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Raji L, Tetteh A, Amin ARMR. Role of c-Src in Carcinogenesis and Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:32. [PMID: 38201459 PMCID: PMC10778207 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aberrant transformation of normal cells into cancer cells, known as carcinogenesis, is a complex process involving numerous genetic and molecular alterations in response to innate and environmental stimuli. The Src family kinases (SFK) are key components of signaling pathways implicated in carcinogenesis, with c-Src and its oncogenic counterpart v-Src often playing a significant role. The discovery of c-Src represents a compelling narrative highlighting groundbreaking discoveries and valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis. Upon oncogenic activation, c-Src activates multiple downstream signaling pathways, including the PI3K-AKT pathway, the Ras-MAPK pathway, the JAK-STAT3 pathway, and the FAK/Paxillin pathway, which are important for cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. In this review, we delve into the discovery of c-Src and v-Src, the structure of c-Src, and the molecular mechanisms that activate c-Src. We also focus on the various signaling pathways that c-Src employs to promote oncogenesis and resistance to chemotherapy drugs as well as molecularly targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. R. M. Ruhul Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (L.R.); (A.T.)
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2
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Qiu Y, Wang Y, Chai Z, Ni D, Li X, Pu J, Chen J, Zhang J, Lu S, Lv C, Ji M. Targeting RAS phosphorylation in cancer therapy: Mechanisms and modulators. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3433-3446. [PMID: 34900528 PMCID: PMC8642438 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS, a member of the small GTPase family, functions as a binary switch by shifting between inactive GDP-loaded and active GTP-loaded state. RAS gain-of-function mutations are one of the leading causes in human oncogenesis, accounting for ∼19% of the global cancer burden. As a well-recognized target in malignancy, RAS has been intensively studied in the past decades. Despite the sustained efforts, many failures occurred in the earlier exploration and resulted in an ‘undruggable’ feature of RAS proteins. Phosphorylation at several residues has been recently determined as regulators for wild-type and mutated RAS proteins. Therefore, the development of RAS inhibitors directly targeting the RAS mutants or towards upstream regulatory kinases supplies a novel direction for tackling the anti-RAS difficulties. A better understanding of RAS phosphorylation can contribute to future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the current advances in RAS phosphorylation and provided mechanistic insights into the signaling transduction of associated pathways. Importantly, the preclinical and clinical success in developing anti-RAS drugs targeting the upstream kinases and potential directions of harnessing allostery to target RAS phosphorylation sites were also discussed.
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Key Words
- ABL, Abelson
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- Allostery
- CK1, casein kinase 1
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GAPs, GTPase-activating proteins
- GEFs, guanine nucleotide exchange-factors
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- HVR, hypervariable region
- IP3R, inositol trisphosphate receptors
- LRP6, lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 6
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PPIs, protein−protein interactions
- Phosphorylation
- Protein kinases
- RAS
- RIN1, RAB-interacting protein 1
- SHP2, SRC homology 2 domain containing phosphatase 2
- SOS, Son of Sevenless
- STK19, serine/threonine-protein kinase 19
- TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- Undruggable
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Qiu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuanhao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zongtao Chai
- Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Duan Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Chuan Lv
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Mingfei Ji
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Corresponding authors.
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3
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Soriano O, Alcón-Pérez M, Vicente-Manzanares M, Castellano E. The Crossroads between RAS and RHO Signaling Pathways in Cellular Transformation, Motility and Contraction. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060819. [PMID: 34071831 PMCID: PMC8229961 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras and Rho proteins are GTP-regulated molecular switches that control multiple signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. Ras was among the first identified oncogenes, and it appears mutated in many forms of human cancer. It mainly promotes proliferation and survival through the MAPK pathway and the PI3K/AKT pathways, respectively. However, the myriad proteins close to the plasma membrane that activate or inhibit Ras make it a major regulator of many apparently unrelated pathways. On the other hand, Rho is weakly oncogenic by itself, but it critically regulates microfilament dynamics; that is, actin polymerization, disassembly and contraction. Polymerization is driven mainly by the Arp2/3 complex and formins, whereas contraction depends on myosin mini-filament assembly and activity. These two pathways intersect at numerous points: from Ras-dependent triggering of Rho activators, some of which act through PI3K, to mechanical feedback driven by actomyosin action. Here, we describe the main points of connection between the Ras and Rho pathways as they coordinately drive oncogenic transformation. We emphasize the biochemical crosstalk that drives actomyosin contraction driven by Ras in a Rho-dependent manner. We also describe possible routes of mechanical feedback through which myosin II activation may control Ras/Rho activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Soriano
- Tumor Biophysics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Marta Alcón-Pérez
- Tumour-Stroma Signalling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Tumor Biophysics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (E.C.)
| | - Esther Castellano
- Tumour-Stroma Signalling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.V.-M.); (E.C.)
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4
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El-Sisi MG, Radwan SM, Saeed AM, El-Mesallamy HO. Serum levels of FAK and some of its effectors in adult AML: correlation with prognostic factors and survival. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1949-1963. [PMID: 33507464 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), human myofibrillogenesis regulator-1 (MR-1), ephrin receptor type A4 (EphA4), proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase Src (Src), and protein kinase C (PKC) are important markers in proliferation, survival, and migration in some cancers. However, the significance of each is still unclear in different malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate their serum levels in Egyptian adult de novo AML patients (n = 70) against healthy volunteers (n = 20). We managed to study the correlation between each pair and to investigate their association with diagnosis, prognosis, and survival. Serum levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that FAK, MR-1, Src, and PKC serum levels were significantly higher in AML patients compared to control (p < 0.0001), and this was associated with significantly lower EphA4 level (p < 0.0001). Interestingly, we also observed a significant negative correlation of FAK (p = 0.027), MR-1 (p = 0.003), Src (p = 0.038), and PKC (p = 0.03) with patients' overall survival (OS) while there was a positive significant correlation between EphA4 and OS (p = 0.007). In conclusion, this study suggests that FAK, MR-1, EphA4, Src, and PKC may be used as early diagnostic and prognostic markers with high sensitivity and specificity in AML patients and thus may be incorporated into the patients' early diagnostic and prognostic panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona G El-Sisi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara M Radwan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alia M Saeed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hematology and Oncology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala O El-Mesallamy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Sinai, Egypt.
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5
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Buday L, Vas V. Novel regulation of Ras proteins by direct tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 39:1067-1073. [PMID: 32936431 PMCID: PMC7680326 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09918-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations in the RAS genes are frequent in human tumors, especially in pancreatic, colorectal, and non-small-cell lung cancers. Such mutations generally decrease the ability of Ras to hydrolyze GTP, maintaining the protein in a constitutively active GTP-bound form that drives uncontrolled cell proliferation. Efforts to develop drugs that target Ras oncoproteins have been unsuccessful. Recent emerging data suggest that Ras regulation is more complex than the scientific community has believed for decades. In this review, we summarize advances in the "textbook" view of Ras activation. We also discuss a novel type of Ras regulation that involves direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Ras tyrosine residues. The discovery that pharmacological inhibition of the tyrosine phosphoprotein phosphatase SHP2 maintains mutant Ras in an inactive state suggests that SHP2 could be a novel drug target for the treatment of Ras-driven human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Buday
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
| | - Virág Vas
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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6
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Rodrigues FS, Miranda VS, Carneiro-Lobo TC, Scalabrini LC, Kruspig B, Levantini E, Murphy DJ, Bassères DS. IKKβ Kinase Promotes Stemness, Migration, and Invasion in KRAS-Driven Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5806. [PMID: 32823550 PMCID: PMC7460870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS oncogenic mutations are widespread in lung cancer and, because direct targeting of KRAS has proven to be challenging, KRAS-driven cancers lack effective therapies. One alternative strategy for developing KRAS targeted therapies is to identify downstream targets involved in promoting important malignant features, such as the acquisition of a cancer stem-like and metastatic phenotype. Based on previous studies showing that KRAS activates nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) through inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase β (IKKβ) to promote lung tumourigenesis, we hypothesized that inhibition of IKKβ would reduce stemness, migration and invasion of KRAS-mutant human lung cancer cells. We show that KRAS-driven lung tumoursphere-derived cells exhibit stemness features and increased IKKβ kinase activity. IKKβ targeting by different approaches reduces the expression of stemness-associated genes, tumoursphere formation, and self-renewal, and preferentially impairs the proliferation of KRAS-driven lung tumoursphere-derived cells. Moreover, we show that IKKβ targeting reduces tumour cell migration and invasion, potentially by regulating both expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2). In conclusion, our results indicate that IKKβ is an important mediator of KRAS-induced stemness and invasive features in lung cancer, and, therefore, might constitute a promising strategy to lower recurrence rates, reduce metastatic dissemination, and improve survival of lung cancer patients with KRAS-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Silva Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil; (F.S.R.); (V.S.M.); (T.C.C.-L.); (L.C.S.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (B.K.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Vanessa Silva Miranda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil; (F.S.R.); (V.S.M.); (T.C.C.-L.); (L.C.S.)
| | - Tatiana Correa Carneiro-Lobo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil; (F.S.R.); (V.S.M.); (T.C.C.-L.); (L.C.S.)
| | - Luiza Coimbra Scalabrini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil; (F.S.R.); (V.S.M.); (T.C.C.-L.); (L.C.S.)
| | - Björn Kruspig
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (B.K.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Elena Levantini
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale dele Ricerche, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniel J. Murphy
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (B.K.); (D.J.M.)
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Daniela Sanchez Bassères
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil; (F.S.R.); (V.S.M.); (T.C.C.-L.); (L.C.S.)
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7
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Tyrosine kinase signaling in and on the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:199-205. [PMID: 32065230 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases are signaling molecules that are common to all metazoans and are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes such as proliferation and survival. While most attention has been devoted to tyrosine kinases signaling at the plasma membrane and the cytosol, very little attention has been dedicated to signaling at endomembranes. In this review, I will discuss recent evidence that we obtained on signaling of tyrosine kinases at the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as well as in the lumen of this organelle. I will discuss how tyrosine kinase signaling might regulate ER proteostasis and the implication thereof to general cell physiology.
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8
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Jaber Chehayeb R, Stiegler AL, Boggon TJ. Crystal structures of p120RasGAP N-terminal SH2 domain in its apo form and in complex with a p190RhoGAP phosphotyrosine peptide. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226113. [PMID: 31891593 PMCID: PMC6938330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho and Ras pathways play vital roles in cell growth, division and motility. Cross-talk between the pathways amplifies their roles in cell proliferation and motility and its dysregulation is involved in disease pathogenesis. One important interaction for cross-talk occurs between p120RasGAP (RASA1), a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Ras, and p190RhoGAP (p190RhoGAP-A, ARHGAP35), a GAP for Rho. The binding of these proteins is primarily mediated by two SH2 domains within p120RasGAP engaging phosphorylated tyrosines of p190RhoGAP, of which the best studied is pTyr-1105. To better understand the interaction between p120RasGAP and p190RhoGAP, we determined the 1.75 Å X-ray crystal structure of the N-terminal SH2 domain of p120RasGAP in the unliganded form, and its 1.6 Å co-crystal structure in complex with a synthesized phosphotyrosine peptide, EEENI(p-Tyr)SVPHDST, corresponding to residues 1100–1112 of p190RhoGAP. We find that the N-terminal SH2 domain of p120RhoGAP has the characteristic SH2 fold encompassing a central beta-sheet flanked by two alpha-helices, and that peptide binding stabilizes specific conformations of the βE-βF loop and arginine residues R212 and R231. Site-directed mutagenesis and native gel shifts confirm phosphotyrosine binding through the conserved FLVR motif arginine residue R207, and isothermal titration calorimetry finds a dissociation constant of 0.3 ± 0.1 μM between the phosphopeptide and SH2 domain. These results demonstrate that the major interaction between two important GAP proteins, p120RasGAP and p190RhoGAP, is mediated by a canonical SH2-pTyr interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Jaber Chehayeb
- Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Stiegler
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Titus J. Boggon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Src and SHP2 coordinately regulate the dynamics and organization of vimentin filaments during cell migration. Oncogene 2019; 38:4075-4094. [PMID: 30696956 PMCID: PMC6755999 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs), expressed in most mesenchymal and cancer cells, undergo dramatic reorganization during cell migration; however, the mechanism remains obscure. This study demonstrates that upon growth-factor stimulation, Src directly phosphorylates vimentin at Tyr117, leading to VIF disassembly into squiggles and particles at the cell edge during lamellipodia formation. The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 counteracted the Src effects on VIF tyrosine phosphorylation and organization. VIFs formed by vimentin Y117D mutant were more soluble and dynamic than those formed by the wild-type and Y117F mutant. Increased expression of vimentin promoted growth-factor induced lamellipodia formation and cell migration, whereas the mutants suppressed both. The vimentin-induced increase in lamellipodia formation correlated with the activation of Rac and Vav2, with the latter associated with VIFs and recruited to the plasma membrane upon growth-factor stimulation. These results reveal a novel mechanism for regulating VIF dynamics through Src and SHP2 and demonstrate that proper VIF dynamics are important for Rac activation and cell migration.
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10
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Poon CLC, Brumby AM, Richardson HE. Src Cooperates with Oncogenic Ras in Tumourigenesis via the JNK and PI3K Pathways in Drosophila epithelial Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061585. [PMID: 29861494 PMCID: PMC6032059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras oncogene (Rat Sarcoma oncogene, a small GTPase) is a key driver of human cancer, however alone it is insufficient to produce malignancy, due to the induction of cell cycle arrest or senescence. In a Drosophila melanogaster genetic screen for genes that cooperate with oncogenic Ras (bearing the RasV12 mutation, or RasACT), we identified the Drosophila Src (Sarcoma virus oncogene) family non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase genes, Src42A and Src64B, as promoting increased hyperplasia in a whole epithelial tissue context in the Drosophila eye. Moreover, overexpression of Src cooperated with RasACT in epithelial cell clones to drive neoplastic tumourigenesis. We found that Src overexpression alone activated the Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signalling pathway to promote actin cytoskeletal and cell polarity defects and drive apoptosis, whereas, in cooperation with RasACT, JNK led to a loss of differentiation and an invasive phenotype. Src + RasACT cooperative tumourigenesis was dependent on JNK as well as Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) signalling, suggesting that targeting these pathways might provide novel therapeutic opportunities in cancers dependent on Src and Ras signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L C Poon
- Cell Cycle and Development lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Anthony M Brumby
- Cell Cycle and Development lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Cell Cycle and Development lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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11
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates SRC, relocating chaperones to the cell surface where GRP78/CD109 blocks TGF-β signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4245-E4254. [PMID: 29654145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714866115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal chaperones such as GRP78/BiP can escape to the cell surface upon ER stress where they regulate cell signaling, proliferation, apoptosis, and immunity represents a paradigm shift. Toward deciphering the mechanisms, we report here that, upon ER stress, IRE1α binds to and triggers tyrosine kinase SRC activation, leading to ASAP1 phosphorylation and Golgi accumulation of ASAP1 and Arf1-GTP, resulting in KDEL receptor dispersion from the Golgi and suppression of retrograde transport. At the cell surface, GRP78 binds to and acts in concert with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, CD109, in blocking TGF-β signaling by promoting the routing of the TGF-β receptor to the caveolae, thereby disrupting its binding to and activation of Smad2. Collectively, we uncover a SRC-mediated signaling cascade that leads to the relocalization of ER chaperones to the cell surface and a mechanism whereby GRP78 counteracts the tumor-suppressor effect of TGF-β.
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12
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Inactivation of RASA1 promotes melanoma tumorigenesis via R-Ras activation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23885-96. [PMID: 26993606 PMCID: PMC5029671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of Ras GTPase activating proteins (RasGAPs) can activate Ras, increasing the risk for tumor development. Utilizing a melanoma whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from 13 patients, we identified two novel, clustered somatic missense mutations (Y472H and L481F) in RASA1 (RAS p21 protein activator 1, also called p120RasGAP). We have shown that wild type RASA1, but not identified mutants, suppresses soft agar colony formation and tumor growth of BRAF mutated melanoma cell lines via its RasGAP activity toward R-Ras (related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog) isoform. Moreover, R-Ras increased and RASA1 suppressed Ral-A activation among Ras downstream effectors. In addition to mutations, loss of RASA1 expression was frequently observed in metastatic melanoma samples on melanoma tissue microarray (TMA) and a low level of RASA1 mRNA expression was associated with decreased overall survival in melanoma patients with BRAF mutations. Thus, these data support that RASA1 is inactivated by mutation or by suppressed expression in melanoma and that RASA1 plays a tumor suppressive role by inhibiting R-Ras, a previously less appreciated member of the Ras small GTPases.
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13
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Siveen KS, Prabhu KS, Achkar IW, Kuttikrishnan S, Shyam S, Khan AQ, Merhi M, Dermime S, Uddin S. Role of Non Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Hematological Malignances and its Targeting by Natural Products. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:31. [PMID: 29455667 PMCID: PMC5817858 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases belong to a family of enzymes that mediate the movement of the phosphate group to tyrosine residues of target protein, thus transmitting signals from the cell surface to cytoplasmic proteins and the nucleus to regulate physiological processes. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTK) are a sub-group of tyrosine kinases, which can relay intracellular signals originating from extracellular receptor. NRTKs can regulate a huge array of cellular functions such as cell survival, division/propagation and adhesion, gene expression, immune response, etc. NRTKs exhibit considerable variability in their structural make up, having a shared kinase domain and commonly possessing many other domains such as SH2, SH3 which are protein-protein interacting domains. Recent studies show that NRTKs are mutated in several hematological malignancies, including lymphomas, leukemias and myelomas, leading to aberrant activation. It can be due to point mutations which are intragenic changes or by fusion of genes leading to chromosome translocation. Mutations that lead to constitutive kinase activity result in the formation of oncogenes, such as Abl, Fes, Src, etc. Therefore, specific kinase inhibitors have been sought after to target mutated kinases. A number of compounds have since been discovered, which have shown to inhibit the activity of NRTKs, which are remarkably well tolerated. This review covers the role of various NRTKs in the development of hematological cancers, including their deregulation, genetic alterations, aberrant activation and associated mutations. In addition, it also looks at the recent advances in the development of novel natural compounds that can target NRTKs and perhaps in combination with other forms of therapy can show great promise for the treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodappully S Siveen
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Sunitha Shyam
- Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, State of Qatar.
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14
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Zhao S, Li H, Wang Q, Su C, Wang G, Song H, Zhao L, Luan Z, Su R. The role of c-Src in the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells induced by association of cell surface GRP78 with activated α2M. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:389. [PMID: 25958313 PMCID: PMC4455704 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data have suggested that cell surface GRP78 is a multifunctional receptor and has been linked to proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling cascades. Activated α2-macroglobin (α2M*) is a natural circulating ligand of cell surface GRP78. Association of cell surface GRP78 with α2M* is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival and apoptosis in human cancers. METHODS The invasion and metastasis of HCC cells were examined using transwell and wound healing assay; Cell surface expression of GRP78 was detected by in cell western assay. Translocation of GRP78 from cytosol to cell surface was observed by transfection of GRP78-EGFP plus TRIRC-WGA staining. The levels of Src, phosphor-Src, FAK, phospho-FAK, EGFR, phospho-EGFR, phospho-Cortactin, phospho-Paxillin were determined by western blot. Cell surface expression of GRP78 in HCC tissue samples was observed by immunofluorescence. The distribution of Paxillin and Cortactin in HCC cells was also observed by immunofluorescence. The interaction between GRP78 and Src were detected by far-western blot, co-immunoprecipitation and GST pulldown. GRP78 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS In the current study, we showed that association of cell surface GRP78 with α2M* stimulated the invasion and metastasis of HCC. Cell surface GRP78 could interact directly with c-Src, promoted the phosphorylation of c-Src at Y416. Inhibition of the tyrosine kinase activity of c-Src with PP2 reverted the stimulatory effect caused by association of cell surface GRP78 with α2M*. Moreover, association of cell surface GRP78 with α2M* facilitates the interaction between EGFR and c-Src and consequently phosphorylated EGFR at Y1101 and Y845, promoting the invasion and metastasis of HCCs. However, inhibition of the tyrosine kinase of c-Src do not affect the interaction between EGFR and Src. CONCLUSION c-Src plays a critical role in the invasion and metastasis of HCC induced by association of cell surface GRP78 with α2M*. Cell surface GRP78 directly binds and phosphorylates c-Src. As a consequence, c-Src phosphorylated EGFR, promoting the invasion and metastasis of HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- Central laboratory, Liaoning Medical College, No 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, China.
| | - Hongdan Li
- Central laboratory, Liaoning Medical College, No 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, China.
| | - Qingjun Wang
- Oncology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, No 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, China.
| | - Chang Su
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Liaoning Medical College, No 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, China.
| | - Guan Wang
- Central laboratory, Liaoning Medical College, No 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, China.
| | - Huijuan Song
- Central laboratory, Liaoning Medical College, No 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Pharmacy Department, Liaoning Medical College, No 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Zhidong Luan
- Development Department, Liaoning Medical College, No 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Rongjian Su
- Central laboratory, Liaoning Medical College, No 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, China. .,Cell Biology AND Genetic Department, Liaoning Medical College, No 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
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15
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Ku M, Wall M, MacKinnon RN, Walkley CR, Purton LE, Tam C, Izon D, Campbell L, Cheng HC, Nandurkar H. Src family kinases and their role in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:577-86. [PMID: 24898666 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.907897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Src family protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor intracellular kinases that have important roles in both hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. The derangement of their expression or activation has been demonstrated to contribute to hematological malignancies. This review first examines the mechanisms of SFK overexpression and hyperactivation, emphasizing the dysregulation of the upstream modulators. Subsequently, the role of SFK up-regulation in the initiation, progression and therapy resistance of many hematological malignancies is also analyzed. The presented evidence endeavors to highlight the influence of SFK up-regulation on an extensive number of hematological malignancies and the need to consider them as candidates in targeted anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ku
- Haematology Department and Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Service, St Vincent's Hospital , Fitzroy , Australia
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16
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Src promotes GTPase activity of Ras via tyrosine 32 phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3785-94. [PMID: 25157176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406559111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Ras GTPase and various other components of the Ras signaling pathways are among the most common genetic alterations in human cancers and also have been identified in several familial developmental syndromes. Over the past few decades it has become clear that the activity or the oncogenic potential of Ras is dependent on the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src to promote the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway essential for proliferation, differentiation, and survival of eukaryotic cells. However, no direct relationship between Ras and Src has been established. We show here that Src binds to and phosphorylates GTP-, but not GDP-, loaded Ras on a conserved Y32 residue within the switch I region in vitro and that in vivo, Ras-Y32 phosphorylation markedly reduces the binding to effector Raf and concomitantly increases binding to GTPase-activating proteins and the rate of GTP hydrolysis. These results suggest that, in the context of predetermined crystallographic structures, Ras-Y32 serves as an Src-dependent keystone regulatory residue that modulates Ras GTPase activity and ensures unidirectionality to the Ras GTPase cycle.
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17
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Paz H, Pathak N, Yang J. Invading one step at a time: the role of invadopodia in tumor metastasis. Oncogene 2014; 33:4193-202. [PMID: 24077283 PMCID: PMC3969876 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to degrade extracellular matrix is critical for tumor cells to invade and metastasize. Recent studies show that tumor cells use specialized actin-based membrane protrusions termed invadopodia to perform matrix degradation. Invadopodia provide an elegant way for tumor cells to precisely couple focal matrix degradation with directional movement. Here we discuss several key components and regulators of invadopodia that have been uniquely implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, we discuss existing and new therapeutic opportunities to target invadopodia for anti-metastasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helicia Paz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Navneeta Pathak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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Jaiswal M, Dvorsky R, Amin E, Risse SL, Fansa EK, Zhang SC, Taha MS, Gauhar AR, Nakhaei-Rad S, Kordes C, Koessmeier KT, Cirstea IC, Olayioye MA, Häussinger D, Ahmadian MR. Functional cross-talk between ras and rho pathways: a Ras-specific GTPase-activating protein (p120RasGAP) competitively inhibits the RhoGAP activity of deleted in liver cancer (DLC) tumor suppressor by masking the catalytic arginine finger. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6839-6849. [PMID: 24443565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The three deleted in liver cancer genes (DLC1-3) encode Rho-specific GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs). Their expression is frequently silenced in a variety of cancers. The RhoGAP activity, which is required for full DLC-dependent tumor suppressor activity, can be inhibited by the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain of a Ras-specific GAP (p120RasGAP). Here, we comprehensively investigated the molecular mechanism underlying cross-talk between two distinct regulators of small GTP-binding proteins using structural and biochemical methods. We demonstrate that only the SH3 domain of p120 selectively inhibits the RhoGAP activity of all three DLC isoforms as compared with a large set of other representative SH3 or RhoGAP proteins. Structural and mutational analyses provide new insights into a putative interaction mode of the p120 SH3 domain with the DLC1 RhoGAP domain that is atypical and does not follow the classical PXXP-directed interaction. Hence, p120 associates with the DLC1 RhoGAP domain by targeting the catalytic arginine finger and thus by competitively and very potently inhibiting RhoGAP activity. The novel findings of this study shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the DLC inhibitory effects of p120 and suggest a functional cross-talk between Ras and Rho proteins at the level of regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Jaiswal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Ehsan Amin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Sarah L Risse
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Eyad K Fansa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Si-Cai Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Mohamed S Taha
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Aziz R Gauhar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Katja T Koessmeier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Ion C Cirstea
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf; Leibniz Institute for Age Research, 07745 Jena
| | - Monilola A Olayioye
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf.
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19
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Bunda S, Kang MW, Sybingco SS, Weng J, Favre H, Shin DH, Irwin MS, Loh ML, Ohh M. Inhibition of SRC corrects GM-CSF hypersensitivity that underlies juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2540-50. [PMID: 23400592 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is an aggressive myeloproliferative neoplasm in children characterized by the overproduction of monocytic cells that infiltrate the spleen, lung, and liver. JMML remains a disease for which few curative therapies are available other than myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT); however, relapse remains a major cause of treatment failure and the long-term morbidities of HSCT for survivors are substantial. A hallmark feature of JMML is acquired hypersensitivity by clonal myeloid progenitor cells to granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) via a largely unknown mechanism. Here, we identify c-Cbl (henceforth referred to as Cbl) as a GM-CSF receptor (GMR) adaptor protein that targets Src for ubiquitin-mediated destruction upon GM-CSF stimulation and show that a loss of negative regulation of Src is pivotal in the hyperactivation of GMR signaling in Cbl-mutated JMML cells. Notably, dasatinib, an U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved multikinase inhibitor that also targets Src family, dramatically attenuated the spontaneous and GM-CSF-induced hypersensitive growth phenotype of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and bone marrow collected from JMML patients harboring Cbl or other known JMML-associated mutations. These findings reveal Src kinase as a critical oncogenic driver underlying JMML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severa Bunda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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