1
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Qadir A, Samad DA, Asif M, Ali MM, Zain S. Investigating the effect of vandetanib and celecoxib combination on angiogenesis. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2023; 18:1011-1017. [PMID: 36959917 PMCID: PMC10027553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Angiogenesis plays an important role in various physiological and pathological conditions and is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a combination of vandetanib and celecoxib on angiogenic tube formation and its effect on angiogenic genes (MMP-2 and MMP-9) using an in vitro model of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods HUVECs were cultured and verified by flow cytometry. HUVECs were then treated with vandetanib, celecoxib, and the combination of both drugs. Then, we investigated cell viability and cell apoptosis by MTT assays and flow cytometry. The process of angiogenesis was analyzed by tube formation assays, and the effect on angiogenic genes was determined by RT-qPCR. Results HUVECs were positive for CD144 and negative for CD14. Vandetanib, celecoxib, and their combination inhibited HUVEC viability in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001). The rate of apoptosis was 13.1%, 9%, and 23.7% (p < 0.001) when treated with vandetanib, celecoxib, or the combination of both drugs, respectively. Vandetanib inhibited tube formation by 43.7%, celecoxib by 21%, and their combination by 77.3% (p < 0.001), respectively. RT-qPCR revealed that both vandetanib and celecoxib reduced the expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and their combination resulted in an even greater extent of reduction in expression levels (p < 0.001). Conclusion Celecoxib enhanced the effect of vandetanib in inhibiting in vitro angiogenesis and the combination of these two drugs led to even greater extents of inhibition than vandetanib alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qadir
- Department of Pharmacology, United Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
- Corresponding address: United Medical and Dental College, Department of Pharmacology, Sector 48H Korangi Creek, Karachi, Sindh 75190, Pakistan.
| | | | - Mahayrookh Asif
- Department of Pharmacology, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mujtaba Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, United Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Zain
- Department of Pharmacology, United Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
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2
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Cai X, Tacke F, Guillot A, Liu H. Cholangiokines: undervalued modulators in the hepatic microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192840. [PMID: 37261338 PMCID: PMC10229055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary epithelial cells, also known as cholangiocytes, line the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, forming a barrier between intra- and extra-ductal environments. Cholangiocytes are mostly known to modulate bile composition and transportation. In hepatobiliary diseases, bile duct injury leads to drastic alterations in cholangiocyte phenotypes and their release of soluble mediators, which can vary depending on the original insult and cellular states (quiescence, senescence, or proliferation). The cholangiocyte-secreted cytokines (also termed cholangiokines) drive ductular cell proliferation, portal inflammation and fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Hence, despite the previous consensus that cholangiocytes are bystanders in liver diseases, their diverse secretome plays critical roles in modulating the intrahepatic microenvironment. This review summarizes recent insights into the cholangiokines under both physiological and pathological conditions, especially as they occur during liver injury-regeneration, inflammation, fibrosis and malignant transformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Cai
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanyang Liu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Center of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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3
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Basu D, Pal R, Sarkar M, Barma S, Halder S, Roy H, Nandi S, Samadder A. To Investigate Growth Factor Receptor Targets and Generate Cancer Targeting Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2023; 23:2877-2972. [PMID: 38164722 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266261150231110053650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) regulates multiple pathways, including Mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs), PI3/AKT, JAK/STAT pathway, etc. which has a significant role in the progression and metastasis of tumor. As RTK activation regulates numerous essential bodily processes, including cell proliferation and division, RTK dysregulation has been identified in many types of cancers. Targeting RTK is a significant challenge in cancer due to the abnormal upregulation and downregulation of RTK receptors subfamily EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR in the progression of cancer, which is governed by multiple RTK receptor signalling pathways and impacts treatment response and disease progression. In this review, an extensive focus has been carried out on the normal and abnormal signalling pathways of EGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, VEGFR, and HGFR and their association with cancer initiation and progression. These are explored as potential therapeutic cancer targets and therefore, the inhibitors were evaluated alone and merged with additional therapies in clinical trials aimed at combating global cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debroop Basu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Riya Pal
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, IndiaIndia
| | - Maitrayee Sarkar
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Soubhik Barma
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sumit Halder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Harekrishna Roy
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Vijayawada, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur, 244713, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
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4
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Wu Q, Qian W, Sun X, Jiang S. Small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and more: FDA-approved novel therapeutic drugs for solid tumors from 1991 to 2021. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:143. [PMID: 36209184 PMCID: PMC9548212 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs (excluding vaccines, cell-based therapies, and gene therapy products) have been approved as new molecular entities (NMEs) or biologics license applications (BLAs). A total of 228 of these 1050 drugs were identified as cancer therapeutics or cancer-related drugs, and 120 of them were classified as therapeutic drugs for solid tumors according to their initial indications. These drugs have evolved from small molecules with broad-spectrum antitumor properties in the early stage to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) with a more precise targeting effect during the most recent decade. These drugs have extended indications for other malignancies, constituting a cancer treatment system for monotherapy or combined therapy. However, the available targets are still mainly limited to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), restricting the development of antitumor drugs. In this review, these 120 drugs are summarized and classified according to the initial indications, characteristics, or functions. Additionally, RTK-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies are also discussed. Our analysis of existing challenges and potential opportunities in drug development may advance solid tumor treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
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5
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Small Molecule Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Advances and Challenges. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175537. [PMID: 36080304 PMCID: PMC9457820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to data provided by World Health Organization, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cause of deaths due to cancer worldwide. Tremendous progress has been achieved over the last 10 years developing novel agents for HCC treatment, including small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Several small molecule inhibitors currently form the core of HCC treatment due to their versatility since they would be more easily absorbed and have higher oral bioavailability, thus easier to formulate and administer to patients. In addition, they can be altered structurally to have greater volumes of distribution, allowing them to block extravascular molecular targets and to accumulate in a high concentration in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, they can be designed to have shortened half-lives to control for immune-related adverse events. Most importantly, they would spare patients, healthcare institutions, and society as a whole from the burden of high drug costs. The present review provides an overview of the pharmaceutical compounds that are licensed for HCC treatment and other emerging compounds that are still investigated in preclinical and clinical trials. These molecules are targeting different molecular targets and pathways that are proven to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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6
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Hagan AE, Znati SA, Carter R, Westhorpe A, Macfarlane WM, Phillips GJ, Lloyd AW, Sharma RA, Lewis AL. Vandetanib-eluting radiopaque beads for chemoembolization: physicochemical evaluation and biological activity of vandetanib in hypoxia. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 32:897-908. [PMID: 33929994 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vandetanib-eluting radiopaque beads (VERB) have been developed for use in transarterial chemoembolization of liver tumours, with the goal of combining embolization with local delivery of antiangiogenic therapy. The objective of this study was to investigate how embolization-induced hypoxia may affect antitumoural activity of vandetanib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), in the context of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. We studied the effect of vandetanib on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of HCC cells, in hypoxic conditions, as well as the direct effects of the beads on 3D HCC spheroids. Vandetanib suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis of HCC cells in vitro and was equipotent in hypoxic and normoxic conditions. High degrees of apoptosis were observed among cell lines in which vandetanib suppressed ERK1/2 phosphorylation and upregulated the proapoptotic protein Bim, but this did not appear essential for vandetanib-induced cell death in all cell lines. Vandetanib also suppressed the hypoxia-induced secretion of VEGF from HCC cells and inhibited proliferation of endothelial cells. Incubation of tumour spheroids with VERB led to sustained growth inhibition equivalent to the effect of free drug. We conclude that vandetanib has both antiangiogenic and direct anticancer activity against HCC cells even in hypoxic conditions, warranting the further evaluation of VERB as novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Hagan
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International group company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, (now a Boston Scientific Corp. company)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton
| | - Sami A Znati
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Carter
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
| | - Adam Westhorpe
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
| | - Wendy M Macfarlane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton
| | - Gary J Phillips
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton
| | - Andrew W Lloyd
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton
| | - Ricky A Sharma
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
| | - Andrew L Lewis
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, a BTG International group company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, (now a Boston Scientific Corp. company)
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7
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Synthesis, in vitro anticancer activity and in silico studies of certain isoxazole-based carboxamides, ureates, and hydrazones as potential inhibitors of VEGFR2. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105334. [PMID: 34534755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ensuing research presents the results of in vitro anticancer activity of novel 28 compounds of isoxazole-based carboxamides 3(a-d); ureates 4(a-g), 5, 6, 7a,b, 8; and hydrazones 9(a-f), 10(a-d), 11a,b as potential inhibitors of VEGFR2. The carboxamides and ureates were synthesized by converting 5-(aryl)-isoxzaole-3-carbohydrazides 1a,b to the corresponding carbonylazides 2a,b followed by treatment with the appropriate amines. The hydrazones were directly obtained through condensation of the carbohydrazide 1a,b with aldehydes and/or ketones. The structures of the target compounds were confirmed by elemental and spectral analyses. A preliminary in vitro anticancer screening of solutions (10-5M) on 60 cancer cell lines (NCI, USA) revealed that the carboxamide 3c is the most promising growth inhibitor. Explicitly, 3c showed potent anticancer activity at 10µ M against leukemia (HL-60(TB), K-562 and MOLT-4), colon cancer (KM12) and melanoma (LOX IMVI) cell lines with %GI range = 70.79-92.21. Evaluation of growth inhibitory activity of the synthesized compounds against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), that overexpresses VEGFR2, showed superior activity of compounds 8, 10a and 10c with IC50 in sub micromolar concentrations of 0.84, 0.79 and 0.69 μM, respectively, which is better than that of the reference drug, Sorafenib (IC50 = 3.99 µM). Moreover, these compounds displayed high selective cytotoxicity for HepG2 cancer cells over the nontumorigenic THLE2 liver cells (SI range = 26.37-38.60) which reflect their safety. The results of VEGFR2 kinase inhibition assay demonstrate that, compounds 8 and 10a are the most active inhibitors with IC50 = 25.7 and 28.2 nM, respectively, (Sorafenib IC50 = 28.1 nM). Molecular docking of the synthesized derivatives to VEGFR2 (PDB: 3WZE) showed similar binding modes to that of the co-crystallized ligand, sorafenib. Moreover, the results of computational assessment of ADME and drug-likeness characteristics inspire further investigations of the new isoxazole-based derivatives to afford more potent, safe and orally active VEGFR2 inhibitors as potential anticancer drug candidates.
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8
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Wang S, Yuan XH, Wang SQ, Zhao W, Chen XB, Yu B. FDA-approved pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles for cancer therapy: Synthesis and clinical application. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113218. [PMID: 33540357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in the development of anticancer agents over the past few decades, and a lot of new anticancer agents from natural and synthetic sources have been produced. Among heterocyclic compounds, pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles possess a variety of biological activities such as anticancer, antiviral, etc. To date, 147 pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles have been approved for clinical assessment or are currently being used in clinic, 57 of which have been approved by FDA for clinical treatment of various diseases, and 22 of them are being used in the clinic for the treatment of different cancers. As the potentially privileged scaffolds, pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles may be used to discover new drugs with similar biological targets and improved therapeutic efficacy. This review aims to provide an overview of the anticancer applications and synthetic routes of 22 approved pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocyclic drugs in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Han Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Cancer Institute, NO.127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, PR China
| | - Wen Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Cancer Institute, NO.127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
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9
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García-Onrubia L, Valentín-Bravo FJ, Coco-Martin RM, González-Sarmiento R, Pastor JC, Usategui-Martín R, Pastor-Idoate S. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165934. [PMID: 32824762 PMCID: PMC7460693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, multifactorial and progressive retinal disease affecting millions of people worldwide. In developed countries, it is the leading cause of vision loss and legal blindness among the elderly. Although the pathogenesis of AMD is still barely understood, recent studies have reported that disorders in the regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) play an important role in its etiopathogenesis. The dynamic metabolism of the ECM is closely regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The present review focuses on the crucial processes that occur at the level of the Bruch’s membrane, with special emphasis on MMPs, TIMPs, and the polymorphisms associated with increased susceptibility to AMD development. A systematic literature search was performed, covering the years 1990–2020, using the following keywords: AMD, extracellular matrix, Bruch’s membrane, MMPs, TIMPs, and MMPs polymorphisms in AMD. In both early and advanced AMD, the pathological dynamic changes of ECM structural components are caused by the dysfunction of specific regulators and by the influence of other regulatory systems connected with both genetic and environmental factors. Better insight into the pathological role of MMP/TIMP complexes may lead to the development of new strategies for AMD treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis García-Onrubia
- Clinical University Hospital of Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.-O.); (F.J.V.-B.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Fco. Javier Valentín-Bravo
- Clinical University Hospital of Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.-O.); (F.J.V.-B.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Rosa M. Coco-Martin
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), National Institute of Health Carlos III, ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca—CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - J. Carlos Pastor
- Clinical University Hospital of Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.-O.); (F.J.V.-B.); (J.C.P.)
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), National Institute of Health Carlos III, ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Usategui-Martín
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (R.U.-M.); (S.P.-I.)
| | - Salvador Pastor-Idoate
- Clinical University Hospital of Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (L.G.-O.); (F.J.V.-B.); (J.C.P.)
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), National Institute of Health Carlos III, ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.U.-M.); (S.P.-I.)
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10
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Liva F, Cuffaro D, Nuti E, Nencetti S, Orlandini E, Vozzi G, Rossello A. Age-related Macular Degeneration: Current Knowledge of Zinc Metalloproteinases Involvement. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:903-918. [PMID: 30666909 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190122114857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly with limited therapeutic options. The disease is characterized by photoreceptor loss in the macula and reduced Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) function, associated with matrix degradation, cell proliferation, neovascularization and inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs) play a critical role in the physiology of extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover and, in turn, in ECM pathologies, such as AMD. A balance between the activities of MMPs and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase (TIMPs) is crucial for the integrity of the ECM components; indeed, a dysregulation in the ratio of these factors produces profound changes in the ECM, including thickening and deposit formation, which eventually might lead to AMD development. OBJECTIVE This article reviews the relevance and impact of zinc metalloproteinases on the development of AMD and their roles as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. We illustrate some studies on several inhibitors of MMPs currently used to dissect physiological properties of MMPs. Moreover, all molecules or technologies used to control MMP and ADAM activity in AMD are analyzed. CONCLUSION This study underlines the changes in the activity of MMPs expressed by RPE cells, highlights the functions of already used MMP inhibitors and consequently suggests their application as therapeutic agents for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Liva
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Doretta Cuffaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.,Research Center "E. Piaggio," University of Pisa, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Nencetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Orlandini
- Research Center "E. Piaggio," University of Pisa, Pisa, 56122, Italy.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vozzi
- Research Center "E. Piaggio," University of Pisa, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.,Research Center "E. Piaggio," University of Pisa, Pisa, 56122, Italy
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11
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Lorusso G, Rüegg C, Kuonen F. Targeting the Extra-Cellular Matrix-Tumor Cell Crosstalk for Anti-Cancer Therapy: Emerging Alternatives to Integrin Inhibitors. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1231. [PMID: 32793493 PMCID: PMC7387567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network composed of a multitude of different macromolecules. ECM components typically provide a supportive structure to the tissue and engender positional information and crosstalk with neighboring cells in a dynamic reciprocal manner, thereby regulating tissue development and homeostasis. During tumor progression, tumor cells commonly modify and hijack the surrounding ECM to sustain anchorage-dependent growth and survival, guide migration, store pro-tumorigenic cell-derived molecules and present them to enhance receptor activation. Thereby, ECM potentially supports tumor progression at various steps from initiation, to local growth, invasion, and systemic dissemination and ECM-tumor cells interactions have long been considered promising targets for cancer therapy. Integrins represent key surface receptors for the tumor cell to sense and interact with the ECM. Yet, attempts to therapeutically impinge on these interactions using integrin inhibitors have failed to deliver anticipated results, and integrin inhibitors are still missing in the emerging arsenal of drugs for targeted therapies. This paradox situation should urge the field to reconsider the role of integrins in cancer and their targeting, but also to envisage alternative strategies. Here, we review the therapeutic targets implicated in tumor cell adhesion to the ECM, whose inhibitors are currently in clinical trials and may offer alternatives to integrin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girieca Lorusso
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - François Kuonen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Chen J, Chen J, Lv X, Yang Q, Yao S. Epidermal Growth Factor in Exhaled Breath Condensate as Diagnostic Method for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 18:1533033819872271. [PMID: 31495334 PMCID: PMC6732849 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819872271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in humans. Finding a highly sensitive and specific marker is very important. This study investigated the clinical significance of epidermal growth factor in exhaled breath condensate and serum of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS From October 17, 2013, to June 5, 2017, exhaled breath condensate and blood samples from 155 patients with non-small cell lung cancer, 63 patients with benign pulmonary nodules, and 115 healthy controls were collected using a breath condenser. Each sample was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Epidermal growth factor level in the exhaled breath condensate from the non-small cell lung cancer group (197.86 ± 60.67 pg/mL) was higher than that in the healthy group (124.75 ± 36.09 pg/mL), P < .05. Epidermal growth factor level in the exhaled breath condensate of the smoking group (208.85 ± 40.94 pg/mL) was higher than that of the nonsmoking group (185.52 ± 36.88 pg/mL), P < .05. Epidermal growth factor level in the exhaled breath condensate in phases III and IV of non-small cell lung cancer group (212.17 ± 35.41 pg/mL) was higher than that in phases I and II (173.91 ± 38.08 pg/mL), P < .05. Epidermal growth factor level in the exhaled breath condensate of the death group (241.05 ± 27.19 pg/mL) was higher than that of the survival group (188.75 ± 37.07 pg/mL), P < .05. The epidermal growth factor exhaled breath condensate levels were positively correlated with the serum epidermal growth factor levels with a correlation coefficient of 0.495 (P < .05). The sensitivity and specificity of epidermal growth factor exhaled breath condensate test were 80.0% and 89.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION The detection of epidermal growth factor level in exhaled breath condensate exhibits is important in the diagnosis, disease monitoring, and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Chen
- 1 Department of Respiraology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- 1 Department of Respiraology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xuedong Lv
- 1 Department of Respiraology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qichang Yang
- 2 Biochemistry laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sumei Yao
- 1 Department of Respiraology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Mossenta M, Busato D, Baboci L, Cintio FD, Toffoli G, Bo MD. New Insight into Therapies Targeting Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1086. [PMID: 31370258 PMCID: PMC6721310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy characterized by neoangiogenesis that is determined by an augmented production of proangiogenesis factors by tumor and adjacent cells. This unbalanced angiogenesis process is a key feature of HCC carcinogenesis and progression. Proangiogenic factors also have a relevant role in the generation and maintenance of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Several therapeutic options for HCC treatment are based on the inhibition of angiogenesis, both in the early/intermediate stages of the disease and in the late stages of the disease. Conventional treatment options employing antiangiogenic approaches provide for the starving of tumors of their blood supply to avoid the refueling of oxygen and nutrients. An emerging alternative point of view is the normalization of vasculature leading to enhance tumor perfusion and oxygenation, potentially capable, when proposed in combination with other treatments, to improve delivery and efficacy of other therapies, including immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors. The introduction of novel biomarkers can be useful for the definition of the most appropriate dose and scheduling for these combination treatment approaches. The present review provides a wide description of the pharmaceutical compounds with an antiangiogenic effect proposed for HCC treatment and investigated in clinical trials, including antibodies and small-molecule kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mossenta
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Busato
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorena Baboci
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Federica Di Cintio
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
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Zeng Y, Yao X, Liu X, He X, Li L, Liu X, Yan Z, Wu J, Fu BM. Anti-angiogenesis triggers exosomes release from endothelial cells to promote tumor vasculogenesis. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1629865. [PMID: 31258881 PMCID: PMC6586113 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1629865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although anti-angiogenic therapies (AATs) have some effects against multiple malignancies, they are limited by subsequent tumor vasculogenesis and progression. To investigate the mechanisms by which tumor vasculogenesis and progression following AATs, we transfected microRNA (miR)-9 into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to mimic the tumor-associated endothelial cells in hepatocellular carcinoma and simulated the AATs in vitro and in vivo. We found that administration of the angiogenesis inhibitor vandetanib completely abolished miR-9-induced angiogenesis and promoted autophagy in HUVECs, but induced the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-enriched exosomes. These VEGF-enriched exosomes significantly promoted the formation of endothelial vessels and vasculogenic mimicry in hepatocellular carcinoma and its progression in mice. Anti-autophagic therapy is proposed to improve the efficacy of AATs. However, similar effects by AATs were observed with the application of anti-autophagy by 3-methyladenine. Our results revealed that tumor vasculogenesis and progression after AATs and anti-autophagic therapies were due to the cross-talk between endothelial and tumor cells via VEGF-enriched exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghong Yao
- Radiation Therapy Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueling He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiping Yan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingmei M Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Wang Q, Zhang P, Li Z, Feng X, Lv C, Zhang H, Xiao H, Ding J, Chen X. Evaluation of Polymer Nanoformulations in Hepatoma Therapy by Established Rodent Models. Theranostics 2019; 9:1426-1452. [PMID: 30867842 PMCID: PMC6401493 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatoma is one of the most severe malignancies usually with poor prognosis, and many patients are insensitive to the existing therapeutic agents, including the drugs for chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. Currently, researchers are committed to developing the advanced formulations with controlled drug delivery to improve the efficacy of hepatoma therapy. Numerous inoculated, induced, and genetically engineered hepatoma rodent models are now available for formulation screening. However, animal models of hepatoma cannot accurately represent human hepatoma in terms of histological characteristics, metastatic pathways, and post-treatment responses. Therefore, advanced animal hepatoma models with comparable pathogenesis and pathological features are in urgent need in the further studies. Moreover, the development of nanomedicines has renewed hope for chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy of advanced hepatoma. As one kind of advanced formulations, the polymer-based nanoformulated drugs have many advantages over the traditional ones, such as improved tumor selectivity and treatment efficacy, and reduced systemic side effects. In this article, the construction of rodent hepatoma model and much information about the current development of polymer nanomedicines were reviewed in order to provide a basis for the development of advanced formulations with clinical therapeutic potential for hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Xiangru Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Chengyue Lv
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Du J, Gu L, Zheng L, Zhang X. Effect of melatonin on EGF- and VEGF-induced monolayer permeability of HUVECs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 316:H1178-H1191. [PMID: 30575440 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00542.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a natural hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythm, immunity, and cardiovascular function. In the present study, we focused on the mechanism of melatonin in the regulation of vascular permeability. We found that melatonin could inhibit both VEGF- and EGF-induced monolayer permeability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and change the tyrosine phosphorylation of vascular-endothelial (VE-)cadherin, which was related to endothelial barrier function. In addition, phospho-AKT (Ser473) and phospho-ERK(1/2) played significant roles in the regulation of VE-cadherin phosphorylation. Both the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT inhibitor LY49002 and MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 could inhibit the permeability of HUVECs, but with different effects on tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin. Melatonin can influence the two growth factor-induced phosphorylation of AKT (Ser473) but not ERK(1/2). Our results show that melatonin can inhibit growth factor-induced monolayer permeability of HUVECs by influencing the phosphorylation of AKT and VE-cadherin. Melatonin can be a potential treatment for diseases associated with abnormal vascular permeability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that melatonin could inhibit both EGF- and VEGF-induced monolayer permeability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which is related to phosphorylation of vascular-endothelial cadherin. Blockade of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways could inhibit the permeability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and phosphorylation of AKT (Ser473) might be a critical event in the changing of monolayer permeability and likely has cross-talk with the MEK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou, Jiangsu , China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Yadong Ma
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Luo Gu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Lu Zheng
- General Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou, Jiangsu , China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic surgery and the General Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou, Jiangsu , China
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17
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Nosaka T, Naito T, Hiramatsu K, Ohtani M, Nemoto T, Marusawa H, Ma N, Hiraku Y, Kawanishi S, Yamashita T, Kaneko S, Nakamoto Y. Gene expression profiling of hepatocarcinogenesis in a mouse model of chronic hepatitis B. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185442. [PMID: 28968425 PMCID: PMC5624708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common complication of chronic viral hepatitis. In support of this notion, we have reported that hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes critically contribute to inducing chronic liver cell injury that exerts high carcinogenic potential in a hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mouse model. The dynamics of the molecular signatures responsible for hepatocellular carcinogenesis are not fully understood. The current study was designed to determine the serial changes in gene expression profiles in a model of chronic immune-mediated hepatitis. Methods Three-month-old HBV transgenic mice were immunologically reconstituted with bone marrow cells and splenocytes from syngeneic nontransgenic donors. Liver tissues were obtained every three months until 18 months at which time all mice developed multiple liver tumors. Nitrative DNA lesions and hepatocyte turnover were assessed immunohistochemically. Gene expression profiles were generated by extracting total RNA from the tissues and analyzing by microarray. Results The nitrative DNA lesions and the regenerative proliferation of hepatocytes were increased during the progression of chronic liver disease. In a gene expression profile analysis of liver samples, the chemokine- and T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated pathways were enhanced during chronic hepatitis, and the EGF- and VEGF-mediated pathways were induced in HCC. Among these molecules, the protein levels of STAT3 were greatly enhanced in all hepatocyte nuclei and further elevated in the cytoplasm in HCC tissue samples at 18 months, and the levels of phosphorylated TP53 (p-p53-Ser 6 and -Ser 15) were increased in liver tissues. Conclusions HBV-specific immune responses caused unique molecular signatures in the liver tissues of chronic hepatitis and triggered subsequent carcinogenic gene expression profiles in a mouse model. The results suggest a plausible molecular basis responsible for HBV-induced immune pathogenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Nosaka
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Naito
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Katsushi Hiramatsu
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohtani
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nemoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ning Ma
- Faculty of Nursing Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hiraku
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Shosuke Kawanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasunari Nakamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Zhu W, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang J, Peng X, Chen X, Gao Y, Li C, He Y, Ai J, Geng M, Zheng M, Liu H. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Multisubstituted Pyridin-3-amine Derivatives as Multitargeted Protein Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6018-6035. [PMID: 28714692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of pyridin-3-amine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as multitargeted protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Hit 1 was first disclosed by in silico screening against fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR), which was subsequently validated by in vitro experiments. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of its analogues was then explored to afford novel FGFR inhibitors 2a-2p and 3a-3q. Among them, 3m showed potent inhibition against FGFR1, 2, and 3. Interestingly, compound 3m not only inhibited various phosphorylation and downstream signaling across different oncogenic forms in FGFR-overactivated cancer cells but also showed nanomolar level inhibition against several other NSCLC-related oncogene kinases, including RET, EGFR, EGFR/T790M/L858R, DDR2, and ALK. Finally, in vivo pharmacology evaluations of 3m showed significant antitumor activity (TGI = 66.1%) in NCI-H1581 NSCLC xenografts with a good pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Peng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianjie Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinglei Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunpu Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulong He
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Ai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Matsuda N, Lim B, Wang X, Ueno NT. Early clinical development of epidermal growth factor receptor targeted therapy in breast cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:463-479. [PMID: 28271910 PMCID: PMC5826640 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1299707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted treatment has been evaluated but has not shown a clear clinical benefit for breast cancer. This review article aims to consider the knowledge of the biological background of EGFR pathways in dissecting clinical studies of EGFR targeted treatment in breast cancer. Areas covered: This review focuses on the role of the EGFR pathway and the investigational drugs that target EGFR for breast cancer. Expert opinion: Recent studies have indicated that EGFR targeted therapy for breast cancer has some promising effects for patients with triple-negative breast cancer, basal-like breast cancer, and inflammatory breast cancer. However, predictive and prognostic biomarkers for EGFR targeted therapy have not been identified. The overexpression or amplification of EGFR itself may not be the true factor of induction of the canonical pathway as an oncogenic driver of breast cancer. Instead, downstream, non-canonical pathways related to EGFR may contribute to some aspects of the biological behavior of breast cancer; therefore, the blockade of the receptor could result in sufficient suppression of downstream pathways to inhibit the aggressive behavior of breast cancer. Mechanistic studies to investigate the dynamic interaction between the EGFR pathway and non-canonical pathways are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Matsuda
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bora Lim
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naoto T. Ueno
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Kim D, Ko HS, Park GB, Hur DY, Kim YS, Yang JW. Vandetanib and ADAM inhibitors synergistically attenuate the pathological migration of EBV-infected retinal pigment epithelial cells by regulating the VEGF-mediated MAPK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1415-1425. [PMID: 28413487 PMCID: PMC5377331 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signals induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are implicated in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and thus, are associated with vision-limiting complications in the human retina. Vandetanib is an oral anticancer drug that selectively inhibits the activities of VEGF receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase; however, the effects of vandetanib on VEGF in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells have not yet been studied. In the present study, a combined treatment of vandetanib and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) protein inhibitors were used to assess the regulation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected ARPE19 cells (ARPE19/EBV) migration as a model of CNV. Vandetanib suppressed the expression of the mesenchymal markers ADAM10 and ADAM17 in ARPE19/EBV cells, and also upregulated epithelial cell markers of the RPE cells, E-cadherin and N-cadherin. The migratory activity of ARPE19/EBV induced by VEGF was efficiently blocked by vandetanib. Furthermore, co-treatment with vandetanib and an ADAM10 inhibitor (GI254023X) or ADAM17 inhibitor (Marimastat) synergistically prevented migration and the expression of vimentin, Snail and α-smooth muscle actin by regulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results suggest that a combination treatment of vandetanib and ADAM inhibitors may be developed as a novel therapeutic regimen to control retina neovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.,Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Ko
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Bin Park
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.,Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Hur
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.,Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Seok Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.,Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
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21
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Preparation and characterisation of vandetanib-eluting radiopaque beads for locoregional treatment of hepatic malignancies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 101:22-30. [PMID: 28132823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since their introduction around a decade ago, embolic drug-eluting beads (DEBs) have become a well-established treatment option for the locoregional transarterial treatment of hepatic malignancies. Despite this success, the therapy is seen to be limited by the choice of drug and more effective options are therefore being sought. These include the small molecule multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (MTKi), which exert an anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative effect that could be highly beneficial in combating some of the unwanted downstream consequences of embolization. Vandetanib is an MTKi which acts against such targets as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) and has demonstrated modest activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), albeit with some dose-limiting cardiac toxicity. This makes this compound an interesting candidate for DEB-based locoregional delivery. In this study we describe the preparation and characterisation of vandetanib DEBs made from DC Bead™ and its radiopaque counterpart, DC Bead LUMI™. Drug loading was shown to be dependent upon the pH of the drug loading solution, as vandetanib has multiple sites for protonation, with the bead platform also having a fundamental influence due to differences in binding capacities and bead shrinkage effects. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy confirmed drug interaction is by ionic interaction, and in the case of the radiopaque DEB, the drug is distributed uniformly inside the bead and contributes slightly to the overall radiopacity by virtue of a bromine atom on the vandetanib structure. Drug release from both bead platforms is controlled and sustained, with a slightly slower rate of release from the radiopaque bead due to its more hydrophobic nature. Vandetanib DEBs therefore have suitable characteristics for intra-arterial delivery and site-specific sustained release of drug into liver tumours.
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Discovery and Optimization of N-Substituted 2-(4-pyridinyl)thiazole carboxamides against Tumor Growth through Regulating Angiogenesis Signaling Pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33434. [PMID: 27633259 PMCID: PMC5025770 DOI: 10.1038/srep33434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of angiogenesis is considered as one of the desirable pathways for the treatment of tumor growth and metastasis. Herein we demonstrated that a series of pyridinyl-thiazolyl carboxamide derivatives were designed, synthesized and examined against angiogenesis through a colony formation and migration assays of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was carried out and optimization toward this series of compounds resulted in the discovery of N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-2-(2-propyl-4-pyridinyl)thiazole-5-carboxamide (3k). The results indicated that compound 3k showed similar or better effects compared to Vandetanib in suppressing HUVECs colony formation and migration as well as VEGF-induced angiogenesis in the aortic ring spreading model and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. More importantly, compound 3k also strongly blocked tumor growth with the dosage of 30 mg/kg/day, and subsequent mechanism exploration suggested that this series of compounds took effect mainly through angiogenesis signaling pathways. Together, these results suggested compound 3k may serve as a lead for a novel class of angiogenesis inhibitors for cancer treatments.
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Wang J, Wang H, Li J, Liu Z, Xie H, Wei X, Lu D, Zhuang R, Xu X, Zheng S. iRGD-Decorated Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Efficient Delivery of Vandetanib to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Preparation and in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:19228-37. [PMID: 27381493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly targeted agents that are designed to target specific lesions have been proven effective as clinical cancer therapies; however, most currently available therapeutic agents are poorly water-soluble and require oral administration, thereby resulting in low bioavailability and a high risk of side effects due to dose intensification. The rational engineering of systemically injectable medicines that encapsulate such therapeutic payloads may revolutionize anticancer therapies and remains an under-explored area of drug development. Here, the injectable delivery of a nanomedicine complexed with an oral multitargeted kinase inhibitor, vandetanib (vanib), was explored using polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) to achieve the selective accumulation of drug payloads within tumor lesions. To demonstrate this concept, we used biodegradable amphiphilic block copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D, L-lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) to nanoprecipitate this potent agent to form water-soluble NPs that are suitable for intravenous administration. NP-vanib induced cytotoxic activity by inhibiting the angiogenetic events mediated by VEGFR and EGFR kinases in tested cancer cells and inhibited the growth, tube formation and metastasis of HUVECs. The intravenously injection of NP-vanib into mice bearing HCC BEL-7402 xenografts more effectively inhibited the tumor than the oral administration of vanib. In addition, due to the modular design of these NPs, the drug-loaded particles can easily be decorated with iRGD, a tumor-homing and -penetrating peptide motif, which further improved the in vivo performance of these vanib-loaded NPs. Our results demonstrate that reformulating targeted therapeutic agents in NPs permits their systemic administration and thus significantly improves the potency of currently available, orally delivered agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Zhikun Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Di Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Runzhou Zhuang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Xiao Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
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Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, La Motta C, Materazzi G, Bocci G, Da Settimo F, Miccoli P, Antonelli A. CLM29 and CLM24, pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives, have antitumoral activity in vitro in anaplastic thyroid cancer, with or without BRAF mutation. Endocrine 2016; 53:136-44. [PMID: 26286966 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the antitumor activity of two new "pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine" compounds (CLM29 and CLM24) that inhibit several targets (including the RET tyrosine kinase, epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, with an antiangiogenic effect) in primary anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cell cultures and in the human cell line 8305C (undifferentiated thyroid cancer). The antitumor effect of CLM29 and CLM24 was tested in: nine primary ATC cultures obtained from patients at the time of surgery at the concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 30, 50 µM; in 8305C cells at 1, 5, 10, 30, 50 µM for CLM29, and 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 µM for CLM24. CLM29, and CLM24 significantly inhibited the proliferation of 8305C cells. A significant reduction of proliferation with CLM29 and CLM24 in ATC cells (P < 0.01, for both, ANOVA) was shown. CLM29 and CLM24 increased the percentage of apoptotic ATC cells dose-dependently (P < 0.001, ANOVA). The (V600E) BRAF mutation was observed in three ATCs; the results about the inhibition of proliferation by CLM29 and CLM24, obtained in ATC from tumors with (V600E) BRAF mutation were similar to those from tumors without BRAF mutation. CLM29 inhibited migration and invasion (P < 0.01) of primary ATC cells, while CLM24 had no significant effect. The antitumor activity of two new "pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine" compounds (CLM24, CLM29) in vitro in ATC, independent from BRAF mutation, has been shown, allowing a future clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Concettina La Motta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Bocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Via Alderotti 27/n, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Miccoli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Rimkus TK, Carpenter RL, Qasem S, Chan M, Lo HW. Targeting the Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway: Review of Smoothened and GLI Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8020022. [PMID: 26891329 PMCID: PMC4773745 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is a major regulator of cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and tissue polarity. Aberrant activation of the Shh pathway has been shown in a variety of human cancers, including, basal cell carcinoma, malignant gliomas, medulloblastoma, leukemias, and cancers of the breast, lung, pancreas, and prostate. Tumorigenesis, tumor progression and therapeutic response have all been shown to be impacted by the Shh signaling pathway. Downstream effectors of the Shh pathway include smoothened (SMO) and glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) family of zinc finger transcription factors. Both are regarded as important targets for cancer therapeutics. While most efforts have been devoted towards pharmacologically targeting SMO, developing GLI-targeted approach has its merit because of the fact that GLI proteins can be activated by both Shh ligand-dependent and -independent mechanisms. To date, two SMO inhibitors (LDE225/Sonidegib and GDC-0449/Vismodegib) have received FDA approval for treating basal cell carcinoma while many clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate the efficacy of this exciting class of targeted therapy in a variety of cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of the biology of the Shh pathway and then detail the current landscape of the Shh-SMO-GLI pathway inhibitors including those in preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadas K Rimkus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Richard L Carpenter
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Shadi Qasem
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Michael Chan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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De Andrade JP, Park JM, Gu VW, Woodfield GW, Kulak MV, Lorenzen AW, Wu VT, Van Dorin SE, Spanheimer PM, Weigel RJ. EGFR Is Regulated by TFAP2C in Luminal Breast Cancer and Is a Target for Vandetanib. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:503-11. [PMID: 26832794 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0548-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Expression of TFAP2C in luminal breast cancer is associated with reduced survival and hormone resistance, partially explained through regulation of RET. TFAP2C also regulates EGFR in HER2 breast cancer. We sought to elucidate the regulation and functional role of EGFR in luminal breast cancer. We used gene knockdown (KD) and treatment with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in cell lines and primary cancer isolates to determine the role of RET and EGFR in regulation of p-ERK and tumorigenesis. KD of TFAP2C decreased expression of EGFR in a panel of luminal breast cancers, and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) confirmed that TFAP2C targets the EGFR gene. Stable KD of TFAP2C significantly decreased cell proliferation and tumor growth, mediated in part through EGFR. While KD of RET or EGFR reduced proliferation (31% and 34%, P < 0.01), combined KD reduced proliferation greater than either alone (52% reduction, P < 0.01). The effect of the TKI vandetanib on proliferation and tumor growth response of MCF-7 cells was dependent upon expression of TFAP2C, and dual KD of RET and EGFR eliminated the effects of vandetanib. The response of primary luminal breast cancers to TKIs assessed by ERK activation established a correlation with expression of RET and EGFR. We conclude that TFAP2C regulates EGFR in luminal breast cancer. Response to vandetanib was mediated through the TFAP2C target genes EGFR and RET. Vandetanib may provide a therapeutic effect in luminal breast cancer, and RET and EGFR can serve as molecular markers for response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jung M Park
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Vivian W Gu
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | | | | | - Vincent T Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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27
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Wang Y, Wang K, Li H, Wang J, Wang L, Dai J, Jiang T, Ma J. Identifying the association of contrast enhancement with vascular endothelia growth factor expression in anaplastic gliomas: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121380. [PMID: 25823012 PMCID: PMC4379034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast enhancement is a crucial radiologic feature of malignant brain tumors, which are associated with genetic changes of the tumor. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential relationship among tumor contrast enhancement with MR imaging, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and survival outcome in anaplastic gliomas. MR images from 240 patients with histologically confirmed anaplastic gliomas were retrospectively analyzed. The volumes of T2 hyperintense, contrast enhanced regions and necrotic regions on postcontrast T1-weighted images were measured. The ratio of the enhanced volume to necrotic volume was compared between patients with high versus low levels of VEGF expression and was further used in the survival analysis. The volumetric ratio of enhancement to necrosis was significantly higher in patients with low VEGF expression than in those with high VEGF expression (Mann-Whitney, p = 0.009). In addition, the enhancement/necrosis ratio was identified as a significant predictor of progression-free survival (Cox regression model, p = 0.004) and overall survival (Cox regression model, p = 0.006) in the multivariate analysis. These results suggest that the volumetric ratio of enhancement to necrosis could serve as a noninvasive radiographic marker associated with VEGF expression and that this ratio is an independent predictor for progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with anaplastic gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongming Li
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Dai
- Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JM); (TJ)
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JM); (TJ)
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28
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Sayan M, Shukla A, MacPherson MB, Macura SL, Hillegass JM, Perkins TN, Thompson JK, Beuschel SL, Miller JM, Mossman BT. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 and cyclic AMP response element binding protein are novel pathways inhibited by vandetanib (ZD6474) and doxorubicin in mesotheliomas. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 51:595-603. [PMID: 24940987 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0373tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM), lung cancers, and asbestosis are hyperproliferative diseases associated with exposures to asbestos. All have a poor prognosis; thus, the need to develop novel and effective therapies is urgent. Vandetanib (Van) (ZD6474, ZACTIMA) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has shown equivocal results in clinical trials for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. However, tyrosine kinase inhibitors alone have shown no significant clinical activity in phase II trials of patients with unresectable MM. Using epithelioid (HMESO) and sarcomatoid (H2373) human MM lines, the efficacy of tumor cell killing and signaling pathways modulated by Van with and without doxorubicin (Dox) was examined. Van alone reduced total cell numbers in HMESO MM and synergistically increased the toxicity of Dox in HMESO and H2373 cells. Most importantly, we identified two novel cell survival/resistance pathways, ERK5 and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), that were inhibited by Van and Dox. After silencing of either ERK5 or CREB, significant decreases in cell numbers in the Dox-resistant sarcomatoid H2373 line were observed. Results suggest that a plethora of cell signaling pathways associated with cell survival are induced by Dox but inhibited by the addition of Van in MM. Data from our study support the combined efficacy of Van and Dox as a novel approach in the treatment of MM that is further enhanced by blocking ERK5 or CREB signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutlay Sayan
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
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29
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Yoshiya S, Fujimoto Y, Bekki Y, Konishi H, Yamashita YI, Ikegami T, Yoshizumi T, Shirabe K, Oda Y, Maehara Y. Impact of epidermal growth factor single-nucleotide polymorphism on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:646-50. [PMID: 24703510 PMCID: PMC4317904 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is associated with an increased risk of hepatic tumors. The study aimed to elucidate the impact of EGF SNP and EGF receptor (EGFR) expression on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy. To examine the impact of EGF SNP and EGFR on recurrent HCC, we retrospectively analyzed 141 HCC patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection who underwent curative hepatectomy. The EGF *61 GG allele was present in 69 patients (48.9%), AG in 56 (39.7%) and AA in 16 (11.4%). The AA group had a significantly lower rate of intrahepatic metastasis (0% vs 16.5%, P = 0.02), lower serum EGF concentration (26.3 ± 15.9 pg/mL vs 43.4 ± 30.5 pg/mL, P = 0.02) and lower proportion of early recurrence (≤2 years; 28.6% vs 71.2%, P = 0.03) than the AG/GG group. The AA group had significantly higher recurrence-free survival than the AG/GG group (P = 0.04), but there was no significant difference in overall survival between these two groups (P = 0.97). High versus low EGFR expression analyzed by immunohistochemical staining in cancer cells was not significantly associated with overall survival (P = 0.37) or recurrence-free survival (P = 0.39). Therefore, EGF *61 AA was associated with a lower risk of recurrence after curative hepatectomy for HCC in patients with hepatitis C virus infection than other genotypes, but EGFR expression in cancer cells was not significantly associated with prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yoshiya
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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30
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Spanheimer PM, Park JM, Askeland RW, Kulak MV, Woodfield GW, De Andrade JP, Cyr AR, Sugg SL, Thomas A, Weigel RJ. Inhibition of RET increases the efficacy of antiestrogen and is a novel treatment strategy for luminal breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2115-25. [PMID: 24526731 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent findings suggest that combination treatment with antiestrogen and anti-RET may offer a novel treatment strategy in a subset of patients with breast cancer. We investigated the role of RET in potentiating the effects of antiestrogen response and examined whether RET expression predicted the ability for tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) to affect extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation in primary breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Growth response, ERK1/2 activation, Ki-67, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling were assessed in breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in xenografts with vandetanib and/or tamoxifen. Thirty tumors with matched normal breast tissue were evaluated for RET expression and response to TKI treatment. RESULTS Vandetanib potentiated the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen in hormone responsive (P = 0.01) and hormone insensitive (P < 0.001) estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer cells. Vandetanib significantly repressed tumorigenesis of MCF-7 xenografts (P < 0.001), which displayed decreased activation of ERK1/2 and AKT. Vandetanib and tamoxifen reduced the growth of established tumors with a greater effect of dual therapy compared with single agent (P = 0.003), with tamoxifen-reducing proliferative index and vandetanib-inducing apoptosis. In primary breast cancers, RET expression correlated with the ERα-positive subtype. Relative decrease in ERK1/2 phosphorylation with TKI treatment was 42% (P < 0.001) in RET-positive tumors versus 14% (P = ns) in RET-negative tumors. CONCLUSIONS Vandetanib potentiated the antigrowth effects of tamoxifen in breast cancer, which was mediated through RET activation. RET predicted response to TKI therapy with minimal effects on ERK1/2 activation in RET-negative tumors. The preclinical data support evaluation of antiestrogen in combination with TKI as a potential treatment strategy for RET-positive luminal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Spanheimer
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Surgery, Pathology, Internal Medicine, and Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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