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Cazzolla Gatti R. Why We Will Continue to Lose Our Battle with Cancers If We Do Not Stop Their Triggers from Environmental Pollution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6107. [PMID: 34198930 PMCID: PMC8201328 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Besides our current health concerns due to COVID-19, cancer is a longer-lasting and even more dramatic pandemic that affects almost a third of the human population worldwide. Most of the emphasis on its causes has been posed on genetic predisposition, chance, and wrong lifestyles (mainly, obesity and smoking). Moreover, our medical weapons against cancers have not improved too much during the last century, although research is in progress. Once diagnosed with a malignant tumour, we still rely on surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The main problem is that we have focused on fighting a difficult battle instead of preventing it by controlling its triggers. Quite the opposite, our knowledge of the links between environmental pollution and cancer has surged from the 1980s. Carcinogens in water, air, and soil have continued to accumulate disproportionally and grow in number and dose, bringing us to today's carnage. Here, a synthesis and critical review of the state of the knowledge of the links between cancer and environmental pollution in the three environmental compartments is provided, research gaps are briefly discussed, and some future directions are indicated. New evidence suggests that it is relevant to take into account not only the dose but also the time when we are exposed to carcinogens. The review ends by stressing that more dedication should be put into studying the environmental causes of cancers to prevent and avoid curing them, that the precautionary approach towards environmental pollutants must be much more reactionary, and that there is an urgent need to leave behind the outdated petrochemical-based industry and goods production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria;
- Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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Fan Y, Li X, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Yang X, Han X, Du G, Xia Y, Wang X, Lu C. Serum albumin mediates the effect of multiple per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on serum lipid levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115138. [PMID: 32717635 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetically manufactured chemicals recognized to be toxic, bioaccumulative, and persistent. Previous studies on PFAS exposure and serum lipid levels have mainly focused on individual PFASs; however, the influence of multiple-PFAS exposure on the serum lipid profile remains unclear. This study was performed to evaluate the combined effects of multiple PFASs on serum lipid levels. Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data (2011-2014), we first established a linear regression model to estimate the association between single-PFAS exposure and the serum lipid profile. Then, a weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression model and a Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model were used to evaluate the effects of multiple-PFAS exposure on the serum lipid profile. A mediating effect model was used to assess how albumin mediates these effects. We found that PFASs were significantly associated with the levels of serum lipids, including high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC). The WQS index was significantly correlated with the levels of HDL (β: 2.03, 95% CI: 0.74-3.32, P-value = 0.002), LDL (β: 4.16, 95% CI: 1.07-7.24, P-value = 0.008) and TC (β: 6.54, 95% CI: 3.00-10.1, P-value < 0.001). In the BKMR analysis, our results demonstrated that the effect of PFASs on serum lipids increased significantly when the concentrations of the PFASs were at their 60th percentiles or above compared to those at their 50th percentile. Mediation analysis showed that albumin mediated the effects of selected PFASs on the levels of serum lipids except for triglycerides (TG). PFAS exposure was correlated with the levels of serum lipids, and this correlation was mediated by albumin. Our results suggest that a comprehensive evaluation of multi-PFAS exposure could better characterize real-life exposure compared with single-PFAS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiuzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiumei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Guizhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Ghosh S, Loffredo CA, Mitra PS, Trnovec T, Palkovicova Murinova L, Sovcikova E, Hoffman EP, Makambi KH, Dutta SK. PCB exposure and potential future cancer incidence in Slovak children: an assessment from molecular finger printing by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®) derived from experimental and epidemiological investigations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16493-16507. [PMID: 29143255 PMCID: PMC5953777 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The risk of cancer due to PCB exposure in humans is highly debated. In eastern Slovakia, high exposure of the population to organochlorines (especially PCBs) was associated with various disease and disorder pathways, viz., endocrine disruption, metabolic disorder & diabetes, and cancer, thereby disturbing several cellular processes, including protein synthesis, stress response, and apoptosis. We have evaluated a Slovak cohort (45-month children, at lower and higher levels of PCB exposure from the environment) for disease and disorder development to develop early disease cancer biomarkers that could shed new light on possible mechanisms for the genesis of cancers under such chemical exposures, and identify potential avenues for prevention.Microarray studies of global gene expression were conducted from the 45-month-old children on the Affymetrix platform followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®) to associate the affected genes with their mechanistic pathways. High-throughput qRT-PCR TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) was performed to further validate the selected genes on the whole blood cells of the most highly exposed children from the study cohort (n = 71). TP53, MYC, BCL2, and LRP12 differential gene expressions suggested strong relationships between potential future tumor promotion and PCB exposure in Slovak children. The IPA analysis further detected the most important signaling pathways, including molecular mechanism of cancers, prostate cancer signaling, ovarian cancer signaling, P53 signaling, oncostatin M signaling, and their respective functions (viz., prostate cancer, breast cancer, progression of tumor, growth of tumor, and non-Hodgkin's disease). The results suggest that PCB exposures, even at the early age of these children, may have lifelong consequences for the future development of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somiranjan Ghosh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Room 408, EE Just Hall, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Departments of Oncology and of Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Partha S Mitra
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Room 408, EE Just Hall, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Tomas Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lubica Palkovicova Murinova
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Sovcikova
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Kepher H Makambi
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sisir K Dutta
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College Street, NW, Room 408, EE Just Hall, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
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Yao M, Hu T, Wang Y, Du Y, Hu C, Wu R. Polychlorinated biphenyls and its potential role in endometriosis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:837-845. [PMID: 28774553 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the progress of global industrialization and environmental deterioration, the relationship between human health and the living environment has become an increasing focus of attention. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, including dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls), as part of the organic chlorine contaminants, have been suspected as playing a role in the etiopathogenesis of endometriosis. Several population-based studies have proposed that exposure to PCBs may increase the risk of developing endometriosis, while some epidemiological studies have failed to find any association between PCBs and endometriosis. The purpose of this review is to discuss the potential pathophysiological relationship between endometriosis and PCBs with a focus on both dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Yao
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yinfeng Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yongjiang Du
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China
| | - Changchang Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China
| | - Ruijin Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China.
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MicroRNA profile for health risk assessment: Environmental exposure to persistent organic pollutants strongly affects the human blood microRNA machinery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9262. [PMID: 28835693 PMCID: PMC5569060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are synthetic chemical substances that accumulate in our environment. POPs such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) have been classified as carcinogenic to humans and animals. Due to their resistance to biodegradation humans are still exposed to these compounds worldwide. We aim to evaluate the miRNA and transcriptomic response of a human population exposed to POPs. The miRNA and transcriptomic response was measured in blood of healthy subjects by microarray technology and associated with the serum concentrations of six PCB congeners, DDE (a common DDT metabolite), and HCB. A total of 93 miRNA levels appeared significantly associated with the POP-exposure (FDR < 0.05). The miRNA profile includes four tumor suppressor miRNAs, namely miR-193a-3p, miR-152, miR-31-5p and miR-34a-5p. Integration of the miRNA profile with the transcriptome profile suggests an interaction with oncogenes such as MYC, CCND1, BCL2 and VEGFA. We have shown that exposure to POPs is associated with human miRNA and transcriptomic responses. The identified miRNAs and target genes are related to various types of cancer and involved in relevant signaling pathways like wnt and p53. Therefore, these miRNAs may have great potential to contribute to biomarker-based environmental health risk assessment.
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Kelly RS, Kiviranta H, Bergdahl IA, Palli D, Johansson AS, Botsivali M, Vineis P, Vermeulen R, Kyrtopoulos SA, Chadeau-Hyam M. Prediagnostic plasma concentrations of organochlorines and risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in envirogenomarkers: a nested case-control study. Environ Health 2017; 16:9. [PMID: 28202064 PMCID: PMC5312563 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests a largely environmental component to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDE and HCB have been repeatedly implicated, but the literature is inconsistent and a causal relationship remains to be determined. METHODS The EnviroGenoMarkers study is nested within two prospective cohorts EPIC-Italy and the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study. Six PCB congeners, DDE and HCB were measured in blood plasma samples provided at recruitment using gas-chromatography mass spectrometry. During 16 years follow-up 270 incident cases of B-cell NHL (including 76 cases of multiple myeloma) were diagnosed. Cases were matched to 270 healthy controls by centre, age, gender and date of blood collection. Cases were categorised into ordered quartiles of exposure for each POP based on the distribution of exposure in the control population. Logistic regression was applied to assess the association with risk, multivariate and stratified analyses were performed to identify confounders or effect modifiers. RESULTS The exposures displayed a strong degree of correlation, particularly amongst those PCBs with similar degrees of chlorination. There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in median exposure levels between cases and controls for any of the investigated exposures. However under a multivariate model PCB138, PCB153, HCB and DDE displayed significant inverse trends (Wald test p-value <0.05). Under stratified analyses these were determined to be driven by males and by the Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma subtype. When considering those in the highest levels of exposure (>90th percentile) the association was null for all POPs CONCLUSION: We report no evidence that a higher body burden of PCBs, DDE or HCB increased the risk of subsequent NHL diagnosis. Significantly inverse associations were noted for males with a number of the investigated POPs. We hypothesize these unexpected relationships may relate to the subtype composition of our population, effect modification by BMI or other unmeasured confounding. This study provides no additional support for the previously observed role of PCBs, DDE and HCB as risk factors for NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Kelly
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare Chemicals and Health Unit, Neulanen Research Centre, Neulaniementie 4, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ingvar A. Bergdahl
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | | | - Maria Botsivali
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens, Greece
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- HuGeF Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Soterios A. Kyrtopoulos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens, Greece
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Czarnota J, Gennings C, Colt JS, De Roos AJ, Cerhan JR, Severson RK, Hartge P, Ward MH, Wheeler DC. Analysis of Environmental Chemical Mixtures and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Risk in the NCI-SEER NHL Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:965-70. [PMID: 25748701 PMCID: PMC4590749 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several suspected environmental risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The associations between NHL and environmental chemical exposures have typically been evaluated for individual chemicals (i.e., one-by-one). OBJECTIVES We determined the association between a mixture of 27 correlated chemicals measured in house dust and NHL risk. METHODS We conducted a population-based case-control study of NHL in four National Cancer Institute-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results centers--Detroit, Michigan; Iowa; Los Angeles County, California; and Seattle, Washington--from 1998 to 2000. We used weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to model the association of a mixture of chemicals and risk of NHL. The WQS index was a sum of weighted quartiles for 5 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 15 pesticides. We estimated chemical mixture weights and effects for study sites combined and for each site individually, and also for histologic subtypes of NHL. RESULTS The WQS index was statistically significantly associated with NHL overall [odds ratio (OR) = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.56; p = 0.006; for one quartile increase] and in the study sites of Detroit (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.92; p = 0.045), Los Angeles (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.08; p = 0.049), and Iowa (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.23, 2.53; p = 0.002). The index was marginally statistically significant in Seattle (OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.99; p = 0.071). The most highly weighted chemicals for predicting risk overall were PCB congener 180 and propoxur. Highly weighted chemicals varied by study site; PCBs were more highly weighted in Detroit, and pesticides were more highly weighted in Iowa. CONCLUSIONS An index of chemical mixtures was significantly associated with NHL. Our results show the importance of evaluating chemical mixtures when studying cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Czarnota
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Miousse IR, Chalbot MCG, Lumen A, Ferguson A, Kavouras IG, Koturbash I. Response of transposable elements to environmental stressors. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 765:19-39. [PMID: 26281766 PMCID: PMC4544780 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) comprise a group of repetitive sequences that bring positive, negative, as well as neutral effects to the host organism. Earlier considered as "junk DNA," TEs are now well-accepted driving forces of evolution and critical regulators of the expression of genetic information. Their activity is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, including methylation of DNA and histone modifications. The loss of epigenetic control over TEs, exhibited as loss of DNA methylation and decondensation of the chromatin structure, may result in TEs reactivation, initiation of their insertional mutagenesis (retrotransposition) and has been reported in numerous human diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that these alterations are not the simple consequences of the disease, but often may drive the pathogenesis, as they can be detected early during disease development. Knowledge derived from the in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies, clearly demonstrates that exposure to ubiquitous environmental stressors, many of which are carcinogens or suspected carcinogens, are capable of causing alterations in methylation and expression of TEs and initiate retrotransposition events. Evidence summarized in this review suggests that TEs are the sensitive endpoints for detection of effects caused by such environmental stressors, as ionizing radiation (terrestrial, space, and UV-radiation), air pollution (including particulate matter [PM]-derived and gaseous), persistent organic pollutants, and metals. Furthermore, the significance of these effects is characterized by their early appearance, persistence and presence in both, target organs and peripheral blood. Altogether, these findings suggest that TEs may potentially be introduced into safety and risk assessment and serve as biomarkers of exposure to environmental stressors. Furthermore, TEs also show significant potential to become invaluable surrogate biomarkers in clinic and possible targets for therapeutic modalities for disease treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Marie-Cecile G Chalbot
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Annie Lumen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Alesia Ferguson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Ilias G Kavouras
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Witham AA, Verwey AMR, Sproviero M, Manderville RA, Sharma P, Wetmore SD. Chlorine functionalization of a model phenolic C8-guanine adduct increases conformational rigidity and blocks extension by a Y-family DNA polymerase. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1346-56. [PMID: 26004422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Certain phenoxyl radicals can attach covalently to the C8-site of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) to afford oxygen-linked C8-dG adducts. Such O-linked adducts can be chemically synthesized through a nucleophilic displacement reaction between a phenolate and a suitably protected 8-Br-dG derivative. This permits the generation of model O-linked C8-dG adducts on scales suitable for insertion into oligonucleotide substrates using solid-phase DNA synthesis. Variation of the C8-aryl moiety provides an opportunity to derive structure-activity relationships on adduct conformation in duplex DNA and replication bypass by DNA polymerases. In the current study, the influence of chlorine C8-dG functionalization on in vitro DNA replication by Klenow fragment exo(-) (Kf(-)) and the Y-family polymerase (Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4)) has been determined. Model O-linked C8-dG adducts derived from the pentachlorophenoxyl radical ([PCP]G) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxyl radical ([TCP]G) were inserted into the reiterated G3-position of the NarI sequence (12-mer, NarI(12); and 22-mer, NarI(22)), which is a known hotspot for frameshift mutations mediated by N-linked polycyclic C8-dG adducts in bacterial mutagenesis. Within the NarI(12) duplex, the unsubstituted C8-phenoxy-dG ([PhO]G) adduct adopts a minimally perturbed B-form helix. Chlorination of [PhO]G to afford [PCP]G does not significantly change the adduct conformation within the NarI(12) duplex, as predicted by molecular dynamics simulations. However, when using NarI(22) for DNA synthesis in vitro, the chlorinated [PCP]G and [TCP]G lesions significantly block DNA replication by Kf(-) and Dpo4, whereas [PhO]G is readily bypassed. These findings highlight the impact that chlorine substituents impart to bulky C8-dG lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Witham
- †Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Anne M R Verwey
- †Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Michael Sproviero
- †Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Richard A Manderville
- †Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Purshotam Sharma
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
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Wang SS, Flowers CR, Kadin ME, Chang ET, Hughes AM, Ansell SM, Feldman AL, Lightfoot T, Boffetta P, Melbye M, Lan Q, Sampson JN, Morton LM, Zhang Y, Weisenburger DD. Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for peripheral T-cell lymphomas: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2015; 2014:66-75. [PMID: 25174027 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accounting for 10%-15% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas in Western populations, peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) are the most common T-cell lymphoma but little is known about their etiology. Our aim was to identify etiologic risk factors for PTCL overall, and for specific PTCL subtypes, by analyzing data from 15 epidemiologic studies participating in the InterLymph Consortium. METHODS A pooled analysis of individual-level data for 584 histologically confirmed PTCL cases and 15912 controls from 15 case-control studies conducted in Europe, North America, and Australia was undertaken. Data collected from questionnaires were harmonized to permit evaluation of a broad range of potential risk factors. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS Risk factors associated with increased overall PTCL risk with a P value less than .05 included: a family history of hematologic malignancies (OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.30 to 2.84); celiac disease (OR = 17.8, 95% CI = 8.61 to 36.79); eczema (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.85); psoriasis (OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.17 to 3.32); smoking 40 or more years (OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.41 to 2.62); and employment as a textile worker (ever) (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.05 to 2.38) and electrical fitter (ever) (OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.41 to 5.95). Exposures associated with reduced overall PTCL risk included a personal history of allergies (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.54 to 0.87), alcohol consumption (ever) (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.82), and having ever lived or worked on a farm (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.55% to 0.95%). We also observed the well-established risk elevation for enteropathy-type PTCL among those with celiac disease in our data. Conclusions Our pooled analyses identified a number of new potential risk factors for PTCL and require further validation in independent series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia S Wang
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW).
| | - Christopher R Flowers
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Marshall E Kadin
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Ellen T Chang
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Ann Maree Hughes
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Tracy Lightfoot
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Lindsay M Morton
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
| | - Dennis D Weisenburger
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (SSW); Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (CRF); Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI (MEK); Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (ETC); National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (AMH); Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (SMA); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN (ALF); Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK (TL); Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PB); Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (MM); Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (QL, JNS, LMM); Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (YZ); Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA (DDW)
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11
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Arrebola JP, Fernández MF, Martín-Olmedo P, Molina-Molina JM, Sánchez-Pérez MJ, Sánchez-Cantalejo E, Molina-Portillo E, Expósito J, Bonde JP, Olea N. Adipose tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and total cancer risk in an adult cohort from Southern Spain: preliminary data from year 9 of the follow-up. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:243-9. [PMID: 25217999 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing trend in the incidence of cancer worldwide, and it has been accepted that environmental factors account for an important proportion of the global burden. The present paper reports preliminary findings on the influence of the historical exposure to a group of persistent organic pollutants on total cancer risk, at year 9 in the follow-up of a cohort from Southern Spain. A cohort of 368 participants (median age 51 years) was recruited in 2003. Their historical exposure was estimated by analyzing residues of persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue. Estimation of cancer incidence was based on data from a population-based cancer registry. Statistical analyses were performed using multivariable Cox-regression models. In males, PCB 153 concentrations were positively associated with total cancer risk, with an adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.20 (1.01-1.41) for an increment of 100 ng/g lipid. Our preliminary findings suggest a potential relationship between the historical exposure to persistent organic pollutants and the risk of cancer in men. However, these results should be interpreted with caution and require verification during the future follow-up of this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Arrebola
- Oncology Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Piedad Martín-Olmedo
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Manuel Molina-Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - María J Sánchez-Pérez
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain; Granada Research of Excellence Initiative on BioHealth "GREIB", University of Granada (CEB-005), Spain
| | - Emilio Sánchez-Cantalejo
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Molina-Portillo
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Expósito
- Oncology Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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12
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Costas L, de Sanjosé S, Infante-Rivard C. Reproductive factors and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:181-93. [PMID: 25132165 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been made to elucidate non-Hodgkin lymphoma's (NHL) etiology during the last decades. Some evidence points to an association with reproductive factors, as incidence rates for most NHL subtypes are usually higher in men than in women, and several subtypes express hormonal receptors. Although the evidence is not compelling, some studies show an inverse association with gravidity. Associations with postmenopausal hormone therapy are usually derived from unopposed estrogen use, rather than for the combination of estrogen with progestin, but these findings vary by study design. Inconsistencies in the results are likely due to the complex relationship between reproductive, biological, and sociodemographic factors, as well as to study limitations. Elucidating the role of hormonal factors should provide clues for therapeutic options and public health decisions. We provide an overview of the available evidence on reproductive factors in NHL etiology, underscoring potential sources of discrepancies and bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Costas
- Unit of Infections and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, IDIBELL, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- Unit of Infections and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, IDIBELL, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claire Infante-Rivard
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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13
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Mortality among capacitor workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a long-term update. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014; 88:85-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-014-0940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Sima CS, Gönen M. Optimal Cutpoint Estimation With Censored Data. JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL THEORY AND PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15598608.2013.772022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Current understanding of lifestyle and environmental factors and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma: an epidemiological update. J Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 2012:978930. [PMID: 23008714 PMCID: PMC3447374 DOI: 10.1155/2012/978930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence rates of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have steadily increased over the last several decades in the United States, and the temporal trends in incidence can only be partially explained by the HIV epidemic. In 1992, an international workshop sponsored by the United States National Cancer Institute concluded that there was an “emerging epidemic” of NHL and emphasized the need to investigate the factors responsible for the increasing incidence of this disease. Over the past two decades, numerous epidemiological studies have examined the risk factors for NHL, particularly for putative environmental and lifestyle risk factors, and international consortia have been established in order to investigate rare exposures and NHL subtype-specific associations. While few consistent risk factors for NHL aside from immunosuppression and certain infectious agents have emerged, suggestive associations with several lifestyle and environmental factors have been reported in epidemiologic studies. Further, increasing evidence has suggested that the effects of these and other exposures may be limited to or stronger for particular NHL subtypes. This paper examines the progress that has been made over the last twenty years in elucidating the etiology of NHL, with a primary emphasis on lifestyle factors and environmental exposures.
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16
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Kramer S, Hikel SM, Adams K, Hinds D, Moon K. Current status of the epidemiologic evidence linking polychlorinated biphenyls and non-hodgkin lymphoma, and the role of immune dysregulation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1067-75. [PMID: 22552995 PMCID: PMC3440083 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although case-control studies conducted to date have largely affirmed the relationship between polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), occupational cohort studies of PCB-exposed workers have been generally interpreted as negative, thereby raising doubts about a potential causal association. A common theme of immune dysregulation unifies many of NHL's strongest risk factors, and several authors have posited that subclinical immune dysregulation may increase NHL risk by decreasing host resistance, reducing control of cellular proliferation and differentiation, and diminishing tumor surveillance mechanisms. OBJECTIVES The goals of this review were a) to evaluate the epidemiological research examining the association between PCB exposure and NHL and discuss the contribution to the weight of evidence of case-control studies and occupational cohort studies; and b) to summarize the evidence for immune dysregulation as a means by which PCBs may cause NHL. METHODS We performed a literature search using PubMed and seven additional online biomedical and toxicological referencing libraries to identify literature published through August 2011. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Overall, we conclude that the weight of evidence supports a causal role of PCBs in lymphomagenesis. The strongest epidemiological evidence for the relationship between PCBs and NHL comes from case-control studies conducted among the general population. Epidemiological and toxicological data demonstrating immunosuppressive and inflammatory effects of PCBs further contribute to the weight of evidence by providing a plausible explanation for how PCBs can cause NHL through immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Kramer
- Epidemiology International, Hunt Valley, Maryland, USA.
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Arrebola JP, Mutch E, Cuellar M, Quevedo M, Claure E, Mejía LM, Fernández-Rodríguez M, Freire C, Olea N, Mercado LA. Factors influencing combined exposure to three indicator polychlorinated biphenyls in an adult cohort from Bolivia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 116:17-25. [PMID: 22578811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls are persistent organic pollutants that have been used for decades in several industrial applications. Although production of polychlorinated biphenyls was restricted from the 1970s in most countries, substantial amounts remain in old equipment and buildings and they have been detected in various environmental and biological matrices. The main objective of this study was to analyze predictors of the combined exposure to three non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (congeners 138, 153 and 180) in serum and adipose tissue from an adult cohort (n=112) living in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia) and surrounding towns/villages. A second aim was to identify modifiers that might influence the statistical associations found, using crude, partially-adjusted, and global multiple linear regression models. Main predictors of serum concentrations were occupation and fatty food consumption, while those for adipose tissue concentrations included age, smoking habit, fatty food consumption, and residence. The differences between the two matrices might be derived from their biological meaning, given that adipose tissue concentrations are an indicator of chronic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls while serum levels are a good predictor of ongoing exposure and the mobilization of polychlorinated biphenyls stored in fatty tissues. Body mass index was found to be an important modifier of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Arrebola
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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18
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Maifredi G, Donato F, Magoni M, Orizio G, Gelatti U, Maiolino P, Zani C, Vassallo F, Scarcella C. Polychlorinated biphenyls and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case-control study in Northern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:254-259. [PMID: 21238956 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been hypothesized to increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), although conclusive evidence is still lacking. High levels of PCBs were found in soil in some areas close to a PCB-producing factory in Brescia, North Italy. We conducted a population-based case-control study among residents of the town to investigate the possible association between PCB pollution and NHL in this area. METHODS We included both incident and deceased NHL cases, and a random sample of the town residents as controls, frequency matched to cases as regards age and gender. Exposure to PCBs was estimated on the basis of the lifetime residential history of cases and controls in four different areas of the town-A, B and C (polluted areas) and D (control area). RESULTS A total of 495 cases (287 incident cases) and 1467 controls were enrolled. Positive associations were found between NHL and having resided for at least 10 years in the area A, the most polluted area (odds ratio, OR=1.8; p=0.02) and for having resided in any of the polluted areas considered together (A+B+C) (OR=1.4; p=0.08). However, no associations were evident for having resided 20 years or longer in the polluted areas or when analyzing the association with each subject's main residence in his/her lifetime. CONCLUSION This study provides some evidence for an association between PCB exposure and NHL, though results should be considered with caution in the absence of individual biological measures of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maifredi
- Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Xie W, Wang K, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. Investigation of mechanism(s) of DNA damage induced by 4-monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3) metabolites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:950-61. [PMID: 20129669 PMCID: PMC2888624 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
4-Monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3) is readily converted by xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes to dihydroxy-metabolites and quinones. The PCB3 hydroquinone (PCB3-HQ; 2-(4'-chlorophenyl)-1,4-hydroquinone) induces chromosome loss in Chinese Hamster V79 cells, whereas the para-quinone (PCB3-pQ; 2-(4'-chlorophenyl)-1,4-benzoquinone) very efficiently induces gene mutations and chromosome breaks. Apparently, each of these two metabolites, which are a redox pair, has a different spectrum of genotoxic effects due to different, metabolite-specific mechanisms. We hypothesized that the HQ requires enzymatic activation by peroxidases with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the ultimate genotoxin, whereas the pQ reacts directly with nucleophilic sites in DNA and/or proteins. To examine this hypothesis, we employed two cell lines with different myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, MPO-rich HL-60 and MPO-deficient Jurkat cells, and measured cytotoxicity, DNA damage (COMET assay), MPO activity, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular free -SH groups (monochlorobimane assay, MCB) and free GSH contents (enzyme recycling method) after treatment with PCB3-HQ and PCB3-pQ. We also examined the modulation of these effects by normal/low temperature, pre-treatment with an MPO inhibitor (succinylacetone, SA), or GSH depletion. PCB3-p-Q increased intracellular ROS levels and induced DNA damage in both HL-60 and Jurkat cells at 37°C and 6°C, indicating a direct, MPO-independent mode of activity. It also strongly reduced intracellular free -SH groups and GSH levels in normal and GSH-depleted cells. Thus the ROS increase could be caused by reduced protection by GSH or non-enzymatic autoxidation of the resulting PCB3-HQ-GSH adduct. PCB3-HQ did not produce a significant reduction of intracellular GSH in HL-60 cells and reduced intracellular free -SH groups only at the highest concentration tested in GSH depleted cells. Moreover, PCB3-HQ induced DNA damage and ROS production only at 37 °C in HL-60 cells, not at 6 °C or in Jurkat cells at either temperature; no significant DNA damage and ROS production was observed in HL-60 cells at 37 °C if MPO activity was inhibited by SA. These studies show that the effects of PCB3-HQ are enzyme dependent, i.e. PCB3-HQ is oxidized by MPO in HL-60 cells with the generation of ROS and induction of DNA damage. However, this is not the case with the PCB3-pQ, which may produce DNA damage by the reactivity of the quinone with the DNA or nuclear proteins, or possibly by indirectly increasing intracellular ROS levels by GSH depletion. These different modes of action explain not only the different types of genotoxicity observed previously, but also suggest different organ specificity of these genotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Larry W. Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Hormonal exposures and the risk of uveal melanoma. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:1625-34. [PMID: 20524054 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several studies suggest that hormonal mechanisms may be associated with the development of uveal melanoma. Therefore, the association between the risk of uveal melanoma and exposure to hormonal exposures was investigated in a case-control study from nine European countries. METHODS Incident cases of uveal melanoma were frequency-matched to population and hospital controls by country, age, and sex. Female subjects were asked about their reproductive history, use of menopausal hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives. Among men, occupational handling of oils while working with transformers or capacitors which contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) was solicited. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were calculated, adjusting for several potential confounders. Analyses were stratified by sex. RESULTS Two hundred and ninety-three cases (165 men, 128 women) and 3,198 control subjects (2,121 men, 1,077 women) were interviewed. Among women, no associations were observed with hormonal status variables, intake of hormonal therapy or intake of oral contraceptives. Men showed an increased risk with occupational exposure to transformer/capacitor oils (OR = 2.74; Bonferroni-corrected 99.3% CI 1.07-7.02). However, these results were based on few exposed subjects only. CONCLUSION The results of this study do not support the hypothesis of a hormonal influence in the carcinogenesis of uveal melanoma. Our finding of a potentially increased risk with PCB-containing oils requires further research.
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Laden F, Bertrand KA, Altshul L, Aster JC, Korrick SA, Sagiv SK. Plasma organochlorine levels and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the Nurses' Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1381-4. [PMID: 20406963 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported positive associations of environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) with the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study, a prospective cohort of U.S. women, we measured concentrations of PCBs and p,p'-DDE in blood samples from 145 women diagnosed with NHL at least 6 months after blood draw and 290 age- and race-matched controls. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for each quartile of exposure relative to the lowest quartile. We also evaluated these associations for major histologic subtypes of NHL. There was no consistent evidence of an association of p,p'-DDE, total PCBs, immunotoxic, or individual PCB congeners with risk of NHL. These results do not support the hypothesis of a positive association between PCB exposure and development of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Laden
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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22
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Bertrand KA, Spiegelman D, Aster JC, Altshul LM, Korrick SA, Rodig SJ, Zhang SM, Kurth T, Laden F. Plasma organochlorine levels and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a cohort of men. Epidemiology 2010; 21:172-80. [PMID: 20087190 PMCID: PMC2957873 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3181cb610b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p, p'-DDE) has been associated with the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within the Physicians' Health Study, a prospective cohort established in 1982. We measured concentrations of PCBs and p,p'-DDE in baseline blood samples from 205 men later diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 409 age- and race-matched controls. Lipid-adjusted organochlorine concentrations were categorized into quintiles based on the distribution among controls. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each quintile relative to the lowest quintile. We also evaluated these associations for major histologic subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. RESULTS The risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was positively associated with the sum of 51 PCB congeners assayed (SigmaPCB); the group of immunotoxic congeners; the individual congeners 118, 138, 153, and 180; and the sum of these 4 congeners. The simple OR for the highest quintile of lipid-adjusted SigmaPCB versus the lowest was 1.9 (95% CI = 1.1-3.2; test for trend, P = 0.001), with similar trends for individual congeners and groups defined as above. Adjustment for height, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking, and fish intake did not substantially change the effect estimates. No association was observed for p,p'-DDE. There was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity in effects by histologic subtype of lymphoma; however, this analysis was underpowered. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis of a positive association between PCB exposure and development of NHL in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Bertrand
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Ng CH, Janoo-Gilani R, Sipahimalani P, Gallagher RP, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, Weber JP, Lai AS, Leach S, Le ND, Brooks-Wilson AR, Spinelli JJ. Interaction between organochlorines and the AHR gene, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 21:11-22. [PMID: 19821039 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen H Ng
- BC Cancer Agency,Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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24
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Ward MH, Colt JS, Metayer C, Gunier RB, Lubin J, Crouse V, Nishioka MG, Reynolds P, Buffler PA. Residential exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1007-13. [PMID: 19590698 PMCID: PMC2702395 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence of childhood leukemia in industrialized countries rose significantly during 1975-2004, and the reasons for the increase are not understood. OBJECTIVES We used carpet dust as an exposure indicator to examine the risk of childhood leukemia in relation to residential exposure to persistent organochlorine chemicals: six polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and the pesticides alpha- and gamma-chlordane, p,p'-DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), p,p'-DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), methoxychlor, and pentachlorophenol. METHODS We conducted a population-based case-control study in 35 counties in northern and central California in 2001-2006. The study included 184 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cases 0-7 years of age and 212 birth certificate controls matched to cases by birth date, sex, race, and Hispanic ethnicity. We collected carpet dust samples from the room where the child spent the most time before diagnosis (similar date for controls) using a specialized vacuum. RESULTS Detection of any PCB congener in the dust conferred a 2-fold increased risk of ALL [odds ratio (OR) = 1.97; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.22-3.17]. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of total PCBs, the highest quartile was associated with about a 3-fold risk (OR = 2.78; 95% CI, 1.41-5.48), and the positive trend was significant (p = 0.017). Significant positive trends in ALL risk were apparent with increasing concentrations of PCB congeners 118, 138, and 153. We observed no significant positive associations for chlordane, DDT, DDE, methoxychlor, or pentachlorophenol. The associations with PCBs were stronger among non-Hispanic whites than among Hispanics despite similar distributions of PCB levels among controls in each racial/ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PCBs, which are considered probable human carcinogens and cause perturbations of the immune system, may represent a previously unrecognized risk factor for childhood leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Ward
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7240, USA.
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25
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Golden R, Kimbrough R. Weight of Evidence Evaluation of Potential Human Cancer Risks from Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls: An Update Based on Studies Published Since 2003. Crit Rev Toxicol 2009; 39:299-331. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440802291521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Vo TT, Gladen BC, Cooper GS, Baird DD, Daniels JL, Gammon MD, Richardson DB. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyls: intraindividual changes, correlations, and predictors in healthy women from the southeastern United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2729-36. [PMID: 18843016 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are widespread environmental contaminants that have been postulated to increase the risk of diseases such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, breast cancer, as well as lead to early menopause. Studies assessing the effect of organochlorine exposure often can only measure organochlorine levels once, such as at study enrollment, which may not be an etiologically relevant time period. We assessed the temporal changes in DDE and PCBs and the predictors of those changes using interview data and DDE and PCB measures collected from 123 women who were enrolled in a baseline study from 1978 to 1982 and followed up in 2003 to 2004. Baseline and follow-up organochlorine levels were compared using Spearman correlations (r(s)), and predictors of the rate of change in log concentration were evaluated using linear regression models. Although serum concentrations dramatically declined (median follow-up to baseline concentration ratio was 16% for DDE and 45% for PCB), baseline and follow-up measures were strongly correlated for DDE (r(s)=0.72) and moderately correlated for PCBs (r(s)=0.43). Prediction of follow-up PCB levels was substantially improved (r(s)=0.75) with data on initial concentration, length of lactation, baseline body mass index, and percent change in body fat, whereas DDE prediction improved slightly (r(s)=0.83) with data on lactation and baseline body mass index. These findings suggest that a single organochlorine measure provides considerable information on relative ranking at distant times and that the predictive power can be improved, particularly for PCBs, with information on a few predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao T Vo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Morton LM, Wang SS, Cozen W, Linet MS, Chatterjee N, Davis S, Severson RK, Colt JS, Vasef MA, Rothman N, Blair A, Bernstein L, Cross AJ, De Roos AJ, Engels EA, Hein DW, Hill DA, Kelemen LE, Lim U, Lynch CF, Schenk M, Wacholder S, Ward MH, Hoar Zahm S, Chanock SJ, Cerhan JR, Hartge P. Etiologic heterogeneity among non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes. Blood 2008; 112:5150-60. [PMID: 18796628 PMCID: PMC2597610 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-133587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding patterns of etiologic commonality and heterogeneity for non-Hodgkin lymphomas may illuminate lymphomagenesis. We present the first systematic comparison of risks by lymphoma subtype for a broad range of putative risk factors in a population-based case-control study, including diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL; N = 416), follicular (N = 318), and marginal zone lymphomas (N = 106), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL; N = 133). We required at least 2 of 3 analyses to support differences in risk: (1) polytomous logistic regression, (2) homogeneity tests, or (3) dichotomous logistic regression, analyzing all 7 possible pairwise comparisons among the subtypes, corresponding to various groupings by clinical behavior, genetic features, and differentiation. Late birth order and high body mass index (>/= 35) kg/m(2)) increased risk for DLBCL alone. Autoimmune conditions increased risk for marginal zone lymphoma alone. The tumor necrosis factor G-308A polymorphism (rs1800629) increased risks for both DLBCL and marginal zone lymphoma. Exposure to certain dietary heterocyclic amines from meat consumption increased risk for CLL/SLL alone. We observed no significant risk factors for follicular lymphoma alone. These data clearly support both etiologic commonality and heterogeneity for lymphoma subtypes, suggesting that immune dysfunction is of greater etiologic importance for DLBCL and marginal zone lymphoma than for CLL/SLL and follicular lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Autoimmunity
- Birth Order
- Body Mass Index
- Case-Control Studies
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
- Logistic Models
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
- Lymphoma, Follicular
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/etiology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Meat/adverse effects
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Risk Factors
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Morton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA.
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28
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Rusiecki JA, Baccarelli A, Bollati V, Tarantini L, Moore LE, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC. Global DNA hypomethylation is associated with high serum-persistent organic pollutants in Greenlandic Inuit. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:1547-52. [PMID: 19057709 PMCID: PMC2592276 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may influence epigenetic mechanisms; therefore, they could affect chromosomal stability and gene expression. DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism, has been associated with cancer initiation and progression. Greenlandic Inuit have some of the highest reported POP levels worldwide. OBJECTIVE Our aim in this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma POPs concentrations and global DNA methylation (percent 5-methylcytosine) in DNA extracted from blood samples from 70 Greenlandic Inuit. Blood samples were collected under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program and previously analyzed for a battery of POPs. METHODS We used pyrosequencing to estimate global DNA methylation via Alu and LINE-1 assays of bisulfite-treated DNA. We investigated correlations between plasma POP concentrations and global DNA methylation via correlation coefficients and linear regression analyses. RESULTS We found inverse correlations between percents methylcytosine and many of the POP concentrations measured. Linear regressions, adjusting for age and cigarette smoking, showed statistically significant inverse linear relationships mainly for the Alu assay for p,p'-DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane; beta = -0.26), p,p'-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene; beta = -0.38], beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta = -0.48), oxychlordane (beta = -0.32), alpha-chlordane (beta = -0.75), mirex (beta = -0.27), sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (beta = -0.56), and sum of all POPs (beta = -0.48). Linear regressions for the LINE-1 assay showed beta estimates of similar magnitudes to those using the Alu assay, however, none was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to investigate environmental exposure to POPs and DNA methylation levels in a human population. Global methylation levels were inversely associated with blood plasma levels for several POPs and merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Rusiecki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Wolff MS, Anderson HA, Britton JA, Rothman N. Pharmacokinetic variability and modern epidemiology--the example of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, body mass index, and birth cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 16:1925-30. [PMID: 17932339 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Wolff
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1057, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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30
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Stewart BW. Banding carcinogenic risks in developed countries: A procedural basis for qualitative assessment. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2008; 658:124-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Current Awareness in Hematological Oncology. Hematol Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Irigaray P, Newby JA, Lacomme S, Belpomme D. Overweight/obesity and cancer genesis: more than a biological link. Biomed Pharmacother 2007; 61:665-78. [PMID: 18035514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical view according to which overweight/obesity is related to cancer considers adipose tissue as an active and metabolic "organ", acting through endocrine, autocrine and paracrine processes. Consequently, it has been hypothesized, that genesis and progression of cancer may be caused by different biological factors acting through diverse mechanisms including changes in the synthesis and bioavailability of sex hormones, insulin resistance, release of growth factors and/or proinflammatory cytokines and abnormal energetic disposal and expenditure. We have shown that overweight/obesity can be experimentally induced by benzo[a]pyrene, a universal well characterized chemical pollutant and that overweight/obesity may in fact be caused by several types of chemical pollutants. In this paper we propose that in addition to the above hypothetical biological mechanisms, adipose tissue acts as a reservoir for lipophilic, liposoluble environmental carcinogens, so that chemical pollution may in fact generate both overweight/obesity and cancer. More precisely, we propose that many carcinogens, be they mutagens or promotors can be stored in the adipose tissue, be released at convenient dose in the blood circulation and therefore target peripheral tissues to induce carcinogenesis. Such carcinogens mainly include organochlorine pesticides and PCBs. Their association with an increased risk of cancer seems to be demonstrated for breast and prostate carcinoma, as well as for lymphoma, not only in obese patients, but also in normal weight or even leaner patients suggesting that the adipose tissue may act as a reservoir for environmental carcinogens in obese as well as in non-obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Irigaray
- Cancer Research Center, Association for Research and Treatments Against Cancer (ARTAC), 57-59 rue de la Convention, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Spinelli JJ, Ng CH, Weber JP, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD, Lai AS, Brooks-Wilson AR, Le ND, Berry BR, Gallagher RP. Organochlorines and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2767-75. [PMID: 17722095 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Organochlorine chemicals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been suspected as possible risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We investigated PCBs and organochlorine pesticides and risk of NHL in a population-based case-control study in British Columbia, Canada. Congeners of PCBs (including dioxinlike congeners) and pesticides or pesticide metabolites were measured in plasma of 422 pretreatment cases and 460 control subjects. This is so far the largest study to examine organochlorines in plasma to date. Several dioxin-like PCB congeners were associated with increased risk of NHL, including dioxin-like PCB nos. 118 and 156 with odds ratios (OR) for the highest versus lowest quartile between 1.6 and 1.8. Several non-dioxin-like congeners also showed significant associations. The PCB congener with the strongest association was no. 180 with an OR for the highest versus the lowest quartile of 1.83 (95% confidence interval = 1.18-2.84). Six pesticide analytes also showed a significant association with NHL; beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, p,p'-DDE, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, oxychlordane and trans-nonachlor. The strongest association was found for oxychlordane, a metabolite of the pesticide chlordane (highest vs. lowest quartile OR = 2.68, 95% confidence interval = 1.69-4.24). Our results provide further evidence that organochlorines contribute to NHL risk.
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