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Thorne D, McHugh D, Simms L, Lee KM, Fujimoto H, Moses S, Gaca M. Applying new approach methodologies to assess next-generation tobacco and nicotine products. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1376118. [PMID: 38938663 PMCID: PMC11208635 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1376118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro toxicology research has accelerated with the use of in silico, computational approaches and human in vitro tissue systems, facilitating major improvements evaluating the safety and health risks of novel consumer products. Innovation in molecular and cellular biology has shifted testing paradigms, with less reliance on low-throughput animal data and greater use of medium- and high-throughput in vitro cellular screening approaches. These new approach methodologies (NAMs) are being implemented in other industry sectors for chemical testing, screening candidate drugs and prototype consumer products, driven by the need for reliable, human-relevant approaches. Routine toxicological methods are largely unchanged since development over 50 years ago, using high-doses and often employing in vivo testing. Several disadvantages are encountered conducting or extrapolating data from animal studies due to differences in metabolism or exposure. The last decade saw considerable advancement in the development of in vitro tools and capabilities, and the challenges of the next decade will be integrating these platforms into applied product testing and acceptance by regulatory bodies. Governmental and validation agencies have launched and applied frameworks and "roadmaps" to support agile validation and acceptance of NAMs. Next-generation tobacco and nicotine products (NGPs) have the potential to offer reduced risks to smokers compared to cigarettes. These include heated tobacco products (HTPs) that heat but do not burn tobacco; vapor products also termed electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), that heat an e-liquid to produce an inhalable aerosol; oral smokeless tobacco products (e.g., Swedish-style snus) and tobacco-free oral nicotine pouches. With the increased availability of NGPs and the requirement of scientific studies to support regulatory approval, NAMs approaches can supplement the assessment of NGPs. This review explores how NAMs can be applied to assess NGPs, highlighting key considerations, including the use of appropriate in vitro model systems, deploying screening approaches for hazard identification, and the importance of test article characterization. The importance and opportunity for fit-for-purpose testing and method standardization are discussed, highlighting the value of industry and cross-industry collaborations. Supporting the development of methods that are accepted by regulatory bodies could lead to the implementation of NAMs for tobacco and nicotine NGP testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- BAT (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Damian McHugh
- PMI R&D Philip Morris Products S. A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - K. Monica Lee
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Marianna Gaca
- BAT (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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Keyser BM, Leverette R, Wertman J, Shutsky T, McRae R, Szeliga K, Makena P, Jordan K. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress of Whole Aerosol from Vuse Alto ENDS Products. TOXICS 2024; 12:129. [PMID: 38393224 PMCID: PMC10892160 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity is an important component of tobacco product toxicological evaluations. However, current methods of regulatory testing involve exposing monolayer cell cultures to various preparations of aerosols from cigarettes or other emerging products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which are not representative of human exposure. In the present study, a whole aerosol (WA) system was used to expose lung epithelial cultures (2D and 3D) to determine the potential of six Vuse Alto ENDS products that varied in nicotine content (1.8%, 2.4%, and 5%) and flavors (Golden Tobacco, Rich Tobacco, Menthol, and Mixed Berry), along with a marketed ENDS and a marked cigarette comparator to induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. The WA from the Vuse Alto ENDS products was not cytotoxic in the NRU and MTT assays, nor did it activate the Nrf2 reporter gene, a marker of oxidative stress. In summary, Vuse Alto ENDS products did not induce cytotoxic or oxidative stress responses in the in vitro models. The WA exposures used in the 3D in vitro models described herein may be better suited than 2D models for the determination of cytotoxicity and other in vitro functional endpoints and represent alternative models for regulatory evaluation of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA; (R.L.); (J.W.); (K.S.); (P.M.); (K.J.)
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Seo YS, Park JM, Kim JH, Lee MY. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Formation: A Concise Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1732. [PMID: 37760035 PMCID: PMC10525535 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is recognized as a significant risk factor for numerous disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory conditions, and various forms of cancer. While the exact pathogenic mechanisms continue to be explored, the induction of oxidative stress via the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) is widely accepted as a primary molecular event that predisposes individuals to these smoking-related ailments. This review focused on how cigarette smoke (CS) promotes ROS formation rather than the pathophysiological repercussions of ROS and oxidative stress. A comprehensive analysis of existing studies revealed the following key ways through which CS imposes ROS burden on biological systems: (1) ROS, as well as radicals, are intrinsically present in CS, (2) CS constituents generate ROS through chemical reactions with biomolecules, (3) CS stimulates cellular ROS sources to enhance production, and (4) CS disrupts the antioxidant system, aggravating the ROS generation and its functions. While the evidence supporting these mechanisms is chiefly based on in vitro and animal studies, the direct clinical relevance remains to be fully elucidated. Nevertheless, this understanding is fundamental for deciphering molecular events leading to oxidative stress and for developing intervention strategies to counter CS-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.-S.S.); (J.-M.P.); (J.-H.K.)
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Mediconda S, Abidullah M, Velidandla S. To evaluate the role of lactate dehydrogenase as biomarker in the progression of potentially malignant disorders in smokers and gutkha chewers. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2023; 27:601. [PMID: 38033964 PMCID: PMC10683924 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_29_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the role of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a biomarker in the progression of potentially malignant disorders in smokers and gutkha chewers. Material and Methods The total of 70 individuals having the habit of chewing gutkha and smoking were selected for the study and divided into four groups. Group 1: 20 individuals having the habit of smoking, Group 2: 20 individuals having the habit of chewing gutkha, Group 3: 20 individuals having the habit of smoking and gutkha chewing, and Group 4: 10 healthy individuals. Results In the present study showed that unstimulated whole saliva from group 1, group 2, and group 3 individuals, there was a significant decrease in isoenzymes LDH-1 and LDH-2 and there was no effect on LDH-3 isoenzyme. In the present study, there is a significant increase in salivary isoenzyme LDH-4. The result indicated that there is an effect of carcinogen (tobacco)-enhanced activity on salivary LDH. The present study showed 70 volunteers reported a statistical significant correlation among the groups. The individuals with habit of smoking and gutkha chewing showed P value <.001 with a significant increase in the isoenzyme LDH-4. A significant increase in the buccal micronuclei of exfoliated cells in the oral mucosal cells of smokers and gutkha chewers. This shows a positive relationship between LDH isoenzymes and the individuals with the smoking and chewing of tobacco. Conclusion There was a significant correlation between the levels of salivary LDH isoenzymes and cytomorphometric analysis of oral epithelium in smokers and gutkha chewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaratna Mediconda
- Dental Department, Senior Resident at MNJ Cancer Hospital, Redhill, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammed Abidullah
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Surekha Velidandla
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Travis N, Knoll M, Cook S, Oh H, Cadham CJ, Sánchez-Romero LM, Levy DT. Chemical Profiles and Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes: An Umbrella Review and Methodological Considerations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1908. [PMID: 36767274 PMCID: PMC9914618 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are often marketed as a safer alternative to combustible tobacco products. The global EC market has rapidly expanded since their introduction, creating an urgent need for research describing the toxicity and chemical composition of ECs. We conducted an umbrella review to summarize the evidence from existing systematic reviews (SRs). METHODS The search for SRs was conducted across four electronic databases through 25 January 2022. Methodological quality was assessed using the AMSTAR-2 quality appraisal tool. RESULTS Twenty-five SRs were included in our umbrella review. Chemical profiles widely varied across studies included in the reviews, which was mainly attributed to the lack of standardized protocols investigating the constituents, and differences in EC devices and e-liquids tested. Metals were more abundant in some EC aerosols than cigarettes, while carbonyls were typically found at lower levels. There was consistent evidence of in vitro toxicity from EC aerosol and e-liquid exposure. AMSTAR-2 revealed important limitations across reviews. CONCLUSIONS While most reviews concluded that ECs were likely less harmful than cigarettes, there was hesitancy to draw clear conclusions due to variable analytical procedures and inconsistent findings among the included studies. Future SRs with improved methodology and reporting are needed to adequately inform tobacco regulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargiz Travis
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown Medical University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Marie Knoll
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown Medical University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Steven Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Hayoung Oh
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown Medical University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Christopher J. Cadham
- Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | | | - David T. Levy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown Medical University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Moore MM, Abraham I, Ballantyne M, Behrsing H, Cao X, Clements J, Gaca M, Gillman G, Hashizume T, Heflich RH, Hurtado S, Jordan KG, Leverette R, McHugh D, Miller-Holt J, Phillips G, Recio L, Roy S, Scian M, Simms L, Smart DJ, Stankowski LF, Tarran R, Thorne D, Weber E, Wieczorek R, Yoshino K, Curren R. Key Challenges and Recommendations for In Vitro Testing of Tobacco Products for Regulatory Applications: Consideration of Test Materials and Exposure Parameters. Altern Lab Anim 2023; 51:55-79. [PMID: 36821083 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221146536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) is sponsoring a series of workshops to identify, discuss and develop recommendations for optimal scientific and technical approaches for conducting in vitro assays, to assess potential toxicity within and across tobacco and various next generation nicotine and tobacco products (NGPs), including heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). The third workshop (24-26 February 2020) summarised the key challenges and made recommendations concerning appropriate methods of test article generation and cell exposure from combustible cigarettes, HTPs and ENDS. Expert speakers provided their research, perspectives and recommendations for the three basic types of tobacco-related test articles: i) pad-collected material (PCM); ii) gas vapour phase (GVP); and iii) whole smoke/aerosol. These three types of samples can be tested individually, or the PCM and GVP can be combined. Whole smoke/aerosol can be bubbled through media or applied directly to cells at the air-liquid interface. Summaries of the speaker presentations and the recommendations developed by the workgroup are presented. Following discussion, the workshop concluded the following: that there needs to be greater standardisation in aerosol generation and collection processes; that methods for testing the NGPs need to be developed and/or optimised, since simply mirroring cigarette smoke testing approaches may be insufficient; that understanding and quantitating the applied dose is fundamental to the interpretation of data and conclusions from each study; and that whole smoke/aerosol approaches must be contextualised with regard to key information, including appropriate experimental controls, environmental conditioning, analytical monitoring, verification and performance criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Ballantyne
- 63899Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Holger Behrsing
- 329003Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Xuefei Cao
- 4136National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Julie Clements
- 63899Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Marianna Gaca
- 195179British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Gene Gillman
- 520154Enthalpy Analytical, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tsuneo Hashizume
- 74193Japan Tobacco Inc., Scientific Product Assessment Centre, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Robert H Heflich
- 4136National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Sara Hurtado
- 66661Charles River Laboratories - Skokie, LLC., Skokie, IL, USA
| | - Kristen G Jordan
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Robert Leverette
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Damian McHugh
- 161931Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Gary Phillips
- Life Science Technologies Ltd, Eastleigh, Hampshire, UK
| | - Leslie Recio
- 298616ILS, PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Daniel J Smart
- 161931Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 2332University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David Thorne
- 195179British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Elisabeth Weber
- 588402Oekolab Ges. f. Umweltanalytik, A Member of the JT International Group of Companies, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kei Yoshino
- 74193Japan Tobacco Inc., Scientific Product Assessment Centre, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rodger Curren
- 329003Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Bellamri M, Walmsley SJ, Brown C, Brandt K, Konorev D, Day A, Wu CF, Wu MT, Turesky RJ. DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress of Tobacco Smoke Condensate in Human Bladder Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1863-1880. [PMID: 35877975 PMCID: PMC9665352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer (BC), with up to 50% of BC cases being attributed to smoking. There are 70 known carcinogens in tobacco smoke; however, the principal chemicals responsible for BC remain uncertain. The aromatic amines 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) are implicated in BC pathogenesis of smokers on the basis of the elevated BC risk in factory workers exposed to these chemicals. However, 4-ABP and 2-NA only occur at several nanograms per cigarette and may be insufficient to induce BC. In contrast, other genotoxicants, including acrolein, occur at 1000-fold or higher levels in tobacco smoke. There is limited data on the toxicological effects of tobacco smoke in human bladder cells. We have assessed the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA damage of tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) in human RT4 bladder cells. TSC was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction into an acid-neutral fraction (NF), containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs, phenols, and aldehydes, and a basic fraction (BF) containing aromatic amines, heterocyclic aromatic amines, and N-nitroso compounds. The TSC and NF induced a time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity associated with oxidative stress, lipid peroxide formation, glutathione (GSH) depletion, and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site formation, while the BF showed weak effects. LC/MS-based metabolomic approaches showed that TSC and NF altered GSH biosynthesis pathways and induced more than 40 GSH conjugates. GSH conjugates of several hydroquinones were among the most abundant conjugates. RT4 cell treatment with synthetic hydroquinones and cresol mixtures at levels present in tobacco smoke accounted for most of the TSC-induced cytotoxicity and the AP sites formed. GSH conjugates of acrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, and crotonaldehyde levels also increased owing to TSC-induced oxidative stress. Thus, TSC is a potent toxicant and DNA-damaging agent, inducing deleterious effects in human bladder cells at concentrations of <1% of a cigarette in cell culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Scott J. Walmsley
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Christina Brown
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Kyle Brandt
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Dmitri Konorev
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Abderrahman Day
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, CS Building, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tsang Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, CS Building, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
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Svirsky L, Howard D, Berman ML. E-Cigarettes and the Multiple Responsibilities of the FDA. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2022; 22:5-14. [PMID: 33871325 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1907478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper considers the responsibilities of the FDA with regard to disseminating information about the benefits and harms of e-cigarettes. Tobacco harm reduction advocates claim that the FDA has been overcautious and has violated ethical obligations by failing to clearly communicate to the public that e-cigarettes are far less harmful than cigarettes. We argue, by contrast, that the FDA's obligations in this arena are more complex than they may appear at first blush. Though the FDA is accountable for informing the public about the health risks and benefits of products it regulates, it also has other roles (and attendant responsibilities) that inform when and how it should disseminate information. In addition to being a knowledge purveyor, it is also a knowledge producer, an advisor to the public, and a practical agent shaping the material conditions in which people make health-related choices. In our view, those other roles call for caution in the way the FDA interprets and communicates the available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Svirsky
- College of Public Health and Center for Bioethics, The Ohio State University
| | - Dana Howard
- Center for Bioethics, The Ohio State University
| | - Micah L Berman
- College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University
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9
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Crooks I, Hollings M, Leverette R, Jordan K, Breheny D, Moore MM, Thorne D. A comparison of cigarette smoke test matrices and their responsiveness in the mouse lymphoma assay: A case study. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 879-880:503502. [PMID: 35914858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
No cigarette smoke test matrix is without limitation, due to the complexity of the starting aerosol and phase to phase dynamics. It is impossible to capture all chemicals at the same level of efficiency, therefore, any test matrix will inadvertently or by design fractionate the test aerosol. This case study examines how four different test matrices derived from cigarette smoke can be directly compared. The test matrices assessed were as follows, total particulate matter (TPM), gas vapour phase (GVP), a combination of TPM + GVP and whole aerosol (WA). Here we use an example assay, the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) to demonstrate that data generated across four cigarette smoke test matrices can be compared. The results show that all test matrices were able to induce positive mutational events, but with clear differences in the biological activity (both potency and toxicity) between them. TPM was deemed the most potent test article and by extension, the particulate phase is interpreted as the main driver of genotoxic induced responses in the MLA. However, the results highlight that the vapour phase is also active. MLA appeared responsive to WA, with potentially lower potency, compared to TPM approaches. However, this observation is caveated in that the WA approaches used for comparison were made on a newly developed experimental method using dose calculations. The TPM + GVP matrix had comparable activity to TPM alone, but interestingly induced a greater number of mutational events at comparable relative total growth (RTG) and TPM-equivalent doses when compared to other test matrices. In conclusion, this case study highlights the importance of understanding test matrices in response to the biological assay being assessed and we note that not all test matrices are equal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Crooks
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Michael Hollings
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Robert Leverette
- Reynolds American Inc, 950 Reynolds Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27105, USA
| | - Kristen Jordan
- Reynolds American Inc, 950 Reynolds Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27105, USA
| | - Damien Breheny
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - David Thorne
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
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10
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Keyser BM. Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response of smokeless tobacco extracts and cytotoxicity of combustible cigarette whole smoke in a 3D oral organotypic buccal cell model. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:352-361. [PMID: 34923904 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.2009949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral disease is frequently associated with viral and environmental exposures and oral hygiene. The use of tobacco is a risk factor in the development of oral disease. Cytotoxicity, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress have been reported to have a role in the development of oral disease. These three endpoints were evaluated in a 3D human oral buccal model, EpiOral™, following exposure to CORESTA reference smokeless tobacco products (CRPs) and cigarette whole smoke. CRPs for Swedish style snus (CRP1), moist snuff (CRP2), and dry snuff (CRP3) were each extracted in complete artificial saliva (CAS) with a ratio of 300 mg CRP to 1 mL of CAS. Each of the CRP extracts (15-300 mg/ml) were applied to the apical side of a 3D organotypic buccal cell model for 24 or 48 h continuously, then cytotoxicity (LDH), oxidative stress (8-isoprostane), and inflammatory response (IP10, IL-1α, and IL-8) were measured. Experiments with 3R4F cigarettes were conducted by exposing the buccal tissues to whole smoke for a maximum of 2.5 h. Cytotoxicity (MTT) was measured 24 h post-exposure. Exposure of buccal tissues to whole smoke from a cigarette induced a dose-dependent cytotoxic response. In contrast, the CRP extracts elicited minimal cytotoxicity (<15%) when compared to CAS (vehicle control), but time- and dose-dependent effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory response were observed. Collectively, these data demonstrate that a 3D organotypic buccal human model may be used to assess biological mechanisms (MOAs) involved in the development of oral disease following exposure to smokeless tobacco products and may be applicable for differentiation between tobacco product categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Keyser
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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11
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Das M, Saha A. Probe on Various Experimental Cigarette Smoke Subjection Structure. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.02.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Different methods of subjection to smoke from experimental cigarettes are essential for understanding tobacco smoke. The major toxicants found in tobacco are acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, acrylonitrile, ammonia, benzene, cadmium, catechol, chromium, cyanide hydrogen, arsenic, nickel, nitric oxide, nicotine last but not least, mono-oxide gases. While experts say, cigarette smoke contains more than 4000 different compounds. These are substantially toxic and can destroy cells, and many of them are carcinogenic. Various smoke-exposure devices are used for in-vitro tobacco smoke generation, dilution, and distribution.
Such devices are used widely by well-known manufacturers or can be tailor-made setups. We can set up different in-vitro models to better treat smoke-related diseases using these subjection structures. The fundamental goal will be to build a tobacco-free society of available subjection systems. Some have been identified and established as biological endpoints in some published scientific literature. In the scientific field, many new technologies are coming out and showing their presence. There are many systems of exposure to cigarette smoke in vitro which offer a more flexible approach to the challenges of exposure to tobacco smoke. This review covers some topics such as the description of available new subjection structures and reviews their work, setting up and application for Scenarios of in-vitro treatment. The benefits and disadvantages of both subjection mechanisms and the similarities between the setups and the data extracted from these structures. Measuring the smoke dose is also discussed here as an important field of research, particularly in the preclinical phase.
Keywords: Cigarette smoke; Cigarette Subjection Structures; Cigarette Subjection Mechanisms; Cigarette Subjection Advantages; Cigarette Subjection Use; Cigarette Subjection Modern advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulima Das
- M.Pharm Grad., Pharmacology, NSHM College Of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, B.L. Rd., Kolkata - 700053, WB
| | - Anupam Saha
- M.Pharm Grad., Pharmacology, NSHM College Of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, B.L. Rd., Kolkata - 700053, WB
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12
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Rayner RE, Makena P, Liu G, Prasad GL, Cormet-Boyaka E. Differential gene expression of 3D primary human airway cultures exposed to cigarette smoke and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) preparations. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:76. [PMID: 35369880 PMCID: PMC8978419 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exposure to cigarette smoke alters gene expression in several biological pathways such as apoptosis, immune response, tumorigenesis and stress response, among others. However, the effects of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) on early changes in gene expression is relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the early toxicogenomic changes using a fully-differentiated primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) culture model after an acute exposure to cigarette and ENDS preparations. RESULTS RNA sequencing and pathway enrichment analysis identified time and dose dependent changes in gene expression and several canonical pathways when exposed to cigarette preparations compared to vehicle control, including oxidative stress, xenobiotic metabolism, SPINK1 general cancer pathways and mucociliary clearance. No changes were observed with ENDS preparations containing up to 28 µg/mL nicotine. Full model hierarchical clustering revealed that ENDS preparations were similar to vehicle control. CONCLUSION This study revealed that while an acute exposure to cigarette preparations significantly and differentially regulated many genes and canonical pathways, ENDS preparations containing the same concentration of nicotine had very little effect on gene expression in fully-differentiated primary NHBE cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Gang Liu
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - G L Prasad
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Prasad Scientific Consulting LLC, Lewisville, NC, USA
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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13
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Smart DE, Bozhilova S, Miazzi F, Haswell LE, Gaca MD, Thorne D, Breheny D. Application of ToxTracker for the toxicological assessment of tobacco and nicotine delivery products. Toxicol Lett 2022; 358:59-68. [PMID: 35065211 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Consumer demands and innovation have led to an increasingly diverse range of nicotine delivery systems, driven by a desire to reduce risk associated with traditional combustible cigarettes. This speed of change provides a mandate for rapid new product assessment. We have used the validated technology ToxTracker®, to assess biomarkers of DNA damage, protein misfolding, oxidative and cellular stress, across the categories of cigarette (1R6F), tobacco heating product (THP 1.4) and electronic cigarette (ePen 3). In addition, we compared the commonly used test matrices for tobacco and nicotine products; whole aerosol aqueous extracts (AqE) and gas vapour phase (GVP), determining their suitability across the product categories. We demonstrated a significant reduction in oxidative stress and cytotoxicity for THP 1.4 over cigarette, further reduced for ePen 3, when assessed by both dilution and nicotine dosimetry. We also identified that while the extraction matrices AqE and GVP from combustible products were equivalent in the induced responses, this was not true of the other category examples, moreover THP 1.4 GVP demonstrates a >50 % reduction in both toxicity and cytotoxicity endpoints over AqE. This indicates that unlike cigarette, the active components or toxicants for THP and electronic cigarette are associated with the aerosol fraction of these categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Smart
- British American Tobacco, Scientific Research, Waterhouse Way, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Stela Bozhilova
- British American Tobacco, Scientific Research, Waterhouse Way, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Fabio Miazzi
- British American Tobacco, Scientific Research, Waterhouse Way, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Linsey E Haswell
- British American Tobacco, Scientific Research, Waterhouse Way, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Marianna D Gaca
- British American Tobacco, Scientific Research, Waterhouse Way, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Scientific Research, Waterhouse Way, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Damien Breheny
- British American Tobacco, Scientific Research, Waterhouse Way, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
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14
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Simms L, Yu F, Palmer J, Rudd K, Sticken ET, Wieczorek R, Chapman F, Czekala L, Stevenson M, O’Connell G. Use of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes to Predict the Cardiotoxicity Potential of Next Generation Nicotine Products. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:747508. [PMID: 35295225 PMCID: PMC8915889 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.747508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combustible cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. By contrast, the cardiotoxicity potential of non-combustible next generation nicotine products (NGPs), which includes heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic vaping products (EVPs), and how this compares relative to combustible cigarettes is currently an area of scientific exploration. As such, there is a need for a rapid screening assay to assess this endpoint. The Cardio quickPredict is a metabolomics biomarker-based assay that uses human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) to screen for potential structural and functional cardiac toxicants based on the changes of four metabolites, lactic acid, arachidonic acid, thymidine, and 2'-deoxycytidine. The study aims were to investigate the cardiotoxicity potential of NGPs compared to cigarettes, in addition to nicotine. To accomplish this, hiPSC-CM were exposed to smoke or aerosol bubbled PBS samples: reference cigarette (1R6F); three variants of HTP; and three EVP variants. The 1R6F bPBS was the most active, having cardiotoxic potential at 0.3-0.6% bPBS (0.4-0.9 μg/mL nicotine), followed by HTP, which displayed cardiotoxic potential at a 10 times higher concentration, 3.3% bPBS (4.1 μg/mL nicotine). Both 1R6F and HTP bPBS (at 10-fold higher concentration than 1R6F) affected all four predictive metabolites, whereas none of the EVP bPBS samples were active in the assay up to the maximal concentration tested (10% bPBS). Nicotine tested on its own was predicted to have cardiotoxic potential at concentrations greater than 80 μg/mL, which is higher than expected physiological levels associated with combustible cigarette smoking. The application of this rapid screening assay to NGP research and the associated findings adds to the weight-of-evidence indicating that NGPs have a tobacco harm reduction potential when compared to combustible cigarettes. Additionally, this technique was shown to be sensitive and robust for the assessment of different NGPs and may be considered as part of a larger overall scientific framework for NGP assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Yu
- Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Palmer
- Stemina Biomarker Discovery Inc., Madison, WI, United States
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15
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Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110316. [PMID: 34822707 PMCID: PMC8622692 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of cigarette smoke (CS) is largely attributed to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reportedly, CS generates superoxide in cell culture systems by stimulating the cells to produce superoxide and through direct chemical reactions with components of the culture media. In this study, we investigated CS-induced superoxide formation in biocompatible aqueous media and its characteristics. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and total particulate matter (TPM) were prepared from the mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. CSE and TPM generated superoxide in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle media (DMEM), and blood plasma, but not in distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline. Each constituent of HBSS in solution was tested, and bicarbonate was found to be responsible for the superoxide generation. More than half of the superoxide formation was abolished by pretreating CSE or TPM with peroxidase, indicating that the substrates of peroxidase, presumably peroxides and peroxy acids, mainly contributed to the superoxide production. In conclusion, the presence of bicarbonate in experimental conditions should be considered carefully in studies of the biological activity of CS. Furthermore, the local amount of bicarbonate in exposed tissues may be a determinant of tissue sensitivity to oxidative damage by CS.
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16
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Rayner RE, Wellmerling J, Makena P, Zhao J, Prasad GL, Cormet-Boyaka E. Transcriptomic Response of Primary Human Bronchial Cells to Repeated Exposures of Cigarette and ENDS Preparations. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 80:217-228. [PMID: 34767151 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke deregulates several biological pathways by modulating gene expression in airway epithelial cells and altering the physiology of the airway epithelium. The effects of repeated exposures of electronic cigarette delivery systems (ENDS) on gene expression in airway epithelium are relatively unknown. In order to assess the effect of repeated exposures of ENDS, primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells grown at air-liquid interface (ALI) were exposed to cigarette and ENDS preparations daily for 10 days. Cigarette smoke preparations significantly altered gene expression in a dose-dependent manner compared to vehicle control, including genes linked to oxidative stress, xenobiotic metabolism, cancer pathways, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fatty acid metabolism, degradation of collagen and extracellular matrix, O-glycosylation, and chemokines/cytokines, which are known pathways found to be altered in smokers. Conversely, ENDS preparations had minimal effect on transcriptional pathways. This study revealed that a sub-chronic exposure of primary NHBE cultures to cigarette and ENDS preparations differentially regulated genes and canonical pathways, with minimal effect observed with ENDS preparations compared to cigarette preparations. This study also demonstrates the versatility of primary NHBE cultures at ALI to evaluate repeat-dose exposures of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jack Wellmerling
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - G L Prasad
- Prasad Scientific Consulting LLC, Lewisville, NC, USA.,Prior employee of RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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17
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Meng F, Mei N, Yan J, Guo X, Richter PA, Chen T, De M. Comparative potency analysis of whole smoke solutions in the bacterial reverse mutation test. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:321-329. [PMID: 34131742 PMCID: PMC8742878 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term in vitro genotoxicity assays are useful tools to assess whether new and emerging tobacco products potentially have reduced toxicity. We previously demonstrated that potency ranking by benchmark dose (BMD) analysis quantitatively identifies differences among several known carcinogens and toxic chemicals representing different chemical classes found in cigarette smoke. In this study, six whole smoke solution (WSS) samples containing both the particulate and gas phases of tobacco smoke were generated from two commercial cigarette brands under different smoking-machine regimens. Sixty test cigarettes of each brand were machine-smoked according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) puffing protocol. In addition, either 60 or 20 test cigarettes of each brand were machine-smoked with the Canadian Intense (CI) puffing protocol. All six WSSs were evaluated in the bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test using Salmonella typhimurium strains, in the presence or absence of S9 metabolic activation. The resulting S9-mediated mutagenic concentration-responses for the four WSSs from 60 cigarettes were then compared using BMD modelling analysis and the mutagenic potency expressed as number of revertants per μl of the WSS. The quantitative approaches resulted in a similar rank order of mutagenic potency for the Ames test in both TA98 and TA100. Under the conditions of this study, these results indicate that quantitative analysis of the Ames test data can discriminate between the mutagenic potencies of WSSs on the basis of smoking-machine regimen (ISO vs. CI), and cigarette product (differences in smoke chemistry).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxue Meng
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
- Present address: 7870 Reflection Cove Dr., Fort Myers, FL 33907, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jian Yan
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Patricia A. Richter
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Present address: Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Mamata De
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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18
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Simms L, Mason E, Berg EL, Yu F, Rudd K, Czekala L, Trelles Sticken E, Brinster O, Wieczorek R, Stevenson M, Walele T. Use of a rapid human primary cell-based disease screening model, to compare next generation products to combustible cigarettes. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:309-321. [PMID: 34485931 PMCID: PMC8408431 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of public health bodies, regulators and governments around the world consider electronic vapor products a lower risk alternative to conventional cigarettes. Of critical importance are rapid new approach methodologies to enable the screening of next generation products (NGPs) also known as next generation tobacco and nicotine products. In this study, the activity of conventional cigarette (3R4F) smoke and a range of NGP aerosols (heated tobacco product, hybrid product and electronic vapor product) captured in phosphate buffered saline, were screened by exposing a panel of human cell-based model systems using Biologically Multiplexed Activity Profiling (BioMAP® Diversity PLUS® Panel, Eurofins Discovery). Following exposure, the biological activity for a wide range of biomarkers in the BioMAP panel were compared to determine the presence of toxicity signatures that are associated with specific clinical findings. NGP aerosols were found to be weakly active in the BioMAP Diversity PLUS Panel (≤3/148 biomarkers) whereas significant activity was observed for 3R4F (22/148 biomarkers). Toxicity associated biomarker signatures for 3R4F included immunosuppression, skin irritation and thrombosis, with no toxicity signatures seen for the NGPs. BioMAP profiling could effectively be used to differentiate between complex mixtures of cigarette smoke or NGP aerosol extracts in a panel of human primary cell-based assays. Clinical validation of these results will be critical for confirming the utility of BioMAP for screening NGPs for potential adverse human effects.
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Key Words
- ACM, aerosol collected mass
- AhR, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- Alternative methods
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EVP, Electronic vapor product
- HDFn, Human neonatal dermal fibroblasts
- HTP, Heated Tobacco Product
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- HYB, Hybrid product containing e-liquid drawn through a tobacco plug
- IL, interleukin
- ISO, International Organization for Standardization
- In vitro assays
- MOA, Mechanism of action
- M−CSF, Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- NGP, Next generation product
- NRC, National Research Council
- NRF2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- Next generation products
- PBMC, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- Panel
- Phenotypic screening
- SRB, Sulforhodamine B
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TF, Tissue factor
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TPM, Total particulate matter
- Toxicity signature
- bPBS, Bubbled phosphate buffered saline
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Elizabeth Mason
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Ellen L. Berg
- Eurofins Discovery, Inc., 111 Anza Blvd, Suite 414, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | - Fan Yu
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Kathryn Rudd
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Lukasz Czekala
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
| | - Edgar Trelles Sticken
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleg Brinster
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tanvir Walele
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL UK
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Caruso M, Emma R, Rust S, Distefano A, Carota G, Pulvirenti R, Polosa R, Li Volti G. Screening of different cytotoxicity methods for the assessment of ENDS toxicity relative to tobacco cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105018. [PMID: 34314750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS), i.e., electronic-cigarettes (e-cigs) and Tobacco Heating Products (THPs), are rapidly growing in popularity. Nonetheless, comprehensive quality and safety requirements for regulatory purposes are still under development. Cytotoxicity studies are important initial steps in appraising the potential ENDS toxicity. The aim of the present study was to screen different in vitro cytotoxicity methods for the assessment of ENDS toxicity. We evaluated NRU, MTT, Annexin V apoptosis (AN-V), High-Content Screening (HCS) assays and Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA), to compare two e-cigs and two THPs with the 1R6F reference tobacco cigarette. Human adenocarcinoma lung epithelial cells (H292) were exposed to tobacco smoke and ENDS vapor at air-liquid interface. All tests showed reduced cell viability following 1R6F smoke exposure and slight or no reduction with ENDS at 24 h. AN-V and RTCA exhibited a further significant reduction in cell viability following 1R6F exposure. AN-V allowed to discriminate viable cells from those in early/late apoptosis. RTCA and HCS being time-resolved analyses elucidate the kinetic dependency parameter for toxicity of smoke/vapor chemicals on cell viability. In conclusion, NRU assay may be considered a suitable test, especially when combined with a time-resolved analysis, for assessing the kinetic of cytotoxicity induced by these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy; Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosalia Emma
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy; Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Sonja Rust
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Alfio Distefano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Carota
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Roberta Pulvirenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy; Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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20
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Thorne D, Wieczorek R, Fukushima T, Shin HJ, Leverette R, Ballantyne M, Li X, Bombick B, Yoshino K. A survey of aerosol exposure systems relative to the analysis of cytotoxicity: A Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) perspective. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473211022267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During a Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) meeting, the in vitro toxicity testing Sub-Group (IVT SG) met to discuss the evolving field of aerosol exposure research. Given the diversity of exposure parameters and biological endpoints being used, it was considered a high priority to investigate and contextualise the responses obtained. This is particularly driven by the inability to compare between studies on different exposure systems due to user preferences and protocol differences. Twelve global tobacco and contract research companies met to discuss this topic and formulate an aligned approach on how this diverging field of research could be appropriately compared. Something that is becoming increasingly important, especially in the light of more focused regulatory scrutiny. A detailed and comprehensive survey was conducted on over 40 parameters ranging from aerosol generation, dilution and data analysis across eight geographically independent laboratories. The survey results emphasise the diversity of in vitro exposure parameters and methodologies employed across the IVT SG and highlighted pockets of harmonisation. For example, many of the biological protocol parameters are consistent across the Sub-Group. However, variables such as cell type and exposure time remain largely inconsistent. The next steps for this work will be to map parameters and system data against biological findings and investigate whether the observed inconsistencies translate into increased biological variability. The results from the survey provide improved awareness of parameters and nuances, that may be of substantial benefit to scientists in intersecting fields and in the development of harmonised approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - Toshiro Fukushima
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Han-Jae Shin
- Korean Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Xiang Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Kei Yoshino
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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Sepand MR, Maghsoudi AS, Shadboorestan A, Mirnia K, Aghsami M, Raoufi M. Cigarette smoke-induced toxicity consequences of intracellular iron dysregulation and ferroptosis. Life Sci 2021; 281:119799. [PMID: 34229007 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies on the mechanisms of cigarette smoking toxicity over the past three decades, some aspects remain obscure. Recent developments have drawn attention to some hopeful indicators that allow us to advance our awareness of cigarette-induced cell death. Ferroptosis is considered a type of governed death of cells distinguished by the iron-dependent lipid hydroperoxide deposition to fatal concentrations. Ferroptosis has been linked with pathological settings such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, heart attack, hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and renal dysfunction. This review tries to explain the causal role of ferroptosis cascade in cigarette smoke-mediated toxicity and cell death, highlighting associations on potential action mechanisms and proposing suggestions for its detoxifying and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Sepand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Armin Salek Maghsoudi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shadboorestan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kayvan Mirnia
- Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Aghsami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Raoufi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran; Physical Chemistry I and Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry (Cμ), University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
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22
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Bennet TJ, Randhawa A, Hua J, Cheung KC. Airway-On-A-Chip: Designs and Applications for Lung Repair and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1602. [PMID: 34206722 PMCID: PMC8304815 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are affected by illnesses including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and infections such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Physiologically relevant models for respiratory conditions will be essential for new drug development. The composition and structure of the lung extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a major role in the function of the lung tissue and cells. Lung-on-chip models have been developed to address some of the limitations of current two-dimensional in vitro models. In this review, we describe various ECM substitutes utilized for modeling the respiratory system. We explore the application of lung-on-chip models to the study of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapor. We discuss the challenges and opportunities related to model characterization with an emphasis on in situ characterization methods, both established and emerging. We discuss how further advancements in the field, through the incorporation of interstitial cells and ECM, have the potential to provide an effective tool for interrogating lung biology and disease, especially the mechanisms that involve the interstitial elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J. Bennet
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (T.J.B.); (A.R.); (J.H.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Avineet Randhawa
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (T.J.B.); (A.R.); (J.H.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jessica Hua
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (T.J.B.); (A.R.); (J.H.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (T.J.B.); (A.R.); (J.H.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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23
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Haghani A, Morgan TE, Forman HJ, Finch CE. Air Pollution Neurotoxicity in the Adult Brain: Emerging Concepts from Experimental Findings. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:773-797. [PMID: 32538853 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies are associating elevated exposure to air pollution with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. In effect, air pollution accelerates many aging conditions that promote cognitive declines of aging. The underlying mechanisms and scale of effects remain largely unknown due to its chemical and physical complexity. Moreover, individual responses to air pollution are shaped by an intricate interface of pollutant mixture with the biological features of the exposed individual such as age, sex, genetic background, underlying diseases, and nutrition, but also other environmental factors including exposure to cigarette smoke. Resolving this complex manifold requires more detailed environmental and lifestyle data on diverse populations, and a systematic experimental approach. Our review aims to summarize the modest existing literature on experimental studies on air pollution neurotoxicity for adult rodents and identify key gaps and emerging challenges as we go forward. It is timely for experimental biologists to critically understand prior findings and develop innovative approaches to this urgent global problem. We hope to increase recognition of the importance of air pollution on brain aging by our colleagues in the neurosciences and in biomedical gerontology, and to support the immediate translation of the findings into public health guidelines for the regulation of remedial environmental factors that accelerate aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Haghani
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Todd E Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Axelrod T, Eltzov E, Lerman M, Harpaz D, Marks RS. Cigarette smoke toxicity modes of action estimated by a bioluminescent bioreporter bacterial panel. Talanta 2021; 226:122076. [PMID: 33676644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is considered to be a risk factor for several chronic diseases and even premature death. However, despite the importance of this detrimental habit, little seems known in terms of the overall toxicity potential of its ingredients in humans. In this study, a panel of genetically modified bioluminescent bioreporter bacteria was used to evaluate its usefulness in estimating the cigarette smoke's complex molecular mixture on a bacterial toxicity-bioreporter panel, both filtered or unfiltered. This work enabled to confirm the usefulness of cigarette filters, with better protection found in higher priced brands despite both having genotoxic and cytotoxic attributes. Quorum sensing interference was also shown, which may explain why cigarette smokers are at greater risk for pulmonary infections. Moreover, the findings of this study support the fact that the filter is a dominating contributor to reducing the harm caused by cigarette smoke. Increased efforts should be conducted to reduce the harmful effects of cigarette smoke, via increasingly effective filters. To conclude, the panel of bioreporter bacteria was found to be useful in the evaluation of the general effect of the toxic mixture found in cigarette smoke and therefore has the potential to be used in cigarette research, helping researchers pinpoint the reduction of toxicity when working with filter improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Axelrod
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Merav Lerman
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Dorin Harpaz
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel; Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Robert S Marks
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel; National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel; The Ilse Katz Center for Meso and Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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25
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Xiong R, Wu L, Wu Y, Muskhelishvili L, Wu Q, Chen Y, Chen T, Bryant M, Rosenfeldt H, Healy SM, Cao X. Transcriptome analysis reveals lung-specific miRNAs associated with impaired mucociliary clearance induced by cigarette smoke in an in vitro human airway tissue model. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1763-1778. [PMID: 33704509 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is strongly associated with impaired mucociliary clearance (MCC), which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CS-induced respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). In this study, we aimed to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that are associated with impaired MCC caused by CS in an in vitro human air-liquid-interface (ALI) airway tissue model. ALI cultures were exposed to CS (diluted with 0.5 L/min, 1.0 L/min, and 4.0 L/min of clean air) from smoking five 3R4F University of Kentucky reference cigarettes under the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) machine smoking regimen, every other day for 1 week (a total of 3 days, 40 min/day). Transcriptome analyses of ALI cultures exposed to the high concentration of CS identified 5090 differentially expressed genes and 551 differentially expressed miRNAs after the third exposure. Genes involved in ciliary function and ciliogenesis were significantly perturbed by repeated CS exposures, leading to changes in cilia beating frequency and ciliary protein expression. In particular, a time-dependent decrease in the expression of miR-449a, a conserved miRNA highly enriched in ciliated airway epithelia and implicated in motile ciliogenesis, was observed in CS-exposed cultures. Similar alterations in miR-449a have been reported in smokers with COPD. Network analysis further indicates that downregulation of miR-449a by CS may derepress cell-cycle proteins, which, in turn, interferes with ciliogenesis. Investigating the effects of CS on transcriptome profile in human ALI cultures may provide not only mechanistic insights, but potential early biomarkers for CS exposure and harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Leihong Wu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, 72079, AR, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, 72079, AR, USA
| | | | - Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, 72079, AR, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Matthew Bryant
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, 72079, AR, USA
| | - Hans Rosenfeldt
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Sheila M Healy
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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26
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Chandiramohan A, Dabaghi M, Aguiar JA, Tiessen N, Stewart M, Cao QT, Nguyen JP, Makhdami N, Cox G, Doxey AC, Hirota JA. Development and validation of an open-source, disposable, 3D-printed in vitro environmental exposure system for Transwell culture inserts. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00705-2020. [PMID: 33614779 PMCID: PMC7882787 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00705-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Accessible in vitro models recapitulating the human airway that are amenable to study whole cannabis smoke exposure are needed for immunological and toxicological studies that inform public health policy and recreational cannabis use. In the present study, we developed and validated a novel three-dimensional (3D)-printed in vitro exposure system (IVES) that can be directly applied to study the effect of cannabis smoke exposure on primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Using commercially available design software and a 3D printer, we designed a four-chamber Transwell insert holder for exposures to whole smoke. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to model gas distribution, concentration gradients, velocity profile and shear stress within IVES. Following simulations, primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured at the air–liquid interface on Transwell inserts were exposed to whole cannabis smoke using a modified version of the Foltin puff procedure. Following 24 h, outcome measurements included cell morphology, epithelial barrier function, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, cytokine expression and gene expression. Whole smoke delivered through IVES possesses velocity profiles consistent with uniform gas distribution across the four chambers and complete mixing. Airflow velocity ranged between 1.0 and 1.5 µm·s−1 and generated low shear stresses (<<1 Pa). Human airway epithelial cells exposed to cannabis smoke using IVES showed changes in cell morphology and disruption of barrier function without significant cytotoxicity. Cannabis smoke elevated interleukin-1 family cytokines and elevated CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression relative to control, validating IVES smoke exposure impacts in human airway epithelial cells at a molecular level. The growing legalisation of cannabis on a global scale must be paired with research related to potential health impacts of lung exposures. IVES represents an accessible, open-source, exposure system that can be used to model varying types of cannabis smoke exposures with human airway epithelial cells grown under air–liquid interface culture conditions. Development of an open-source, disposable, 3D-printed in vitro environmental exposure system for Transwell culture inserts that can be used for environmental exposures important for lung health, and validation with cannabis smoke exposurehttps://bit.ly/2JjgDrm
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiram Chandiramohan
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Mohammedhossein Dabaghi
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,These authors contributed equally
| | | | - Nicholas Tiessen
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Stewart
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Quynh T Cao
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny P Nguyen
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nima Makhdami
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gerard Cox
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew C Doxey
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Dept of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Dept of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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27
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Zhao J, Qiao L, Shang P, Hua C, Xie Y, Li X, Ding M, Liu K, Guo J, Zhao G, Wang S, Liu H, Xie F. Effects of smokeless tobacco on cell viability, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokines in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 31:349-358. [PMID: 33467949 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1876800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco products provide an alternative to cigarettes; however, smokeless tobacco is carcinogenic and harmful to human health. This study evaluated the toxicological effects of snus extracts and cigarette smoke total particulate matter (TPM) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treated cells were examined for cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, we explored the mechanism of programmed cell death induced by snus. The results showed that snus extracts significantly inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. ROS was significantly increased in treatment groups, and anti-oxidant treatment could not prevent snus extract-induced cell death. Snus extracts induced apoptosis, DNA damage, activation and cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-8, pathway-related gene change, and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 release in HUVECs. Snus extracts exposure may induce cytotoxicity, ROS generation, inflammatory cytokines release, and apoptosis or DNA damage through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangjun Qiao
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pingping Shang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenfeng Hua
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuming Xie
- Zhengzhou Foreign Language School, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meizhou Ding
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kejian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
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28
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Dusautoir R, Zarcone G, Verriele M, Garçon G, Fronval I, Beauval N, Allorge D, Riffault V, Locoge N, Lo-Guidice JM, Anthérieu S. Comparison of the chemical composition of aerosols from heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123417. [PMID: 32763707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and more recently the heated tobacco products (HTP) provide alternatives for smokers as they are generally perceived to be less harmful than conventional cigarettes. However, it is crucial to compare the health risks of these different emergent devices, in order to determine which product should be preferred to substitute cigarette. The present study aimed to compare the composition of emissions from HTP, e-cigs and conventional cigarettes, regarding selected harmful or potentially harmful compounds, and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The HTP emitted less polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyls than the conventional cigarette. However, amounts of these compounds in HTP aerosols were still higher than in e-cig vapours. Concordantly, HTP aerosol showed reduced cytotoxicity compared to cigarette smoke but higher than e-cig vapours. HTP and e-cig had the potential to increase oxidative stress and inflammatory response, in a manner similar to that of cigarette smoke, but after more intensive exposures. In addition, increasing e-cig power impacted levels of certain toxic compounds and related oxidative stress. This study provides important data necessary for risk assessment by demonstrating that HTP might be less harmful than tobacco cigarette but considerably more harmful than e-cig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Dusautoir
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Gianni Zarcone
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Marie Verriele
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | | | - Nicolas Beauval
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Delphine Allorge
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | | | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Lo-Guidice
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Sébastien Anthérieu
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
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29
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Finch CE, Morgan TE. Developmental Exposure to Air Pollution, Cigarettes, and Lead: Implications for Brain Aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-042320-044338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain development is impaired by maternal exposure to airborne toxins from ambient air pollution, cigarette smoke, and lead. Shared postnatal consequences include gray matter deficits and abnormal behaviors as well as elevated blood pressure. These unexpectedly broad convergences have implications for later life brain health because these same airborne toxins accelerate brain aging. Gene-environment interactions are shown for ApoE alleles that influence the risk of Alzheimer disease. The multigenerational trace of these toxins extends before fertilization because egg cells are formed in the grandmaternal uterus. The lineage and sex-specific effects of grandmaternal exposure to lead and cigarettes indicate epigenetic processes of relevance to future generations from our current and recent exposure to airborne toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0191, USA;,
| | - Todd E. Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0191, USA;,
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30
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Rayner RE, Makena P, Prasad GL, Cormet-Boyaka E. Cigarette smoke preparations, not electronic nicotine delivery system preparations, induce features of lung disease in a 3D lung repeat-dose model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L276-L287. [PMID: 33207918 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00452.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and lung cancer. The potential health effects of chronic use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is unclear. This study utilized fully differentiated primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cultures in a repeat-dose exposure to evaluate and compare the effect of combustible cigarette and ENDS preparations. We show that 1-h daily exposure of NHBE cultures over a 10-day period to combustible cigarette whole smoke-conditioned media (WS-CM) increased expression of oxidative stress markers, cell proliferation, airway remodeling, and cellular transformation markers and decreased mucociliary function including ion channel function and airway surface liquid. Conversely, aerosol conditioned media (ACM) from ENDS with similar nicotine concentration (equivalent-nicotine units) as WS-CM and nicotine alone had no effect on those parameters. In conclusion, primary NHBE cultures in a repeat-dose exposure system represent a good model to assess the features of lung disease. This study also reveals that cigarette and ENDS preparations differentially elicit several key endpoints, some of which are potential biomarkers for lung cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - G L Prasad
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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31
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The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells to screen for developmental toxicity potential indicates reduced potential for non-combusted products, when compared to cigarettes. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:161-173. [PMID: 34345845 PMCID: PMC8320631 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective in vitro strategies are required to predict early developmental toxicity. devTOXqP is a metabolomics biomarker assay using iPSCs. Sample smoke/aerosol captured in bPBS, was tested up to 10% concentration. Cigarettes & HTP bPBS extracts were predicted as potentially developmentally toxic. HYB & EVP aerosols were not predicted as having developmentally toxic potential in devTOXqP.
devTOX quickPredict (devTOXqP) is a metabolomics biomarker-based assay that utilises human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to screen for potential early stage embryonic developmental toxicity in vitro. Developmental toxicity potential is assessed based on the assay endpoint of the alteration in the ratio of key unrelated biomarkers, ornithine and cystine (o/c). This work aimed to compare the developmental toxicity potential of tobacco-containing and tobacco-free non-combustible nicotine products to cigarette smoke. Smoke and aerosol from test articles were produced using a Vitrocell VC10 smoke/aerosol exposure system and bubbled into phosphate buffered saline (bPBS). iPS cells were exposed to concentrations of up to 10% bPBS. Assay sensitivity was assessed through a spiking study with a known developmental toxicant, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), in combination with cigarette smoke extract. The bPBS extracts of reference cigarettes (1R6F and 3R4F) and a heated tobacco product (HTP) were predicted to have the potential to induce developmental toxicity, in this screening assay. The bPBS concentration at which these extracts exceeded the developmental toxicity threshold was 0.6% (1R6F), 1.3% (3R4F), and 4.3% (HTP) added to the cell media. Effects from cigarette smoke and HTP aerosol were driven largely by cytotoxicity, with the cell viability and o/c ratio dose–response curves crossing the developmental toxicity thresholds at very similar concentrations of added bPBS. The hybrid product and all the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosols were not predicted to be potential early developmental toxicants, under the conditions of this screening assay.
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Key Words
- ATRA, All-trans-retinoic acid
- CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- COT, United Kingdom Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment
- CV, coefficient of variation
- Cigarettes
- DART, developmental and reproductive toxicity
- DNPH, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
- Developmental toxicity
- E-cigarettes
- ECVAM, European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods
- EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency
- EVP, electronic vapour product
- FDR, false discovery rate
- HPHCs, Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents
- HPLC-DAD, high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector
- HTP, heated tobacco product
- HYB, hybrid product
- Human induced pluripotent stem cells
- ISO, International Organization for Standardisation
- ISTD, internal standard
- In vitro reproduction assay
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
- LOQ, limit of quantification
- ND, No effect was detected within the exposure range tested
- NHS, United Kingdom National Health Service
- NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
- Nicotine
- ODC, ornithine decarboxylase
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PG/VG, propylene glycol/vegetable glycerine
- POD, point of difference
- Q-TOF, Quadrupole Time-of-Flight
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TP, cell viability toxicity potential concentration
- TT21C, toxicity testing in the 21st century
- UPLC-HRMS, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled high resolution mass spectrometry
- bPBS, bubbled phosphate buffered saline
- dTP, developmental toxicity potential concentration
- dTT, developmental toxicity threshold
- devTOXqP, devTOX quickPredict
- e-cigarettes, electronic cigarettes
- iPS cells, induced pluripotent stem cells
- nAChRs, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
- o/c, ornithine/cystine ratio
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32
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Chien J, Hwang JH, Nilaad S, Masso-Silva JA, Jeong Ahn S, McEachern EK, Moshensky A, Byun MK, Crotty Alexander LE. Cigarette Smoke Exposure Promotes Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Induces Resistance to Neutrophil Killing. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00527-20. [PMID: 32868344 PMCID: PMC7573448 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00527-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that cigarette smoke damages host defenses and increases susceptibility to bacterial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium that commonly colonizes the airways of smokers and patients with chronic lung disease, can cause pneumonia and sepsis and can trigger exacerbations of lung diseases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizing airways is consistently exposed to inhaled cigarette smoke. Here, we investigated whether cigarette smoke alters the ability of this clinically significant microbe to bypass host defenses and cause invasive disease. We found that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure enhances resistance to human neutrophil killing, but this increase in pathogenicity was not due to resistance to neutrophil extracellular traps. Instead, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to CSE (CSE-PSA) had increased resistance to oxidative stress, which correlated with increased expression of tpx, a gene essential for defense against oxidative stress. In addition, exposure to CSE induced enhanced biofilm formation and resistance to the antibiotic levofloxacin. Finally, CSE-PSA had increased virulence in a model of pneumonia, with 0% of mice infected with CSE-PSA alive at day 6, while 28% of controls survived. Altogether, these data show that cigarette smoke alters the phenotype of P. aeruginosa, increasing virulence and making it less susceptible to killing by neutrophils and more capable of causing invasive disease. These findings provide further explanation of the refractory nature of respiratory illnesses in smokers and highlight cigarette smoking as a potential driver of virulence in this important airway pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Chien
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John H Hwang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sedtavut Nilaad
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jorge A Masso-Silva
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sae Jeong Ahn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elisa K McEachern
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexander Moshensky
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Min-Kwang Byun
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Wieczorek R, Phillips G, Czekala L, Trelles Sticken E, O'Connell G, Simms L, Rudd K, Stevenson M, Walele T. A comparative in vitro toxicity assessment of electronic vaping product e-liquids and aerosols with tobacco cigarette smoke. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104866. [PMID: 32353510 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of electronic vaping products (EVPs) continues to increase worldwide among adult smokers in parallel with accumulating information on their potential toxicity and relative safety compared to tobacco smoke. At this time, in vitro assessments of many widely available EVPs are limited. In this study, an in vitro battery of established assays was used to examine the cytotoxic (Neutral red uptake), genotoxic (In vitro micronucleus) and mutagenic (Bacterial reverse mutation) responses of two commercial EVPs (blu GO™ disposable and blu PLUS+™ rechargeable) when compared to smoke from a reference cigarette (3R4F). In total, 12 commercial products were tested as e-liquids and as aerosols. In addition, two experimental base liquids containing 1.2% and 2.4% nicotine were also assessed to determine the effect of flavour and nicotine on all three assays. In the bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) and in vitro micronucleus (IVM) assays, exposures to e-liquids and EVP aerosols, with and without nicotine and in a range of flavourings, showed no mutagenic or genotoxic effects compared to tobacco smoke. The neutral red uptake (NRU) assay showed significantly reduced cytotoxicity (P < .05) for whole undiluted EVP aerosols compared to tobacco smoke, which by contrast was markedly cytotoxic even when diluted. The reduced in vitro toxicological responses of the EVPs add to the increasing body of scientific weight-of-evidence supporting the role of high-quality EVPs as a harm reduction tool for adult smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH - Imperial Brands, Albert-Einstein-Ring 7, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Phillips
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, UK.
| | - L Czekala
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, UK
| | - E Trelles Sticken
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH - Imperial Brands, Albert-Einstein-Ring 7, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G O'Connell
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, UK
| | - L Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, UK
| | - K Rudd
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, UK
| | - M Stevenson
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, UK
| | - T Walele
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, UK
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34
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Dalle-Donne I, Garavaglia ML, Colombo G, Astori E, Lionetti MC, La Porta CAM, Santucci A, Rossi R, Giustarini D, Milzani A. Cigarette smoke and glutathione: Focus on in vitro cell models. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104818. [PMID: 32135238 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is one of the most important preventable risk factors for the development of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and various types of cancer. Due to its high intracellular concentration and central role in maintaining the cellular redox state, glutathione (GSH) is one of the key players in several enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions necessary for protecting cells against CS-induced oxidative stress. A plethora of in vitro cell models have been used over the years to assess the effects of CS on intracellular GSH and its disulphide forms, i.e. glutathione disulphide (GSSG) and S-glutathionylated proteins. In this review, we described the effects of cell exposure to CS on cellular GSH and formation of its oxidized forms and adducts (GSH-conjugates). We also discussed the limitations and relevance of in vitro cell models of exposure to CS and critically assessed the congruence between smokers and in vitro cell models. What emerges clearly is that results obtained in vitro should be interpreted with extreme caution, bearing in mind the limitations of the specific cell model used. Despite this, in vitro cell models remain important tools in the assessment of CS-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria L Garavaglia
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Astori
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria C Lionetti
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina A M La Porta
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Hasan F, Khachatryan L, Lomnicki S. Comparative Studies of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals on Total Particulate Matter Collected from Electronic and Tobacco Cigarettes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5710-5718. [PMID: 32267684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed to measure environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in the total particulate matter (TPM) of mainstream and sidestream TPM of conventional cigarettes and the TPM of e-cigarettes. Comparable concentrations of EPFRs were detected in both sidestream (8.05 ± 1.32) × 104 pmol/g and mainstream TPM (7.41 ± 0.85) × 104 pmol/g of conventional cigarettes. TPM exposure to air resulted in long-lived oxygen centered, secondary radicals with EPR g values of 2.0041 for mainstream and 2.0044 for sidestream. Surprisingly, despite no combustion process, the TPM from e-cigarettes (menthol flavor of NJOY and V2 brands) also contain EPFRs with g values of 2.0031-2.0033, characteristic of carbon centered radicals, while the radical signal in the vanilla flavor of V2 brand was remarkably similar to semiquinones in cigarette smoke with a higher g value (2.0063). The radical concentration in e-cigarettes was much lower as compared to tobacco TPM. Although the production of ROS generated by e-cigarettes is comparatively lower than ROS generated by conventional cigarettes, EPFRs in e-cigarettes appear to be more potent than those in tobacco TPM with respect to hydroxyl radical generation yield per unit EPFR. EPFRs in e-cigarette TPM may be a potential source of health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Hasan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Slawo Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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36
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Talhout R, Duarte-Davidson R, Hoet P, Nair U, Rydzynski K, Vermeire T, Zacharov S, Testai E. Advice to the European Commission as Regards Type and Criteria for Comprehensive Studies to Be Requested From Manufacturers: The Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental, and Emerging Risks (SCHEER). Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:613-618. [PMID: 31329942 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The European Commission has established a priority list of 15 additives contained in cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco subject to enhanced reporting obligations. The European Union (EU) Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) prescribes that Member States shall require manufacturers and importers of tobacco products to carry out comprehensive studies on these additives to assess their contribution to any of the properties listed in Article 6 of the TPD: toxicity or addictiveness, characterizing flavor, inhalation facilitation, nicotine uptake, and carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction. The Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental, and Emerging Risks (SCHEER) has provided guidance on the type and criteria for comprehensive studies, and on the most suitable methodologies to test these 15 tobacco additives as well as additives on future updated lists. The SCHEER proposes a stepwise strategy as the most pragmatic and efficient way to assess the effects of tobacco additives. In addition to proposing specific steps and tests to be considered by industry, some general criteria were also identified such as no comparative testing (testing cigarettes with and without the additive) and no animal studies. As tobacco additives have no benefits for health, but rather may promote use of and addiction to an extremely toxic product, a risk-benefit analysis is not the appropriate paradigm for assessing the additive. When comprehensive studies confirm that additives have any of the properties listed in Article 6 of the TPD, regulatory actions should be considered. If uncertainties cannot be solved by comprehensive studies, the SCHEER recommends that the assessors consider the worst-case evaluation. IMPLICATIONS In this article, the SCHEER proposes a stepwise strategy to assess (1) the toxic and addictive effects, (2) the characterizing flavor, and (3) facilitating inhalation properties of tobacco additives. The proposed steps and tests provide guidance to (1) Member State on which comprehensive studies should be requested and (2) tobacco industry on which strategy of testing should be applied to address the request and to prepare reports to be sent to the relevant authorities for the evaluation of tobacco additives "safety" to comply with the Tobacco Products Directive 2014/40/EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinskje Talhout
- SCHEER Secretariat, European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety, Directorate C: Public Health, Country Knowledge, Crisis Management, Unit C2: Country Knowledge and Scientific Committees, Luxembourg
| | - Raquel Duarte-Davidson
- SCHEER Secretariat, European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety, Directorate C: Public Health, Country Knowledge, Crisis Management, Unit C2: Country Knowledge and Scientific Committees, Luxembourg
| | - Peter Hoet
- SCHEER Secretariat, European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety, Directorate C: Public Health, Country Knowledge, Crisis Management, Unit C2: Country Knowledge and Scientific Committees, Luxembourg
| | - Urmila Nair
- SCHEER Secretariat, European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety, Directorate C: Public Health, Country Knowledge, Crisis Management, Unit C2: Country Knowledge and Scientific Committees, Luxembourg
| | - Konrad Rydzynski
- SCHEER Secretariat, European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety, Directorate C: Public Health, Country Knowledge, Crisis Management, Unit C2: Country Knowledge and Scientific Committees, Luxembourg
| | - Theo Vermeire
- SCHEER Secretariat, European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety, Directorate C: Public Health, Country Knowledge, Crisis Management, Unit C2: Country Knowledge and Scientific Committees, Luxembourg
| | - Sergej Zacharov
- SCHEER Secretariat, European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety, Directorate C: Public Health, Country Knowledge, Crisis Management, Unit C2: Country Knowledge and Scientific Committees, Luxembourg
| | - Emanuela Testai
- SCHEER Secretariat, European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety, Directorate C: Public Health, Country Knowledge, Crisis Management, Unit C2: Country Knowledge and Scientific Committees, Luxembourg
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37
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Boué S, Goedertier D, Hoeng J, Kuczaj A, Majeed S, Mathis C, May A, Phillips B, Peitsch MC, Radtke F, Schlage WK, Tan WT, Vanscheeuwijck P. State-of-the-art methods and devices for the generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from heat-not-burn tobacco products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319897869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco harm reduction is increasingly recognized as a promising approach to accelerate the decline in smoking prevalence and smoking-related population harm. Potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) must undergo a rigorous premarket toxicological risk assessment. The ability to reproducibly generate, collect, and use aerosols is critical for the characterization, and preclinical assessment of aerosol-based candidate MRTPs (cMRTPs), such as noncombusted cigarettes, also referred to as heated tobacco products, tobacco heating products, or heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco products. HNB tobacco products generate a nicotine-containing aerosol by heating tobacco instead of burning it. The aerosols generated by HNB products are qualitatively and quantitatively highly different from cigarette smoke (CS). This constitutes technical and experimental challenges comparing the toxicity of HNB aerosols with CS. The methods and experimental setups that have been developed for the study of CS cannot be directly transposed to the study of HNB aerosols. Significant research efforts are dedicated to the development, characterization, and validation of experimental setups and methods suitable for HNB aerosols. They are described in this review, with a particular focus on the Tobacco Heating System version 2.2. This is intended to support further studies, the objective evaluation and verification of existing evidence, and the development of scientifically substantiated HNB MRTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne May
- Consultants in Science, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Falk Radtke
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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38
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In vitro mutagenicity of gas-vapour phase extracts from flavoured and unflavoured heated tobacco products. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1155-1163. [PMID: 31737489 PMCID: PMC6849343 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro mutagenic and genotoxic potential of Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) has already been studied with the particulate phase and reported previously. This study has been designed to complement the in vitro assessment of the HTP and to determine whether the inclusion of potential flavourings would alter the in vitro response by testing the other phase of the aerosol, the gas-vapour phase (GVP). Both flavoured and unflavoured Neostik GVP samples did not show any sign of mutagenic activity in the Ames test but induced a mutagenic response in the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA), however, these responses were significantly less than those of the reference cigarette, 3R4F. The results demonstrated that GVP emissions of this HTP did not induce either new qualitative or quantitative mutagenic hazards compared to 3R4F, as assessed by the Ames test (no new responsive strains) and MLA (a lower mutagenic response), respectively. A statistical comparative analysis of the responses showed that the addition of flavourings that may thermally decompose under the conditions of use did not add to the in vitro baseline responses of the unflavoured Neostik.
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Inselman A, Liu F, Wang C, Shi Q, Pang L, Mattes W, White M, Lyn-Cook B, Rosas-Hernandez H, Cuevas E, Lantz S, Imam S, Ali S, Petibone DM, Shemansky JM, Xiong R, Wang Y, Tripathi P, Cao X, Heflich RH, Slikker W. Dr. Daniel Acosta and In Vitro toxicology at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's National Center for Toxicological Research. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 64:104471. [PMID: 31628011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For the past five years, Dr. Daniel Acosta has served as the Deputy Director of Research at the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), a principle research laboratory of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Over his career at NCTR, Dr. Acosta has had a major impact on developing and promoting the use of in vitro assays in regulatory toxicity and product safety assessments. As Dr. Acosta nears his retirement we have dedicated this paper to his many accomplishments at the NCTR. Described within this paper are some of the in vitro studies that have been conducted under Dr. Acosta's leadership. These studies include toxicological assessments involving developmental effects, and the development and application of in vitro reproductive, heart, liver, neurological and airway cell and tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Inselman
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Qiang Shi
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Li Pang
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William Mattes
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Matthew White
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith, AR 72916, USA
| | - Beverly Lyn-Cook
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | | | - Elvis Cuevas
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Susan Lantz
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Syed Imam
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Syed Ali
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Dayton M Petibone
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jennifer M Shemansky
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Yiying Wang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Priya Tripathi
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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40
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Nonanimal toxicology testing approaches for traditional and deemed tobacco products in a complex regulatory environment: Limitations, possibilities, and future directions. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104684. [PMID: 31618670 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of tobacco products is complex due to a multitude of factors including product diversity, limited testing standards, and variability in user behavior. Alternative approaches in current testing paradigms have limitations that generally truncate their applicability beyond screening for hazard identification; this is also true for toxicological evaluations of tobacco products. In a regulatory context, results from tobacco product toxicity assessments are extrapolated to the in vivo condition to assess human health relevance at the individual and population level. A key limitation of alternative approaches is the difficulty and uncertainty in extrapolating results to adverse outcomes relevant to chronic tobacco exposures in humans. This difficulty and uncertainty are increased when comparing toxicological outcomes between tobacco products. Given that the interpretation and quantification of differences in assay results (e.g., mutagenicity) for tobacco product comparison may be inconclusive, the predictive value of these approaches for human risk of relevant downstream pathologies (e.g., carcinogenesis) can be limited. Development and validation of fit-for-purpose alternative approaches that are predictive of human toxicity and dose response assays with adequate sensitivity and specificity for product comparisons would help advance the field of predictive toxicology.
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41
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Sayyed K, Aljebeai AK, Al-Nachar M, Chamieh H, Taha S, Abdel-Razzak Z. Interaction of cigarette smoke condensate and some of its components with chlorpromazine toxicity on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 45:77-87. [PMID: 31514548 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1659809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is an antipsychotic phenothiazine which is still commonly prescribed though it causes idiosyncratic toxicity such as cholestasis. CPZ toxicity mechanisms involve oxidative stress among others. Cigarette smoke (CS) causes deleterious effects through diverse mechanisms such as oxidative stress. CS alters drug metabolizing enzymes expression and drug transporters expression and activity in animal cell models as well as in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CS therefore alters pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of many drugs including CPZ and caffeine whose toxicity is promoted by CS condensate (CSC). CSC interaction with CPZ toxicity deserves investigation. In this study, CSC exerted mild toxicity on Saccharomyces cerevisiae which resisted to this chemical stress after several hours. CPZ toxicity on yeast was dose-dependent and the cells resisted to CPZ up to 40 µM after 24 h of treatment. Yeast cells treated simultaneously with CPZ and a nontoxic CSC dose were less sensitive to CPZ. CSC probably triggers cross-resistance to CPZ. Using Sod1 mutant strain, we showed that this gene is potentially involved in the potential cross-resistance. Other genes encoding stress-related transcription factors could be involved in this process. Nicotine and cadmium chloride, which caused a dose-dependent toxicity individually, acted with CPZ in an additive or synergistic manner in terms of toxicity. Although our results cannot be extrapolated to humans, they clearly show that CSC and its components interact with CPZ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Sayyed
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Abdel-Karim Aljebeai
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Mariam Al-Nachar
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Hala Chamieh
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Samir Taha
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Ziad Abdel-Razzak
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
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42
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Cudazzo G, Smart DJ, McHugh D, Vanscheeuwijck P. Lysosomotropic-related limitations of the BALB/c 3T3 cell-based neutral red uptake assay and an alternative testing approach for assessing e-liquid cytotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104647. [PMID: 31518669 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity assays are used to quantify the cytotoxic potential of chemicals. The neutral red uptake (NRU) assay is one of these assays and is routinely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and tobacco industries. In the context of e-cigarette development, an NRU assay-based screen was implemented to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of e-liquids. E-liquids induced a biphasic response in the BALB/c 3T3-based assay. The NRU initially increased in a concentration-dependent manner before decreasing following treatment with higher concentrations until NRU was abolished. Experiments were performed to characterize the mechanism underlying this biphasic signal. Nicotine alone was found to induce the same biphasic effects, while inducing concentration-dependent decreases in relative cell counts (RCC). Imaging and flow cytometry data revealed that the increases in NRU likely resulted from nicotine-induced vacuolization via a lysosomotropic mechanism. In support of this, two lysosomotropic agents, chloroquine and lapatinib, induced similar profiles. Nicotine's effects were also translatable, as brain-, lung-, bone marrow-, and smooth muscle-derived mammalian cells responded with the biphasic NRU signal. However, like RCC, three other cytotoxicity endpoints, resazurin, adenosine triphosphate, and water soluble tetrazolium salt (WST)-8, were not subject to these effects. The WST-8 assay is proposed as an alternative to screen the cytotoxic potential of e-liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Cudazzo
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Smart
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Damian McHugh
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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43
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Rayner RE, Makena P, Prasad GL, Cormet-Boyaka E. Cigarette and ENDS preparations differentially regulate ion channels and mucociliary clearance in primary normal human bronchial 3D cultures. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L295-L302. [PMID: 31166129 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00096.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is known to disrupt the normal mucociliary function of the lungs, whereas the effect of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is not completely understood. This study aimed to compare the effects of acute exposure of primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) 3D cultures at air-liquid interface to combustible cigarette and ENDS preparations on mucociliary function, including ion channel function, ciliary beat frequency (CBF), and airway surface liquid (ASL) height. Differentiated NHBE cultures were exposed to whole smoke-conditioned media (WS-CM) or total particulate matter (TPM) prepared from 3R4F reference cigarettes, whole aerosol-conditioned media (ACM) or e-TPM generated from a marketed ENDS product, or nicotine alone. We found that a dose of 7 μg/mL equi-nicotine units of cigarette TPM and WS-CM significantly decreased cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) function, which regulates fluid homeostasis in the lung. Conversely, higher (56 µg/mL) equi-nicotine units of ENDS preparations or nicotine alone had no effect on CFTR and ENaC function. Despite a significant decrease in ion channel function, cigarette smoke preparations did not alter CBF and ASL. Similarly, ENDS preparations and nicotine alone had no effect on ASL and CBF. This study demonstrates that acute exposures of cigarette smoke preparations exert a notable inhibitory effect on CFTR and ENaC function compared with ENDS preparations. In summary, the functional assays described herein are potentially useful for tobacco product evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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44
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Mehrotra R, Yadav A, Sinha DN, Parascandola M, John RM, Ayo-Yusuf O, Nargis N, Hatsukami DK, Warnakulasuriya S, Straif K, Siddiqi K, Gupta PC. Smokeless tobacco control in 180 countries across the globe: call to action for full implementation of WHO FCTC measures. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20:e208-e217. [PMID: 30942182 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco is consumed by 356 million people globally and is a leading cause of head and neck cancers. However, global efforts to control smokeless tobacco use trail behind the progress made in curbing cigarette consumption. In this Policy Review, we describe the extent of the policy implementation gap in smokeless tobacco control, discuss key reasons on why it exists, and make recommendations on how to bridge this gap. Although 180 countries have agreed that the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is the best approach to control the demand and supply of smokeless tobacco, only 138 (77%) Parties define smokeless tobacco in their statutes. Only 34 (19%) Parties tax or report taxing smokeless tobacco products, six (3%) measure content and emissions of smokeless tobacco products, and 41 (23%) mandate pictorial health warnings on these products. Although awareness of the harms related to smokeless tobacco is growing in many parts of the world, few Parties collect or present data on smokeless tobacco use under global or national surveillance mechanisms (eg, Global Tobacco Surveillance System and WHO STEPwise). Only 16 (9%) Parties have implemented a comprehensive ban on smokeless tobacco advertisement, promotion, and sponsorships. Globally, a smaller proportion of smokeless tobacco users are advised to quit the use of smokeless tobacco products compared to tobacco users. Use of smokeless tobacco is becoming a global cause of concern, requiring a greater commitment on the full implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Mehrotra
- Division of Preventive Oncology and WHO-FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Amit Yadav
- Division of Preventive Oncology and WHO-FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Rijo M John
- Centre for Public Policy Research, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Olalekan Ayo-Yusuf
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria North, South Africa
| | | | | | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kamran Siddiqi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Prakash C Gupta
- Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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45
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Sayyed K, Le Vée M, Chamieh H, Fardel O, Abdel-Razzak Z. Cigarette smoke condensate alters Saccharomyces cerevisiae efflux transporter mRNA and activity and increases caffeine toxicity. Toxicology 2018; 409:129-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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46
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Leigh NJ, Tran PL, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML. Cytotoxic effects of heated tobacco products (HTP) on human bronchial epithelial cells. Tob Control 2018; 27:s26-s29. [PMID: 30185530 PMCID: PMC6252481 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heated tobacco product(s) (HTP), also called heat-not-burn products, are a re-emerging class of tobacco products that purport to reduce health risk compared with smoking combustible tobacco products. This study examined the potential toxic effects of inhaling emissions from an HTP in comparison with electronic and combustible tobacco cigarettes. METHODS Inhalation toxicity of HTP (IQOS; tobacco flavour), e-cigarette (MarkTen; tobacco flavour) and tobacco cigarette (Marlboro Red) was examined in vitro using an air-liquid interface with human bronchial epithelial cells (H292). Cells were exposed directly to 55 puffs from the e-cigarette, 12 puffs from the HTP and 8 puffs from the tobacco cigarette to equilibrate nicotine delivery to the cells across products. Cytotoxicity was measured using neutral red uptake and trypan blue assays. Cytotoxic effects of each tested product (HTP, e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette) were compared with an air control. Release of inflammatory markers (cytokines) was measured using ELISA. RESULTS The HTP showed higher cytotoxicity compared with the air controls using the neutral red assay. The HTP also showed higher cytotoxicity than the e-cigarette, but lower cytotoxicity than the combustible cigarettes using the same assay. A significant increase in cytokines levels, compared with air controls, was observed postexposure to tobacco smoke but not to emissions from HTP or e-cigarette aerosol. DISCUSSION Using limited cytotoxic measures, the HTP showed reduced cytotoxicity relative to a combustible cigarette but higher toxicity than an e-cigarette. More comprehensive testing is needed to determine long-term effects of inhaling emissions from HTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel J Leigh
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Phillip L Tran
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Maciej Lukasz Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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47
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Outcomes of developmental exposure to total particulate matter from cigarette smoke in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neurotoxicology 2018; 68:101-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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48
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Arimilli S, Schmidt E, Damratoski BE, Prasad GL. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Suppression of Immune Responses in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Exposed to Combustible Tobacco Product Preparation. Inflammation 2018; 40:1622-1630. [PMID: 28577134 PMCID: PMC5587635 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for several human diseases. Chronic inflammation, resulting from increased oxidative stress, has been suggested as a mechanism that contributes to the increased susceptibility of smokers to cancer and microbial infections. We have previously shown that whole-smoke conditioned medium (WS-CM) and total particulate matter (TPM) prepared from Kentucky 3R4F reference cigarettes [collectively called as combustible tobacco product preparations (TPPs)] potently suppressed agonist-stimulated cytokine secretion and target cell killing in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Here we have investigated the role of oxidative stress from TPPs, which alters inflammatory responses in vitro. Particularly, we investigated the mechanisms of WS-CM-induced suppression of select cytokine secretions in Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist-stimulated cells and target cell killing by effector cells in PBMCs. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a precursor of reduced glutathione and an established anti-oxidant, protected against DNA damage and cytotoxicity caused by exposure to WS-CM. Similarly, secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 in response to TLR-4 stimulation was restored by pretreatment with NAC. Target cell killing, a functional measure of cytolytic cells in PBMCs, is suppressed by WS-CM. Pretreatment with NAC restored the target cell killing in WS-CM treated PBMCs. This was accompanied by higher perforin levels in the effector cell populations. Collectively, these data suggest that reducing oxidative stress caused by cigarette smoke components restores select immune responses in this ex vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Arimilli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Room 2N-052, 575 Patterson Avenue, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | | | - Brad E Damratoski
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - G L Prasad
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Liao K, Yong CW, Hua K. SB431542 inhibited cigarette smoke extract induced invasiveness of A549 cells via the TGF-β1/Smad2/MMP3 pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9681-9686. [PMID: 29963124 PMCID: PMC6020173 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has high morbidity and mortality rates. Smoking is involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, and tobacco smoke may increase tumor cell invasion and metastasis. The effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on the carcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial A549 cell line were investigated. A549 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of CSE for 12, 24 and 48 h, and the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signal pathway was inhibited by addition of SB431542, a TGF-β1 receptor antagonist. The proliferation of A549 cells was assayed by a Cell Counting kit-8, invasiveness was assayed using Transwell chambers, and TGF-β1, phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (p-Smad2), and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) levels was assessed by western blot analysis. The invasiveness of A549 cells and the expression of TGF-β1, pSmad2, and MMP-3 were significantly increased by CSE (P<0.05). The effects of CSE were abrogated by SB431542 (P<0.05). In conclusion, CSE increased the invasiveness of A549 cells and its effects were abrogated by SB431542 and the TGF-β1/Smad2/MMP-3 pathway may have been involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liao
- Department of Respiration and Gastroenterology, The Seventh Peoples Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Wei Yong
- Department of Respiration and Gastroenterology, The Seventh Peoples Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
| | - Ke Hua
- Department of Respiration and Gastroenterology, The Seventh Peoples Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
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50
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Fowler K, Fields W, Hargreaves V, Reeve L, Bombick B. Development, qualification, validation and application of the Ames test using a VITROCELL ® VC10 ® smoke exposure system. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:542-551. [PMID: 29854624 PMCID: PMC5977537 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoke-induced mutagenicity at air agar interface was developed and validated. The VITROCELL® VC10® system was validated by equipment qualification protocols. Differentiation of mutagenicity by 3R4F and Eclipse cigarettes was demonstrated.
The Ames test has established use in the assessment of potential mutagenicity of tobacco products but has generally been performed using partitioned exposures (e.g. total particulate matter [TPM], gas vapor phase [GVP]) rather than whole smoke (WS). The VITROCELL®VC10® smoke exposure system offers multiple platforms for air liquid interface (ALI), or air agar interface (AAI) in the case of the Ames test exposure to mimic in vivo-like conditions for assessing the toxicological impact of fresh WS in in vitro assays. The goals of this study were to 1) qualify the VITROCELL®VC10® to demonstrate functionality of the system, 2) develop and validate the Ames test following WS exposure with the VITROCELL®VC10® and 3) assess the ability of the Ames test to differentiate between a reference combustible product (3R4F Kentucky reference cigarette) and a primarily tobacco heating product (Eclipse). Based on critical function assessments, the VITROCELL®VC10® was demonstrated to be fit for the purpose of consistent generation of WS. Assay validation was conducted for 5 bacterial strains (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA102) and reproducible exposure–related changes in revertants were observed for TA98 and TA100 in the presence of rat liver S-9 following exposure to 3R4F WS. In the comparative studies, exposure-related changes in in vitro mutagenicity following exposure of TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S9 to both 3R4F and Eclipse WS were observed, with the response for Eclipse being significantly less than that for 3R4F (p < 0.001) which is consistent with the fewer chemical constituents liberated by primarily-heating the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Fowler
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | | | | | - Betsy Bombick
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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