1
|
Jackson JT, Mulazzani E, Nutt SL, Masters SL. The role of PLCγ2 in immunological disorders, cancer, and neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100905. [PMID: 34157287 PMCID: PMC8318911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) is a critical signaling molecule activated downstream from a variety of cell surface receptors that contain an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. These receptors recruit kinases such as Syk, BTK, and BLNK to phosphorylate and activate PLCγ2, which then generates 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These well-known second messengers are required for diverse membrane functionality including cellular proliferation, endocytosis, and calcium flux. As a result, PLCγ2 dysfunction is associated with a variety of diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune disorders. The diverse pathologies associated with PLCγ2 are exemplified by distinct genetic variants. Inherited mutations at this locus cause PLCγ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation, in some cases with autoinflammation. Acquired mutations at this locus, which often arise as a result of BTK inhibition to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, result in constitutive downstream signaling and lymphocyte proliferation. Finally, a third group of PLCγ2 variants actually has a protective effect in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, presumably by increased uptake and degradation of deleterious neurological aggregates. Therefore, manipulating PLCγ2 activity either up or down could have therapeutic benefit; however, we require a better understanding of the signaling pathways propagated by these variants before such clinical utility can be realized. Here, we review the signaling roles of PLCγ2 in hematopoietic cells to help understand the effect of mutations driving immune disorders and cancer and extrapolate from this to roles which may relate to protection against neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Jackson
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Mulazzani
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alsagaby SA, Brewis IA, Vijayakumar R, Alhumaydhi FA, Alwashmi AS, Alharbi NK, Al Abdulmonem W, Premanathan M, Pratt G, Fegan C, Pepper C, Brennan P. Proteomics-based identification of cancer-associated proteins in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
3
|
Inhibition of B-cell receptor signaling disrupts cell adhesion in mantle cell lymphoma via RAC2. Blood Adv 2021; 5:185-197. [PMID: 33570628 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway is highly effective in B-cell neoplasia through Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibition by ibrutinib. Ibrutinib also disrupts cell adhesion between a tumor and its microenvironment. However, it is largely unknown how BCR signaling is linked to cell adhesion. We observed that intrinsic sensitivities of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell lines to ibrutinib correlated well with their cell adhesion phenotype. RNA-sequencing revealed that BCR and cell adhesion signatures were simultaneously downregulated by ibrutinib in the ibrutinib-sensitive, but not ibrutinib-resistant, cells. Among the differentially expressed genes, RAC2, part of the BCR signature and a known regulator of cell adhesion, was downregulated at both the RNA and protein levels by ibrutinib only in sensitive cells. RAC2 physically associated with B-cell linker protein (BLNK), a BCR adaptor molecule, uniquely in sensitive cells. RAC2 reduction using RNA interference and CRISPR impaired cell adhesion, whereas RAC2 overexpression reversed ibrutinib-induced cell adhesion impairment. In a xenograft mouse model, mice treated with ibrutinib exhibited slower tumor growth, with reduced RAC2 expression in tissue. Finally, RAC2 was expressed in ∼65% of human primary MCL tumors, and RAC2 suppression by ibrutinib resulted in cell adhesion impairment. These findings, made with cell lines, a xenograft model, and human primary lymphoma tumors, uncover a novel link between BCR signaling and cell adhesion. This study highlights the importance of RAC2 and cell adhesion in MCL pathogenesis and drug development.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ibrutinib and venetoclax target distinct subpopulations of CLL cells: implication for residual disease eradication. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:39. [PMID: 33602908 PMCID: PMC7893066 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib inhibits Bruton tyrosine kinase while venetoclax is a specific inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2. Both drugs are highly effective as monotherapy against chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and clinical trials using the combination therapy have produced remarkable results in terms of rate of complete remission and frequency of undetectable minimal residual disease. However, the laboratory rationale behind the success of the drug combination is still lacking. A better understanding of how these two drugs synergize would eventually help develop other rational combination strategies. Using an ex vivo model that promotes CLL proliferation, we show that modeled ibrutinib proliferative responses, but not viability responses, correlate well with patients’ actual clinical responses. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that ibrutinib and venetoclax act on distinct CLL subpopulations that have different proliferative capacities. While the dividing subpopulation of CLL responds to ibrutinib, the resting subpopulation preferentially responds to venetoclax. The combination of these targeted therapies effectively reduced both the resting and dividing subpopulations in most cases. Our laboratory findings help explain several clinical observations and contribute to the understanding of tumor dynamics. Additionally, our proliferation model may be used to identify novel drug combinations with the potential of eradicating residual disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Giannopoulos K, Karczmarczyk A, Karp M, Bojarska-Junak A, Kosior K, Kowal M, Tomczak W, Hus M, Machnicki M, Stokłosa T. In vivo, ex vivo and in vitro dasatinib activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:285. [PMID: 33732361 PMCID: PMC7905539 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dasatinib inhibits the breakpoint cluster region-Abelson murine leukemia 1 (BCR-ABL1) gene along with other kinases known to be overexpressed and abnormally active in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The current study used primary leukemic cells obtained from 53 patients with CLL that were treated with dasatinib. A 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay and Annexin V staining was performed to assess the cytotoxic effects of dasatinib treatment. The XTT assay revealed that the median cytotoxicity of dasatinib was 8.30% (range, 0.00–77.89%). Due to high dispersion of dasatinib activity, patients were divided into sensitive (n=27; 50.94%; median cytotoxicity, 22.81%) and resistant groups (n=26; 49.06%; median cytotoxicity, 0.00%). A median cytotoxicity of 8.30% was selected as a cut off value. Using Annexin V staining and flow cytometry on exemplary sensitive and resistant CLL samples, it was revealed that 17.71 and 1.84% of cells were apoptotic, respectively. The current study presented a case of a patient with concomitant occurrence of CLL and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with a major molecular response after dasatinib treatment. A simultaneous reduction of circulating CLL cells indicated in vivo anti-CLL activity induced by dasatinib. After an in vitro culture of the patient's mononuclear cells with subsequent dasatinib treatment, a higher percentage of CLL cells undergoing apoptosis was obsevered when compared with untreated samples (38.19 vs. 21.99%, respectively). Similarly, the percentage of CLL apoptotic cells (ΔΨmlow) measured by chloromethyl-X-rosamine was higher after incubation with dasatinib (7.28%) than in the negative control (2.86%). In conclusion, dasatinib induced antileukemic effects against CML and CLL cells. The results of the current study indicated that dasatinib may induce apoptosis ex vivo, in vitro and in vivo in CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Giannopoulos
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Karczmarczyk
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Marta Karp
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | | | - Kamila Kosior
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kowal
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Waldemar Tomczak
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Marek Hus
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Marcin Machnicki
- Department of Immunology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stokłosa
- Department of Immunology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Keizer EM, Wösten HAB, de Cock H. EphA2-Dependent Internalization of A. fumigatus Conidia in A549 Lung Cells Is Modulated by DHN-Melanin. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:534118. [PMID: 33123097 PMCID: PMC7573251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.534118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dectin-1 and ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) receptors recognize β-glucan present in the fungal cell wall. Inhibition of Dectin-1 with the monoclonal 2a11 antibody was shown to reduce internalization of conidia of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus into epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated the role of the EphA2 receptor present on A549 epithelial type II lung cells in the interaction with A. fumigatus conidia. We assessed whether EphA2 is involved in association and internalization of conidia by receptor inhibition by an antibody or by using the kinase inhibitor dasatinib. A 50% reduction of internalization of conidia was observed when this receptor was blocked with either the EphA2-specific monoclonal antibody or dasatinib, which was similar when Dectin-1 was inhibited with the 2a11 monoclonal antibody. Inhibition of both receptors reduced the internalization to 40%. EphA2 inhibition was also assessed in a hydrophobin deletion strain (ΔrodA) that exposes more β-glucan and a dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin deletion strain (ΔpksP) that exposes more glucosamine and glycoproteins. The ΔrodA strain behaved similar to the wild-type strain with or without EphA2 inhibition. In contrast, the ΔpksP mutant showed an increase in association to the A549 cells and a decrease in internalization. Internalization was not further decreased by EphA2 inhibition. Taken together, the presence of DHN-melanin in the spore cell wall results in an EphA2-dependent internalization of conidia of A. fumigatus into A549 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Keizer
- Microbiology & Institute of Biomembranes, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Han A B Wösten
- Microbiology & Institute of Biomembranes, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans de Cock
- Microbiology & Institute of Biomembranes, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen X, Zhu X, Wei Z, Lv Q. Integrated mRNA‐Seq and miRNA‐Seq analysis of PLCγ2‐overexpressing hepatocarcinoma cells and identification of the associated miRNA‐mRNA network. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19878-19890. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Chen
- Animal Science and Technology School Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Xuemin Zhu
- Animal Science and Technology School Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Zhiguo Wei
- Animal Science and Technology School Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Qiongxia Lv
- Animal Science and Technology School Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharma S, Galanina N, Guo A, Lee J, Kadri S, Van Slambrouck C, Long B, Wang W, Ming M, Furtado LV, Segal JP, Stock W, Venkataraman G, Tang WJ, Lu P, Wang YL. Identification of a structurally novel BTK mutation that drives ibrutinib resistance in CLL. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68833-68841. [PMID: 27626698 PMCID: PMC5356593 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib (ibr), a first-in-class Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, has demonstrated high response rates in both relapsed/refractory and treatment naïve chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, about 25% of patients discontinue ibrutinib therapy at a median follow-up of 20 months and many patients discontinue the treatment due to leukemia progression or Richter transformation. Mutations affecting the C481 residue of BTK disrupt ibrutinib binding and have been characterized by us and others as the most common mechanism of ibrutinib resistance. Thus far, all described BTK mutations are located in its kinase domain and mutations outside this domain have never been described. Herein, we report a patient whose CLL progressed, was salvaged with ibrutinib and then relapsed. Serial analysis of samples throughout patient's clinical course identified a structurally novel mutation (BTKT316A) in the SH2 domain, but not kinase domain, of Bruton tyrosine kinase which was associated with disease relapse. Functionally, cells carrying BTKT316A show resistance to ibrutinib at both cellular and molecular levels to a similar extent as BTKC481S. Our study lends further insight into the diverse mechanisms of ibrutinib resistance that has important implications for the development of next-generation BTK inhibitors as well as mutation detection in relapsed patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Natalie Galanina
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ailin Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sabah Kadri
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Bradley Long
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Weige Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mei Ming
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Larissa V Furtado
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jeremy P Segal
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wendy Stock
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Wei-Jen Tang
- Ben-May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Pin Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yue Lynn Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo A, Lu P, Lee J, Zhen C, Chiosis G, Wang YL. HSP90 stabilizes B-cell receptor kinases in a multi-client interactome: PU-H71 induces CLL apoptosis in a cytoprotective microenvironment. Oncogene 2017; 36:3441-3449. [PMID: 28114285 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of B cells in the hematopoietic system and lymphoid tissues. Although inhibitors targeting the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway have been successful in the treatment of the disease, the underlying mechanisms leading to BCR over-activity in CLL are not fully understood. In this study, we found that HSP90, a highly conserved molecular chaperone, is overexpressed in CLL compared with resting B cells. HSP90 overexpression is accompanied by the overexpression of several BCR kinases including LYN, spleen tyrosine kinase, Bruton tyrosine kinase and AKT. Chemical and immune-precipitation demonstrated that these BCR constituents are present in a multi-client chaperone complex with HSP90. Inhibition of HSP90 with PU-H71 destabilized the BCR kinases and caused apoptosis of CLL cells through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Further, PU-H71 induced apoptosis in the presence of stromal co-culture or cytoprotective survival signals. Finally, genetic knockdown of HSP90 and its client AKT, but not BTK, reduced CLL viability. Overall, our study suggests that the chaperone function of HSP90 contributes to the over-activity of the BCR signaling in CLL and inhibition of HSP90 has the potential to achieve a multi-targeting effect. Thus, HSP90 inhibition may be explored to prevent or overcome drug resistance to single targeting agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Guo
- Division of Genomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago and
| | - P Lu
- Division of Genomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago and
| | - J Lee
- Division of Genomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago and
| | - C Zhen
- Division of Genomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago and
| | - G Chiosis
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y L Wang
- Division of Genomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo A, Lu P, Galanina N, Nabhan C, Smith SM, Coleman M, Wang YL. Heightened BTK-dependent cell proliferation in unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia confers increased sensitivity to ibrutinib. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4598-610. [PMID: 26717038 PMCID: PMC4826229 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), patients with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene (UM-CLL) have worse outcomes than mutated CLL (M-CLL) following chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy. However, in the era of BCR-targeted therapies, the adverse prognostic impact of unmutated IGHV seems to be diminishing, and there are clinical datasets showing unexpected improved responses in UM-CLL. We investigated the biological differences of BTK activity between these subgroups and further compared the impact of ibrutinib on molecular and cellular behaviors. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that phosphorylated active BTK is significantly higher in UM-CLL. Moreover, UM-CLL, compared to M-CLL, displayed a much higher proliferative capacity that was correlated with higher phospho-BTK and greater sensitivity to ibrutinib. In addition, BTK depletion with siRNA led to a more prominent reduction in the proliferation of UM-CLL, suggesting that elevated BTK activity is responsible for increased cell proliferation. Further, cell signaling activity by multiple measurements was consistently higher in UM-CLL accompanied by a higher sensitivity to ibrutinib. These studies link UM-CLL to elevated BCR signaling, heightened BTK-dependent cell proliferation and increased sensitivity to ibrutinib. The prognostic significance of IGHV mutation should be reevaluated in the era of new therapies targeting BCR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Guo
- Division of Genomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pin Lu
- Division of Genomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Natalie Galanina
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chadi Nabhan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sonali M Smith
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Morton Coleman
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Lynn Wang
- Division of Genomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Duque-Afonso J, Lin CH, Han K, Wei MC, Feng J, Kurzer JH, Schneidawind C, Wong SHK, Bassik MC, Cleary ML. E2A-PBX1 Remodels Oncogenic Signaling Networks in B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoid Leukemia. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6937-6949. [PMID: 27758892 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is limited understanding of how signaling pathways are altered by oncogenic fusion transcription factors that drive leukemogenesis. To address this, we interrogated activated signaling pathways in a comparative analysis of mouse and human leukemias expressing the fusion protein E2A-PBX1, which is present in 5%-7% of pediatric and 50% of pre-B-cell receptor (preBCR+) acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). In this study, we describe remodeling of signaling networks by E2A-PBX1 in pre-B-ALL, which results in hyperactivation of the key oncogenic effector enzyme PLCγ2. Depletion of PLCγ2 reduced proliferation of mouse and human ALLs, including E2A-PBX1 leukemias, and increased disease-free survival after secondary transplantation. Mechanistically, E2A-PBX1 bound promoter regulatory regions and activated the transcription of its key target genes ZAP70, SYK, and LCK, which encode kinases upstream of PLCγ2. Depletion of the respective upstream kinases decreased cell proliferation and phosphorylated levels of PLCγ2 (pPLCγ2). Pairwise silencing of ZAP70, SYK, or LCK showed additive effects on cell growth inhibition, providing a rationale for combination therapy with inhibitors of these kinases. Accordingly, inhibitors such as the SRC family kinase (SFK) inhibitor dasatinib reduced pPLCγ2 and inhibited proliferation of human and mouse preBCR+/E2A-PBX1+ leukemias in vitro and in vivo Furthermore, combining small-molecule inhibition of SYK, LCK, and SFK showed synergistic interactions and preclinical efficacy in the same setting. Our results show how the oncogenic fusion protein E2A-PBX1 perturbs signaling pathways upstream of PLCγ2 and renders leukemias amenable to targeted therapeutic inhibition. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6937-49. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Duque-Afonso
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Chiou-Hong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kyuho Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michael C Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jue Feng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jason H Kurzer
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Corina Schneidawind
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephen Hon-Kit Wong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michael L Cleary
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mato A, Jauhari S, Schuster SJ. Management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in the era of B-cell receptor signal transduction inhibitors. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:657-64. [PMID: 25808792 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), an indolent B-cell lymphoma is in the midst of a transformation. There are a large number of promising new therapeutic agents and cellular therapies being studied which exhibit remarkable activity, favorable toxicity profiles, convenient administration schedules, and treatment options are rapidly expanding. The recent advances in the management of CLL exemplify the value of translational medicine. This review highlights key aspects of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in relation to novel inhibitors of the BCR signaling pathway, currently at various stages of preclinical and clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Mato
- Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Lymphoma Program; Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA
| | - Shekeab Jauhari
- Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Lymphoma Program; Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA
| | - Stephen J. Schuster
- Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Lymphoma Program; Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Poh AR, O'Donoghue RJ, Ernst M. Hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) as a therapeutic target in immune and cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15752-71. [PMID: 26087188 PMCID: PMC4599235 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) is a member of the SRC family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (SFKs), and is expressed in cells of the myeloid and B-lymphocyte cell lineages. Excessive HCK activation is associated with several types of leukemia and enhances cell proliferation and survival by physical association with oncogenic fusion proteins, and with functional interactions with receptor tyrosine kinases. Elevated HCK activity is also observed in many solid malignancies, including breast and colon cancer, and correlates with decreased patient survival rates. HCK enhances the secretion of growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines from myeloid cells, and promotes macrophage polarization towards a wound healing and tumor-promoting alternatively activated phenotype. Within tumor associated macrophages, HCK stimulates the formation of podosomes that facilitate extracellular matrix degradation, which enhance immune and epithelial cell invasion. By virtue of functional cooperation between HCK and bona fide oncogenic tyrosine kinases, excessive HCK activation can also reduce drug efficacy and contribute to chemo-resistance, while genetic ablation of HCK results in minimal physiological consequences in healthy mice. Given its known crystal structure, HCK therefore provides an attractive therapeutic target to both, directly inhibit the growth of cancer cells, and indirectly curb the source of tumor-promoting changes in the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R. Poh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J.J. O'Donoghue
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bourgne C, Janel A, Berger J, Rapatel C, Tournilhac O, Hermet E, Guerci A, Lioret F, Briançon A, Bamdad M, Boiret-Dupré N, Berger MG. Phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase at tyrosine 348 (pSyk³⁴⁸) may be a marker of advanced phase of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). Leuk Res 2014; 39:329-34. [PMID: 25612940 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated Syk as a potential marker of CML progression. We observed a significant over-expression of Syk mRNA and constitutive phosphorylation of Syk Y348 in blast cells from six AP or BP-CML, but not in 15 CML in chronic phase. We could follow in vivo the recurrence of pSyk(348) throughout blast cell escape, despite observing storage of dasatinib in blast cells. A combination of dasatinib and R406 did not improve therapeutic efficacy in vitro. Our results strongly suggest that Syk activation could be a relevant biomarker of disease progression and dasatinib resistance but is probably not a molecular target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bourgne
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU Estaing, 1 Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Alexandre Janel
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU Estaing, 1 Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Juliette Berger
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU Estaing, 1 Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Chantal Rapatel
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU Estaing, 1 Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Olivier Tournilhac
- Hématologie Clinique, CHU Estaing, 1 Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Eric Hermet
- Hématologie Clinique, CHU Estaing, 1 Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Agnès Guerci
- Hématologie et Médecine Interne, CHU Brabois, Rue Morvan, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Frédérique Lioret
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU Estaing, 1 Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Aurélie Briançon
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU Estaing, 1 Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Mahchid Bamdad
- Laboratoire Microorganismes, Génome et Environnement (LMGE) - UMR CNRS 6023, Université Blaise Pascal, UFR Sciences et Technologies, 24, avenue des Landais, BP 80026, 63171 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Boiret-Dupré
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU Estaing, 1 Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Marc G Berger
- Hématologie Biologique, CHU Estaing, 1 Place Lucie Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
ten Hacken E, Burger JA. Microenvironment dependency in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The basis for new targeted therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:338-48. [PMID: 25050922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a prototype microenvironment-dependent B-cell malignancy, in which the neoplastic B cells co-evolve together with a supportive tissue microenvironment, which promotes leukemia cell survival, growth, and drug-resistance. Chemo-immunotherapy is an established treatment modality for CLL patients, resulting in high rates of responses and improved survival, especially in low-risk CLL. New, alternative treatments target B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and the Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Receptor 4 (CXCR4)-Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 12 (CXCL12) axis, which are key pathways of CLL-microenvironment cross talk. The remarkable clinical efficacy of inhibitors targeting the BCR-associated kinases Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) challenges established therapeutic paradigms and corroborates the central role of BCR signaling in CLL pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular components of the CLL microenvironment. We also describe the emerging therapeutic options for CLL patients, with a focus on inhibitors of CXCR4-CXCL12 and BCR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa ten Hacken
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martinez Marignac VL, Smith S, Toban N, Bazile M, Aloyz R. Resistance to Dasatinib in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes involves AMPK-mediated energetic re-programming. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2550-66. [PMID: 24334291 PMCID: PMC3926848 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults in the western world. Although promising new therapies for this incurable disease are being tested in clinical trials, the therapeutic relevance of metabolic rewiring in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify targetable metabolic differences in primary CLL lymphocytes by the use of Dasatinib. Dasatinib is a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and is being tested in clinical trials for several cancers including CLL. This drug has been shown to be beneficial to CML patients suffering from diabetes by reducing their glucose plasma levels. In keeping with this previous observation, we report that Dasatinib induced glucose use while reducing lactate production, suggesting that this tyrosine kinase inhibitor decreases aerobic glycolysis and shifts glucose use in primary CLL lymphocytes. Our results suggest that primary CLL lymphocytes (independently of traditional prognostic factors) can be stratified in two subsets by their sensitivity to Dasatinib in vitro. Increased glucose use induced by Dasatinib or by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration was not sufficient to sustain survival and ATP levels in CLL samples sensitive to Dasatinib. The two subsets of primary CLL lymphocytes are characterized as well by a differential dependency on mitochondrial respiration and the use of anabolic or catabolic processes to cope with induced metabolic/energetic stress. Differential metabolic reprogramming between subsets is supported by the contrasting effect on the survival of Dasatinib treated CLL lymphocytes with pharmacological inhibition of two master metabolic regulators (mTorc1 and AMPK) as well as induced autophagy. Alternative metabolic organization between subsets is further supported by the differential basal expression (freshly purified lymphocytes) of active AMPK, regulators of glucose metabolism and modulators of AKT signaling. The contrasting metabolic features revealed by our strategy could be used to metabolically target CLL lymphocyte subsets creating new therapeutic windows for this disease for mTORC1 or AMPK inhibitors. Indeed, we report that Metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes was selectively cytotoxic to Dasatinib sensitive samples. Ultimately, we suggest that a similar strategy could be applied to other cancer types by using Dasatinib and/or relevant tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang Y, Ma B, Jin Y, Ben W, Zhang D, Jiang K, Feng S, Huang L, Zheng J. Bioinformatic mining of kinase inhibitors that regulate autophagy through kinase signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3348-56. [PMID: 25323421 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to predict the kinase inhibitors that may regulate autophagy. A total of 62 kinases were obtained through text mining by importing the keyword 'autophagy' and a 'protein kinase' Excel file to PubMed. Subsequently, 146 kinases were derivated through screening in the PubMed database by importing the 'autophagy‑associated gene' and 'protein kinase' files. Following intersection of the above two methods, 54 candidate autophagy‑associated kinases were obtained. Enrichment analysis indicated that these candidate autophagy‑associated kinases were mainly enriched in pathways such as the calcium, Wnt, HIF‑1 and mTOR signaling pathways. Among the 54 kinases, 24 were identified through text mining to have specific kinase inhibitors that regulate the corresponding functions; a total of 56 kinase inhibitors were found to be involved in the regulation of these 24 kinases. In total, nine of these 56 kinase inhibitors identified had been widely reported in autophagy regulation studies, 23 kinase inhibitors had been seldom reported and 24 had never been reported. Therefore, introducing these kinases into autophagy regulation analysis in subsequent studies may produce important results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Biao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Keping Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Shujun Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Functional characterization of BTK(C481S) mutation that confers ibrutinib resistance: exploration of alternative kinase inhibitors. Leukemia 2014; 29:895-900. [PMID: 25189416 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, ibrutinib, has produced remarkable clinical response in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma. We previously reported the identification of BTK(C481S) mutation in a CLL patient who progressed following 21-month ibrutinib therapy. Initial characterization at structural and biochemical levels revealed that the mutation disrupts the covalent binding of ibrutinib to BTK, reduces its binding affinity and diminishes its ability to inhibit the BTK enzymatic activity. Herein, we further characterized the functional consequences of BTK(C481S) in terms of molecular signaling, gene expression and cellular behavior in the patient, as well as in lymphoma cells transfected with either the wild-type or the mutant BTK constructs. Further, using an in vitro CLL proliferation model, alternative kinase inhibitors that have the potential to overcome ibrutinib resistance were explored.
Collapse
|
19
|
Slupsky JR. Does B cell receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells differ from that in other B cell types? SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:208928. [PMID: 25101192 PMCID: PMC4102070 DOI: 10.1155/2014/208928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is an incurable malignancy of mature B cells. CLL is important clinically in Western countries because of its commonality and because of the significant morbidity and mortality associated with the progressive form of this incurable disease. The B cell receptor (BCR) expressed on the malignant cells in CLL contributes to disease pathogenesis by providing signals for survival and proliferation, and the signal transduction pathway initiated by engagement of this receptor is now the target of several therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to outline current understanding of the BCR signal cascade in normal B cells and then question whether this understanding applies to CLL cells. In particular, this review studies the phenomenon of anergy in CLL cells, and whether certain adaptations allow the cells to overcome anergy and allow full BCR signaling to take place. Finally, this review analyzes how BCR signals can be therapeutically targeted for the treatment of CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Slupsky
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, 6th Floor, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ma J, Lu P, Guo A, Cheng S, Zong H, Martin P, Coleman M, Wang YL. Characterization of ibrutinib-sensitive and -resistant mantle lymphoma cells. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:849-61. [PMID: 24957109 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ibrutinib inhibits Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), a key component of early B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling pathways. A multicentre phase 2 trial of ibrutinib in patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) demonstrated a remarkable response rate. However, approximately one-third of patients have primary resistance to the drug while other patients appear to lose response and develop secondary resistance. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying ibrutinib sensitivity is of paramount importance. In this study, we investigated cell lines and primary MCL cells that display differential sensitivity to ibrutinib. We found that the primary cells display a higher BTK activity than normal B cells and MCL cells show differential sensitivity to BTK inhibition. Genetic knockdown of BTK inhibits the growth, survival and proliferation of ibrutinib-sensitive but not resistant MCL cell lines, suggesting that ibrutinib acts through BTK to produce its anti-tumour activities. Interestingly, inhibition of ERK1/2 and AKT, but not BTK phosphorylation per se, correlates well with cellular response to BTK inhibition in cell lines as well as in primary tumours. Our study suggests that, to prevent primary resistance or to overcome secondary resistance to BTK inhibition, a combinatory strategy that targets multiple components or multiple pathways may represent the most effective approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hutchinson CV, Natarajan S, Johnson SM, Adams JA, Rees-Unwin KS, Burthem J. Lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia undergo ABL1-linked amoeboid motility and homotypic interaction as an early adaptive change to ex vivo culture. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:7. [PMID: 24618035 PMCID: PMC3995717 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Those stimuli that together promote the survival, differentiation and proliferation of the abnormal B-lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) are encountered within tissues, where together they form the growth-supporting microenvironment. Different tissue-culture systems promote the survival of the neoplastic lymphocytes from CLL, partly replicating the in vivo tissue environment of the disorder. In the present study, we focussed on the initial adaptive changes to the tissue culture environment focussing particularly on migratory behaviour and cellular interactions. METHODS A high-density CLL culture system was employed to test CLL cell-responses using a range of microscopic techniques and flow cytometric analyses, supported by mathematical measures of cell shape-change and by biochemical techniques. The study focussed on the evaluation of changes to the F-actin cytoskeleton and cell behaviour and on ABL1 signalling processes. RESULTS We showed that the earliest functional response by the neoplastic lymphocytes was a rapid shape-change caused through rearrangement of the F-actin cytoskeleton that resulted in amoeboid motility and promoted frequent homotypic interaction between cells. This initial response was functionally distinct from the elongated motility that was induced by chemokine stimulation, and which also characterised heterotypic interactions between CLL lymphocytes and accessory cells at later culture periods. ABL1 is highly expressed in CLL lymphocytes and supports their survival, it is also recognised however to have a major role in the control of the F-actin cytoskeleton. We found that the cytoplasmic fraction of ABL1 became co-localised with F-actin structures of the CLL lymphocytes and that the ABL1 substrate CRKL became phosphorylated during initial shape-change. The ABL-inhibitor imatinib mesylate prevented amoeboid movement and markedly reduced homotypic interactions, causing cells to acquire a globular shape to rearrange F-actin to a microvillus form that closely resembled that of CLL cells isolated directly from circulation. CONCLUSION We suggest that ABL1-induced amoeboid motility and homotypic interaction represent a distinctive early response to the tissue environment by CLL lymphocytes. This response is separate from that induced by chemokine or during heterotypic cell-contact, and may play a role in the initial entry and interactions of CLL lymphocytes in tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Hutchinson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Shiva Natarajan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Suzanne M Johnson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, 550 Wilmslow Rd, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Julie A Adams
- Clinical Haematology, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Karen S Rees-Unwin
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - John Burthem
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Haematological Oncology, University of Manchester, Level 5 Research St. Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Clinical Haematology, Central Manchester University Hospitals, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Palomba ML, Piersanti K, Ziegler CGK, Decker H, Cotari JW, Bantilan K, Rijo I, Gardner JR, Heaney M, Bemis D, Balderas R, Malek SN, Seymour E, Zelenetz AD, van den Brink MRM, Altan-Bonnet G. Multidimensional single-cell analysis of BCR signaling reveals proximal activation defect as a hallmark of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e79987. [PMID: 24489640 PMCID: PMC3906024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is defined by a perturbed B-cell receptor-mediated signaling machinery. We aimed to model differential signaling behavior between B cells from CLL and healthy individuals to pinpoint modes of dysregulation. Experimental Design We developed an experimental methodology combining immunophenotyping, multiplexed phosphospecific flow cytometry, and multifactorial statistical modeling. Utilizing patterns of signaling network covariance, we modeled BCR signaling in 67 CLL patients using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). Results from multidimensional modeling were validated using an independent test cohort of 38 patients. Results We identified a dynamic and variable imbalance between proximal (pSYK, pBTK) and distal (pPLCγ2, pBLNK, ppERK) phosphoresponses. PLSR identified the relationship between upstream tyrosine kinase SYK and its target, PLCγ2, as maximally predictive and sufficient to distinguish CLL from healthy samples, pointing to this juncture in the signaling pathway as a hallmark of CLL B cells. Specific BCR pathway signaling signatures that correlate with the disease and its degree of aggressiveness were identified. Heterogeneity in the PLSR response variable within the B cell population is both a characteristic mark of healthy samples and predictive of disease aggressiveness. Conclusion Single-cell multidimensional analysis of BCR signaling permitted focused analysis of the variability and heterogeneity of signaling behavior from patient-to-patient, and from cell-to-cell. Disruption of the pSYK/pPLCγ2 relationship is uncovered as a robust hallmark of CLL B cell signaling behavior. Together, these observations implicate novel elements of the BCR signal transduction as potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Least-Squares Analysis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Models, Statistical
- Phospholipase C gamma/genetics
- Phospholipase C gamma/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Syk Kinase
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lia Palomba
- Division of Hematology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kelly Piersanti
- Division of Hematology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carly G. K. Ziegler
- Center Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hugo Decker
- Center Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesse W. Cotari
- Center Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kurt Bantilan
- Division of Hematology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ivelise Rijo
- Division of Hematology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeff R. Gardner
- Division of Hematology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark Heaney
- Division of Hematology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Debra Bemis
- Center Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Balderas
- BD Biosciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sami N. Malek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Harbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Erlene Seymour
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Harbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Zelenetz
- Division of Hematology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marcel R. M. van den Brink
- Division of Hematology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MB); (GA)
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- Center Cancer Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MB); (GA)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Uckun FM, Qazi S. Spleen tyrosine kinase as a molecular target for treatment of leukemias and lymphomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 10:1407-18. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
24
|
Abstract
Dasatinib is an orally available short-acting dual ABL/SRC tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). It potently inhibits BCR-ABL and SRC family kinases (SRC, LCK, YES, FYN), but also c-KIT, PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β, and ephrin receptor kinase. Dasatinib is an effective treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). Both diseases are characterized by a constitutively active tyrosine kinase; BCR-ABL. Dasatinib inhibits BCR-ABL with greater potency compared with other BCR-ABL inhibitors and is active in CML resistant or intolerant to imatinib. Dasatinib is approved for the treatment of CML (all phases) and for the treatment of Ph+ ALL, resistant or intolerant to prior imatinib treatment. Randomized trial data in CML show that first-line dasatinib provides superior responses compared with imatinib and enables patients to achieve early, deep responses, correlated with improved longer-term outcomes. A once-daily dose of 100 mg in chronic phase CML results in high hematologic and molecular remission rates and prolongation of survival. In accelerated and blastic phase of CML, as well as in Ph+ ALL, complete hematologic and cytogenetic remissions frequently occur. Remissions however are very short. In these patients, once-daily 140 mg is the recommended dose. The effect of dasatinib in other malignancies including solid tumors is subject of clinical studies. Regardless of many clinical trials in different tumor types and in different combinations of dasatinib with other agents, the role of dasatinib in the treatment of solid tumors has not yet been defined. Side effects of dasatinib are frequent but mostly moderate and manageable and include cytopenias and pleural effusions. The review presents the preclinical and clinical activity of dasatinib with a focus on clinical studies in CML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lindauer
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum am Gesundbrunnen, Am Gesundbrunnen 20-24, 74078, Heilbronn, Germany,
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
BTK inhibition targets in vivo CLL proliferation through its effects on B-cell receptor signaling activity. Leukemia 2013; 28:649-57. [PMID: 24270740 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (BTK), a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase, is a component of the B-cell receptor signaling pathway. Ibrutinib, a BTK inhibitor, has demonstrated a significant clinical activity against chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in early clinical trials. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of action would shed light on CLL pathophysiology and provide additional opportunities for the development of new therapies. In this study, we have chosen an in vivo approach by employing an ongoing phase 1b trial of ibrutinib. We prospectively collected and analyzed serial samples from the CLL patients before and after the initiation of ibrutinib. We found that the blockage of cell proliferation was one of the primary effects of ibrutinib against leukemic CLL cells in vivo. Using a co-culture system that induces CLL proliferation in vitro, analysis of several parameters, including Ki-67 expression and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, revealed that the proliferation of CLL cells was directly inhibited by ibrutinib. Furthermore, activities of BTK and phospholipase Cγ2 as well as downstream signaling molecules, AKT and ERK, were all coordinately downregulated over time in ibrutinib-treated patients. Our findings suggest that the cell proliferation is one of the essential properties of CLL. Blocking cell proliferation via inhibition of BTK-mediated signaling may contribute to clinical responses in ibrutinib-treated patients.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kater AP, Spiering M, Liu RD, Doreen Te Raa G, Slinger E, Tonino SH, Beckers MM, Daenen S, Doorduijn JK, Lankheet NAG, Luijks DM, Eldering E, van Oers MHJ. Dasatinib in combination with fludarabine in patients with refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multicenter phase 2 study. Leuk Res 2013; 38:34-41. [PMID: 24238639 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in CLL is associated with overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins induced by signals from the microenvironment. In vitro, dasatinib effectively inhibits expression of anti-apoptotic regulators and restores fludarabine sensitivity in activated CLL. The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy of one cycle of dasatinib monotherapy (100mg/day, days 1-28) followed by combination of dasatinib with fludarabine (40mg/m²/day, days 1-3 every 28 day) for a total of 6 cycles in fludarabine-refractory CLL. The primary endpoint was overall response rate according to the IWCLL'08 criteria. 20 patients were enrolled: 18 completed at least one cycle of treatment of which 67% finished at least 2 cycles of combination treatment. 3 of these 18 patients reached a formal PR (16.7%). Majority of patients obtained some reduction in lymph node (LN) size. Most frequent toxicity was related to myelosuppression. NF-κB RNA expression levels of circulating CLL cells decreased whereas the levels of pro-apoptotic NOXA increased during treatment. In conclusion, dasatinib/fludarabine combination has modest clinical efficacy in fludarabine-refractory patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; LYMMCARE (Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam), The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Spiering
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto D Liu
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Doreen Te Raa
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Slinger
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne H Tonino
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; LYMMCARE (Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam), The Netherlands
| | | | - Simon Daenen
- University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nienke A G Lankheet
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dieuwertje M Luijks
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; LYMMCARE (Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam), The Netherlands
| | - Marinus H J van Oers
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; LYMMCARE (Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam), The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Key Points
HS1 protein activation is differentially regulated by LYN kinase in CLL subsets. Dasatinib targets cytoskeletal activity, BCR signaling and survival of a sizable portion of patients with activated LYN/HS1.
Collapse
|
28
|
Stepanek O, Draber P, Drobek A, Horejsi V, Brdicka T. Nonredundant roles of Src-family kinases and Syk in the initiation of B-cell antigen receptor signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1807-18. [PMID: 23335753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
When a BCR on a mature B cell is engaged by its ligand, the cell becomes activated, and the Ab-mediated immune response can be triggered. The initiation of BCR signaling is orchestrated by kinases of the Src and Syk families. However, the proximal BCR-induced phosphorylation remains incompletely understood. According to a model of sequential activation of kinases, Syk acts downstream of Src family kinases (SFKs). In addition, signaling independent of SFKs and initiated by Syk has been proposed. Both hypotheses lack sufficient evidence from relevant B cell models, mainly because of the redundancy of Src family members and the importance of BCR signaling for B cell development. We addressed this issue by analyzing controlled BCR triggering ex vivo on primary murine B cells and on murine and chicken B cell lines. Chemical and Csk-based genetic inhibitor treatments revealed that SFKs are required for signal initiation and Syk activation. In addition, ligand and anti-BCR Ab-induced signaling differ in their sensitivity to the inhibition of SFKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Stepanek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
McCaig AM, Cosimo E, Leach MT, Michie AM. Dasatinib inhibits CXCR4 signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells and impairs migration towards CXCL12. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48929. [PMID: 23133664 PMCID: PMC3487834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their ligands play a critical role in enabling chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells access to protective microenvironmental niches within tissues, ultimately resulting in chemoresistance and relapse: disruption of these signaling pathways has become a novel therapeutic approach in CLL. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib inhibits migration of several cell lines from solid-organ tumours, but effects on CLL cells have not been reported. We studied the effect of clinically achievable concentrations of dasatinib on signaling induced by the chemokine CXCL12 through its' receptor CXCR4, which is highly expressed on CLL cells. Dasatinib pre-treatment inhibited Akt and ERK phosphorylation in CLL cells upon stimulation with CXCL12. Dasatinib also significantly diminished the rapid increase in actin polymerisation observed in CLL cells following CXCL12 stimulation. Moreover, the drug significantly inhibited chemotaxis in a transwell assay, and reduced the percentage of cells able to migrate beneath a CXCL12-expressing murine stromal cell line. Dasatinib also abrogated the anti-apoptotic effect of prolonged CXCL12 stimulation on cultured CLL cells. These data suggest that dasatinib, akin to other small molecule kinase inhibitors targeting the B-cell receptor signaling pathway, may redistribute CLL cells from protective tissue niches to the peripheral blood, and support the investigation of dasatinib in combination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M McCaig
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Novel Agents and Emerging Strategies for Targeting the B-Cell Receptor Pathway in CLL. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012; 4:e2012067. [PMID: 23170196 PMCID: PMC3499997 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2012.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease of malignant CD5+ B lymphocytes that are characterized by frequent expression of autoreactive B-cell receptors (BCRs) and marked dependence on microenvironmental signals for proliferation and survival. Among the latter, signals propagated through the BCR are believed to play a key role in leukemia initiation, maintenance and evolution. Drugs that can disrupt these signals have recently emerged as potential therapeutic agents in CLL and several of them are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Particularly promising clinical responses have been obtained with inhibitors of the kinases SYK, BTK, and PI3Kδ, which function by blocking BCR signal transduction. In addition, recent studies focusing on the phosphatase PTPN22, which is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases and is markedly overexpressed in CLL cells, suggest that it may be possible in the future to develop strategies that will selectively reprogram BCR survival signals into signals that induce leukemic cell death. This review focuses on the biological basis behind these strategies and highlights some of the most promising BCR-targeting agents in ongoing preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
|
31
|
Immunoglobulin gene repertoire in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: insight into antigen selection and microenvironmental interactions. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012; 4:e2012052. [PMID: 22973496 PMCID: PMC3435129 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2012.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenetic analysis of the B cell receptors (BCRs) has been a richly rewarding field for unraveling the pathogenesis of human lymphomas, including CLL. A biased immunoglobulin gene repertoire is seen as evidence for selection of CLL progenitor cells by antigen. Additional corroborative evidence is provided by the differential prognosis of cases with distinct mutational status of the clonotypic BCRs. However, perhaps the strongest immunogenetic evidence for the importance of interactions with microenvironment in driving CLL development and evolution is the existence of subsets of patients with quasi-identical, stereotyped BCRs, collectively accounting for a remarkable one-third of the entire cohort. These observations have been instrumental in shaping the notion that CLL ontogeny is functionally driven and dynamic, rather than a simple stochastic process. From a clinical perspective, ample evidence indicates that immunogenetic information can be used for the biologically and clinically rational categorization of CLL, with important potential implications for basic, translational and clinical research.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kuckertz M, Patz M, Veldurthy A, Gehrke I, Claasen J, Frenzel LP, Wendtner CM, Hallek M, Krause G. Comparison of the Effects of Two Kinase Inhibitors, Sorafenib and Dasatinib, on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells. Oncol Res Treat 2012; 35:420-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000341081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
33
|
The degree of BCR and NFAT activation predicts clinical outcomes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2012; 120:356-65. [PMID: 22613791 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-397158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell antigen receptor (BCR)-mediated signaling plays a critical role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis and gives an in vitro survival advantage to B cells isolated from patients with unfavorable prognostic factors. In this study, we undertook to elucidate the signaling intermediates responsible for this biologic alteration. In responding cells only, in vitro BCR engagement triggers global phosphorylation of Syk, activation of phospholipase Cγ2, and intracellular calcium mobilization, reflecting competency of BCR signaling. The calcium-calcineurin-dependent transcription factor NFAT2 is up-regulated and to some extent constitutively activated in all CLL B cells. In contrast, its DNA-binding capacity is enhanced on IgM stimulation in responding cells only. NFAT inhibition using the VIVIT peptide prevents induction of CD23 target gene and IgM-induced survival, converting responding cells to unresponsive status. At the opposite, ionomycin-induced NFAT activity allows survival of nonresponding cells. These results demonstrate that the functional heterogeneity relies on variability of protein levels establishing BCR-dependent thresholds and NFAT-dependent activation. Finally, status of the BCR-NFAT pathway for each patient reveals its relevance for CLL clinical outcome and points out to BCR-NFAT intermediates as promising functional therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
34
|
Balakrishnan K, Gandhi V. Protein kinases: emerging therapeutic targets in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:409-23. [PMID: 22409342 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.668526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although protein kinases are primary targets for inhibition in hematological malignancies, until recently their contribution to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was poorly understood. Insights into B-cell receptor signaling and its role in regulating key cellular functions have shed light on candidate protein kinases that are aberrantly activated in CLL. In this regard, protein kinases are now considered as potential drug targets in CLL. AREA COVERED This review has covered signaling pathways and associated protein kinases in CLL and the kinase inhibitors currently available in preclinical and clinical investigations. Individual protein kinases that are abnormally active in CLL and the functional consequences of their inhibition are discussed. EXPERT OPINION A growing body of evidence suggests that protein kinases are druggable targets for patients with CLL. The emergence of novel and bio-available kinase inhibitors and their promising clinical activity in CLL underscore the oncogenic role of kinases in leukemogenesis. Further investigations directed towards their role as single agents or in combinations may provide insight into understanding the substantial role of kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways and their inhibition in B- CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumudha Balakrishnan
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the role of SYK in its pathogenesis is not completely understood. Using tissue microarray, we demonstrated for the first time that SYK protein is activated in 27 of 61 (44%) primary human DLBCL tissues. Among DLBCL cell lines, 7 were sensitive and 3 were resistant to a highly specific SYK inhibitor, PRT060318. In sensitive DLBCL cells, SYK inhibition blocked the G(1)-S transition and caused cell-cycle arrest. This effect was reproduced by genetic reduction of SYK using siRNA. A detailed analysis of the BCR signaling pathways revealed that the consequence of SYK inhibition on PLCγ2 and AKT, as opposed to ERK1/2, was responsible for cell-cycle arrest. Genetic knock-down of these key molecules decelerated the proliferation of lymphoma cells. In addition, BCR signaling can be blocked by PRT060318 in primary lymphoma cells. Together, these findings provide insights into cellular pathways required for lymphoma cell growth and support the rationale for considering SYK inhibition as a potentially useful therapy for DLBCL. The results further suggest the possibility of using PLCγ2 and AKT as biomarkers to predict therapeutic response in prospective clinical trials of specific SYK inhibitors.
Collapse
|
36
|
Hayden RE, Pratt G, Roberts C, Drayson MT, Bunce CM. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia requires targeting of the protective lymph node environment with novel therapeutic approaches. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 53:537-49. [PMID: 21812539 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.610014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains associated with low complete response rates and high relapse rates. This is in part due to poor understanding of CLL biology and thus inadequate targeting of therapy. For years CLL has been proposed as bi-compartmental: the quiescent tumor in the periphery and the proliferating cells within specific microenvironments. Historically the bone marrow was considered the major tissue of the CLL microenvironment. However, many recent innovative studies have categorically shown that peripheral CLL cells are derived from the lymph nodes (LN). Proliferation here is largely driven by helper T cells via CD40-CD40L engagement. Critically, in vitro studies have shown that such engagement additionally protects LN CLLs from apoptosis. Agents inducing apoptosis in non-CD40 engaged CLL cells are frequently ineffective against those continually engaged with CD40L. This emphasizes that, in order to improve responses and prevent relapse, novel therapies must be assessed against CD40L engaged CLL cells to show effective targeting against the LN. This review discusses the evidence supporting the superior involvement of the LN in CLL, how CD40L engaged CLL studies should be conducted, and the novel therapies studied in vitro and in vivo that have been proposed to be effective in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Hayden
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Montero JC, Seoane S, Ocaña A, Pandiella A. Inhibition of SRC family kinases and receptor tyrosine kinases by dasatinib: possible combinations in solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5546-52. [PMID: 21670084 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dasatinib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets a wide variety of tyrosine kinases implicated in the pathophysiology of several neoplasias. Among the most sensitive dasatinib targets are ABL, the SRC family kinases (SRC, LCK, HCK, FYN, YES, FGR, BLK, LYN, and FRK), and the receptor tyrosine kinases c-KIT, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) α and β, discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), c-FMS, and ephrin receptors. Dasatinib inhibits cell duplication, migration, and invasion, and it triggers apoptosis of tumoral cells. As a consequence, dasatinib reduces tumoral mass and decreases the metastatic dissemination of tumoral cells. Dasatinib also acts on the tumoral microenvironment, which is particularly important in the bone, where dasatinib inhibits osteoclastic activity and favors osteogenesis, exerting a bone-protecting effect. Several preclinical studies have shown that dasatinib potentiates the antitumoral action of various drugs used in the oncology clinic, paving the way for the initiation of clinical trials of dasatinib in combination with standard-of-care treatments for the therapy of various neoplasias. Trials using combinations of dasatinib with ErbB/HER receptor antagonists are being explored in breast, head and neck, and colorectal cancers. In hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, trials using combinations of dasatinib with antihormonal therapies are ongoing. Dasatinib combinations with chemotherapeutic agents are also under development in prostate cancer (dasatinib plus docetaxel), melanoma (dasatinib plus dacarbazine), and colorectal cancer (dasatinib plus oxaliplatin plus capecitabine). Here, we review the preclinical evidence that supports the use of dasatinib in combination for the treatment of solid tumors and describe various clinical trials developed following a preclinical rationale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Montero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer-Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Amrein PC, Attar EC, Takvorian T, Hochberg EP, Ballen KK, Leahy KM, Fisher DC, LaCasce AS, Jacobsen ED, Armand P, Hasserjian RP, Werner L, Neuberg D, Brown JR. Phase II study of dasatinib in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2977-86. [PMID: 21402714 PMCID: PMC3108904 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells treated with dasatinib in vitro undergo apoptosis via inhibition of Lyn kinase. Thus, in this study we tested the activity of dasatinib in patients with relapsed CLL. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients were eligible for this phase II trial if they had documented CLL/SLL and had failed at least 1 prior therapy with a fludarabine-containing regimen and if they required therapy according to NCI-WG criteria. The starting dose of dasatinib was 140 mg daily. RESULTS Fifteen patients were enrolled, with a median age of 59 and a median of 3 prior regimens. All patients had received fludarabine, and 5 were fludarabine-refractory. Eleven of the 15 (73%) had high risk del(11q) or del(17p) cytogenetics. The primary toxicity was myelosuppression, with grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in 10 and 6 patients, respectively. Partial responses by NCI-WG criteria were achieved in 3 of the 15 patients (20%; 90% CI: 6-44). Among the remaining 12 patients, 5 had nodal responses by physical exam, and 1 patient had a nodal and lymphocyte response but with severe myelosuppression. Pharmacodynamic studies indicated apoptosis in peripheral blood CLL cells within 3 to 6 hours after dasatinib administration, associated with downregulation of Syk (spleen tyrosine kinase) mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Dasatinib as a single agent has activity in relapsed and refractory CLL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/blood
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Dasatinib
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnostic imaging
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pyrimidines/adverse effects
- Pyrimidines/blood
- Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Radiography, Abdominal
- Recurrence
- Thiazoles/adverse effects
- Thiazoles/blood
- Thiazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Thiazoles/therapeutic use
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Amrein
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eyal C. Attar
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tak Takvorian
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ephraim P. Hochberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Karen K. Ballen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - David C. Fisher
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ann S. LaCasce
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eric D. Jacobsen
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Philippe Armand
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Lillian Werner
- Department of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Amrein PC. The potential for dasatinib in treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:754-63. [PMID: 21463117 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.555890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dasatinib is a kinase inhibitor that inhibits BCR-ABL, Src family kinases, c-Kit, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinase. It is licensed for the first- and second-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and second-line treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia on the basis of BCR-ABL inhibition, but the activity of dasatinib against additional molecular targets may enable treatment of other hematologic disorders. Potential targets for dasatinib in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) include Lyn (a Src family kinase), ABL, and the associated CD40 pathway. Although dasatinib monotherapy has modest clinical activity in CLL, ongoing studies are evaluating combination treatment. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), FLT3, Lyn, c-Kit, and BCR-ABL are expressed in a subpopulation of patients. To date, clinical responses to dasatinib in patients with unselected AML have been mixed and larger studies are needed, particularly correlating clinical response to molecular markers. Imatinib has been used successfully to treat patients with chronic eosinophilic disorders with the FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion kinase; limited clinical data indicate that dasatinib could be active in imatinib-resistant disease. Ongoing clinical studies should further define the value of dasatinib in these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Amrein
- Hematology-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Efremov DG, Laurenti L. The Syk kinase as a therapeutic target in leukemia and lymphoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:623-36. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.570329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
41
|
MCCaig AM, Cosimo E, Leach MT, Michie AM. Dasatinib inhibits B cell receptor signalling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia but novel combination approaches are required to overcome additional pro-survival microenvironmental signals. Br J Haematol 2011; 153:199-211. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
42
|
Zauli G, Voltan R, Bosco R, Melloni E, Marmiroli S, Rigolin GM, Cuneo A, Secchiero P. Dasatinib plus Nutlin-3 shows synergistic antileukemic activity in both p53 wild-type and p53 mutated B chronic lymphocytic leukemias by inhibiting the Akt pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:762-70. [PMID: 21106726 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the effect of the combination of Dasatinib, a multikinase inhibitor, plus Nutlin-3, a nongenotoxic activator of the p53 pathway, in primary B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patient samples and B leukemic cell line models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The induction of cytotoxicity was evaluated in both primary B-CLL cell samples (n = 20) and in p53(wild-type) (EHEB, JVM-2) and p53(deleted/mutated) (MEC-2, BJAB) B leukemic cell lines. The role of Akt in modulating leukemic cell survival/apoptosis in response to Dasatinib or Dasatinib + Nutlin-3 was documented by functional experiments carried out using specific pharmacological inhibitors and by overexpression of membrane-targeted constitutively active form of Akt. RESULTS The combination of Dasatinib + Nutlin-3 exhibited a synergistic cytotoxicity in the majority (19 out of 20) of B-CLL samples, including patients carrying 17p- (n = 4), and in both p53(wild-type) and p53(deleted/mutated) B leukemic cell lines. At the molecular level, Dasatinib significantly counteracted the Nutlin-3-mediated induction of the p53 transcriptional targets MDM2 and p21 observed in p53(wild-type) leukemic cells. Conversely, Nutlin-3 did not interfere with the ability of Dasatinib to decrease the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, p38/MAPK, and Akt in both p53(wild-type) and p53(deleted/mutated) B leukemic cell lines. A critical role of Akt downregulation in mediating the antileukemic activity of Dasatinib and Dasatinib + Nutlin-3 was demonstrated in experiments carried out by specifically modulating the Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Dasatinib + Nutlin-3 might represent an innovative therapeutic combination for both p53(wild-type) and p53(deleted/mutated) B-CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Amrein L, Soulières D, Johnston JB, Aloyz R. p53 and autophagy contribute to dasatinib resistance in primary CLL lymphocytes. Leuk Res 2010; 35:99-102. [PMID: 20573397 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults and there is no cure for the disease. Although dasatinib is cytotoxic to primary CLL lymphocytes in vitro, the drug has been shown to be active in a small percent of CLL patients. Our previous results suggest that dasatinib targets del17 CLL lymphocytes which are the CLL patients with the worst prognosis. Here we present mechanistic evidence that dasatinib induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in CLL lymphocytes. Furthermore we provide evidence suggesting that autophagy mediates resistance to the drugs, process that is modulated by p53.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Amrein
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Cancer Segal Center, Sir M.B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|