survival, and increased recurrence. Knockdown of Crabp2 decreased migration, invasion, anoikis resistance, and in vivo metastasis. Crabp2 was co-immunoprecipitated with HuR, and overexpression of Crabp2 increased HuR levels, which promoted integrin β1/FAK/ERK signaling. Inhibition of HuR or integrin β1/FAK/ERK signaling reversed the promoting effect of Crabp2 in migration, invasion, and anoikis resistance. Knockdown of Crabp2 further inhibited the growth of cancer cells as compared with that by gemcitabine or irinotecan alone. The expression of Crabp2 in human lung tumors was correlated with stress marker CHOP. In conclusion, our findings have identified the promoting role of Crabp2 in anoikis resistance and metastasis. CRABP2 may serve as a prognostic marker and targeting CRABP2 may be exploited as a modality to reduce metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-I Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Pei Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Tseng
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Jane Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Hai Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Chinese Medical Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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16
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Weissenrieder JS, Reilly JE, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ. Inhibiting geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthesis reduces nuclear androgen receptor signaling and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer cell models. Prostate 2019; 79:21-30. [PMID: 30106164 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following androgen deprivation for the treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate, tumors can progress to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). This transdifferentiation process is poorly understood, but trafficking of transcriptional factors and/or cytoskeletal rearrangements may be involved. We observed the role of geranylgeranylation in this process by treatment with digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP), a selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase which blocks the prenylation of small GTPases such as Rho and Rab family proteins, including Cdc42 and Rac1. METHODS We examined the therapeutic potential of DGBP in LNCaP, C4-2B4, and 22Rv1 cell culture models. Cell morphology and protein expression were quantified to observe the development of the neuroendocrine phenotype in androgen-deprivation and abiraterone-treated LNCaP models of NEPC development. Luciferase reporter assays were utilized to examine AR activity, and immunofluorescence visualized the localization of AR within the cell. RESULTS Essential genes in the isoprenoid pathway, such as HMGCR, MVK, GGPS1, and GGT1, were highly expressed in a subset of castration resistant prostate cancers reported by Beltran et al. Under treatment with DGBP, nuclear localization of AR decreased in LNCaP, 22Rv1, and C4-2B4 cell lines, luciferase reporter activity was reduced in LNCaP and 22Rv1, and AR target gene transcription also decreased in LNCaP. Conversely, nuclear localization of AR was enhanced by the addition of GGOH. Finally, induction of the NEPC structural and molecular phenotype via androgen deprivation in LNCaP cells was inhibited by DGBP in a GGOH-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS DGBP is a novel compound with the potential to reduce AR transcriptional activity and inhibit PCa progression to NEPC phenotype. These results suggest that DGBP may be used to block cell growth and metastasis in both hormone therapy sensitive and resistant paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian S Weissenrieder
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jeffrey D Neighbors
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond J Hohl
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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17
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Portale F, Cricrì G, Bresolin S, Lupi M, Gaspari S, Silvestri D, Russo B, Marino N, Ubezio P, Pagni F, Vergani P, Kronnie GT, Valsecchi MG, Locatelli F, Rizzari C, Biondi A, Dander E, D'Amico G. ActivinA: a new leukemia-promoting factor conferring migratory advantage to B-cell precursor-acute lymphoblastic leukemic cells. Haematologica 2018; 104:533-545. [PMID: 30262563 PMCID: PMC6395324 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.188664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell precursor-acute lymphoblastic leukemia modulates the bone marrow (BM) niche to become leukemia-supporting and chemo-protective by reprogramming the stromal microenvironment. New therapies targeting the interplay between leukemia and stroma can help improve disease outcome. We identified ActivinA, a TGF-β family member with a well-described role in promoting several solid malignancies, as a factor favoring leukemia that could represent a new potential target for therapy. ActivinA resulted over-expressed in the leukemic BM and its production was strongly induced in mesenchymal stromal cells after culture with leukemic cells. Moreover, MSCs isolated from BM of leukemic patients showed an intrinsic ability to secrete higher amounts of ActivinA compared to their normal counterparts. The pro-inflammatory leukemic BM microenvironment synergized with leukemic cells to induce stromal-derived ActivinA. Gene expression analysis of ActivinA-treated leukemic cells showed that this protein was able to significantly influence motility-associated pathways. Interestingly, ActivinA promoted random motility and CXCL12-driven migration of leukemic cells, even at suboptimal chemokine concentrations, characterizing the leukemic niche. Conversely, ActivinA severely impaired CXCL12-induced migration of healthy CD34+ cells. This opposite effect can be explained by the ability of ActivinA to increase intracellular calcium only in leukemic cells, boosting cytoskeleton dynamics through a higher rate of actin polymerization. Moreover, by stimulating the invasiveness of the leukemic cells, ActivinA was found to be a leukemia-promoting factor. Importantly, the ability of ActivinA to enhance BM engraftment and the metastatic potential of leukemic cells was confirmed in a xenograft mouse model of the disease. Overall, ActivinA was seen to be a key factor in conferring a migratory advantage to leukemic cells over healthy hematopoiesis within the leukemic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Portale
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza
| | - Giulia Cricrì
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza
| | - Silvia Bresolin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova
| | - Monica Lupi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano
| | - Stefania Gaspari
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù and Sapienza University of Rome.,Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza
| | - Daniela Silvestri
- Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano-Bicocca.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza
| | - Barbara Russo
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza
| | - Noemi Marino
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza
| | - Paolo Ubezio
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano
| | - Fabio Pagni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca
| | - Patrizia Vergani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Valsecchi
- Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano-Bicocca
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù and Sapienza University of Rome
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza
| | - Erica Dander
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza
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18
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Lin YP, Wu JI, Tseng CW, Chen HJ, Wang LH. Gjb4 serves as a novel biomarker for lung cancer and promotes metastasis and chemoresistance via Src activation. Oncogene 2018; 38:822-837. [PMID: 30177841 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most lung cancer patients are diagnosed late with metastasis, which is the major cause of cancer-related death and recurrent tumors that often exhibit chemoresistance. In the present study, we initially identified gap junction beta-4 protein (Gjb4) to be overexpressed in highly metastatic cancer cells selected by their enhanced binding to serum components. Overexpression or knockdown of Gjb4 increased or decreased lung metastasis of syngeneic mice, respectively. We found that Gjb4 expression was higher in lung tumors than normal tissues (p = 0.0026), and Gjb4 levels in blood buffy coat samples showed significant performance in diagnosing stage I-III (p = 0.002814) and stage IV (p < 0.0001) lung cancer. Moreover, high Gjb4 expression levels were correlated with poor prognosis (p = 1.4e-4) and recurrence (p = 1.9e-12). Using syngeneic mouse model, we observed that Gjb4 was able to promote tumor growth. High molecular weight serum fraction containing the major growth factor component IGF1 was able to induce Gjb4 via PKC pathway. Gjb4 activated Src signaling via MET, and overexpression of Gjb4 enhanced sphere-forming ability and anchorage-independent growth, which were reversed by inhibition of Src. In addition, we demonstrated that Gjb4-mediated Src activation enhanced chemoresistance of cancer cells toward gemcitabine and etoposide. The combination of Gjb4 knockdown, gemcitabine, and dasatinib further enhanced the inhibition of cancer cell viability. Together, our study has identified Gjb4 as a potential novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for lung cancer. Targeting Gjb4 may be exploited as a modality for improving lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Pei Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-I Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Tseng
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Jane Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Hai Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan. .,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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19
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Boesch M, Sopper S, Marth C, Fiegl H, Wiedemair A, Rössler J, Hatina J, Wolf D, Reimer D, Zeimet AG. Evaluation of Vav3.1 as prognostic marker in endometrial cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:2067-2076. [PMID: 30083818 PMCID: PMC6153599 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vav3 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that regulates the activity of Rho/Rac family GTPases. In a study on ovarian cancer, we recently demonstrated pronounced prognostic and predictive value of Vav3.1, a specific truncation variant of the parental Vav3 gene. Here, we sought to investigate the role of Vav3.1 in the most prevalent gynecological tumor entity, endometrial cancer. METHODS Vav3.1 transcript levels were determined in a large cohort of endometrial cancer patients using variant-specific PCR (n = 239), and non-malignant endometrial tissue served as control (n = 26). Expression levels of Vav3.1 were stratified according to established clinicopathological characteristics and correlated to long-term patient survival (average follow-up of > 7.5 years). Type 1 and type 2 cancers were separately investigated. RESULTS While Vav3.1 was markedly overexpressed in endometrial cancer tissue, we could not detect associations with clinical parameters related to prognosis, such as FIGO stage and tumor grade. Kaplan-Meier estimators of different measures of survival failed to show prognostic significance of Vav3.1 in endometrial cancer. Lack of prognostic value was observed for both type 1 and type 2 cancers. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that Vav3.1 is not suited as a marker of cancer progression and/or treatment response in endometrial cancer. Feasibility and potential benefit of targeting Vav3.1 in endometrial cancer needs to be evaluated in future studies, proceeding from its clear, roughly ten-fold, induction in the malignant endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Boesch
- Lungenzentrum, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland. .,Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI), 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Oncotyrol, Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine GmbH, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI), 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Oncotyrol, Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine GmbH, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Marth
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heidi Fiegl
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annemarie Wiedemair
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Rössler
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jiri Hatina
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine Pilsen, Charles University Prague, 30100, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Oncotyrol, Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine GmbH, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Medical Clinic III, Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Clinic Bonn (UKB), 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Reimer
- Oncotyrol, Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine GmbH, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alain G Zeimet
- Oncotyrol, Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine GmbH, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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20
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Chang JW, Kuo WH, Lin CM, Chen WL, Chan SH, Chiu MF, Chang IS, Jiang SS, Tsai FY, Chen CH, Huang PH, Chang KJ, Lin KT, Lin SC, Wang MY, Uen YH, Tu CW, Hou MF, Tsai SF, Shen CY, Tung SL, Wang LH. Wild-type p53 upregulates an early onset breast cancer-associated gene GAS7 to suppress metastasis via GAS7-CYFIP1-mediated signaling pathway. Oncogene 2018; 37:4137-4150. [PMID: 29706651 PMCID: PMC6062498 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The early onset breast cancer patients (age ≤ 40) often display higher incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis, and poorer five-year survival than the late-onset patients. To identify the genes and molecules associated with poor prognosis of early onset breast cancer, we examined gene expression profiles from paired breast normal/tumor tissues, and coupled with Gene Ontology and public data base analysis. Our data showed that the expression of GAS7b gene was lower in the early onset breast cancer patients as compared to the elder patients. We found that GAS7 was associated with CYFIP1 and WAVE2 complex to suppress breast cancer metastasis via blocking CYFIP1 and Rac1 protein interaction, actin polymerization, and β1-integrin/FAK/Src signaling. We further demonstrated that p53 directly regulated GAS7 gene expression, which was inversely correlated with p53 mutations in breast cancer specimens. Our study uncover a novel regulatory mechanism of p53 in early onset breast cancer progression through GAS7-CYFIP1-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jer-Wei Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Mei Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Fan Chiu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - I-Shou Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Tsai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Huang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - King-Jen Chang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ti Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chieh Lin
- College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Huei Uen
- Department of Surgery, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Tu
- Department of General Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Breast Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Lin Tung
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ton-Yen General Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Hai Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan. .,College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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21
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Li X, Xu W, Kang W, Wong SH, Wang M, Zhou Y, Fang X, Zhang X, Yang H, Wong CH, To KF, Chan SL, Chan MTV, Sung JJY, Wu WKK, Yu J. Genomic analysis of liver cancer unveils novel driver genes and distinct prognostic features. Theranostics 2018; 8:1740-1751. [PMID: 29556353 PMCID: PMC5858179 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous disease with a dismal prognosis. However, driver genes and prognostic markers in HCC remain to be identified. It is hoped that in-depth analysis of HCC genomes in relation to available clinicopathological information will give rise to novel molecular prognostic markers. Methods: We collected genomic data of 1,061 HCC patients from previous studies, and performed integrative analysis to identify significantly mutated genes and molecular prognosticators. We employed three MutSig algorithms (MutSigCV, MutSigCL and MutSigFN) to identify significantly mutated genes. The GISTIC2 algorithm was used to delineate focally amplified and deleted genomic regions. Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) was utilized to decipher mutational signatures. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were used to associate gene mutation and copy number alteration with survival outcome. Logistic regression model was applied to test association between gene mutation and mutational signatures. Results: We discovered 11 novel driver genes, including RNF213, VAV3 and TNRC6B, with mutational prevalence ranging from 1% to 3%. Seven mutational signatures were also identified in HCC, some of which were associated with mutations of classical driver genes (e.g., TP53, TERT) as well as alcohol consumption. Focal amplifications of TERT and other druggable targets, including AURKA, were also revealed. Targeting AURKA by a small-molecule inhibitor potently induced apoptosis in HCC cells. We further demonstrated that HCC patients with TERT amplification displayed shortened overall survival independent of other clinicopathological parameters. In conclusion, our study identified novel cancer driver genes and prognostic markers in HCC, reiterating the translational importance of omics data in the precision medicine era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases and Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Public Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases and Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sunny H Wong
- Institute of Digestive Diseases and Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Fang
- Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanming Yang
- Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, 310058, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi H Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka F To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen L Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- Institute of Digestive Diseases and Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William K K Wu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases and Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases and Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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22
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Reilly JE, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ. Targeting protein geranylgeranylation slows tumor development in a murine model of prostate cancer metastasis. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:872-882. [PMID: 27624889 PMCID: PMC5710670 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1219817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (IBP) plays a critical role in providing substrates and enzymes necessary for the post-translational modification and thus activation of a number of proteins involved in prostate cancer metastasis. Previous work by our lab found novel compound disodium [(6Z,11E,15E)-9-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-17-hydroxy-2,6,12,16-tetramethyheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraen-9-yl]phosphonate (GGOHBP), which inhibits the IBP enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS), reduced protein geranylgeranylation without altering protein farnesylation. This activity significantly reduced adrenal gland tumor burden in a murine model of human prostate cancer metastasis which relied on treatment of established disease. The present study determined the ability of GGDPS inhibition to slow the development of prostate cancer metastasis in a preventative murine model. Using tail vein injection of human derived PC-3 prostate cancer cells 4 d after initiating daily GGOHBP or vehicle treatments, we found GGOHBP significantly reduced whole body tumor burden, significantly slowed the development of tumors, and prolonged overall survival as compared to vehicle treated animals. The observed reduction in soft tissue tumor burden corresponded to a biochemical reduction in Rap1A geranylgeranylation, which for prostate cancer is important in its own merit and which serves as a surrogate marker for Rho family, i.e. Rac, protein modification. This effect was present in all treated mice pointing to strong target engagement, which was not observed in non-tumor burdened tissues or control mice. Our findings reiterate a role for protein geranylgeranylation in the development of prostate cancer metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raymond J. Hohl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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23
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Magani F, Peacock SO, Rice MA, Martinez MJ, Greene AM, Magani PS, Lyles R, Weitz JR, Burnstein KL. Targeting AR Variant-Coactivator Interactions to Exploit Prostate Cancer Vulnerabilities. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1469-1480. [PMID: 28811363 PMCID: PMC5770277 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progresses rapidly and is incurable. Constitutively active androgen receptor splice variants (AR-Vs) represent a well-established mechanism of therapeutic resistance and disease progression. These variants lack the AR ligand-binding domain and, as such, are not inhibited by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which is the standard systemic approach for advanced prostate cancer. Signaling by AR-Vs, including the clinically relevant AR-V7, is augmented by Vav3, an established AR coactivator in CRPC. Using mutational and biochemical studies, we demonstrated that the Vav3 Diffuse B-cell lymphoma homology (DH) domain interacted with the N-terminal region of AR-V7 (and full length AR). Expression of the Vav3 DH domain disrupted Vav3 interaction with and enhancement of AR-V7 activity. The Vav3 DH domain also disrupted AR-V7 interaction with other AR coactivators: Src1 and Vav2, which are overexpressed in PC. This Vav3 domain was used in proof-of-concept studies to evaluate the effects of disrupting the interaction between AR-V7 and its coactivators on CRPC cells. This disruption decreased CRPC cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth, caused increased apoptosis, decreased migration, and resulted in the acquisition of morphological changes associated with a less aggressive phenotype. While disrupting the interaction between FL-AR and its coactivators decreased N-C terminal interaction, disrupting the interaction of AR-V7 with its coactivators decreased AR-V7 nuclear levels.Implications: This study demonstrates the potential therapeutic utility of inhibiting constitutively active AR-V signaling by disrupting coactivator binding. Such an approach is significant, as AR-Vs are emerging as important drivers of CRPC that are particularly recalcitrant to current therapies. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1469-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Magani
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Stephanie O Peacock
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Meghan A Rice
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria J Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ann M Greene
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Pablo S Magani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Rolando Lyles
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jonathan R Weitz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Kerry L Burnstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida
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25
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Tan B, Li Y, Wang C, Tan M, Fan L, Zhao Q, Wang D, Jia N. The clinical value of Vav3 in peripheral blood for predicting lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer. Br J Biomed Sci 2017; 74:133-137. [PMID: 28513273 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2017.1278889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Tan
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Y. Li
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - C. Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - M. Tan
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - L. Fan
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Q. Zhao
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - D. Wang
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - N. Jia
- Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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miRNA-34c-5p inhibits amphiregulin-induced ovarian cancer stemness and drug resistance via downregulation of the AREG-EGFR-ERK pathway. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e326. [PMID: 28459431 PMCID: PMC5525454 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer mainly due to late diagnosis, easy spreading and rapid development of chemoresistance. Cancer stem cells are considered to be one of the main mechanisms for chemoresistance, as well as metastasis and recurrent disease. To explore the stemness characteristics of ovarian cancer stem cells, we successfully enriched ovarian cancer stem-like cells from an established ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-I6) and a fresh ovarian tumor-derived cell line (OVS1). These ovarian cancer stem-like cells possess important cancer stemness characteristics including sphere-forming and self-renewing abilities, expressing important ovarian cancer stem cell and epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers, as well as increased drug resistance and potent tumorigenicity. Microarray analysis of OVS1-derived sphere cells revealed increased expression of amphiregulin (AREG) and decreased expression of its conserved regulatory microRNA, miR-34c-5p, when compared with the OVS1 parental cells. Overexpression of AREG and decreased miR-34c-5p expression in SKOV-I6 and OVS1 sphere cells were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Luciferase reporter assay and mutant analysis confirmed that AREG is a direct target of miR-34c-5p. Furthermore, AREG-mediated increase of sphere formation, drug resistance toward docetaxel and carboplatin, as well as tumorigenicity of SKOV-I6 and OVS1 cells could be abrogated by miR-34c-5p. We further demonstrated that miR-34c-5p inhibited ovarian cancer stemness through downregulation of the AREG-EGFR-ERK pathway. Overexpression of AREG was found to be correlated with advanced ovarian cancer stages and poor prognosis. Taken together, our data suggest that AREG promotes ovarian cancer stemness and drug resistance via the AREG-EGFR-ERK pathway and this is inhibited by miR-34c-5p. Targeting AREG, miR-34c-5p could be a potential strategy for anti-cancer-stem cell therapy in ovarian cancer.
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Vav3 is linked to poor prognosis of pancreatic cancers and promotes the motility and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreatology 2016; 16:905-16. [PMID: 27453460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav3 in the motility and invasiveness of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to determine whether high Vav3 expression in human PDAC tissues is correlated with poor prognosis. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine the association and intracellular distribution of Vav3, Rac1 and Akt in PDAC cells. Phosphoprotein array analysis was performed to determine the Vav3-associated intracellular signaling pathways. Immunocytochemistry and Matrigel invasion assays were used to examine the effects of Vav3 on the formation of cell protrusions and PDAC cell invasion. RESULTS Expression of Vav3 in PDAC tissue was significantly correlated with overall survival. Vav3 was localized in cell protrusions of migrating PDAC cells. Knockdown of Vav3 inhibited the motility and invasiveness of PDAC cells through a decrease in cell protrusions. The levels of active Rac1 or active Akt were not associated with the concentration of Vav3 in cell protrusions. The Vav3-dependent promotion of motility and invasiveness was not modulated by Rac1 or Akt. Additionally, knockdown of Vav3 increased phosphorylated WNK1 in PDAC cells, and knockdown of WNK1 inhibited the motility and invasiveness. This study suggests that Vav3 can be a useful marker for predicting the outcome of patients with PDAC and that Vav3 can promote PDAC cell motility and invasion through association with dephosphorylation of WNK1. CONCLUSIONS Vav3 was accumulated in cell protrusions, contributed to the formation of membrane protrusions, and thereby increased the motility and invasiveness of PDAC cells.
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Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia promotes androgen-independent prostate cancer metastasis via IQGAP1 and caveolin-1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7438-53. [PMID: 25924234 PMCID: PMC4480691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are associated with several cancers, however, the molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Recent studies suggest that hypercholesterolemia increases intratumoral androgen signaling in prostate cancer, but it is unclear whether androgen-independent mechanisms also exist. Since hypercholesterolemia is associated with advanced, castrate-resistant prostate cancer, in this study, we aimed to determine whether and how hypercholesterolemia affects prostate cancer progression in the absence of androgen signaling. We demonstrate that diet-induced hypercholesterolemia promotes orthotopic xenograft PC-3 cell metastasis, concomitant with elevated expression of caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 in xenograft tumor tissues. In vitro cholesterol treatment of PC-3 cells stimulated migration and increased IQGAP1 and caveolin-1 protein level and localization to a detergent-resistant fraction. Down-regulation of caveolin-1 or IQGAP1 in PC-3 cells reduced migration and invasion in vitro, and hypercholesterolemia-induced metastasis in vivo. Double knock-down of caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 showed no additive effect, suggesting that caveolin-1 and IQGAP1 act via the same pathway. Taken together, our data show that hypercholesterolemia promotes prostate cancer metastasis independent of the androgen pathway, in part by increasing IQGAP1 and caveolin-1. These results have broader implications for managing metastasis of cancers in general as IQGAP1 and hypercholesterolemia are implicated in the progression of several cancers.
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29
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Culig Z. Androgen Receptor Coactivators in Regulation of Growth and Differentiation in Prostate Cancer. J Cell Physiol 2016. [PMID: 26201947 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a key factor in regulation of growth and differentiation in normal and malignant prostate. Endocrine therapies for prostate cancer include inhibition of androgen production either by analogs of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone or abiraterone acetate and/or use of anti-androgens such as hydroxyflutamide, bicalutamide, and enzalutamide. Castration therapy-resistant cancer develops inevitably in patients who undergo treatment. AR coactivators are proteins which interact with one or more regions of the AR thus enhancing its function. Although several functions of AR coactivators may be redundant, specific functions have been identified and analyzed. The p160 group of coactivators, SRC-1, -2, and -3 not only potentiate the activation of the AR, but are also implicated in potentiation of function of insulin-like growth factor-I and activation of the Akt pathway. Transcriptional integrators p300 and CBP are up-regulated by androgen ablation and may influence antagonist/agonist balance of non-steroidal anti-androgens. A therapy approach designed to target p300 in prostate cancer revealed its role in regulation of proliferation of migration of androgen-sensitive and -insensitive prostate cancer cells. Coactivators p300 and SRC-1 are required for AR activation by interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine that is overexpressed in castration therapy-resistant prostate cancer. Some coactivators, such as Vav3, are involved in regulation of transcriptional activity of truncated AR, which emerge during endocrine thrapy. Stimulation of cellular migration and invasion by AR coactivators has also been described. Translational studies with aim to introduce anti-AR coactivator therapy have not been successfully implemented in the clinic so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Li M, Zhang S, Wu N, Wu L, Wang C, Lin Y. Overexpression of miR-499-5p inhibits non-small cell lung cancer proliferation and metastasis by targeting VAV3. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23100. [PMID: 26972445 PMCID: PMC4789784 DOI: 10.1038/srep23100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of miRNAs is reported to be involved in the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer. Previous studies showed that low serum miR-499 expression was associated with advanced TNM stage and poor prognosis. The present study is carried out to evaluate the biological functions of miR-499-5p in lung cancer. We demonstrated that miR-499-5p was significantly reduced in NSCLC tissues and correlated with poor clinical outcomes. Overexpression of miR-499-5p inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, miR-499-5p overexpression also inhibited NSCLC metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Using bioinformatics tools, we identified VAV3 as a candidate target of miR-499-5p, and demonstrated that restoration of miR-499-5p expression in NSCLC cells downregulated VAV3 expression while inhibition of miR-499-5p upregulated VAV3 expression. Luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-499-5p targeted 3′-UTR of VAV3. Moreover, cancer growth, proliferation and metastasis were decreased and apoptosis was increased after VAV3 blockage induced by miR-499-5p overexpression. We conclude that miR-499-5p functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting VAV3. This finding may provide a therapeutic approach for future treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shenjun Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changhui Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yinping Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Brohée L, Demine S, Willems J, Arnould T, Colige AC, Deroanne CF. Lipin-1 regulates cancer cell phenotype and is a potential target to potentiate rapamycin treatment. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11264-80. [PMID: 25834103 PMCID: PMC4484455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipogenesis inhibition was reported to induce apoptosis and repress proliferation of cancer cells while barely affecting normal cells. Lipins exhibit dual function as enzymes catalyzing the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol and as co-transcriptional regulators. Thus, they are able to regulate lipid homeostasis at several nodal points. Here, we show that lipin-1 is up-regulated in several cancer cell lines and overexpressed in 50 % of high grade prostate cancers. The proliferation of prostate and breast cancer cells, but not of non-tumorigenic cells, was repressed upon lipin-1 knock-down. Lipin-1 depletion also decreased cancer cell migration through RhoA activation. Lipin-1 silencing did not significantly affect global lipid synthesis but enhanced the cellular concentration of phosphatidic acid. In parallel, autophagy was induced while AKT and ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation were repressed. We also observed a compensatory regulation between lipin-1 and lipin-2 and demonstrated that their co-silencing aggravates the phenotype induced by lipin-1 silencing alone. Most interestingly, lipin-1 depletion or lipins inhibition with propranolol sensitized cancer cells to rapamycin. These data indicate that lipin-1 controls main cellular processes involved in cancer progression and that its targeting, alone or in combination with other treatments, could open new avenues in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Brohée
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Demine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Jérome Willems
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Alain C Colige
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Christophe F Deroanne
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
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Ahronian LG, Zhu LJ, Chen YW, Chu HC, Klimstra DS, Lewis BC. A novel KLF6-Rho GTPase axis regulates hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and dissemination. Oncogene 2016; 35:4653-62. [PMID: 26876204 PMCID: PMC4985511 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The presence of invasion into the extra-hepatic portion of the portal vein or the development of distant metastases renders hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients ineligible for the only potential curative options for this malignancy-tumor resection or organ transplantation. Gene expression profiling of murine HCC cell lines identified KLF6 as a potential regulator of HCC cell migration. KLF6 knockdown increases cell migration, consistent with the correlation between decreased KLF6 mRNA levels and the presence of vascular invasion in human HCC. Concordantly, single-copy deletion of Klf6 in a HCC mouse model results in increased tumor formation, increased metastasis to the lungs and decreased survival, indicating that KLF6 suppresses both HCC development and metastasis. By combining gene expression profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to deep sequencing, we identified novel transcriptional targets of KLF6 in HCC cells including VAV3, a known activator of the RAC1 small GTPase. Indeed, RAC1 activity is increased in KLF6-knockdown cells in a VAV3-dependent manner, and knockdown of either RAC1 or VAV3 impairs HCC cell migration. Together, our data demonstrate a novel function for KLF6 in constraining HCC dissemination through the regulation of a VAV3-RAC1 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Ahronian
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - L J Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Y-W Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Maioli, Taiwan
| | - H-C Chu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Maioli, Taiwan
| | - D S Klimstra
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B C Lewis
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Reilly JE, Neighbors JD, Tong H, Henry MD, Hohl RJ. Targeting geranylgeranylation reduces adrenal gland tumor burden in a murine model of prostate cancer metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:555-66. [PMID: 26070429 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (IBP) is critical for providing substrates for the post-translational modification of proteins key in regulating malignant cell properties, including proliferation, invasion, and migration. Inhibitors of the IBP, including statins and nitrogenous bisphosphonates, are used clinically for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and bone disease respectively. The statins work predominantly in the liver, while the nitrogenous bisphosphonates are highly sequestered to bone. Inhibition of the entire IBP is limited by organ specificity and side effects resulting from depletion of all isoprenoids. We have developed a novel compound, disodium [(6Z,11E,15E)-9-[bis(sodiooxy)phosphoryl]-17-hydroxy-2,6,12,16-tetramethyheptadeca-2,6,11,15-tetraen-9-yl]phosphonate (GGOHBP), which selectively targets geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, reducing post-translational protein geranylgeranylation. Intracardiac injection of luciferase-expressing human-derived 22Rv1 PCa cells into SCID mice resulted in tumor development in bone (100 %), adrenal glands (72 %), mesentery (22 %), liver (17 %), and the thoracic cavity (6 %). Three weeks after tumor inoculation, daily subcutaneous (SQ) injections of 1.5 mg/kg GGOHBP or the vehicle were given for one month. Dissected tumors revealed a reduction in adrenal gland tumors corresponding to a 54 % (P < 0.005) reduction in total adrenal gland tumor weight of the treated mice as compared to vehicle-treated controls. Western blot analysis of the harvested tissues showed a reduction in Rap1A geranylgeranylation in adrenal glands and mesenteric tumors of the treated mice while non-tumorous tissues and control mice showed no Rap1A alteration. Our findings detail a novel bisphosphonate compound capable of preferentially altering the IBP in tumor-burdened adrenal glands of a murine model of PCa metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 55242-1294, USA
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Harada K, Negishi M, Katoh H. HGF-induced serine 897 phosphorylation of EphA2 regulates epithelial morphogenesis of MDCK cells in 3D culture. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1912-21. [PMID: 25908849 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of EphA2 is upregulated in various cancers that are derived from epithelial cells and correlates with the ability of a cancer cell to undergo migration and invasion. Here we have investigated the role of EphA2 in the epithelial morphogenesis of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in three-dimensional culture. We show that EphA2 is phosphorylated on serine residue 897 through hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulation using a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-dependent mechanism and that this phosphorylation is required for the formation of extensions, the first step of tubulogenesis, in MDCK cysts. By contrast, stimulation using the ligand ephrinA1 dephosphorylates EphA2 on serine residue 897 and suppresses the HGF-induced morphological change. Furthermore, activation of the small GTPase RhoG is involved in the HGF-induced formation of extensions downstream of EphA2. These observations suggest that a ligand-independent activity of EphA2 contributes to epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Harada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Manabu Negishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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35
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Uen YH, Fang CL, Hseu YC, Shen PC, Yang HL, Wen KS, Hung ST, Wang LH, Lin KY. VAV3 oncogene expression in colorectal cancer: clinical aspects and functional characterization. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9360. [PMID: 25791293 PMCID: PMC4366846 DOI: 10.1038/srep09360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, the current therapeutic approaches for advanced CRC are ineffective. In this study, we investigated the involvement of the VAV3 oncogene in tumor progression and in the prognosis of human CRC. The two patient cohorts in this study comprised 354 CRC cases from 1998 to 2005 with documented pathologic and clinical factors and clinical outcomes. VAV3 protein levels were significantly correlated with the depth of invasion (P = 0.0259), the nodal status (P < 0.0001), distant metastasis (P = 0.0354), the stage (P < 0.0001), and poor disease-free survival (P = 0.003). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that VAV3 overexpression is an independent prognostic marker for CRC (P = 0.041). In vitro experiments indicated that VAV3 knockdown inhibited CRC cell growth, spread, and xenograft proliferation. Mechanistic studies further revealed that VAV3 overexpression could dysregulate the expression of cell cycle control- and metastasis-related molecules by activating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in both CRC cells and xenografts. This study suggests that VAV3 overexpression could be a useful marker for predicting the outcomes of CRC patients and that VAV3 targeting represents a potential modality for treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Huei Uen
- 1] Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan [2] The Superintendent's Office, Chi Mei Hospital Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Fang
- 1] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Hseu
- 1] Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan [2] Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, USA [3] Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Shen
- Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, USA [2] Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Shan Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Hung
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Hai Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Lin
- 1] Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan [2] Department of Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Thieu W, Tilki D, de Vere White R, Evans CP. The role of microRNA in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2015; 32:517-523. [PMID: 24935732 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has a historically low median survival rate, but recent advances and discoveries in microRNAs (miRNAs) have opened the potential for new prognostication modalities to enhance therapeutic success. As new chemotherapies and immunotherapies are developed, there is an increasing need for precision and stratification of CRPC to allow for optimization and personalization of therapy. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted via electronic database resulting in the selection of 42 articles based on title, abstract, study format, and content by a consensus of all participating authors. Most selected articles were published between 2002 and 2013. In this review, we discuss the robustness of miRNAs as a biomarker platform, miRNAs associated with prostate cancer, and recent discoveries of miRNA associations with CRPC. RESULTS The associations discovered have been of interest owing to the ability to differentiate between CRPC and localized prostate cancer. With the evaluation of multiple miRNAs, it is possible to provide a profile regarding tumor characteristics. Furthermore, actions of miRNAs on CRPC tumor cells have the ability to suppress metastatic phenotypes. CONCLUSION miRNAs may have a growing role in CRPC prognostication and may potentially transform into a therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Thieu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Derya Tilki
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ralph de Vere White
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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JI JUN, FENG XIAOJING, SHI MIN, CAI QU, YU YINGYAN, ZHU ZHENGGANG, ZHANG JUN. Rac1 is correlated with aggressiveness and a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1343-53. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Vuong H, Cheng F, Lin CC, Zhao Z. Functional consequences of somatic mutations in cancer using protein pocket-based prioritization approach. Genome Med 2014; 6:81. [PMID: 25360158 PMCID: PMC4213513 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, a number of large-scale cancer genome sequencing projects have generated a large volume of somatic mutations; however, identifying the functional consequences and roles of somatic mutations in tumorigenesis remains a major challenge. Researchers have identified that protein pocket regions play critical roles in the interaction of proteins with small molecules, enzymes, and nucleic acid. As such, investigating the features of somatic mutations in protein pocket regions provides a promising approach to identifying new genotype-phenotype relationships in cancer. Methods In this study, we developed a protein pocket-based computational approach to uncover the functional consequences of somatic mutations in cancer. We mapped 1.2 million somatic mutations across 36 cancer types from the COSMIC database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) onto the protein pocket regions of over 5,000 protein three-dimensional structures. We further integrated cancer cell line mutation profiles and drug pharmacological data from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) onto protein pocket regions in order to identify putative biomarkers for anticancer drug responses. Results We found that genes harboring protein pocket somatic mutations were significantly enriched in cancer driver genes. Furthermore, genes harboring pocket somatic mutations tended to be highly co-expressed in a co-expressed protein interaction network. Using a statistical framework, we identified four putative cancer genes (RWDD1, NCF1, PLEK, and VAV3), whose expression profiles were associated with overall poor survival rates in melanoma, lung, or colorectal cancer patients. Finally, genes harboring protein pocket mutations were more likely to be drug-sensitive or drug-resistant. In a case study, we illustrated that the BAX gene was associated with the sensitivity of three anticancer drugs (midostaurin, vinorelbine, and tipifarnib). Conclusions This study provides novel insights into the functional consequences of somatic mutations during tumorigenesis and for anticancer drug responses. The computational approach used might be beneficial to the study of somatic mutations in the era of cancer precision medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-014-0081-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Vuong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Chen-Ching Lin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203 USA ; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 USA ; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA ; Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
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Hua KT, Wang MY, Chen MW, Wei LH, Chen CK, Ko CH, Jeng YM, Sung PL, Jan YH, Hsiao M, Kuo ML, Yen ML. The H3K9 methyltransferase G9a is a marker of aggressive ovarian cancer that promotes peritoneal metastasis. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:189. [PMID: 25115793 PMCID: PMC4260797 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OCa) peritoneal metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women with limited therapeutic options available for treating it and poor prognosis, as the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. METHOD The clinicopathological correlation of G9a expression was assessed in tumor specimens of ovarian cancer patients. Knockdown or overexpression of G9a in ovarian cancer cell lines was analysed with regard to its effect on adhesion, migration, invasion and anoikis-resistance. In vivo biological functions of G9a were tested by i.p. xenograft ovarian cancer models. Microarray and quantitative RT-PCR were used to analyze G9a-regulated downstream target genes. RESULTS We found that the expression of histone methyltransferase G9a was highly correlated with late stage, high grade, and serous-type OCa. Higher G9a expression predicted a shorter survival in ovarian cancer patients. Furthermore, G9a expression was higher in metastatic lesions compared with their corresponding ovarian primary tumors. Knockdown of G9a expression suppressed prometastatic cellular activities including adhesion, migration, invasion and anoikis-resistance of ovarian cancer cell lines, while G9a over-expression promoted these cellular properties. G9a depletion significantly attenuated the development of ascites and tumor nodules in a peritoneal dissemination model. Importantly, microarray and quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that G9a regulates a cohort of tumor suppressor genes including CDH1, DUSP5, SPRY4, and PPP1R15A in ovarian cancer. Expression of these genes was also inversely correlated with G9a expression in OCa specimens. CONCLUSION We propose that G9a contributes to multiple steps of ovarian cancer metastasis and represents a novel target to combat this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min-Liang Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Aguilar H, Urruticoechea A, Halonen P, Kiyotani K, Mushiroda T, Barril X, Serra-Musach J, Islam A, Caizzi L, Di Croce L, Nevedomskaya E, Zwart W, Bostner J, Karlsson E, Pérez Tenorio G, Fornander T, Sgroi DC, Garcia-Mata R, Jansen MPHM, García N, Bonifaci N, Climent F, Soler MT, Rodríguez-Vida A, Gil M, Brunet J, Martrat G, Gómez-Baldó L, Extremera AI, Figueras A, Balart J, Clarke R, Burnstein KL, Carlson KE, Katzenellenbogen JA, Vizoso M, Esteller M, Villanueva A, Rodríguez-Peña AB, Bustelo XR, Nakamura Y, Zembutsu H, Stål O, Beijersbergen RL, Pujana MA. VAV3 mediates resistance to breast cancer endocrine therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R53. [PMID: 24886537 PMCID: PMC4076632 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endocrine therapies targeting cell proliferation and survival mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) are among the most effective systemic treatments for ERα-positive breast cancer. However, most tumors initially responsive to these therapies acquire resistance through mechanisms that involve ERα transcriptional regulatory plasticity. Herein we identify VAV3 as a critical component in this process. Methods A cell-based chemical compound screen was carried out to identify therapeutic strategies against resistance to endocrine therapy. Binding to ERα was evaluated by molecular docking analyses, an agonist fluoligand assay and short hairpin (sh)RNA–mediated protein depletion. Microarray analyses were performed to identify altered gene expression. Western blot analysis of signaling and proliferation markers, and shRNA-mediated protein depletion in viability and clonogenic assays, were performed to delineate the role of VAV3. Genetic variation in VAV3 was assessed for association with the response to tamoxifen. Immunohistochemical analyses of VAV3 were carried out to determine its association with therapeutic response and different tumor markers. An analysis of gene expression association with drug sensitivity was carried out to identify a potential therapeutic approach based on differential VAV3 expression. Results The compound YC-1 was found to comparatively reduce the viability of cell models of acquired resistance. This effect was probably not due to activation of its canonical target (soluble guanylyl cyclase), but instead was likely a result of binding to ERα. VAV3 was selectively reduced upon exposure to YC-1 or ERα depletion, and, accordingly, VAV3 depletion comparatively reduced the viability of cell models of acquired resistance. In the clinical scenario, germline variation in VAV3 was associated with the response to tamoxifen in Japanese breast cancer patients (rs10494071 combined P value = 8.4 × 10−4). The allele association combined with gene expression analyses indicated that low VAV3 expression predicts better clinical outcome. Conversely, high nuclear VAV3 expression in tumor cells was associated with poorer endocrine therapy response. Based on VAV3 expression levels and the response to erlotinib in cancer cell lines, targeting EGFR signaling may be a promising therapeutic strategy. Conclusions This study proposes VAV3 as a biomarker and a rationale for its use as a signaling target to prevent and/or overcome resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer.
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Kato T, Kawai K, Egami Y, Kakehi Y, Araki N. Rac1-dependent lamellipodial motility in prostate cancer PC-3 cells revealed by optogenetic control of Rac1 activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97749. [PMID: 24848679 PMCID: PMC4029798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The lamellipodium, an essential structure for cell migration, plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Although Rac1 recognized as a key player in the formation of lamellipodia, the molecular mechanisms underlying lamellipodial motility are not fully understood. Optogenetic technology enabled us to spatiotemporally control the activity of photoactivatable Rac1 (PA-Rac1) in living cells. Using this system, we revealed the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in Rac1-dependent lamellipodial motility in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Through local blue laser irradiation of PA-Rac1-expressing cells, lamellipodial motility was reversibly induced. First, outward extension of a lamellipodium parallel to the substratum was observed. The extended lamellipodium then showed ruffling activity at the periphery. Notably, PI(3,4,5)P3 and WAVE2 were localized in the extending lamellipodium in a PI3K-dependent manner. We confirmed that the inhibition of PI3K activity greatly suppressed lamellipodial extension, while the ruffling activity was less affected. These results suggest that Rac1-induced lamellipodial motility consists of two distinct activities, PI3K-dependent outward extension and PI3K-independent ruffling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kato
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Youhei Egami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kakehi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Liu JK, Lubelski D, Schonberg DL, Wu Q, Hale JS, Flavahan WA, Mulkearns-Hubert EE, Man J, Hjelmeland AB, Yu J, Lathia JD, Rich JN. Phage display discovery of novel molecular targets in glioblastoma-initiating cells. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1325-39. [PMID: 24832468 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary intrinsic brain tumor and remains incurable despite maximal therapy. Glioblastomas display cellular hierarchies with self-renewing glioma-initiating cells (GICs) at the apex. To discover new GIC targets, we used in vivo delivery of phage display technology to screen for molecules selectively binding GICs that may be amenable for targeting. Phage display leverages large, diverse peptide libraries to identify interactions with molecules in their native conformation. We delivered a bacteriophage peptide library intravenously to a glioblastoma xenograft in vivo then derived GICs. Phage peptides bound to GICs were analyzed for their corresponding proteins and ranked based on prognostic value, identifying VAV3, a Rho guanine exchange factor involved tumor invasion, and CD97 (cluster of differentiation marker 97), an adhesion G-protein-coupled-receptor upstream of Rho, as potentially enriched in GICs. We confirmed that both VAV3 and CD97 were preferentially expressed by tumor cells expressing GIC markers. VAV3 expression correlated with increased activity of its downstream mediator, Rac1 (ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1), in GICs. Furthermore, targeting VAV3 by ribonucleic acid interference decreased GIC growth, migration, invasion and in vivo tumorigenesis. As CD97 is a cell surface protein, CD97 selection enriched for sphere formation, a surrogate of self-renewal. In silico analysis demonstrated VAV3 and CD97 are highly expressed in tumors and inform poor survival and tumor grade, and more common with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations. Finally, a VAV3 peptide sequence identified on phage display specifically internalized into GICs. These results show a novel screening method for identifying oncogenic pathways preferentially activated within the tumor hierarchy, offering a new strategy for developing glioblastoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Liu
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D Lubelski
- 1] Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D L Schonberg
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Q Wu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J S Hale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - W A Flavahan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E E Mulkearns-Hubert
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Man
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A B Hjelmeland
- 1] Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Yu
- 1] Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J D Lathia
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J N Rich
- 1] Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Härmä V, Schukov HP, Happonen A, Ahonen I, Virtanen J, Siitari H, Åkerfelt M, Lötjönen J, Nees M. Quantification of dynamic morphological drug responses in 3D organotypic cell cultures by automated image analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96426. [PMID: 24810913 PMCID: PMC4014501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glandular epithelial cells differentiate into complex multicellular or acinar structures, when embedded in three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix. The spectrum of different multicellular morphologies formed in 3D is a sensitive indicator for the differentiation potential of normal, non-transformed cells compared to different stages of malignant progression. In addition, single cells or cell aggregates may actively invade the matrix, utilizing epithelial, mesenchymal or mixed modes of motility. Dynamic phenotypic changes involved in 3D tumor cell invasion are sensitive to specific small-molecule inhibitors that target the actin cytoskeleton. We have used a panel of inhibitors to demonstrate the power of automated image analysis as a phenotypic or morphometric readout in cell-based assays. We introduce a streamlined stand-alone software solution that supports large-scale high-content screens, based on complex and organotypic cultures. AMIDA (Automated Morphometric Image Data Analysis) allows quantitative measurements of large numbers of images and structures, with a multitude of different spheroid shapes, sizes, and textures. AMIDA supports an automated workflow, and can be combined with quality control and statistical tools for data interpretation and visualization. We have used a representative panel of 12 prostate and breast cancer lines that display a broad spectrum of different spheroid morphologies and modes of invasion, challenged by a library of 19 direct or indirect modulators of the actin cytoskeleton which induce systematic changes in spheroid morphology and differentiation versus invasion. These results were independently validated by 2D proliferation, apoptosis and cell motility assays. We identified three drugs that primarily attenuated the invasion and formation of invasive processes in 3D, without affecting proliferation or apoptosis. Two of these compounds block Rac signalling, one affects cellular cAMP/cGMP accumulation. Our approach supports the growing needs for user-friendly, straightforward solutions that facilitate large-scale, cell-based 3D assays in basic research, drug discovery, and target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Härmä
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu-Pekka Schukov
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Happonen
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilmari Ahonen
- Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johannes Virtanen
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Siitari
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Malin Åkerfelt
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jyrki Lötjönen
- Knowledge Intensive Services, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matthias Nees
- Medical Biotechnology Knowledge Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Batson J, Maccarthy-Morrogh L, Archer A, Tanton H, Nobes CD. EphA receptors regulate prostate cancer cell dissemination through Vav2-RhoA mediated cell-cell repulsion. Biol Open 2014; 3:453-62. [PMID: 24795148 PMCID: PMC4058079 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20146601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer cells display EphB receptor-mediated attraction when they contact stromal fibroblasts but EphA-driven repulsion when they contact one another. The impact of these ‘social’ interactions between cells during cancer cell invasion and the signalling mechanisms downstream of Eph receptors are unclear. Here we show that EphA receptors regulate prostate cancer cell dissemination in a 2D dispersal assay and in a 3D cancer cell spheroid assay. We show that EphA receptors signal via the exchange factor Vav2 to activate RhoA and that both Vav2 and RhoA are required for prostate cancer cell–cell repulsion. Furthermore, we find that in EphA2/EphA4, Vav2 or RhoA siRNA-treated cells, contact repulsion can be restored by partial microtubule destabilisation. We propose that EphA–Vav2–RhoA-mediated repulsion between contacting cancer cells at the tumour edge could enhance their local invasion away from the primary tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Batson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Lucy Maccarthy-Morrogh
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Amy Archer
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helen Tanton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Catherine D Nobes
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Chan SH, Huang WC, Chang JW, Chang KJ, Kuo WH, Wang MY, Lin KY, Uen YH, Hou MF, Lin CM, Jang TH, Tu CW, Lee YR, Lee YH, Tien MT, Wang LH. MicroRNA-149 targets GIT1 to suppress integrin signaling and breast cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2014; 33:4496-507. [PMID: 24608434 PMCID: PMC4155808 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the predominant cause of death in breast cancer patients. Several lines of evidence have shown that microRNAs (miRs) can have an important role in cancer metastasis. Using isogenic pairs of low and high metastatic lines derived from a human breast cancer line, we have identified miR-149 to be a suppressor of breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. We also identified GIT1 (G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1) as a direct target of miR-149. Knockdown of GIT1 reduced migration/invasion and metastasis of highly invasive cells. Re-expression of GIT1 significantly rescued miR-149-mediated inhibition of cell migration/invasion and metastasis. Expression of miR-149 impaired fibronectin-induced focal adhesion formation and reduced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, which could be restored by re-expression of GIT1. Inhibition of GIT1 led to enhanced protein degradation of paxillin and α5β1 integrin via proteasome and lysosome pathways, respectively. Moreover, we found that GIT1 depletion in metastatic breast cancer cells greatly reduced α5β1-integrin-mediated cell adhesion to fibronectin and collagen. Low level of miR-149 and high level of GIT1 was significantly associated with advanced stages of breast cancer, as well as with lymph node metastasis. We conclude that miR-149 suppresses breast cancer cell migration/invasion and metastasis by targeting GIT1, suggesting potential applications of the miR-149-GIT1 pathway in clinical diagnosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Chan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - W-C Huang
- 1] Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan [2] Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - J-W Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - K-J Chang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W-H Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M-Y Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K-Y Lin
- Chi Mei Medical Center, Department of Medical Research, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Y-H Uen
- Chi Mei Medical Center, Department of Medical Research, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - M-F Hou
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-M Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - T-H Jang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - C-W Tu
- Department of Surgery, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Y-R Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Y-H Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - M-T Tien
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - L-H Wang
- 1] Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan [2] Department of Life Science, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan [3] Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Köstler WJ, Zeisel A, Körner C, Tsai JM, Jacob-Hirsch J, Ben-Chetrit N, Sharma K, Cohen-Dvashi H, Yitzhaky A, Lader E, Tschulena U, Rechavi G, Domany E, Wiemann S, Yarden Y. Epidermal growth-factor-induced transcript isoform variation drives mammary cell migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80566. [PMID: 24324612 PMCID: PMC3855657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal-induced transcript isoform variation (TIV) includes alternative promoter usage as well as alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation of mRNA. To assess the phenotypic relevance of signal-induced TIV, we employed exon arrays and breast epithelial cells, which migrate in response to the epidermal growth factor (EGF). We show that EGF rapidly – within one hour – induces widespread TIV in a significant fraction of the transcriptome. Importantly, TIV characterizes many genes that display no differential expression upon stimulus. In addition, similar EGF-dependent changes are shared by a panel of mammary cell lines. A functional screen, which utilized isoform-specific siRNA oligonucleotides, indicated that several isoforms play essential, non-redundant roles in EGF-induced mammary cell migration. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of TIV in the rapid evolvement of a phenotypic response to extracellular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang J. Köstler
- Departments of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amit Zeisel
- Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cindy Körner
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M. Tsai
- Departments of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jasmine Jacob-Hirsch
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Ben-Chetrit
- Departments of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kirti Sharma
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hadas Cohen-Dvashi
- Departments of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assif Yitzhaky
- Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eric Lader
- Qiagen, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ulrich Tschulena
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gideon Rechavi
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eytan Domany
- Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: (YY); (ED)
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Departments of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: (YY); (ED)
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Rho GTPases are a family of proteins that control fundamental cellular processes in response to extracellular stimuli and internal programs. Rho GTPases function as molecular switches in which the GTP-bound proteins are active and GDP-bound proteins are inactive. This article will focus on one Rho family member, Cdc42, which is overexpressed in a number of human cancers, and which might provide new therapeutic targets in malignancies. AREAS COVERED In this article, the key regulators and effectors of Cdc42 and their molecular alterations are described. The complex interactions between the signaling cascades regulated by Cdc42 are also analyzed. EXPERT OPINION While mutations in Cdc42 have not been reported in human cancer, aberrant expression of Cdc42 has been reported in a variety of tumor types and in some instances has been correlated with poor prognosis. Recently, it has been shown that Cdc42 activation by oncogenic Ras is crucial for Ras-mediated tumorigenesis, suggesting that targeting Cdc42 or its effectors might be useful in tumors harboring activating Ras mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Arias-Romero
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia, PA , USA +1 215 728 5319 ; +1 215 728 3616 ;
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Abstract
The Rac inhibitor EHop-016 was developed as a compound with the potential to inhibit cancer metastasis. Inhibition of the first step of metastasis, migration, is an important strategy for metastasis prevention. The small GTPase Rac acts as a pivotal binary switch that is turned "on" by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) via a myriad of cell surface receptors, to regulate cancer cell migration, survival, and proliferation. Unlike the related GTPase Ras, Racs are not usually mutated, but overexpressed or overactivated in cancer. Therefore, a rational Rac inhibitor should block the activation of Rac by its upstream effectors, GEFs, and the Rac inhibitor NSC23766 was developed using this rationale. However, this compound is ineffective at inhibiting the elevated Rac activity of metastatic breast cancer cells. Therefore, a panel of small molecule compounds were derived from NSC23766 and screened for Rac activity inhibition in metastatic cancer cells. EHop-016 was identified as a compound that blocks the interaction of Rac with the GEF Vav in metastatic human breast cancer cells with an IC50 of ~1μM. At higher concentrations (10μM), EHop-016 inhibits the related Rho GTPase Cdc42, but not Rho, and also reduces cell viability. Moreover, EHop-016 inhibits the activation of the Rac downstream effector p21-activated kinase, extension of motile actin-based structures, and cell migration. Future goals are to develop EHop-016 as a therapeutic to inhibit cancer metastasis, either individually or in combination with current anticancer compounds. The next generation of EHop-016-based Rac inhibitors is also being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
| | - Eliud Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Cornelis Vlaar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
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Hirai K, Nomura T, Yamasaki M, Inoue T, Narimatsu T, Chisato Nakada PD, Yoshiyuki Tsukamoto PD, Matsuura K, Sato F, Moriyama M, Mimata H. The Vav3 oncogene enhances the malignant potential of prostate cancer cells under chronic hypoxia. Urol Oncol 2013; 32:101-9. [PMID: 23403204 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We had previously reported that chronic hypoxia induces androgen-independent growth in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. In this study, we have identified a key molecule, the Vav3 oncogene, and investigated the effects of Vav3 overexpression on cancer cell growth and malignant behavior and the possible apoptosis-inducing effect of Vav3 expression knockdown by small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) in LNCaP cells under chronic hypoxia (LNCaP/CH). METHODS AND MATERIALS Hypoxia-inducible oncogenes were identified by complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) microarray and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis in order to investigate gene ontology and functional pathways and networks. siRNA was used to knockdown the Vav3 target gene and analyze the effects on proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of LNCaP/CH cells. Vav3 cDNA was transfected into LNCaP cells under normoxia (LNCaP/N) to establish Vav3-overexpressing clonal cell lines, whose proliferation, invasion, and migration was then examined. Immunoblot analysis was used to investigate the activation of Akt, a Vav3 downstream target molecule. RESULTS cDNA microarray analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified Vav3 as a hypoxia-inducible oncogene that was highly associated with malignant behavior. Vav3 messenger RNA and protein expression in LNCaP/CH cells were higher than in LNCaP/N and LNCaP cells cultured under acute hypoxia (LNCaP/AH). The growth rate of LNCaP/CH cells was lower than that of LNCaP/N cells but higher than that of LNCaP/AH cells. LNCaP/CH cells showed higher invasion and migration than LNCaP/N and LNCaP/AH cells. Interrupting Vav3 expression strongly suppressed the proliferation, invasion, and migration of LNCaP/CH cells. Furthermore, siRNA led to apoptosis with increased caspase-3 and cleaved poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activation in LNCaP/CH cells. Stable Vav3 overexpression in LNCaP cells promoted cell proliferation, invasion, and migration with Akt activation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that Vav3 plays a crucial role in prostate cancer growth and malignant behavior, thus revealing a novel potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Hirai
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Takeo Nomura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan.
| | - Mutsushi Yamasaki
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Toru Inoue
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Narimatsu
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Ph D Chisato Nakada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Ph D Yoshiyuki Tsukamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sato
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Moriyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Mimata
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan
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Eph receptors and their ligands: promising molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1835:243-57. [PMID: 23396052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although at present, there is a high incidence of prostate cancer, particularly in the Western world, mortality from this disease is declining and occurs primarily only from clinically significant late stage tumors with a poor prognosis. A major current focus of this field is the identification of new biomarkers which can detect earlier, and more effectively, clinically significant tumors from those deemed "low risk", as well as predict the prognostic course of a particular cancer. This strategy can in turn offer novel avenues for targeted therapies. The large family of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, the Ephs, and their binding partners, the ephrins, has been implicated in many cancers of epithelial origin through stimulation of oncogenic transformation, tumor angiogenesis, and promotion of increased cell survival, invasion and migration. They also show promise as both biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic value and as targeted therapies in cancer. This review will briefly discuss the complex roles and biological mechanisms of action of these receptors and ligands and, with regard to prostate cancer, highlight their potential as biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis, their application as imaging agents, and current approaches to assessing them as therapeutic targets. This review demonstrates the need for future studies into those particular family members that will prove helpful in understanding the biology and potential as targets for treatment of prostate cancer.
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