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Goswami R, Subramanian G, Silayeva L, Newkirk I, Doctor D, Chawla K, Chattopadhyay S, Chandra D, Chilukuri N, Betapudi V. Gene Therapy Leaves a Vicious Cycle. Front Oncol 2019; 9:297. [PMID: 31069169 PMCID: PMC6491712 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genetic code encrypted in thousands of genes holds the secret for synthesis of proteins that drive all biological processes necessary for normal life and death. Though the genetic ciphering remains unchanged through generations, some genes get disrupted, deleted and or mutated, manifesting diseases, and or disorders. Current treatment options—chemotherapy, protein therapy, radiotherapy, and surgery available for no more than 500 diseases—neither cure nor prevent genetic errors but often cause many side effects. However, gene therapy, colloquially called “living drug,” provides a one-time treatment option by rewriting or fixing errors in the natural genetic ciphering. Since gene therapy is predominantly a viral vector-based medicine, it has met with a fair bit of skepticism from both the science fraternity and patients. Now, thanks to advancements in gene editing and recombinant viral vector development, the interest of clinicians and pharmaceutical industries has been rekindled. With the advent of more than 12 different gene therapy drugs for curing cancer, blindness, immune, and neuronal disorders, this emerging experimental medicine has yet again come in the limelight. The present review article delves into the popular viral vectors used in gene therapy, advances, challenges, and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Goswami
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Gayatri Subramanian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Liliya Silayeva
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Isabelle Newkirk
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Deborah Doctor
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Karan Chawla
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nageswararao Chilukuri
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Venkaiah Betapudi
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Sato N, Saga Y, Uchibori R, Tsukahara T, Urabe M, Kume A, Fujiwara H, Suzuki M, Ozawa K, Mizukami H. Eradication of cervical cancer in vivo by an AAV vector that encodes shRNA targeting human papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:687-696. [PMID: 29344635 PMCID: PMC5807046 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The major causative agent of cervical cancer is human papilloma virus (HPV); the viral proteins E6 and E7 induce carcinogenesis through the inactivation of the host tumor-suppressor gene. Therefore, the stable expression of specific inhibitors of E6 and E7 in cancer cells is expected to provide effective treatment for cervical cancer without affecting normal tissue. In this study, we propose a novel therapeutic approach using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against the onco-proteins E6 and E7 (shE6E7) of HPV type 16 (HPV-16), termed AAV-shE6E7. Three different HPV-16-positive cervical cancer cell lines (BOKU, SiHa and SKG-IIIa cells) were tested for gene transfer efficiency using serotypes of AAV vectors. For in vitro analysis, the cells were transduced AAV-shE6E7; alternatively, in vivo studies were performed via the administration of a direct injection of AAV-shE6E7 into cervical cancer cell-derived tumors in mice. The high gene transfer efficiency was observed using AAV2 in all three cervical cancer cell lines. Following transduction, we observed apoptosis, G1 phase arrest and cell growth inhibition. Additionally, in the transduced cells, the E6, E7 and p16 expression levels decreased, whereas the expression levels of p53, p21 and pRb levels were enhanced. The growth of subcutaneously transplanted tumors was markedly inhibited by the single administration of AAV2-shE6E7, and the tumors were almost completely eradicated without any adverse effects. These results provided evidence of the utility of AAV2-shE6E7 as a novel treatment approach for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sato
- Division of Genetics Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yasushi Saga
- Division of Genetics Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Uchibori
- Division of Genetics Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tomonori Tsukahara
- Division of Genetics Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masashi Urabe
- Division of Genetics Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kume
- Division of Genetics Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Keiya Ozawa
- Division of Genetics Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetics Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Kim SH, Kim YS, Choi MY, Kim M, Yang JH, Park HO, Jang IS, Moon SH, Kim HO, Song DH, Lee DH, Roh GS, Kim HJ, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Choi JY, Choi WS. O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine transferase is associated with metastatic spread of human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins to the lungs of mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:793-802. [PMID: 27845045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) 16/18 infections are often found in lung cancer. The cellular mechanisms involved in the metastatic spread of HPV-infected cervical cancer cells remain largely elusive. High O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification has also been observed in lung cancer. In the present study, we assessed the relationship between O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and HPV 16/18 E6/E7, or C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), in HeLa cells and in lungs of xenografted mice. Depleting OGT with an OGT-specific shRNA significantly decreased levels of E6 and E7 oncoproteins in HeLa cells and xenograft tumors, and reduced tumor formation in vivo. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis showed significantly decreased expression levels of E6, E7, and HCF-1 in the lungs of xenografted mice treated with an OGT-specific shRNA compared to those treated with non-targeting shRNA. Additionally, levels of E7 or OGT co-localized with Ki-67 were significantly decreased in the lungs of xenografted mice treated with OGT-specific shRNA compared to those treated with non-targeting shRNA. Moreover, levels of CXCR4 were significantly decreased in HeLa cells and in the lungs of xenografted mice treated with OGT-specific shRNA compared to those treated with non-targeting shRNA; this may be related to reduced adhesion or invasion of circulating HPV-positive tumor cells. These findings provide novel evidence that OGT functions in metastatic spread of HPV E6/E7-positive tumor cells to the lungs through E6/E7, HCF-1 and CXCR4, suggesting OGT might be a therapeutic target for HPV-positive lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hwan Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sook Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Young Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Oh Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - In Seok Jang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Moon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Song
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Jae Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Sung Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
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Santiago-Ortiz JL, Schaffer DV. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors in cancer gene therapy. J Control Release 2016; 240:287-301. [PMID: 26796040 PMCID: PMC4940329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) have been utilized in a large number of gene therapy clinical trials, which have demonstrated their strong safety profile and increasingly their therapeutic efficacy for treating monogenic diseases. For cancer applications, AAV vectors have been harnessed for delivery of an extensive repertoire of transgenes to preclinical models and, more recently, clinical trials involving certain cancers. This review describes the applications of AAV vectors to cancer models and presents developments in vector engineering and payload design aimed at tailoring AAV vectors for transduction and treatment of cancer cells. We also discuss the current status of AAV clinical development in oncology and future directions for AAV in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Santiago-Ortiz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Wu XM, Liu X, Jiao QF, Fu SY, Bu YQ, Song FZ, Yi FP. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes elicited by dendritic cell-targeted delivery of human papillomavirus type-16 E6/E7 fusion gene exert lethal effects on CaSki cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:2447-51. [PMID: 24761845 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.6.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary etiologic agent of cervical cancer. Consideration of safety and non human leukocyte antigen restriction, protein vaccine has become the most likely form of HPV therapeutic vaccine, although none have so far been reported as effective. Since tumor cells consistently express the two proteins E6 and E7, most therapeutic vaccines target one or both of them. In this study, we fabricated DC vaccines by transducing replication-defective recombinant adenoviruses expressing E6/E7 fusion gene of HPV-16, to investigate the lethal effects of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against CaSki cells in vitro. Mouse immature dendritic cells (DC) were generated from bone marrow, and transfected with pAd-E6/E7 to prepare a DC vaccine and to induce specific CTL. The surface expression of CD40, CD68, MHC II and CD11c was assessed by flow cytometry (FCM), and the lethal effects of CTL against CaSki cells were determined by DAPI, FCM and CCK-8 methods. Immature mouse DC was successfully transfected by pAd-E6/E7 in vitro, and the transfecting efficiency was 40%-50%. A DC vaccine was successfully prepared and was used to induce specific CTL. Experimental results showed that the percentage of apoptosis and killing rate of CaSki cells were significantly increased by coculturing with the specific CTL (p <0.05). These results illustrated that a DC vaccine modified by HPV-16 E6/E7 gene can induce apoptosis of CaSki cells by inducing CTL, which may be used as a new strategy for biological treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Mei Wu
- Chongqing Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing, China E-mail :
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Ding W, Hu Z, Zhu D, Jiang X, Yu L, Wang X, Zhang C, Wang L, Ji T, Li K, He D, Xia X, Liu D, Zhou J, Ma D, Wang H. Zinc Finger Nucleases Targeting the Human Papillomavirus E7 Oncogene Induce E7 Disruption and a Transformed Phenotype in HPV16/18-Positive Cervical Cancer Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6495-503. [PMID: 25336692 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Da Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Changlin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Teng Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kezhen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan He
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Xia
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Rieken S, Simon F, Habermehl D, Dittmar JO, Combs SE, Weber K, Debus J, Lindel K. Photon-induced cell migration and integrin expression promoted by DNA integration of HPV16 genome. Strahlenther Onkol 2014; 190:944-9. [PMID: 24643883 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-014-0649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent human papilloma virus 16 (HPV16) infections are a major cause of cervical cancer. The integration of the viral DNA into the host genome causes E2 gene disruption which prevents apoptosis and increases host cell motility. In cervical cancer patients, survival is limited by local infiltration and systemic dissemination. Surgical control rates are poor in cases of parametrial infiltration. In these patients, radiotherapy (RT) is administered to enhance local control. However, photon irradiation itself has been reported to increase cell motility. In cases of E2-disrupted cervical cancers, this phenomon would impose an additional risk of enhanced tumor cell motility. Here, we analyze mechanisms underlying photon-increased migration in keratinocytes with differential E2 gene status. METHODS Isogenic W12 (intact E2 gene status) and S12 (disrupted E2 gene status) keratinocytes were analyzed in fibronectin-based and serum-stimulated migration experiments following single photon doses of 0, 2, and 10 Gy. Quantitative FACS analyses of integrin expression were performed. RESULTS Migration and adhesion are increased in E2 gene-disrupted keratinocytes. E2 gene disruption promotes attractability by serum components, therefore, effectuating the risk of local infiltration and systemic dissemination. In S12 cells, migration is further increased by photon RT which leads to enhanced expression of fibronectin receptor integrins. CONCLUSION HPV16-associated E2 gene disruption is a main predictor of treatment-refractory cancer virulence. E2 gene disruption promotes cell motility. Following photon RT, E2-disrupted tumors bear the risk of integrin-related infiltration and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rieken
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
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Apoptosis induced by an antagonist peptide against HPV16 E7 in vitro and in vivo via restoration of p53. Apoptosis 2011; 16:606-18. [PMID: 21475994 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16) E7 is a viral oncoprotein that is believed to play a major role in cervical neoplasia. A novel antagonist peptide against HPV16 E7 was previously selected by phage display screening and the selected peptide was found to have anti-tumor efficacy against HPV16-positive cervical carcinoma through induction of cell cycle arrest. In the current study, to further elucidate the mechanisms of the antagonist peptide, the effects of the peptide on apoptosis are investigated by RT-PCR, Western blotting, MTT assay, TUNEL staining, Annexin V apoptosis assay, flow cytometry, and animal experiments. The antagonist peptide showed obvious anti-tumor efficacy through apoptosis induction, both in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cell lines and tumor xenografts. Our results also revealed that the peptide induced accumulation of cellular p53 and p21, and led to HPV16 E7 protein degradation. In the case of mRNA levels, it resulted in unaltered p53 and HPV16 E7 expression, but increased expression of p21. In contrast, the induction of apoptosis and p53 reactivation effects by the selected peptide were abolished after E7 knocked down with siRNA. These results demonstrate that the selected peptide can induce E7 degradation and lead to marked apoptosis in HPV16-related cancer cells by activating cellular p53 and its target genes, such as p21. Furthermore, the evident therapeutic efficacy obtained from the subcutaneous tumor model experiments in nude mice suggests a therapeutic potential for HPV16-related cancers of the selected peptide. Therefore, this specific peptide may be used to create specific biotherapies for the treatment of HPV 16-positive cervical cancers.
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Major L, Schroder WA, Gardner J, Fish RJ, Suhrbier A. Human papilloma virus transformed CaSki cells constitutively express high levels of functional SerpinB2. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:338-47. [PMID: 20974129 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many malignant tissues, including human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated cancers, express SerpinB2, also known as plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2). Whether SerpinB2 is expressed by the HPV-transformed cancer cells, and if so, whether SerpinB2 is mutated or behaves aberrantly remains unclear. Here we show that HPV-transformed CaSki cells express high levels of constitutive wild-type SerpinB2, with cellular distribution, glycosylation, secretion, cleavage, induction and urokinase binding similar to that reported for primary cells. Neutralization of secreted SerpinB2 failed to affect CaSki cell migration or growth. Lentivirus-based over-expression of SerpinB2 also had no effect on growth, and we were unable to confirm a role for SerpinB2 in binding or regulating expression of the retinoblastoma protein. CaSki cells thus emerge as a useful tool for studying SerpinB2, with the physiological function of SerpinB2 expression by tumor cells remaining controversial. Using CaSki cells as a source of endogenous SerpinB2, we confirmed that SerpinB2 efficiently binds the proteasomal subunit member β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Major
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Amine A, Rivera S, Opolon P, Dekkal M, Biard DSF, Bouamar H, Louache F, McKay MJ, Bourhis J, Deutsch E, Vozenin-Brotons MC. Novel anti-metastatic action of cidofovir mediated by inhibition of E6/E7, CXCR4 and Rho/ROCK signaling in HPV tumor cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5018. [PMID: 19325708 PMCID: PMC2657827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is frequently associated with HPV infection. The expression of E6 and E7 HPV oncoproteins is a key factor in its carcinogenicity and might also influence its virulence, including metastatic conversion. The cellular mechanisms involved in metastatic spread remain elusive, but pro-adhesive receptors and their ligands, such as SDF-1α and CXCR4 are implicated. In the present study, we assessed the possible relationship between SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling, E6/E7 status and the metastatic process. We found that SDF-1α stimulated the invasion of E6/E7-positive cancer cell lines (HeLa and TC-1) in Matrigel though CXCR4 and subsequent Rho/ROCK activation. In pulmonary metastatic foci generated by TC-1 cells IV injection a high proportion of cells expressed membrane-associated CXCR4. In both cases models (in vitro and in vivo) cell adhesion and invasion was abrogated by CXCR4 immunological blockade supporting a contribution of SDF-1α/CXCR4 to the metastatic process. E6 and E7 silencing using stable knock-down and the approved anti-viral agent, Cidofovir decreased CXCR4 gene expression as well as both, constitutive and SDF-1α-induced cell invasion. In addition, Cidofovir inhibited lung metastasis (both adhesion and invasion) supporting contribution of E6 and E7 oncoproteins to the metastatic process. Finally, potential signals activated downstream SDF-1α/CXCR4 and involved in lung homing of E6/E7-expressing tumor cells were investigated. The contribution of the Rho/ROCK pathway was suggested by the inhibitory effect triggered by Cidofovir and further confirmed using Y-27632 (a small molecule ROCK inhibitor). These data suggest a novel and highly translatable therapeutic approach to cervix cancer, by inhibition of adhesion and invasion of circulating HPV-positive tumor cells, using Cidofovir and/or ROCK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessamad Amine
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10 Radiosensibilité des tumeurs et tissus sains, Institut Gustave Roussy/Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, Villejuif, France
| | - Sofia Rivera
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10 Radiosensibilité des tumeurs et tissus sains, Institut Gustave Roussy/Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, Villejuif, France
| | - Paule Opolon
- UMR 8121 Laboratoire de vectorologie et transfert de gènes, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mehdi Dekkal
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10 Radiosensibilité des tumeurs et tissus sains, Institut Gustave Roussy/Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, Villejuif, France
| | - Denis S. F. Biard
- CEA-DSV-iRCM / INSERM U935. Institut A. Lwoff-CNRS, BP 8, Villejuif, France
| | - Hakim Bouamar
- INSERM U 790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Fawzia Louache
- INSERM U 790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Michael J. McKay
- Australian National University and The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10 Radiosensibilité des tumeurs et tissus sains, Institut Gustave Roussy/Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10 Radiosensibilité des tumeurs et tissus sains, Institut Gustave Roussy/Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin-Brotons
- Laboratoire UPRES EA 27-10 Radiosensibilité des tumeurs et tissus sains, Institut Gustave Roussy/Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, Villejuif, France
- * E-mail:
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Wu H, Wang S, Weng D, Xing H, Song X, Zhu T, Xia X, Weng Y, Xu G, Meng L, Zhou J, Ma D. Reversal of the malignant phenotype of ovarian cancer A2780 cells through transfection with wild-type PTEN gene. Cancer Lett 2008; 271:205-14. [PMID: 18662848 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) is a tumor suppressor gene identified on human chromosome 10q23. Substantial studies have demonstrated that PTEN can inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion of many cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether upregulation of PTEN gene by transfection wild-type PTEN gene to ovarian cancer cells can inhibit growth and migration and to explore the potential for PTEN gene therapy of ovarian cancers. METHOD Wild-type and phosphatase-inactive (C124A) PTEN plasmids were transfected into ovarian epithelial cancer A2780 cells, and their effects on cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell migration and cell invasion were analyzed by flow cytometry analysis, TUNEL assay, MTT assay, wound-healing assay and transwell assay. RESULTS Both wild-type and mutant PTEN can upregulate the expression of PTEN gene dramatically; however, it is wild-type PTEN not phosphatase-inactive PTEN that can induce apoptosis and decrease cell migration, invasion and proliferation in ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that PTEN had played an important role in the cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion dependent on its phosphatase activity. Enhanced expression of PTEN by gene transfer is sufficient to reverse the malignant phenotype of ovarian cancer cells and transfection of ovarian cancer cells with wild-type PTEN gene might be another novel approach for therapeutic intervention in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
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Termini L, Boccardo E, Esteves GH, Hirata R, Martins WK, Colo AEL, Neves EJ, Villa LL, Reis LFL. Characterization of global transcription profile of normal and HPV-immortalized keratinocytes and their response to TNF treatment. BMC Med Genomics 2008; 1:29. [PMID: 18588690 PMCID: PMC2459201 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-1-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent infection by high risk HPV types (e.g. HPV-16, -18, -31, and -45) is the main risk factor for development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key mediator of epithelial cell inflammatory response and exerts a potent cytostatic effect on normal or HPV16, but not on HPV18 immortalized keratinocytes. Moreover, several cervical carcinoma-derived cell lines are resistant to TNF anti-proliferative effect suggesting that the acquisition of TNF-resistance may constitute an important step in HPV-mediated carcinogenesis. In the present study, we compared the gene expression profiles of normal and HPV16 or 18 immortalized human keratinocytes before and after treatment with TNF for 3 or 60 hours. METHODS In this study, we determined the transcriptional changes 3 and 60 hours after TNF treatment of normal, HPV16 and HPV18 immortalized keratinocytes by microarray analysis. The expression pattern of two genes observed by microarray was confirmed by Northern Blot. NF-kappaB activation was also determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) using specific oligonucleotides and nuclear protein extracts. RESULTS We observed the differential expression of a common set of genes in two TNF-sensitive cell lines that differs from those modulated in TNF-resistant ones. This information was used to define genes whose differential expression could be associated with the differential response to TNF, such as: KLK7 (kallikrein 7), SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2), 100P (S100 calcium binding protein P), PI3 (protease inhibitor 3, skin-derived), CSTA (cystatin A), RARRES1 (retinoic acid receptor responder 1), and LXN (latexin). The differential expression of the KLK7 and SOD2 transcripts was confirmed by Northern blot. Moreover, we observed that SOD2 expression correlates with the differential NF-kappaB activation exhibited by TNF-sensitive and TNF-resistant cells. CONCLUSION This is the first in depth analysis of the differential effect of TNF on normal and HPV16 or HPV18 immortalized keratinocytes. Our findings may be useful for the identification of genes involved in TNF resistance acquisition and candidate genes which deregulated expression may be associated with cervical disease establishment and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Termini
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital do Câncer A. C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo H Esteves
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Hirata
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waleska K Martins
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital do Câncer A. C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Estela L Colo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital do Câncer A. C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Jordão Neves
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz FL Reis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital do Câncer A. C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kisseljov F, Sakharova O, Kondratjeva T. Chapter 2 Cellular and Molecular Biological Aspects of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 271:35-95. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Sima N, Wang S, Wang W, Kong D, Xu Q, Tian X, Luo A, Zhou J, Xu G, Meng L, Lu Y, Ma D. Antisense targeting human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 genes contributes to apoptosis and senescence in SiHa cervical carcinoma cells. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 106:299-304. [PMID: 17586029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) is a high-risk DNA tumor virus involved in the development of cervical carcinomas. Substantial studies have demonstrated that E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HPV-16 could induce cell proliferation and immortalization. Repression of E6 and/or E7 oncogenes may induce cervical cancer cells to undergo apoptosis or senescence. The purpose of this study was to determine whether activation of the p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway by HPV-16 E6 and E7 repression was responsible for apoptosis and senescence of cervical cancer cells and to explore the potential of an antisense RNA (AS) transcript for gene therapy of cervical cancer. METHOD The antisense RNA directed against HPV-16 E6 and E7 (16AS) was constructed, and its effects on cell apoptosis and senescence of SiHa cervical carcinoma cells harboring HPV-16 were analyzed. The efficiency of 16AS was evaluated with RT-PCR, Western blotting, flow cytometry analysis, Hoechst 33258 staining, senescent cell morphology observation and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining. RESULTS The sufficient repression of HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncogenes were achieved in 16AS-transfected SiHa cells, which led to obvious apoptosis and replicative senescence of tumor cells. Furthermore, the downregulation of HPV-16 E6 and E7 by 16AS transfection resulted in remarkable increase of both p53 expression and hypophosphorylated p105Rb level in SiHa cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that reduction of E6 and E7 expression is sufficient to induce SiHa cells to undergo apoptosis and senescence and suggest that transfection of cervical cancer cells with HPV-16 E6 and E7 antisense RNA is a potential approach to treat HPV-16-positive cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Sima
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
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15
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Charette ST, McCance DJ. The E7 protein from human papillomavirus type 16 enhances keratinocyte migration in an Akt-dependent manner. Oncogene 2007; 26:7386-90. [PMID: 17533372 PMCID: PMC9132232 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1) (p27) has recently been implicated as a positive regulator of cellular motility and is a marker of poor prognosis in several forms of cancer when localized to the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic p27 exerts its effect on migration by binding to and inhibiting the activation of the small GTPase and cytoskeletal organizer RhoA, consequentially loosening cell substrate grip and enhancing movement. Using DNA damage as a p27 nuclear import signal, we found that the E7 oncoprotein from human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16), the etiological agent of cervical cancer, enhanced both the cytoplasmic retention of p27 and the migration of human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) in a phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt-dependent manner using a standard wound assay. Increased migration in E7-expressing HFKs correlated with an Akt-regulated downregulation of RhoA activity through p27 binding under conditions where a p27 nuclear import signal is given (that is, DNA damage). Under these conditions, inhibition of the downstream RhoA effector ROCK enhanced control cell migration, whereas relatively unaffecting E7-expressing cells, further implicating that the inhibitory effect of E7 on RhoA positively regulates migration. We believe that the E7 protein from HPV-16 can modulate the cytoplasmic localization of p27 and may in turn regulate tumor metastasis/aggressiveness through the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- ST Charette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - DJ McCance
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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