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Hoang TN, Berenson AB, Shan Y, Guo F, Adekanmbi V, Hsu C, Yu X, Kuo Y. Trends in HPV-associated cancer incidence in Texas medically underserved regions. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e70133. [PMID: 39190562 PMCID: PMC11348903 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.70133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While cervical cancer incidence rates (IR) in the United States have dropped in the last 20 years, non-cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) associated cancers increased. Many people in Texas (TX) live in medically underserved areas and have higher risk of developing HPV-associated cancers. Since previous studies of these regions focused on cervical cancer, we included other HPV-associated cancers in our analysis of IR in East TX and the TX-Mexico Border compared to other TX regions. METHODS Cancer data from 2006 to 2019 were obtained from the TX Cancer Registry. Cases of HPV-associated cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers and corresponding patient-level demographic data were included. We calculated IR per 100,000 and drew heat maps to visualize cancer IR by county. To control potential confounders, we added county-level risk factors: rates for smoking, excessive drinking, obesity, STIs, primary care provider availability and dentist availability, from the County Health Rankings and Roadmaps program. We reported IRs by region and time and estimated unadjusted and adjusted risk ratio (RR) for association of each type of cancer and region. Lastly, we created adjusted models for each cancer by period to see time trends of regional differences. RESULTS Risk of anal, cervical, and oropharyngeal cancer was lower at parts of the Border than in the rest of TX in the adjusted model. We also observed increasing anal and oropharyngeal cancer risk and decreasing cervical and vaginal cancer risk over time. CONCLUSION Patient sociodemographics, behavioral risk factors, and access to care may contribute to some observed differences in cancer IR across regions. This indicates that targeted prevention efforts towards these regions, especially in low socioeconomic status communities, may benefit future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao N. Hoang
- Institute for Translational SciencesUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Abbey B. Berenson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Women's HealthUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Yong Shan
- Department of Biostatistics and Data ScienceUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Fangjian Guo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Women's HealthUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Victor Adekanmbi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Women's HealthUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Christine Hsu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Women's HealthUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data ScienceUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Yong‐Fang Kuo
- Department of Biostatistics and Data ScienceUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
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2
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Akinyemi OA, Fasokun ME, Weldeslase TA, Adeoye O, Coleman PW. Influence of Race/Ethnicity and Household Median Income on Penile Cancer Mortality. Cureus 2023; 15:e40909. [PMID: 37496530 PMCID: PMC10366004 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Penile cancer, while relatively rare in developed nations, presents substantial disparities in outcomes among different demographic groups. Previous research has shown race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status, often proxied by household median income, to be critical determinants of health outcomes across various diseases. OBJECTIVE This study examines the association of race/ethnicity and household median income with survival among penile cancer patients in the United States. METHODS We utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registry to identify patients with a primary diagnosis of penile malignancies from 2000 to 2019. Our primary outcome of interest was the hazard of death following a diagnosis of penile cancer. We utilized the Cox regression model to explore the association between race/ethnicity and median household income and how this influences survival among these patients. We adjusted for patients' characteristics, disease stage at presentation, and treatment modalities. RESULT Of the 6,520 penile cancer patients identified, 5,242 (80.4%) had primary malignancies. The distribution of patients was as follows: 64.1% non-Hispanic Whites, 8.9% non-Hispanic Blacks, 20.8% Hispanics, and 6.2% from other racial/ethnic groups. The median diagnosis age was 66 years (interquartile range: 56-74). Survival rates at 5, 10, and 15 years showed racial disparities: 76.4%, 72.5%, and 69.7% for non-Hispanic Whites; 70.6%, 64.1%, and 61.1% for non-Hispanic Blacks; and 70.5%, 67.4%, and 65.6% for Hispanics. Multivariate Cox regression revealed worst survival for Black (HR=1.40; 95% CI=1.08-1.81, p=0.01) and Hispanic patients (HR=1.24; 95% CI=1.01-1.52, p=0.04). No association was found between median household income and survival. Interaction analysis indicated that the poorest Black men had worse outcomes than the poorest Whites did (HR=2.08; 95% CI=1.27-3.41, p=0.003). CONCLUSION Survival rates for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic patients are significantly lower than those for non-Hispanic Whites. Furthermore, survival is worse for low-income Black patients than their White counterparts in the same income bracket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwasegun A Akinyemi
- Health Policy and Management, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, USA
- Surgery, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mojisola E Fasokun
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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3
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Soliman M, Guys N, Liu P, Moshiri M, Menias CO, Mellnick VM, Savas H, Badawy M, Elsayes KM, Gaballah AH. Multimodality imaging findings of infection-induced tumors. ABDOMINAL RADIOLOGY (NEW YORK) 2022; 47:3930-3953. [PMID: 36069914 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-022-03651-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several infections can predispose to certain malignancies in different body parts. These infections include viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. Imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis, staging, and management of these neoplastic conditions. Furthermore, it can help in differentiating infection-related non-neoplastic processes that can mimic malignancies. Both radiologists and clinicians should be familiar with these conditions. This review discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and imaging features of infection-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Soliman
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Guys
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peter Liu
- Department of Radiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mariam Moshiri
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Vincent M Mellnick
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hatice Savas
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Ayman H Gaballah
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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4
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Fu L, Tian T, Yao K, Chen XF, Luo G, Gao Y, Lin YF, Wang B, Sun Y, Zheng W, Li P, Zhan Y, Fairley CK, Grulich A, Zou H. Global Pattern and Trends in Penile Cancer Incidence: Population-Based Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2022; 8:e34874. [PMID: 35793140 PMCID: PMC9301560 DOI: 10.2196/34874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Penile cancer is a relatively rare genital malignancy whose incidence and mortality are rising in many countries.
Objective
This study aims to assess the recent incidence and mortality patterns and incidence trends of penile cancer.
Methods
The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates (ASIR and ASMR, respectively) of penile cancer in 2020 were estimated from the Global Cancer Registries (GLOBOCAN) database. Incidence trends of penile cancer from 1973 to 2012 were assessed in 44 populations from 43 countries using the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents plus (CI5plus) and the Nordic Cancer Registries (NORDCAN) databases. Average annual percentage change was calculated to quantify trends in ASIR using joinpoint regression.
Results
Globally, the estimated ASIR and ASMR of penile cancer were 0.80 (per 100,000) and 0.29 (per 100,000) in 2020, equating to 36,068 new cases and 13,211 deaths in 2020, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the ASIR (P=.05) or ASMR (P=.90) and Human Development Index. In addition, 15 countries saw increasing ASIR for penile cancer, 13 of which were from Europe (United Kingdom, Lithuania, Norway, Estonia, Finland, Sweden, Cyprus, Netherlands, Italy, Croatia, Slovakia, Russia, and the Czech), and 2 from Asia (China and Israel).
Conclusions
Although the developing countries still bear the higher incidence and mortality of penile cancer, the incidence is on the rise in most European countries. To mitigate the disease burden resulting from penile cancer, measures to lower the risk for penile cancers, including improving penile hygiene and male human papillomavirus vaccination, may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiwen Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian Tian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Yao
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai, China
| | - Ganfeng Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxiao Gao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Fan Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinghui Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiran Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiyang Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuewei Zhan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Grulich
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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5
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Agim NG, Morquette AJ, Heath CR. Normal Skin Findings and Cultural Practices in Pediatric Patients with Skin of Color. Dermatol Clin 2022; 40:73-81. [PMID: 34799037 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of melanocytes is fundamental to the study of dermatology. These dendritic cells underly the most feared primary cutaneous malignancy, fuel escalating progress in immunotherapy strategies, and invariably underlie entire socioeconomic constructs consciously or unconsciously based on skin tone. Various ethno-genotypes combine with increasing frequency over time, increasing the diversity of skin types that may present with dermatologic diagnoses. Understanding the biology of a variety of skin tones and ethnic practices congruent with distribution of skin tone is invaluable to any physician who wishes to practice efficient and expert care, especially to pediatric patients of this category.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra J Morquette
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Candrice R Heath
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3401 North Broad Street, 5-OPB Dermatology, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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6
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Jakobsen JK. Sentinel Node Methods in Penile Cancer - a Historical Perspective on Development of Modern Concepts. Semin Nucl Med 2021; 52:486-497. [PMID: 34933740 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant penile tumors are of squamous cell origin in more than 95% of cases and the occurrence of a distant metastasis without prior inguinal lymph node metastatic deposits is very rare. This makes inguinal lymph node staging very reliable and of great prognostic significance since undiscovered and untreated inguinal metastases may lead to a fatal clinical course. In lack of a sufficiently accurate noninvasive lymph node staging modality, penile cancer relies on surgical lymph node removal for regional staging. In this respect sentinel node biopsy offers a favourable minimally invasive alternative to prophylactic inguinal lymph node dissection which is associated with significant surgery-related morbidity. Today sentinel node biopsy is widely used in surgical oncology within high volume cancers such as breast cancer and melanoma. In rare cancers sentinel node biopsy is also emerging as a minimal invasive staging tool in patients with no obvious lymph node involvement. At several specialized units across Europe sentinel node biopsy has been practiced by dedicated specialist within vulva and penile cancer for more than two decades. In fact, the rare disease penile cancer was a model entity for development of the original sentinel node concept as early as the 1970'es due to work by the Paraguayan penile cancer pioneer, Cabañas, the sentinel node concept was subsequently successfully adapted in breast cancer and melanoma. This turned out mutually beneficial since the sequential development of sentinel node biopsy in penile cancer in the 1990s eventually adopted new insights and added conceptual details from the experiences harvested in the broader clinical application possible in these high-volume diseases. The prerequisite to conceptualising the sentinel node approach was the gradual anatomical and functional understanding of the lymphatic system which in western medicine rooted in ancient Greece and gradually increased in details and comprehension with significant contributions from many great notabilities during the last centuries including Hippocrates, Galen, Fallopio, Malpighi, Virchow, Starling, Cabañas, Hodgkin and Horenblas. Sentinel node biopsy in penile cancer is a complex multimodality procedure involving inguinal ultrasonography by radiologists, precise tracer-injection and interpretation of nuclear images by nuclear medicine physicians, radio-tracer- and dye guided open surgical biopsies by urologists and thorough step-sectioning, immunostaining and accurate lymph node specimen analysis by pathologists. This team effort requires well-tested protocols, experience and good collaboration and in rare diseases this calls for centralization of service.
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7
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Garcia L, Reis LO, García-Perdomo HA. Living in a rural area as a risk factor for worst outcomes in penile cancer. Int Braz J Urol 2021; 47:1259-1263. [PMID: 34115455 PMCID: PMC8486456 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2021.99.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Garcia
- UROGIV Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- UroScience, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Urologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas - PUC - Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Herney Andrés García-Perdomo
- UROGIV Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.,Division of Urology/Urooncology. Department of Surgery. School of Medicine. Universidad del Valle. Cali, Colombia
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8
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Zhang W, Gao P, Gao J, Wu X, Liu G, Zhang X. A Clinical Nomogram for Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis in Penile Cancer: A SEER-Based Study. Front Oncol 2021; 11:640036. [PMID: 33768001 PMCID: PMC7985344 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.640036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We developed a nomogram to predict the possibility of lymph node metastasis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Methods: Identifying patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out by logistic regression to assess significant predictors associated with lymph node metastasis. A nomogram was established and validated by a calibration plot and receptor operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. Results: A total of 1,016 patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCCP) were enrolled in this study. One hundred and ninety-five patients (19%) had lymph node involvement (N1-3). Multivariate analysis showed that age, primary tumor site, grade, tumor size, and T stage were identified as being significantly (p < 0.05) associated with lymph node involvement. All the above factors that showed a statistically significant predictive capability were selected for building the nomogram. This model had a calibration slope of 0.9 and a c-index of 0.776, indicating the good discrimination and effectiveness of the nomogram in predicting lymph node status. Conclusion: Although the prediction model has some limitations, the nomogram revealed the relationship between the clinicopathological characteristics of SCCP patients and the risk of lymph node metastasis. This tool will assist patients in counseling and guide treatment decisions for SCCP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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9
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Thomas A, Necchi A, Muneer A, Tobias-Machado M, Tran ATH, Van Rompuy AS, Spiess PE, Albersen M. Penile cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:11. [PMID: 33574340 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare cancer with orphan disease designation and a prevalence of 0.1-1 per 100,000 men in high-income countries, but it constitutes up to 10% of malignancies in men in some African, Asian and South American regions. Risk factors for PSCC include the absence of childhood circumcision, phimosis, chronic inflammation, poor penile hygiene, smoking, immunosuppression and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Several different subtypes of HPV-related and non-HPV-related penile cancers have been described, which also have different prognostic profiles. Localized disease can be effectively managed by topical therapy, surgery or radiotherapy. As PSCC is characterized by early lymphatic spread and imaging is inadequate for the detection of micrometastatic disease, correct and upfront surgical staging of the inguinal lymph nodes is crucial in disease management. Advanced stages of disease require multimodal management. Optimal sequencing of treatments and patient selection are still being investigated. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens are the mainstay of systemic therapy for advanced PSCC, but they have poor and non-durable responses and high rates of toxic effects, indicating a need for the development of more effective and less toxic therapeutic options. Localized and advanced penile cancers and their treatment have profound physical and psychosexual effects on the quality of life of patients and survivors by altering sexual and urinary function and causing lymphoedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Thomas
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Asif Muneer
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcos Tobias-Machado
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Department of Urology, ABC Medical School, Instituto do Cancer Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Thi Huyen Tran
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Maarten Albersen
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Qi F, Wei X, Zheng Y, Ren X, Li X, Zhao E. Incidence trends and survival outcomes of penile squamous cell carcinoma: evidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results population-based data. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1428. [PMID: 33313173 PMCID: PMC7723588 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background To provide the latest incidence trends and explore survival outcomes of penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) patients with or without a previous primary malignancy. Methods Patients diagnosed with PSCC between 1975 and 2016 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were retrospectively included. Then, we calculated the age-adjusted incidence rates (IRs) and annual percentage changes (APCs). Multivariate Cox analysis and Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curves were conducted to investigate prognostic variables for cancer-specific survival (CSS). Results A total of 6,122 PSCC patients were enrolled, 1,137 of whom had a prior malignancy. The age-adjusted IR for the general population in men declined before 1987, fluctuated slightly between 1987 and 1997, and showed an upward trend after 1997, which was basically consistent with that in patients without a previous primary malignancy. The incidence trend of PSCC in the general population was similar with that in those without a previous malignancy. However, the IRs of PSCC in men with a previous malignancy have been increasing since 1975 regardless of race. Furthermore, age at diagnosis, pathological grade, extent of disease, marital status, the administration of surgery and presence of previous primary malignancy were identified to be significantly related to CSS. Conclusions The IRs of PSCC have been increasing in recent years. Several independent prognostic factors for CSS were identified, allowing surgeons to assess the individualized risk in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qi
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiyi Wei
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiao Zheng
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohan Ren
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Erkang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Donghai County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, China
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11
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Racial/ethnic disparities in penile squamous cell carcinoma incidences, clinical characteristics, and outcomes: A population-based study, 2004-2016. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:688.e11-688.e19. [PMID: 32340796 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed the impact of race/ethnicity on penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) incidence rates, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results data from 2004 to 2016 was used for this study. We evaluated racial/ethnic differences in clinical characteristics using χ2 tests. Overall survival (OS) and PSCC-specific survival (PSCC-SS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences were determined using the log-rank test. Cox regression models were performed to assess independent predictors for PSCC patient survival. RESULTS A total of 2,720 PSCC patients were included for incidence analysis, and 2,438 patients were identified for the χ2 testing and survival analyses.The overall incidence of PSCC during 2004 to 2016 was 0.30 per 100,000. Only non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients had a statistically significant increase in age-adjusted incidence rates (annual percent change = 2.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78-3.76; P = 0.01). In univariate analysis, race/ethnicity was an independent prognostic factor for OS and PSCC-SS. After adjusting for age, marital status, income, grade, TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) stage, and treatment strategies, non-Hispanic black patients still had a statistically significant hazard ratio of 1.35 (95% CI: 1.08-1.68; P = 0.007) for OS, and a hazard ratio of 1.36 (95% CI: 1.01-1.82; P = 0.045) for PSCC-SS compared to NHW. CONCLUSION NHW patients had a statistically significant increase in age-adjusted incidence rate during the period 2004 to 2016. Race/ethnicity is an independent prognostic factor for OS and PSCC-SS, and non-Hispanic black were proven to have unfavorable OS and PSCC-SS compared with NHW.
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12
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Lagacé F, Ghazawi FM, Le M, Savin E, Zubarev A, Powell M, Moreau L, Sasseville D, Popa I, Litvinov IV. Penile Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Analysis of Incidence, Mortality Trends, and Geographic Distribution in Canada. J Cutan Med Surg 2019; 24:124-128. [PMID: 31722549 DOI: 10.1177/1203475419888869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penile invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare disease with several known risk factors. However, few studies have assessed its incidence, mortality, and temporal trends. OBJECTIVE Our objectives are to analyze the epidemiology of penile SCC in Canada and to examine patient distribution with this cancer across Canada in order to elucidate population risk factors. METHODS Three independent cancer registries were used to retrospectively analyze demographic data from Canadian men diagnosed with penile invasive SCC between 1992 and 2010. The Canadian Census of Population was used to calculate incidence and mortality rates at the province and Forward Sortation Area levels. RESULTS The overall age-adjusted incidence rate was 6.08 cases per million males. Four provinces with statistically significantly higher incidence rates were identified. The national crude incidence rates increased linearly between 1992 and 2010, whereas the age-adjusted incidence rates showed no significant increase during this time period. The overall age-adjusted mortality rate was 1.88 deaths per million males per year. The province of Saskatchewan had significantly higher mortality rates. There was no increase in crude or age-adjusted mortality rates between 1992 and 2010. There was a significant positive correlation between incidence rates and obesity, Caucasian ethnicity, and lower socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION This study was able to establish geographic variation for this malignancy at the provincial level. Although there are many established risk factors for penile SCC, our results suggest that the increase in crude incidence rates observed is largely due to the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lagacé
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Michelle Le
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Evgeny Savin
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrei Zubarev
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Powell
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Linda Moreau
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ioana Popa
- Division of Urological Surgery, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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13
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Yang J, Pan Z, He Y, Zhao F, Feng X, Liu Q, Lyu J. Competing-risks model for predicting the prognosis of penile cancer based on the SEER database. Cancer Med 2019; 8:7881-7889. [PMID: 31657120 PMCID: PMC6912058 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study performed a competing‐risks analysis using data from the SEER database on penile cancer patients with the aim of identifying more accurate prognostic factors. Methods Data on patients with penile cancer were extracted from the SEER database. A univariate analysis used the cumulative incidence function and Gray's test, while multivariate analysis was performed using the Fine‐Gray model. Cumulative hazards were compared with a competing‐risks model constructed using Kaplan‐Meier estimation. Results The multivariate Fine‐Gray analysis indicated that being black (HR = 1.51, 95%CI: 1.10‐2.07, P = .01), AJCC stage II (HR = 1.94, 95%CI: 1.36‐2.77, P < .001), AJCC stage III (HR = 1.98, 95%CI: 1.34‐2.91, P < .001), tumor size > 5 cm (HR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.33‐3.72, P < .05), and TNM stages N1 (HR = 2.49, 95%CI: 1.71‐3.61, P < .001), N2 (HR = 3.25, 95%CI: 2.18‐4.84, P < .001), N3 (HR = 5.05, 95%CI: 2.69‐9.50, P < .001), and M1 (HR = 2.21, 95%CI: 1.28‐3.84, P < .05) were statistically significant. The results obtained using multivariate Cox regression were different, while Kaplan‐Meier curve analysis led to an overestimation of the cumulative risk of the patient. Conclusions This study established a competing‐risks analysis model for the first time based on the SEER database for the risk assessment of penile cancer patients. The results may help clinicians to better understand penile cancer and provide these patients with more appropriate support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenyu Pan
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujing He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanfan Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojie Feng
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Lyu
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Penile cancer represents a rarity in daily clinical practice. OBJECTIVES The aim is to identify global differences concerning the incidence, social and risk factors. METHODS The past and current epidemiologic literature is analyzed concerning incidence rates and risk factors. The latter are discussed concerning their potential with regard to disease prevention. RESULTS Globally, incidence rates of penile cancer range from low to nonexistent. Distinct differences are found when comparing industrialized countries with emerging and developing countries. Phimosis seems to be a crucial risk factor in the formation of penile cancer. Additionally, chronic inflammatory diseases of the penis were found to be associated with a higher risk. CONCLUSIONS Preventive measures should be considered in relation to the rarity of the disease, especially in the valuation of circumcision during early childhood. Regular clinical examination of the penis is a sensible measure of early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Colberg
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Campus Kiel, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - C van der Horst
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Campus Kiel, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - K-P Jünemann
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Campus Kiel, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - C M Naumann
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Campus Kiel, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland.
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15
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Lairson DR, Wu CF, Chan W, Fu S, Hoffman KE, Pettaway CA. Mean treatment cost of incident cases of penile cancer for privately insured patients in the United States. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:294.e17-294.e25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Schoffer O, Neumann A, Stabenow R, Schülein S, Böhm WD, Gonsior A, Horn LC, Kriegel C, Stolzenburg JU, Wirth M, Klug SJ. Penile cancer – Incidence, mortality, and survival in Saxony, Germany. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:295.e1-295.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Hansen BT, Orumaa M, Lie AK, Brennhovd B, Nygård M. Trends in incidence, mortality and survival of penile squamous cell carcinoma in Norway 1956-2015. Int J Cancer 2018; 142:1586-1593. [PMID: 29205336 PMCID: PMC5838782 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We examine trends in incidence, mortality and survival of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in Norway over 60 years. Data on all cases of penile cancer diagnosed in Norway during 1956-2015 were obtained from the Cancer Registry of Norway. Trends in age-standardized rates of penile SCC incidence, mortality and 5-year relative survival were assessed by the annual percentage change statistic and joinpoint regression. A total of 1,596 penile cancer cases were diagnosed during 1956-2015, among which 1,474 (92.4%) were SCC. During 2011-2015, the age-standardized incidence and mortality of penile SCC were 0.91 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78; 1.05) and 0.50 (0.42; 0.60) per 100,000, respectively, and the 5-year relative survival was 61.6% (41.9; 76.4). The incidence of SCC increased during 1956-2015, with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of 0.80% (0.46; 1.15). The increase was strongest among men diagnosed at a relatively early age (age<=64 years; AAPC: 1.47% (0.90; 2.05)). Mortality also increased over the study period (AAPC: 0.47% (0.10; 0.85)), whereas 5-year relative survival did not change (AAPC: 0.08% (-0.19; 0.36)). We conclude that the incidence of penile SCC has increased at a moderate and constant rate during 1956-2015, and that the most consistent increase occurred among younger men. Mortality also increased during the study period. However, survival did not change, thus changes in diagnostics and treatment had little impact on survival from penile SCC. Since a substantial proportion of penile SCC is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), the incidence increase may in part be attributed to increased exposure to HPV in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo T. Hansen
- Department of ResearchCancer Registry of NorwayOsloNorway
| | - Madleen Orumaa
- Department of ResearchCancer Registry of NorwayOsloNorway
| | - A. Kathrine Lie
- Section for Pathology, Center for Laboratory MedicineØstfold Hospital TrustGrålumNorway
| | - Bjørn Brennhovd
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and SurgeryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Mari Nygård
- Department of ResearchCancer Registry of NorwayOsloNorway
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18
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Dave S, Afshar K, Braga LH, Anderson P. Canadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (full version). Can Urol Assoc J 2018; 12:E76-E99. [PMID: 29381458 PMCID: PMC5937400 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Dave
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Western University, London, ON; Canada
| | - Kourosh Afshar
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Canada
| | - Luis H. Braga
- Department of Surgery (Urology), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON; Canada
| | - Peter Anderson
- Department of Urology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Canada
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19
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Attalla K, Paulucci DJ, Blum K, Anastos H, Moses KA, Badani KK, Spiess PE, Sfakianos JP. Demographic and socioeconomic predictors of treatment delays, pathologic stage, and survival among patients with penile cancer: A report from the National Cancer Database. Urol Oncol 2018; 36:14.e17-14.e24. [PMID: 29031418 PMCID: PMC10182403 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether socioeconomic factors affect pathologic stage, treatment delays, pathologic upstaging, and overall survival (OS) in patients with penile cancer (PC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 13,283 eligible patients diagnosed with PC from 1998 to 2012 were identified from the National Cancer Database. Socioeconomic, demographic and pathologic variables were used in multivariable regression models to identify predictors of pathologic T stage ≥2, pathologic lymph node positivity, cT to pT upstaging, treatment delays, and OS. RESULTS A 5-year OS was 61.5% with a median follow-up of 41.7 months. Pathologic T stage ≥2 was identified in 3,521 patients (27.2%), 1,173 (9.2%) had ≥pN1 and 388 (7.9%) experienced cT to pT upstaging. Variables associated with a higher likelihood of pathologic T stage ≥2 included no insurance (OR = 1.79, P<0.001), lower higher education based on zip code (OR = 1.13, P = 0.027), black race (OR = 1.17, P = 0.046) and Hispanic ethnicity (OR = 1.66, P<0.001). Patients with Hispanic ethnicity (OR = 1.46; P<0.001) or living in nonmetropolitan areas were more likely to have ≥pN1 (P = 0.001). Lack of insurance was associated with cT to pT upstaging (OR = 2.05, P = 0.001) as was living in an urban vs. metropolitan area (OR = 1.35, P = 0.031). In addition to TNM stage, black vs. white race (HR = 1.56, P<0.001), living in an urban vs. metropolitan area (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.18, P = 0.022), age (HR = 1.04, P<0.001) and Charlson score (HR = 1.49, P<0.001) were associated with lower OS. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic variables including no insurance, lower education, race, Hispanic ethnicity, and nonmetropolitan residence were found to be poor prognostic factors. Increased educational awareness of this rare disease may help reduce delays in diagnosis, improve prognosis and ultimately prevent deaths among socioeconomically disadvantaged men with PC.
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20
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Montes Cardona CE, García-Perdomo HA. Incidence of penile cancer worldwide: systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2017; 41:e117. [PMID: 31384255 PMCID: PMC6645409 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2017.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the global incidence of penile cancer. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was performed, with no limits on their language of publication. Analyses were performed using Stata 13 statistical software. A random-effects model was used, according to the heterogeneity found in the studies. The main outcome was expressed in terms of age-standardized incidence. RESULTS A total of 23 studies were eligible, with 71 156 penile cancer patients in 86 countries. According to the review conducted, the estimated age-standardized incidence of penile cancer worldwide is 0.84 cases per 100 000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 0.79-0.89). Romania reported the highest incidence, 7.26 per 100 000 person-years, between 1983 and 1987; however, some countries in Latin America and Africa reported an incidence of between 2.0 and 5.7 per 100 000. CONCLUSIONS Penile cancer is considered a rare malignancy due to its already-known, particularly low incidence rate. The estimated age-standardized incidence rate by the world standard population today is 0.84 cases per 100 000 person-years. There were no significant differences in the incidence rate of penile cancer with respect to the distribution by continent or the trend over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Montes Cardona
- Department of Urology, Universidad del ValleDepartment of Urology, Universidad del ValleSantiago de CaliColombiaDepartment of Urology, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia.
| | - Herney Andrés García-Perdomo
- Department of Urology, Universidad del ValleDepartment of Urology, Universidad del ValleSantiago de CaliColombiaDepartment of Urology, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia.
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21
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Ravi P, Pagliaro LC. Multimodal Therapy in the Management of Advanced Penile Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2016; 43:469-479. [PMID: 27717433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A multimodal approach to therapy is increasingly used in treating men with advanced penile cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy improves outcomes in chemotherapy-naïve men with node-positive positive disease, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy can downstage bulky nodal disease sufficiently to permit surgery and has the potential to offer durable long-term survival. However, there remain several unanswered questions in this field, and international collaboration in the form of clinical trials is required to optimize treatment and improve survival in men with advanced penile cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praful Ravi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lance C Pagliaro
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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22
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Sharma P, Zargar-Shoshtari K, Pettaway CA, Schabath MB, Giuliano AR, Spiess PE. Disparities in Penile Cancer. Cancer Control 2016; 23:409-414. [DOI: 10.1177/107327481602300412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although penile cancer is a rare malignancy in developed nations, racial and socioeconomic differences exist in the incidence of the disease and its associated survival-related outcomes. Methods A search of the literature was performed for research published between the years 1990 and 2015. Case reports and non—English-language articles were excluded, instead focusing specifically on large, population-based studies. Results The incidence of penile cancer is higher in Hispanic and African American men compared with whites and Asians. Men with penile cancer also appear to have a distinct epidemiological profile, including lower educational and income levels, a history of multiple sexual partners and sexually transmitted infections, and lack of circumcision with the presence of phimosis. African American men presented at a younger age with a higher stage of disease and worse survival rates when compared with white men. Rates of cancer-specific mortality increased with age, single marital status, and among those living in regions of lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions An understanding of sociodemographical differences in the incidence and survival rates of patients with penile cancer can help advance health care policy changes designed to improve access and minimize disparities in cancer care for all men alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Sharma
- Departments of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Urology at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Lubbock, Texas
| | - Kamran Zargar-Shoshtari
- Departments of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Curtis A. Pettaway
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew B. Schabath
- Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Anna R. Giuliano
- Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Philippe E. Spiess
- Departments of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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Torbrand C, Wigertz A, Drevin L, Folkvaljon Y, Lambe M, Håkansson U, Kirrander P. Socioeconomic factors and penile cancer risk and mortality; a population-based study. BJU Int 2016; 119:254-260. [PMID: 27373878 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate possible associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and penile cancer risk, stage at diagnosis, and mortality. PATIENTS/SUBJECTS AND METHODS A population-based register study including men in Sweden diagnosed with penile cancer between 2000 and 2012 (1676 men) and randomly chosen controls (9872 men). Data were retrieved from the National Penile Cancer Register (NPECR) and several other population-based healthcare and sociodemographic registers. Educational level, disposable income, marital status, and number of individuals in the household, were assessed as indicators of SES. The risk of penile cancer and penile cancer death in relation to SES were estimated using logistic regression and proportional hazards models, respectively. Cumulative cause-specific mortality (CSM) estimates by SES were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS A low educational level and low disposable income were associated with an increased risk of invasive penile cancer. Furthermore, low educational level was associated with more advanced primary tumour stage. Divorced and never married men had a generally increased risk of penile cancer and were diagnosed with more advanced primary tumour stages. However, neither educational level nor marital status was associated with lymph node or distant metastases. Also, men in single-person households had an increased risk of both non-invasive and invasive disease. In men with invasive penile cancer, there were no significant associations of indicators of SES and CSM. CONCLUSIONS Low educational level, low disposable income, being divorced or never married, and living in a single-person household, all increase the risk of advanced stage penile cancer, but not lymph node or distant metastases. The assessed indicators of SES did not influence penile CSM. In conclusion, our findings indicates that SES influences the risk and stage of penile cancer, but not survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Torbrand
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annette Wigertz
- Regional Cancer Centre Uppsala-Örebro, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Drevin
- Regional Cancer Centre Uppsala-Örebro, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yasin Folkvaljon
- Regional Cancer Centre Uppsala-Örebro, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Lambe
- Regional Cancer Centre Uppsala-Örebro, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Håkansson
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Kirrander
- Department of Urology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
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Sharma P, Ashouri K, Zargar-Shoshtari K, Luchey AM, Spiess PE. Racial and economic disparities in the treatment of penile squamous cell carcinoma: Results from the National Cancer Database. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:122.e9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Wu J, Cheng K, Yuan L, Du Y, Li C, Chen Y, Yang Y, Gou HF, Xu F, Liu JY. Recurrent Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Successfully Treated With Cetuximab, Chemotherapy, and Radiotherapy. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2015; 14:e135-7. [PMID: 26585838 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Feng Gou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Yan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Kirrander P, Sherif A, Friedrich B, Lambe M, Håkansson U. Swedish National Penile Cancer Register: incidence, tumour characteristics, management and survival. BJU Int 2015; 117:287-92. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kirrander
- Department of Urology; Örebro University Hospital; Örebro Sweden
| | - Amir Sherif
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Bengt Friedrich
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Mats Lambe
- Regional Cancer Centre Uppsala-Örebro; Uppsala University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ulf Håkansson
- Department of Urology; Skåne University Hospital; Malmö Sweden
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Sanchez DF, Cañete S, Fernández-Nestosa MJ, Lezcano C, Rodríguez I, Barreto J, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Cubilla AL. HPV- and non-HPV-related subtypes of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): Morphological features and differential diagnosis according to the new WHO classification (2015). Semin Diagn Pathol 2015; 32:198-221. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Williams NJ, Grandne MA, Snipes A, Rogers A, Williams O, Airhihenbuwa C, Jean-Louis G. Racial/ethnic disparities in sleep health and health care: importance of the sociocultural context. Sleep Health 2015; 1:28-35. [PMID: 26229976 PMCID: PMC4517599 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J. Williams
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Division of Health and Behavior, Department of Population Health, NYU Medical Center, 227 East 30th St, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michael A. Grandne
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Amy Snipes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Penn State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16802
| | - April Rogers
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Division of Health and Behavior, Department of Population Health, NYU Medical Center, 227 East 30th St, New York, NY 10016
| | - Olajide Williams
- Columbia University, Department of Neurology, 710 West 168th St, New York, NY 10032
| | - Collins Airhihenbuwa
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Penn State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16802
| | - Girardin Jean-Louis
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Division of Health and Behavior, Department of Population Health, NYU Medical Center, 227 East 30th St, New York, NY 10016
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Shack L, Lau HY, Huang L, Doll C, Hao D. Trends in the incidence of human papillomavirus-related noncervical and cervical cancers in Alberta, Canada: a population-based study. CMAJ Open 2014; 2:E127-32. [PMID: 25114894 PMCID: PMC4117359 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20140005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that the incidence of noncervical cancers associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) is increasing. We assessed temporal, age-specific and sex-specific changes in the incidence of HPV-associated cancers in a population-based study. METHODS We used the Alberta Cancer Registry, a registry of all cancers diagnosed in the province of Alberta, Canada, to identify patients with cancers of the oropharynx, cervix, vulva, vagina, anus and penis (cancers associated with HPV) between Jan. 1, 1975, and Dec. 31, 2009. We estimated the age-standardized incidence of each cancer by sex- and age-specific group and assessed the annual percentage change using joinpoint regression. RESULTS The age-standardized incidence of oropharyngeal cancers increased for each 5-year interval of the study period among men (annual percentage change 3.4, p < 0.001) and women (annual percentage change 1.5, p = 0.009). For anal cancers, the age-standardized rates increased among women (annual percentage change 2.2, p < 0.001) and men (annual percentage change 1.8, p = 0.008). The age-standardized incidence of cervical cancer increased with age, reaching an annual percentage change of -3.5 among women aged 75-84 years (p = 0.04). The rates of other HPV-associated cancers (vulvar, vaginal and penile) showed little change. INTERPRETATION Our findings showed increases in the incidence of the HPV-associated cancers of the oropharynx and anus among men and women, and increases in cervical cancer among younger women. The incidence of HPV-related cancers in younger age groups should continue to be monitored. Programs to prevent HPV infection, such as vaccination, should be considered for males as well as females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Shack
- Surveillance and Reporting, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
- Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alta
| | - Harold Y. Lau
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta
| | - Longlong Huang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Corinne Doll
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta
| | - Desirée Hao
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta
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Bullen K, Chichlowska SC, Rahman R, Tod D. The psychology of penile cancer from presentation to rehabilitation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGICAL NURSING 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijun.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hernandez BY, Goodman MT, Unger ER, Steinau M, Powers A, Lynch CF, Cozen W, Saber MS, Peters ES, Wilkinson EJ, Copeland G, Hopenhayn C, Huang Y, Watson M, Altekruse SF, Lyu C, Saraiya M. Human papillomavirus genotype prevalence in invasive penile cancers from a registry-based United States population. Front Oncol 2014; 4:9. [PMID: 24551592 PMCID: PMC3914298 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is estimated to play an etiologic role in 40–50% of penile cancers worldwide. Estimates of HPV prevalence in U.S. penile cancer cases are limited. Methods: HPV DNA was evaluated in tumor tissue from 79 invasive penile cancer patients diagnosed in 1998–2005 within the catchment areas of seven U.S. cancer registries. HPV was genotyped using PCR-based Linear Array and INNO-LiPA assays and compared by demographic, clinical, and pathologic characteristics and survival. Histological classification was also obtained by independent pathology review. Results: HPV DNA was present in 50 of 79 (63%) of invasive penile cancer cases. Sixteen viral genotypes were detected. HPV 16, found in 46% (36/79) of all cases (72% of HPV-positive cases) was the most prevalent genotype followed equally by HPV 18, 33, and 45, each of which comprised 5% of all cases. Multiple genotypes were detected in 18% of viral positive cases. HPV prevalence did not significantly vary by age, race/ethnicity, population size of geographic region, cancer stage, histology, grade, penile subsite, or prior cancer history. Penile cases diagnosed in more recent years were more likely to be HPV-positive. Overall survival did not significantly vary by HPV status. Conclusion: The relatively high prevalence of HPV in our study population provides limited evidence of a more prominent and, possibly, increasing role of infection in penile carcinogenesis in the U.S. compared to other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y Hernandez
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, HI , USA
| | - Marc T Goodman
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, HI , USA
| | - Elizabeth R Unger
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Martin Steinau
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Amy Powers
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, HI , USA
| | - Charles F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Pathology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Maria Sibug Saber
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Pathology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Edward S Peters
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, LA , USA
| | - Edward J Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Glenn Copeland
- Michigan Department of Community Health , Lansing, MI , USA
| | - Claudia Hopenhayn
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA
| | - Youjie Huang
- Florida Department of Health , Tallahassee, FL , USA
| | - Meg Watson
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention, and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Sean F Altekruse
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD , USA
| | | | - Mona Saraiya
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention, and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA , USA
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Manipadam MT, Bhagat SK, Gopalakrishnan G, Kekre NS, Chacko NK, Prasanna S. Warty carcinoma of the penis: A clinicopathological study from South India. Indian J Urol 2013; 29:282-7. [PMID: 24235788 PMCID: PMC3822342 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: There are few studies on the pathology of warty carcinoma (WC) of the penis and these have been from South America. Penile cancers are not uncommon in India. We reviewed the frequency of subtypes of penile squamous carcinoma (SC) and the pathological features and outcome of WC when compared to squamous carcinoma-not otherwise specified (SC-NOS). We also compared the clinicopathological features of WC in our series with those published earlier. Materials and Methods: We studied 103 cases of penile cancers over 6 years. Cases were classified into different subtypes according to established histologic criteria. Clinicopathologic features were studied in detail and compared among the different subtypes, especially between WC and SC-NOS. The patients were followed-up and disease free survival in months was noted. Results: SC-NOS constituted 75.7% of all penile cancer cases in our series. The frequency of other subtypes was WC: 9.7%, verrucous: 3.9%, basaloid type and papillary type: 0.97% each, and mixed types 8.7%. The average tumor size and depth of invasion did not differ significantly between the two subtypes. Frequency of lymphovascular emboli and percentage of lymph node metastasis in WC (30 and 10%) were lesser than in SC-NOS (49.37 and 26.58%), respectively. There were no recurrences after partial penectomy in the WC subtype. In the SC-NOS type, three cases had recurrence after partial/total penectomy. Conclusion: Warty carcinoma constitutes nearly 10% of all penile squamous cell cancers. These patients seem to have a less aggressive behavior than SC-NOS.
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Long-term trends in incidence, survival and mortality of primary penile cancer in England. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:2169-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chaux A, Netto GJ, Rodríguez IM, Barreto JE, Oertell J, Ocampos S, Boggino H, Codas R, Xavier Bosch F, de Sanjose S, Muñoz N, Hildesheim A, Cubilla AL. Epidemiologic profile, sexual history, pathologic features, and human papillomavirus status of 103 patients with penile carcinoma. World J Urol 2013; 31:861-7. [PMID: 22116602 PMCID: PMC3292668 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-011-0802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of penile cancer is four times higher in Paraguay than in the United States or Europe. There are no adequate scientific explanations for this geographical variation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the interplay among risk factors, morphology of the primary tumor, and HPV status. METHODS Information on socioeconomic status, education level, habits, and sexual history was obtained in 103 Paraguayan patients with penile cancer. All patients were then treated by surgery, and specimens were evaluated histopathologically. RESULTS Patients usually dwelled in rural/suburban areas (82%), lived in poverty (75%), had a low education level (91%), and were heavy smokers (76%). Phimosis (57%), moderate/poor hygienic habits (90%), and history of sexually transmitted diseases (74%) were frequently found. Patients with >10 lifetime female partners had an odds ratio of 3.8 (95% CI 1.1, 12.6; P-trend = .03) for presenting HPV-positive tumors when compared to patients with <6 partners. However, this trend was not significant when the number of sexual partners was adjusted for age of first coitus and antecedents of sexually transmitted diseases. HPV-related tumors (found in 36% of the samples) were characterized by a warty and/or basaloid morphology and high histological grade in most cases. CONCLUSIONS In our series, patients with penile cancer presented a distinctive epidemiologic and pathologic profile. These data might help explaining the geographical differences in incidence and aid in the design of strategies for cancer control in Paraguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcides Chaux
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay.
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Kurdgelashvili G, Dores GM, Srour SA, Chaturvedi AK, Huycke MM, Devesa SS. Incidence of potentially human papillomavirus-related neoplasms in the United States, 1978 to 2007. Cancer 2013; 119:2291-9. [PMID: 23580435 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based studies comprehensively describing incidence patterns of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related preinvasive and invasive neoplasms prior to widespread HPV vaccination are sparse. METHODS Age-adjusted incidence rates (IRs), IR ratios (IRRs), and annual percent changes (APCs) in IRs were calculated for potentially HPV-related tumors diagnosed in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program during 1978 through 2007. RESULTS Overall IRs for preinvasive tumors were significantly higher than for invasive squamous cell tumors of cervix (IRR = 3.42), vulva (IRR = 1.87), and vagina (IRR = 1.19) and significantly lower for adenomatous cervical tumors (IRR = 0.43), and squamous cell tumors of penis (IRR = 0.64), anus (males, IRR = 0.53; females, IRR = 0.14), and head and neck (H&N) (males, IRR = 0.01; females, IRR = 0.02). Incidence of preinvasive squamous tumors of cervix, vagina, and penis rose rapidly over time and decreased for invasive neoplasms. The most rapid increases occurred for preinvasive (males, APC = 16.0; females, APC = 7.3) and invasive anal tumors (males, APC = 3.6; females, APC = 2.3). IR patterns were generally similar among evaluable racial/ethnic groups, with the exception of H&N invasive tumor IRs which increased exclusively among white males. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the opposing trends of preinvasive and invasive squamous tumors of cervix, vagina, and penis, preinvasive and invasive anal tumor IRs increased significantly over time by sex, age, and racial/ethnic groups. Successful HPV vaccination programs are needed to measurably reduce incidence of HPV-related neoplasms in the future, particularly for cancer sites with rising incidence rates for which effective screening modalities are limited. Cancer 2013;119:2291-2299. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
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Lopes A. Prognostic factors and biomarkers of penile carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:925-36. [PMID: 23495866 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.8.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare malignancy with highest incidence in underdeveloped and developing countries. Oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA, mainly types 16 and 18, are found in ∼ 100% of patients with uterine cervix carcinoma. The incidence of this virus in SCC and its variations range from 30.5 to 80%. Despite controversies, contrary to the cervical carcinoma, in the carcinogenesis and disease progression of SCC, HPV-dependent and HPV-independent tumors need to be considered. Lymphadenectomies continue to be the gold standard treatment of lymph node metastases. Undesirable accuracy on staging system methods and high rates of lymphadenectomy complications are the principal objections to these surgical procedures; therefore, the main issue in patients with SCC is to know who should or should not undergo lymphadenectomy. The search for primary tumor anatomopathological and biomarker risk factors for lymph node metastases, such as has occurred in other tumors, may be an important tool to select lymphadenectomies candidates better. Histological subtypes, tumor grade, growth pattern, tumor thickness, lymphatic embolization by neoplasic cells and depth of infiltration have been reported as important prognostic factors for lymph node metastases. In our series, lymphatic vascular permeation, palpable lymph node after primary tumor control (cN stage), pattern of invasion, p53 and PCNA immunoreactivity are independent lymph node metastases risk factors in the multivariate model. It is strongly recommended that patients be concentrated in specialized centers or cancer hospitals and multi-centric prospective studies carried out on tumor markers in this rare disease, in order to stage better lymph node disease and avoid unnecessary surgeries with high morbidity rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademar Lopes
- Chief Hospital AC Camargo, Pelvic Surgery Department, Fundação Antonio Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil +55 11 3661 72 74 ; or +55 11 3887 86 49 ; +55 11 3661 72 74 ;
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Ulff-Møller CJ, Simonsen J, Frisch M. Marriage, cohabitation and incidence trends of invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma in Denmark 1978-2010. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1173-9. [PMID: 23404289 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Few population-based studies have investigated the relation between living arrangements and risk of invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma (iP-SCC). Using long-term national cancer registry data in Denmark we examined incidence trends of iP-SCC. Furthermore, we examined the relation between marital status, cohabitation status and risk of iP-SCC using hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) obtained in Cox proportional hazards regression analyses as our measure of relative risk. Overall, 1,292 cases of iP-SCC were identified during 65.6 million person-years of observation between 1978 and 2010. During this period, the WHO world age-standardized incidence remained relatively stable (p-trend = 0.41) with an average incidence of 1.05 cases per 100,000 person-years. When compared to married men, those who were unmarried (HR 1.37; 95% CI: 1.13-1.66), divorced (HR 1.49; 95% CI: 1.24-1.79) or widowed (HR 1.36; 95% CI: 1.13-1.63) were at increased risk of iP-SCC. Regarding cohabitation status, single-living men were at increased risk of iP-SCC compared to men in opposite-sex cohabitation (HR 1.43; 95% CI: 1.26-1.62). Risk increased with increasing numbers of prior opposite-sex (p-trend = 0.02) and same-sex (p-trend < 0.001) cohabitations. In conclusion, single-living Danish men and men who are not currently married are at increased risk of iP-SCC, and the risk increases with the number of prior cohabitations, perhaps reflecting less stable sexual relations in these subgroups.
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Sonpavde G, Pagliaro LC, Buonerba C, Dorff TB, Lee RJ, Di Lorenzo G. Penile cancer: current therapy and future directions. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:1179-89. [PMID: 23293117 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Penile cancer (PC) is a rare cancer in western countries, but is more common in parts of the developing world. Due to its rarity and the consequent lack of randomized trials, current therapy is based on retrospective studies and small prospective trials. Design Studies of PC therapy were searched in PubMed and abstracts at major conferences. Results PC is generally an aggressive malignancy characterized by early locoregional lymph node (LN) spread and later metastases in distant sites. Given the strong predictive value of LN involvement for overall survival, evaluating regional LNs is critical. Advanced LN involvement is increasingly being treated with multimodality therapy incorporating chemotherapy and/or radiation. A single superior cisplatin-based regimen has not been defined. Further advances may occur with a better collaboration on an international scale and comprehensive understanding of tumor biology. To this end, the preventive role of circumcision and understanding of the oncogenic roles of Human Papilloma Virus-16, and smoking may yield advances. Preliminary data suggest a role for agents targeting epidermal growth factor receptor and angiogenesis. Conclusion Advances in therapy for PC will require efficient trial designs, synergistic collaboration, incentives to industry and the efforts of patient advocacy groups and venture philanthropists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sonpavde
- Department of Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham
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Clinical and Pathologic Factors of Prognostic Significance in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a North American Population. Urology 2012; 79:1092-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Increased incidence of penile cancer and high-grade penile intraepithelial neoplasia in Denmark 1978–2008: a nationwide population-based study. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 23:273-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Morris BJ, Gray RH, Castellsague X, Bosch FX, Halperin DT, Waskett JH, Hankins CA. The Strong Protective Effect of Circumcision against Cancer of the Penis. Adv Urol 2011; 2011:812368. [PMID: 21687572 PMCID: PMC3113366 DOI: 10.1155/2011/812368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Male circumcision protects against cancer of the penis, the invasive form of which is a devastating disease confined almost exclusively to uncircumcised men. Major etiological factors are phimosis, balanitis, and high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), which are more prevalent in the glans penis and coronal sulcus covered by the foreskin, as well as on the penile shaft, of uncircumcised men. Circumcised men clear HPV infections more quickly. Phimosis (a constricted foreskin opening impeding the passage of urine) is confined to uncircumcised men, in whom balanitis (affecting 10%) is more common than in circumcised men. Each is strongly associated with risk of penile cancer. These findings have led to calls for promotion of male circumcision, especially in infancy, to help reduce the global burden of penile cancer. Even more relevant globally is protection from cervical cancer, which is 10-times more common, being much higher in women with uncircumcised male partners. Male circumcision also provides indirect protection against various other infections in women, along with direct protection for men from a number of genital tract infections, including HIV. Given that adverse consequences of medical male circumcision, especially when performed in infancy, are rare, this simple prophylactic procedure should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Morris
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ronald H. Gray
- Population and Family Planning, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xavier Castellsague
- Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), IDIBELL, CIBERESP, RTICC, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F. Xavier Bosch
- Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), IDIBELL, CIBERESP, RTICC, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel T. Halperin
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jake H. Waskett
- Circumcision Independent Reference and Commentary Service, Radcliffe, Manchester M261JR, UK
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Thuret R, Sun M, Abdollah F, Schmitges J, Shariat SF, Iborra F, Guiter J, Patard JJ, Perrotte P, Karakiewicz PI. Conditional survival predictions after surgery for patients with penile carcinoma. Cancer 2011; 117:3723-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bullen K, Edwards S, Marke V, Matthews S. Looking past the obvious: experiences of altered masculinity in penile cancer. Psychooncology 2011; 19:933-40. [PMID: 19862691 DOI: 10.1002/pon.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Penile cancer, although statistically rare in Western countries (1:100 000 per year), results in considerable physical and psychological morbidity. The treatment of choice for penile cancer is either partial or total amputation of the penis. Metastatic spread into the surrounding lymphatic system may require additional surgery. To date, little is known of the lived experiences of men with penile cancer regarding the impact of the disease and its treatment on dimensions of masculinity. METHODS A small-scale qualitative study using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). IPA aims at exploring the experience of life events and the meaning and implications for the person living through them. A purposive sample of men with penile cancer who were within a minimum of 18 months post-surgery were recruited via a specialist urology clinic (n = 9). Participants were interviewed by a male researcher using a pre-agreed semi-structured interview schedule; interviews were audio recorded for transcription with detailed analyses of main and sub-themes conducted independently by three researchers. To maintain analytical rigour, constant comparisons of main and sub-themes were made between the individual transcripts and across the emergent themes within the research group. RESULTS Central themes were (1) grappling with reality; (2) learning to cope and (3) changes to self. CONCLUSIONS That men should have an altered sense of masculine identity following penile cancer surgery is not unexpected. However, the ways in which altered masculinity manifested itself were both subtle and insidious. The results have implications for clinical practice and demonstrated the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Bullen
- Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, UK.
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Developments in the Pathology of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Urology 2010; 76:S7-S14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Greenlee RT, Goodman MT, Lynch CF, Platz CE, Havener LA, Howe HL. The occurrence of rare cancers in U.S. adults, 1995-2004. Public Health Rep 2010; 125:28-43. [PMID: 20402194 DOI: 10.1177/003335491012500106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rare cancers have been traditionally understudied, reducing the progress of research and hindering decisions for patients, physicians, and policy makers. We evaluated the descriptive epidemiology of rare cancers using a large, representative, population-based dataset from cancer registries in the United States. METHODS We analyzed more than 9 million adult cancers diagnosed from 1995 to 2004 in 39 states and two metropolitan areas using the Cancer in North America (CINA) dataset, which covers approximately 80% of the U.S. population. We applied an accepted cancer classification scheme and a published definition of rare (i.e., fewer than 15 cases per 100,000 per year). We calculated age-adjusted incidence rates and rare/non-rare incidence rate ratios using SEER*Stat software, with analyses stratified by gender, age, race/ethnicity, and histology. RESULTS Sixty of 71 cancer types were rare, accounting for 25% of all adult tumors. Rare cancers occurred with greater relative frequency among those who were younger, nonwhite, and of Hispanic ethnicity than among their older, white, or non-Hispanic counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, rare tumors account for a sizable portion of adult cancers, and disproportionately affect some demographic groups. Maturing population-based cancer surveillance data can be an important source for research on rare cancers, potentially leading to a greater understanding of these cancers and eventually to improved treatment, control, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Greenlee
- Epidemiology Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Ave., MS ML2, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
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Graafland NM, Verhoeven RHA, Coebergh JWW, Horenblas S. Incidence trends and survival of penile squamous cell carcinoma in the Netherlands. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:426-32. [PMID: 20340128 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined trends in the incidence and mortality, and described the survival of patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma in the Netherlands between 1989 and 2006. On the basis of nationwide population-based data, 3-year moving average European age-standardized incidence and 10-year relative survival estimates were calculated. Penile squamous cell carcinomas were categorized according to stage grouping based on the TNM classification. In the 17-year study period, 2000 primary penile cancers were diagnosed in the Netherlands of which 1883 (94%) were squamous cell carcinomas. Median age at diagnosis was 68 years. The majority of patients (57%) were diagnosed with localized tumors (Stage 0 or I). The percentage of missing disease characteristics increased with increasing age. The 3-year moving average incidence rate of patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma increased significantly from 1.4 per 100,000 person-years in 1989 to 1.5 in 2006 with an estimated annual percentage of change of 1.3%. Ten-year relative survival of patients according to the different stage groups was 93% for Stage 0, 89% for Stage I, 81% for Stage II, the 9-year survival was 50% for patients with Stage III disease and a 2-year survival of 21% for patients was found for Stage IV disease. Our study shows that the incidence rate of penile squamous cell carcinoma in the Netherlands has increased slightly, especially the incidence of carcinomas in situ. Patients with Stage III and IV tumors have poor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels M Graafland
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Circumcision with the plastibell device in hooded prepuce or glanular hypospadias. Adv Urol 2009:864816. [PMID: 19865499 PMCID: PMC2768815 DOI: 10.1155/2009/864816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To retrospectively review our experience in infants with glanular hypospadias or hooded prepuce without meatal anomaly, who underwent circumcision with the plastibell device. Although circumcision with the plastibell device is well described, there are no reported experiences pertaining to hooded prepuce or glanular hypospadias that have been operated on by this technique. Materials and Methods. Between September 2002 and September 2008, 21 children with hooded prepuce (age 1 to 11 months, mean 4.6 months) were referred for hypospadias repair. Four of them did not have meatal anomaly. Their parents accepted this small anomaly and requested circumcision without glanuloplasty. In all cases, the circumcision was corrected by a plastibell device. Results. No complications occurred in the circumcised patients, except delayed falling of bell in one case that was removed by a surgeon, after the tenth day.
Conclusion. Circumcision with the plastibell device is a suitable method for excision of hooded prepuce. It can also be used successfully in infants, who have miniglanular hypospadias, and whose parents accepted this small anomaly.
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Hernandez BY, Barnholtz-Sloan J, German RR, Giuliano A, Goodman MT, King JB, Negoita S, Villalon-Gomez JM. Burden of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis in the United States, 1998-2003. Cancer 2008; 113:2883-91. [PMID: 18980292 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis is rare in the United States. Although human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an established etiologic agent in at least 40% of penile SCCs, relatively little is known about the epidemiology of this malignancy. METHODS Population-based data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Program for Cancer Registries, and the National Center for Health Statistics were used to examine invasive penile SCC incidence and mortality in the United States. SEER data were used to examine treatment of penile SCC. RESULTS From 1998 to 2003, 4967 men were diagnosed with histologically confirmed invasive penile SCC in the United States, representing less than 1% of new cancers in men. The annual, average age-adjusted incidence rate was 0.81 cases per 100,000 men, and rates increased steadily with age. Overall, penile SCC incidence was comparable in whites and blacks, but approximately 2-fold lower in Asians/Pacific Islanders. Rates among Hispanics were 72% higher compared with non-Hispanics. Blacks compared with whites and Asians/Pacific Islanders and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanics were diagnosed at significantly younger ages. Higher rates of mortality were also observed among blacks compared with whites and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanics. Penile SCC incidence and mortality were elevated in Southern states and in regions of low socioeconomic status (SES). Some histologic and anatomic site differences were observed by race and ethnicity. Treatment of penile SCC varied with age, stage, and other tumor characteristics. CONCLUSIONS There are considerable disparities in invasive penile cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Key risk factors for excess incidence include Hispanic ethnicity and residence in the South and in low SES regions. Risks for excess mortality include these factors in addition to black race. Decreases in penile cancer incidence and mortality in the United States may be realized in the future as the indirect result of prophylactic HPV vaccination of females. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology of penile cancer including the role of HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y Hernandez
- Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA.
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