1
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Zhang Z, Hou L, Liu D, Luan S, Huang M, Zhao L. Directly targeting BAX for drug discovery: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2378-2401. [PMID: 38828138 PMCID: PMC11143528 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
For over two decades, the development of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family therapeutics has primarily focused on anti-apoptotic proteins, resulting in the first-in-class drugs called BH3 mimetics, especially for Bcl-2 inhibitor Venetoclax. The pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) plays a crucial role as the executioner protein of the mitochondrial regulated cell death, contributing to organismal development, tissue homeostasis, and immunity. The dysregulation of BAX is closely associated with the onset and progression of diseases characterized by pathologic cell survival or death, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and heart failure. In addition to conducting thorough investigations into the physiological modulation of BAX, research on the regulatory mechanisms of small molecules identified through biochemical screening approaches has prompted the identification of functional and potentially druggable binding sites on BAX, as well as diverse all-molecule BAX modulators. This review presents recent advancements in elucidating the physiological and pharmacological modulation of BAX and in identifying potentially druggable binding sites on BAX. Furthermore, it highlights the structural and mechanistic insights into small-molecule modulators targeting diverse binding surfaces or conformations of BAX, offering a promising avenue for developing next-generation apoptosis modulators to treat a wide range of diseases associated with dysregulated cell death by directly targeting BAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linghui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shenglin Luan
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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2
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Gong Q, Wang H, Zhou M, Zhou L, Wang R, Li Y. B-cell lymphoma-2 family proteins in the crosshairs: Small molecule inhibitors and activators for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:707-737. [PMID: 37983840 DOI: 10.1002/med.21999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family of proteins plays a crucial role in the regulation of apoptosis, offering a dual mechanism for its control. Numerous studies have established a strong association between gene disorders of these proteins and the proliferation of diverse cancer cell types. Consequently, the identification and development of drugs targeting BCL-2 family proteins have emerged as a prominent area in antitumor therapy. Over the last two decades, several small-molecules have been designed to modulate the protein-protein interactions between anti- and proapoptotic BCL-2 proteins, effectively suppressing tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. The primary focus of research has been on developing BCL-2 homology 3 (BH3) mimetics to target antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins, thereby competitively releasing proapoptotic BCL-2 proteins and restoring the blocked intrinsic apoptotic program. Additionally, for proapoptotic BCL-2 proteins, exogenous small molecules have been explored to activate cell apoptosis by directly interacting with executioner proteins such as BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) or BCL-2 homologous antagonist/killer protein (BAK). In this comprehensive review, we summarize the inhibitors and activators (sensitizers) of BCL-2 family proteins developed over the past decades, highlighting their discovery, optimization, preclinical and clinical status, and providing an overall landscape of drug development targeting these proteins for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qineng Gong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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3
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He J, Qiu W, Li Y, Wei C, Bai Z, Jia J, Cai H. Advances in the Application of Apoptotic Proteins and Alternative Splicing in Tumor Therapy: A Narrative Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:1311-1319. [PMID: 37593500 PMCID: PMC10430389 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i7.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
An apoptosis-resistant state determined by apoptotic protein expression is commonly seen in the initiation, progression, and treatment failure stages of human cancer, and anti-tumor drugs targeting apoptotic proteins have been increasingly developed over the past three decades. However, the frequently alternative splicing of apoptotic proteins diminished the ability of targeting drugs to bind to apoptotic proteins and, consequently, limit the drug efficacy. Currently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that many alternative splicing events have been associated to apoptosis resistance in different cancers. Therefore, the intervention targeting alternative splicing for regulating tumor cell apoptosis is expected to become a new strategy and new direction of antitumor therapy. Here, we present well established alternative splicing events that occur in different apoptosis-related genes and their modification by several approaches with cancer therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weitao Qiu
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chaojun Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongtian Bai
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University First Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Jia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hui Cai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
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4
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Simonyan L, Gonin M, Hanks J, Friedlein J, Dutrec K, Arokium H, Rouchidane Eyitayo A, Doudy TM, Chaignepain S, Manon S, Dejean L. Non-phosphorylatable mutants of Ser184 lead to incomplete activation of Bax. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1068994. [PMID: 36741728 PMCID: PMC9892840 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1068994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The S184 residue of Bax is the target of several protein kinases regulating cell fate, including AKT. It is well-established that, in cellulo, the substitution of S184 by a non-phosphorylatable residue stimulates both the mitochondrial localization of Bax, cytochrome c release, and apoptosis. However, in in vitro experiments, substituted mutants did not exhibit any increase in their binding capacity to isolated mitochondria or liposomes. Despite exhibiting a significant increase of the 6A7 epitope exposure, substituted mutants remain limited in their ability to form large oligomers, suggesting that they high capacity to promote apoptosis in cells was more related to a high content than to an increased ability to form large pores in the outer mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Simonyan
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires (IBGC), Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathilde Gonin
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires (IBGC), Bordeaux, France
| | - James Hanks
- California State University of Fresno, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Jordan Friedlein
- California State University of Fresno, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Dutrec
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires (IBGC), Bordeaux, France
| | - Hubert Arokium
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires (IBGC), Bordeaux, France
| | - Akandé Rouchidane Eyitayo
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires (IBGC), Bordeaux, France
| | - Toukounou Megann Doudy
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux (CGFB), Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Chaignepain
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux (CGFB), Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphen Manon
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires (IBGC), Bordeaux, France,*Correspondence: Stéphen Manon, ; Laurent Dejean,
| | - Laurent Dejean
- California State University of Fresno, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fresno, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Stéphen Manon, ; Laurent Dejean,
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5
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Mcl-1 levels critically impact the sensitivities of human colorectal cancer cells to APG-1252-M1, a novel Bcl-2/Bcl-XL dual inhibitor that induces Bax-dependent apoptosis. Neoplasia 2022; 29:100798. [PMID: 35462114 PMCID: PMC9046866 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
New treatment options, such as targeted therapies, are urgently needed for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The current study focuses on demonstrating the therapeutic efficacies of APG-1252-M1 (an active form of the prodrug, APG-1252 or pelcitoclax), a highly potent Bcl-2/Bcl-XL dual inhibitor in clinical trials, against CRC and understanding the underlying mechanisms. APG-1252-M1 effectively decreased the survival of CRC cell lines, particularly those expressing relatively low levels of Mcl-1, with the induction of apoptosis. High levels of Mcl-1 were significantly correlated with decreased sensitivity of CRC cell lines to APG-1252-M1. When combined with an Mcl-1 inhibitor, APG-1252-M1 synergistically decreased the survival and induced apoptosis of APG-1252-M1-insensitive cell lines with high levels of Mcl-1. This combination further decreased the survival and enhanced apoptosis even in sensitive cell lines with relatively low levels of Mcl-1, whereas enforced expression of ectopic Mcl-1 in these cells abrogated APG-1252-M1’s effects on decreasing cell survival and inducing apoptosis, which could be reversed by Mcl-1 inhibition. APG-1252-M1 rapidly induced cytochrome C and Smac release from mitochondria with caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. Deficiency of Bax in CRC cells abolished APG-1252-M1’s ability to induce apoptosis, indicating that APG-1252-M1 induces Bax-dependent apoptosis. The current study thus demonstrates the potential of APG-1252-M1 as a monotherapy in the treatment of CRC, particularly those with low Mcl-1 expression, or in combination with an Mcl-1 inhibitor, warranting further evaluation in vivo and in the clinic.
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6
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Walkowski B, Kleibert M, Majka M, Wojciechowska M. Insight into the Role of the PI3K/Akt Pathway in Ischemic Injury and Post-Infarct Left Ventricular Remodeling in Normal and Diabetic Heart. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091553. [PMID: 35563860 PMCID: PMC9105930 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant decline in mortality, cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of death worldwide. Among them, myocardial infarction (MI) seems to be the most important. A further decline in the death rate may be achieved by the introduction of molecularly targeted drugs. It seems that the components of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway are good candidates for this. The PI3K/Akt pathway plays a key role in the regulation of the growth and survival of cells, such as cardiomyocytes. In addition, it has been shown that the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway results in the alleviation of the negative post-infarct changes in the myocardium and is impaired in the state of diabetes. In this article, the role of this pathway was described in each step of ischemia and subsequent left ventricular remodeling. In addition, we point out the most promising substances which need more investigation before introduction into clinical practice. Moreover, we present the impact of diabetes and widely used cardiac and antidiabetic drugs on the PI3K/Akt pathway and discuss the molecular mechanism of its effects on myocardial ischemia and left ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Walkowski
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Marcin Kleibert
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.W.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Miłosz Majka
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.W.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Małgorzata Wojciechowska
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.W.); (M.W.)
- Invasive Cardiology Unit, Independent Public Specialist Western Hospital John Paul II, Daleka 11, 05-825 Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Poland
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7
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Montero J, Haq R. Adapted to Survive: Targeting Cancer Cells with BH3 Mimetics. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1217-1232. [PMID: 35491624 PMCID: PMC9306285 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of cancer is cell death evasion, underlying suboptimal responses to chemotherapy, targeted agents, and immunotherapies. The approval of the antiapoptotic BCL2 antagonist venetoclax has finally validated the potential of targeting apoptotic pathways in patients with cancer. Nevertheless, pharmacologic modulators of cell death have shown markedly varied responses in preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we review emerging concepts in the use of this class of therapies. Building on these observations, we propose that treatment-induced changes in apoptotic dependency, rather than pretreatment dependencies, will need to be recognized and targeted to realize the precise deployment of these new pharmacologic agents. SIGNIFICANCE Targeting antiapoptotic family members has proven efficacious and tolerable in some cancers, but responses are infrequent, particularly for patients with solid tumors. Biomarkers to aid patient selection have been lacking. Precision functional approaches that overcome adaptive resistance to these compounds could drive durable responses to chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Montero
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Corresponding Authors: Rizwan Haq, Department of Medical Oncology M423A, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215. Phone: 617-632-6168; E-mail: ; and Joan Montero, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona 08028, Spain. Phone: 34-93-403-9956; E-mail:
| | - Rizwan Haq
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Corresponding Authors: Rizwan Haq, Department of Medical Oncology M423A, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215. Phone: 617-632-6168; E-mail: ; and Joan Montero, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), c/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona 08028, Spain. Phone: 34-93-403-9956; E-mail:
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8
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Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved sequential process of cell death to maintain a homeostatic balance between cell formation and cell death. It is a vital process for normal eukaryotic development as it contributes to the renewal of cells and tissues. Further, it plays a crucial role in the elimination of unnecessary cells through phagocytosis and prevents undesirable immune responses. Apoptosis is regulated by a complex signaling mechanism, which is driven by interactions among several protein families such as caspases, inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family proteins, and several other proteases such as perforins and granzyme. The signaling pathway consists of both pro-apoptotic and pro-survival members, which stabilize the selection of cellular survival or death. However, any aberration in this pathway can lead to abnormal cell proliferation, ultimately leading to the development of cancer, autoimmune disorders, etc. This review aims to elaborate on apoptotic signaling pathways and mechanisms, interacting members involved in signaling, and how apoptosis is associated with carcinogenesis, along with insights into targeting apoptosis for disease resolution.
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9
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Physiological and pharmacological modulation of BAX. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:206-220. [PMID: 34848097 PMCID: PMC8840970 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) is a critical executioner of mitochondrial regulated cell death through its lethal activity of permeabilizing the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). While the physiological function of BAX ensures tissue homeostasis, dysregulation of BAX leads to aberrant cell death. Despite BAX being a promising therapeutic target for human diseases, historically the development of drugs has focused on antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins, due to challenges in elucidating the mechanism of BAX activation and identifying druggable surfaces of BAX. Here, we discuss recent studies that have provided structure-function insights and identified regulatory surfaces that control BAX activation. Moreover, we emphasize the development of small molecule orthosteric, allosteric, and oligomerization modulators that provide novel opportunities for biological investigation and progress towards drugging BAX.
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10
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Overcoming acquired resistance to third-generation EGFR inhibitors by targeting activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway through Mcl-1 inhibition, Bax activation, or both. Oncogene 2022; 41:1691-1700. [PMID: 35102249 PMCID: PMC8969464 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with mutation-selective third-generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) such as osimertinib has achieved remarkable success in the clinic. However, the immediate challenge is the emergence of acquired resistance, limiting the long-term remission of patients. This study suggests a novel strategy to overcome acquired resistance to osimertinib and other third-generation EGFR-TKIs through directly targeting the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. We found that osimertinib, when combined with Mcl-1 inhibition or Bax activation, synergistically decreased the survival of different osimertinib-resistant cell lines, enhanced the induction of intrinsic apoptosis, and inhibited the growth of osimertinib-resistant tumor in vivo. Interestingly, the triple-combination of osimertinib with Mcl-1 inhibition and Bax activation exhibited the most potent activity in decreasing the survival and inducing apoptosis of osimertinib-resistant cells and in suppressing the growth of osimertinib-resistant tumors. These effects were associated with increased activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway evidenced by augmented mitochondrial cytochrome C and Smac release. Hence, this study convincingly demonstrates a novel strategy for overcoming acquired resistance to osimertinib and other 3rd generation EGFR-TKIs by targeting activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway through Mcl-1 inhibition, Bax activation or both, warranting further clinical validation of this strategy.
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11
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Park D, Anisuzzaman ASM, Magis AT, Chen G, Xie M, Zhang G, Behera M, Sica GL, Ramalingam SS, Owonikoko TK, Deng X. Discovery of Small Molecule Bak Activator for Lung Cancer Therapy. Theranostics 2021; 11:8500-8516. [PMID: 34373755 PMCID: PMC8344021 DOI: 10.7150/thno.60349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Bak is a major proapoptotic Bcl2 family member and a required molecule for apoptotic cell death. High levels of endogenous Bak were observed in both small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Increased Bak expression was correlated with poor prognosis of NSCLC patients, suggesting that Bak protein is an attractive target for lung cancer therapy. The BH3 domain functions as death domain and is required for Bak to initiate apoptotic cell death. Thus, the BH3 domain is attractive target for discovery of Bak agonist. Methods: The BH3 death domain binding pocket (aa75-88) of Bak was chosen as a docking site for screening of small molecule Bak activators using the UCSF DOCK 6.1 program suite and the NCI chemical library (300,000 small molecules) database. The top 500 compounds determined to have the highest affinity for the BH3 domain were obtained from the NCI and tested for cytotoxicity for further screening. We identified a small molecule Bak activator BKA-073 as the lead compound. The binding affinity of BKA-073 with Bak protein was analyzed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assay. BKA-073-mediated Bak activation via oligomerization was analyzed by a cross-linking with Bis (maleimido) hexane (BMH). Sensitivity of BKA-073 to lung cancer cells in vitro was evaluated by dynamic BH3 profiling (DBP) and apoptotic cell death assay. The potency of BKA-073 alone or in combination with radiotherapy or Bcl2 inhibitor was evaluated in animal models. Results: We found that BKA-073 binds Bak at BH3 domain with high affinity and selectivity. BKA-073/Bak binding promotes Bak oligomerization and mitochondrial priming that activates its proapoptotic function. BKA-073 potently suppresses tumor growth without significant normal tissue toxicity in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and NSCLC xenografts, patient-derived xenografts, and genetically engineered mouse models of mutant KRAS-driven cancer. Bak accumulates in radioresistant lung cancer cells and BKA-073 reverses radioresistance. Combination of BKA-073 with Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax exhibits strong synergy against lung cancer in vivo. Conclusions: Development of small molecule Bak activator may provide a new class of anticancer agents to treat lung cancer.
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12
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Feng G, Zhang X, Li Y, Wang R. Analysis of the Binding Sites on BAX and the Mechanism of BAX Activators through Extensive Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:5208-5222. [PMID: 34047559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The BAX protein is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, which triggers apoptosis by causing permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane. However, the activation mechanism of BAX is far from being understood. Although a few small-molecule BAX activators have been reported in the literature, their crystal structures in complex with BAX have not been resolved. So far, their binding modes were modeled at most by simple molecular docking efforts. Lack of an in-depth understanding of the activation mechanism of BAX hinders the development of more effective BAX activators. In this work, we employed cosolvent molecular dynamics simulation to detect the potential binding sites on the surface of BAX and performed a long-time molecular dynamics simulation (50 μs in total) to derive the possible binding modes of three BAX activators (i.e., BAM7, BTC-8, and BTSA1) reported in the literature. Our results indicate that the trigger, S184, and vMIA sites are the three major binding sites on the full-length BAX structure. Moreover, the canonical hydrophobic groove is clearly detected on the α9-truncated BAX structure, which is consistent with the outcomes of relevant experimental studies. Interestingly, it is observed that solvent probes bind to the trigger bottom pocket more stably than the PPI trigger site. Each activator was subjected to unbiased molecular dynamics simulations started at the three major binding sites in five parallel jobs. Our MD results indicate that all three activators tend to stay at the trigger site with favorable MM-GB/SA binding energies. BAM7 and BTSA1 can enter the trigger bottom pocket and thereby enhance the movement of the α1-α2 loop, which may be a key factor at the early stage of BAX activation. Our molecular modeling results may provide useful guidance for designing smart biological experiments to further explore BAX activation and directing structure-based efforts toward discovering more effective BAX activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqin Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangying Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Based on Chronic Inflammation, College of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030619, People's Republic of China
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13
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Pogmore JP, Uehling D, Andrews DW. Pharmacological Targeting of Executioner Proteins: Controlling Life and Death. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5276-5290. [PMID: 33939407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule mediated modulation of protein interactions of Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) family proteins was clinically validated in 2015 when Venetoclax, a selective inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein BCL-2, achieved breakthrough status designation by the FDA for treatment of lymphoid malignancies. Since then, substantial progress has been made in identifying inhibitors of other interactions of antiapoptosis proteins. However, targeting their pro-apoptotic counterparts, the "executioners" BAX, BAK, and BOK that both initiate and commit the cell to dying, has lagged behind. However, recent publications demonstrate that these proteins can be positively or negatively regulated using small molecule tool compounds. The results obtained with these molecules suggest that pharmaceutical regulation of apoptosis will have broad implications that extend beyond activating cell death in cancer. We review recent advances in identifying compounds and their utility in the exogenous control of life and death by regulating executioner proteins, with emphasis on the prototype BAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Pogmore
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1J7, Canada.,Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - David Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1J7, Canada.,Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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14
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Liu TT, Li R, Liu X, Zhou XJ, Huo C, Li JP, Qu YQ. LncRNA XIST acts as a MicroRNA-520 sponge to regulate the Cisplatin resistance in NSCLC cells by mediating BAX through CeRNA network. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:419-431. [PMID: 33390811 PMCID: PMC7757131 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.49730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, LncRNA acts as a member of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), playing an important role in drug resistance of lung cancer. The aim of this study was to identify potential biomarkers about cisplatin resistant lung cancer cells using a comprehensive ceRNA network. Methods: GSE6410 (GPL-201) analyzed gene expression changes about cisplatin resistance in A549 NSCLC cells. GSE43249 (GPL-14613) included noncoding RNA expression profiling derived from the cisplatin resistant A549 lung cells. GEO2R, an online analysis tool, analyzed the differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs (DEmRNAs and DEmiRNAs). To explore the functional enrichment implication of differentially expressed mRNAs, we used the GO (Gene ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis. Through miRDB, Targetscan, Starbase and miRWalk, we found targeted miRNAs. The Kaplan-Meier curve method was used to show clinical survival analysis of targeted RNAs (P<0.05). The Starbase database predicted potential lncRNAs mediated targeted miRNAs. Eventually, the novel ceRNA network of lncRNAs, miRNAs, mRNA was constructed by cytoscape3.7.2. Results: 118 differentially expressed mRNAs were the basis of the mediated ceRNA network. DAVID and Kaplan-Meier picked out BAX, an apoptosis regulator. Venn diagram demonstrated 8 miRNAs commonly regulating BAX. Starbase predicted lncRNA XIST mediated miRNAs. Finally, lncRNA XIST may be a useful biomarker regulating cisplatin resistance in lung cancer cells and further, we explored the BAX may effect tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Conclusions: LncRNA XIST competitively bound to miRNA 520 in the regulation of cisplatin resistance by BAX, participating apoptosis in the p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xi-Jia Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chen Huo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jian-Ping Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yi-Qing Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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15
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Carpi S, Polini B, Manera C, Digiacomo M, Salsano JE, Macchia M, Scoditti E, Nieri P. miRNA Modulation and Antitumor Activity by the Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Polyphenol Oleacein in Human Melanoma Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:574317. [PMID: 33071785 PMCID: PMC7539365 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.574317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) polyphenols contribute to Mediterranean diet health-promoting properties. One of the most abundant secoiridoid present in EVOO, Oleacein (OA), demonstrated anticancer activity against several tumors. Nevertheless, its role against melanoma has not still investigated. This study aimed at determining in vitro the antimelanoma activity of OA and the relative mechanism of action. OA induced cell growth inhibition in 501Mel melanoma cells with an IC50 in the low micromolar range of concentrations. Moreover, an OA concentration approximating the IC50 induced G1/S phase arrest, DNA fragmentation, and downregulation of genes encoding antiapoptotic (BCL2 and MCL1) and proproliferative (c-KIT, K-RAS, PIK3R3, mTOR) proteins, while increased transcription levels of the proapoptotic protein BAX. Concordantly, OA increased the levels of miR-193a-3p (targeting MCL1, c-KIT and K-RAS), miR-193a-5p (targeting PIK3R3 and mTOR), miR-34a-5p (targeting BCL2 and c-KIT) and miR-16-5p (miR-16-5p targeting BCL2, K-RAS and mTOR), while decreased miR-214-3p (targeting BAX). These modulatory effects might contribute to the inhibition of 501Mel melanoma cell growth observed after treatment with an olive leaves-derived formulation rich in OA, with potential application against in situ cutaneous melanoma. Altogether, these results demonstrate the ability of OA to contrast the proliferation of cutaneous melanoma cells through the transcriptional modulation of relevant genes and microRNAs, confirming the anticancer potential of EVOO and suggesting OA as a chemopreventive agent for cancer disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carpi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Polini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clementina Manera
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Digiacomo
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marco Macchia
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Nutrigenomics, National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Lecce, Italy
| | - Paola Nieri
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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16
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Abstract
For over three decades, a mainstay and goal of clinical oncology has been the development of therapies promoting the effective elimination of cancer cells by apoptosis. This programmed cell death process is mediated by several signalling pathways (referred to as intrinsic and extrinsic) triggered by multiple factors, including cellular stress, DNA damage and immune surveillance. The interaction of apoptosis pathways with other signalling mechanisms can also affect cell death. The clinical translation of effective pro-apoptotic agents involves drug discovery studies (addressing the bioavailability, stability, tumour penetration, toxicity profile in non-malignant tissues, drug interactions and off-target effects) as well as an understanding of tumour biology (including heterogeneity and evolution of resistant clones). While tumour cell death can result in response to therapy, the selection, growth and dissemination of resistant cells can ultimately be fatal. In this Review, we present the main apoptosis pathways and other signalling pathways that interact with them, and discuss actionable molecular targets, therapeutic agents in clinical translation and known mechanisms of resistance to these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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17
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Yi C, Li X, Chen S, Liu M, Lu W, Ye X. Natural product corynoline suppresses melanoma cell growth through inducing oxidative stress. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2766-2777. [PMID: 32430958 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural product corynoline is a unique isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Corydalis bungeana Turcz, whereas its anticancer properties have not been investigated. In this study, we found that corynoline potently impairs the growth of melanoma cells, B16F10, and A375 in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of melanoma cells with corynoline results in G2 cell arrest accompanied by reduced cdc2 activation. Furthermore, corynoline triggers apoptosis of melanoma cells, which is associated with increased expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. Mechanistic study indicates that corynoline strongly induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequent DNA damage as evidenced by γ-H2AX accumulation. Notably, the effect of corynoline on melanoma cell cycle and apoptosis is abolished by a ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), indicating a ROS-dependent mechanism. Finally, corynoline significantly inhibits in vivo B16F10 melanoma tumor growth accompanied by reduced expression of Ki-67 in tumor tissue. Taken together, our data suggest that corynoline suppresses melanoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing oxidative stress and represents a potential therapeutic agent for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Yi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyun Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Si J, Ma Y, Bi JW, Xiong Y, Lv C, Li S, Wu N, Yang Y. Shisa3 brakes resistance to EGFR-TKIs in lung adenocarcinoma by suppressing cancer stem cell properties. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:481. [PMID: 31801598 PMCID: PMC6894286 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Although EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are beneficial to lung adenocarcinoma patients with sensitive EGFR mutations, resistance to these inhibitors induces a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. Here, we clarify the function and molecular mechanism of shisa3 as a suppressor that can reverse EGFR-TKI resistance and inhibit CSC properties. Methods The suppresser genes involved in EGFR-TKI resistance were identified and validated by transcriptome sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Biological function analyses, cell half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), self-renewal, and migration and invasion capacities, were detected by CCK8, sphere formation and Transwell assays. Tumorigenesis and therapeutic effects were investigated in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (nod-scid) mice. The underlying mechanisms were explored by Western blot and immunoprecipitation analyses. Results We found that low expression of shisa3 was related to EGFR-TKI resistance in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Ectopic overexpression of shisa3 inhibited CSC properties and the cell cycle in the lung adenocarcinoma cells resistant to gefitinib/osimertinib. In contrast, suppression of shisa3 promoted CSC phenotypes and the cell cycle in the cells sensitive to EGFR-TKIs. For TKI-resistant PC9/ER tumors in nod-scid mice, overexpressed shisa3 had a significant inhibitory effect. In addition, we verified that shisa3 inhibited EGFR-TKI resistance by interacting with FGFR1/3 to regulate AKT/mTOR signaling. Furthermore, combinational administration of inhibitors of FGFR/AKT/mTOR and cell cycle signaling could overcome EGFR-TKI resistance associated with shisa3-mediated CSC capacities in vivo. Conclusion Taken together, shisa3 was identified as a brake to EGFR-TKI resistance and CSC characteristics, probably through the FGFR/AKT/mTOR and cell cycle pathways, indicating that shisa3 and concomitant inhibition of its regulated signaling may be a promising therapeutic strategy for reversing EGFR-TKI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Si
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Wang Bi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Iguratimod encapsulated PLGA-NPs improves therapeutic outcome in glioma, glioma stem-like cells and temozolomide resistant glioma cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 22:102101. [PMID: 31654739 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common neoplasm of the central nervous system, with the highest mortality rate. The present study was designed to examine the therapeutic effect of Iguratimod (IGU) encapsulated-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA nanoparticles (IGU-PLGA-NPs), which showed inhibition of glioma cells proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. IGU encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles with an average size of 100-200 nm was prepared using modified double-emulsion (W1/O/W2) method. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) analysis of Glioma cancer cells and glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) demonstrated significant inhibition of their growth treated with IGU-PLGA-NPs. IGU-PLGA-NPs inhibit migration in glioma cells as well as tumor sphere formation in GSCs. Treatment with IGU-PLGA-NPs showed a significant decrease in tumor growth through the apoptotic pathway in mice model without any visible organ toxicity and it can successfully cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). Most Importantly, IGU-PLGA-NPs significantly depleted growth of U251 Temozolomide-resistant (U251TMZ-R) cells.
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20
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Structure-activity relationship studies on Bax activator SMBA1 for the treatment of ER-positive and triple-negative breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:589-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Xu K, Park D, Magis AT, Zhang J, Zhou W, Sica GL, Ramalingam SS, Curran WJ, Deng X. Small Molecule KRAS Agonist for Mutant KRAS Cancer Therapy. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:85. [PMID: 30971271 PMCID: PMC6456974 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer patients with KRAS mutation(s) have a poor prognosis due in part to the development of resistance to currently available therapeutic interventions. Development of a new class of anticancer agents that directly targets KRAS may provide a more attractive option for the treatment of KRAS-mutant lung cancer. Results Here we identified a small molecule KRAS agonist, KRA-533, that binds the GTP/GDP-binding pocket of KRAS. In vitro GDP/GTP exchange assay reveals that KRA-533 activates KRAS by preventing the cleavage of GTP into GDP, leading to the accumulation of GTP-KRAS, an active form of KRAS. Treatment of human lung cancer cells with KRA-533 resulted in increased KRAS activity and suppression of cell growth. Lung cancer cell lines with KRAS mutation were relatively more sensitive to KRA-533 than cell lines without KRAS mutation. Mutating one of the hydrogen-bonds among the KRA-533 binding amino acids in KRAS (mutant K117A) resulted in failure of KRAS to bind KRA-533. KRA-533 had no effect on the activity of K117A mutant KRAS, suggesting that KRA-533 binding to K117 is required for KRA-533 to enhance KRAS activity. Intriguingly, KRA-533-mediated KRAS activation not only promoted apoptosis but also autophagic cell death. In mutant KRAS lung cancer xenografts and genetically engineered mutant KRAS-driven lung cancer models, KRA-533 suppressed malignant growth without significant toxicity to normal tissues. Conclusions The development of this KRAS agonist as a new class of anticancer drug offers a potentially effective strategy for the treatment of lung cancer with KRAS mutation and/or mutant KRAS-driven lung cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-019-1012-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dongkyoo Park
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gabriel L Sica
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Suresh S Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Walter J Curran
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xingming Deng
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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22
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Sung JY, Lee KY, Kim JR, Choi HC. Interaction between mTOR pathway inhibition and autophagy induction attenuates adriamycin-induced vascular smooth muscle cell senescence through decreased expressions of p53/p21/p16. Exp Gerontol 2017; 109:51-58. [PMID: 28797827 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is related to aging and extremely stable proliferative arrest with active metabolism. Senescent cells can activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell metabolism, cellular growth, and autophagy in senescence-associated cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we examined whether mTOR pathway could induce cellular senescence by inhibition of autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We found that adriamycin-induced VSMC senescence is accompanied by increased activity of mTOR, a major controller of cell growth and a negative regulator of autophagy. VSMC senescence induced by activation of mTOR pathway led to reduced levels of signal-associated autophagy proteins, and inhibition of mTOR pathway resulted in a drastic decrease in the number of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal)-stained cells and increased levels of signal-associated autophagy proteins. Autophagic inhibition potentiated adriamycin-induced mTOR pathway activation as well as increase in the number of SA-β-gal-stained VSMCs. Results of further experiments showed that mTOR pathway inhibition regulates adriamycin-induced expression of senescence markers (p53/p21/p16), which plays an important role in different aspects of cellular aging. Taken together, these results support the idea that intervention to modulate the interaction between mTOR pathway and autophagy could be a potential strategy for longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Sung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea; Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea; Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea; Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Chul Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea; Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-Ro, Nam-Gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea.
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