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Lo Cigno I, Calati F, Girone C, Catozzo M, Gariglio M. High-risk HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 and their interplay with the innate immune response: Uncovering mechanisms of immune evasion and therapeutic prospects. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29685. [PMID: 38783790 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) tumor viruses causally associated with 5% of human cancers, comprising both anogenital and upper aerodigestive tract carcinomas. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPVs continue to pose a significant global health challenge, primarily due to inadequate vaccine access and coverage. These viruses can establish persistent infections by evading both the intrinsic defenses of infected tissues and the extrinsic defenses provided by professional innate immune cells. Crucial for their evasion strategies is their unique intraepithelial life cycle, which effectively shields them from host detection. Thus, strategies aimed at reactivating the innate immune response within infected or transformed epithelial cells, particularly through the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and lymphocyte-recruiting chemokines, are considered viable solutions to counteract the adverse effects of persistent infections by these oncogenic viruses. This review focuses on the complex interplay between the high-risk HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 and the innate immune response in epithelial cells and HPV-associated cancers. In particular, it details the molecular mechanisms by which E6 and E7 modulate the innate immune response, highlighting significant progress in our comprehension of these processes. It also examines forward-looking strategies that exploit the innate immune system to ameliorate existing anticancer therapies, thereby providing crucial insights into future therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lo Cigno
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Calati
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Girone
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Marta Catozzo
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, Novara, Italy
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2
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Baudouin R, Hans S, Lisan Q, Morin B, Adimi Y, Martin J, Lechien JR, Tartour E, Badoual C. Prognostic Significance of the Microenvironment in Human Papillomavirus Oropharyngeal Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:1507-1516. [PMID: 37642393 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The immune microenvironment of HPV-associated (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) (HPV+OPSCCs) differs from that of HPV-independent oropharyngeal cancers (HPV-independent OPSCCs). The literature on the subject is very abundant, demanding an organized synthesis of this wealth of information to evaluate the hypothesis associating the favorable prognosis of HPV+OPSCC patients with a different immune microenvironment. A systematic review of the literature was conducted regarding the microenvironment of HPV+OPSCCs. DATA SOURCE MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. REVIEW METHODS A literature search was performed following PRISMA guidelines (Moher D. PLoS Med. 2009). The PEO (Population, Exposure, and Outcome) framework is detailed as follows: P: patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, E: human papillomavirus (HPV), and O: histological and immunological composition of the tumoral microenvironment (TME). No meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS From 1,202 studies that were screened, 58 studies were included (n = 6,474 patients; n = 3,581 (55%) HPV+OPSCCs and n = 2,861(45%) HPV-independent OPSCCs). The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), CD3+ in 1,733 patients, CD4+ in 520 patients, and CD8+ (cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)) in 3,104 patients, and high levels of PD-L1 expression in 1,222 patients is strongly correlated with an improved clinical outcome in HPV+OPSCCs. CONCLUSION This systematic review provides the most comprehensive information on the immune microenvironment of HPV+OPSCCs to date. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and PD-L1 expression are associated with a favorable prognosis. B, CD8+ and resident memory cells densities are higher in HPV+OPSCCs. The importance of myeloid lineages is still a matter of debate and research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 134:1507-1516, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baudouin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - S Hans
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Q Lisan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - B Morin
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Immunology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Y Adimi
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Immunology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - J Martin
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Immunology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - J R Lechien
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - E Tartour
- Department of Biological Immunology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - C Badoual
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
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3
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Groeneveldt C, Kinderman P, Griffioen L, Rensing O, Labrie C, van den Wollenberg DJ, Hoeben RC, Coffey M, Loghmani H, Verdegaal EM, Welters MJ, van der Burg SH, van Hall T, van Montfoort N. Neutralizing Antibodies Impair the Oncolytic Efficacy of Reovirus but Permit Effective Combination with T cell-Based Immunotherapies. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:334-349. [PMID: 38194598 PMCID: PMC10911706 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Reovirus type 3 Dearing (Reo), manufactured for clinical application as pelareorep, is an attractive anticancer agent under evaluation in multiple phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors. It elicits its anticancer efficacy by inducing both oncolysis and intratumoral T-cell influx. Because most people have been preexposed to Reo, neutralizing antibodies (NAb) are prevalent in patients with cancer and might present a barrier to effective Reo therapy. Here, we tested serum of patients with cancer and healthy controls (n = 100) and confirmed that Reo NAbs are present in >80% of individuals. To investigate the effect of NAbs on both the oncolytic and the immunostimulatory efficacy of Reo, we established an experimental mouse model with Reo preexposure. The presence of preexposure-induced NAbs reduced Reo tumor infection and prevented Reo-mediated control of tumor growth after intratumoral Reo administration. In B cell-deficient mice, the lack of NAbs provided enhanced tumor growth control after Reo monotherapy, indicating that NAbs limit the oncolytic capacity of Reo. In immunocompetent mice, intratumoral T-cell influx was not affected by the presence of preexposure-induced NAbs and consequently, combinatorial immunotherapy strategies comprising Reo and T-cell engagers or checkpoint inhibitors remained effective in these settings, also after a clinically applied regimen of multiple intravenous pelareorep administrations. Altogether, our data indicate that NAbs hamper the oncolytic efficacy of Reo, but not its immunotherapeutic capacity. Given the high prevalence of seropositivity for Reo in patients with cancer, our data strongly advocate for the application of Reo as part of T cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Kinderman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Griffioen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Olivia Rensing
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Camilla Labrie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rob C. Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Incorporated, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Els M.E. Verdegaal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marij J.P. Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H. van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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4
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Pavelková L, Táborská E, Syding LA, Plačková K, Simonova E, Hladíková K, Hensler M, Laco J, Koucký V, Zábrodský M, Bouček J, Grega M, Rozkošová K, Vošmiková H, Halaška MJ, Rob L, Práznovec I, Hodek M, Vošmik M, Čelakovský P, Chrobok V, Ryška A, Palová-Jelínková L, Špíšek R, Fialová A. Tissue contexture determines the pattern and density of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in HPV-associated squamous cell carcinomas of oropharynx and uterine cervix. Transl Oncol 2024; 41:101884. [PMID: 38242007 PMCID: PMC10831289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The profile of the antitumor immune response is an important factor determining patient clinical outcome. However, the influence of the tissue contexture on the composition of the tumor microenvironments of virally induced tumors is not clearly understood. Therefore, we analyzed the immune landscape of two HPV-associated malignancies: oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix (CESC). We employed multiplex immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to evaluate the density and spatial distribution of immune cells in retrospective cohorts of OPSCC and CESC patients. This approach was complemented by transcriptomic analysis of purified primary tumor cells and in silico analysis of publicly available RNA sequencing data. Transcriptomic analysis showed similar immune profiles in OPSCC and CESC samples. Interestingly, immunostaining of OPSCC tissues revealed high densities of immune cells in both tumor stroma and tumor epithelium, whereas CESC samples were mainly characterized by the lack of immune cells in the tumor epithelium. However, in contrast to other immune cell populations, polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) were abundant in both segments of CESC samples and CESC-derived tumor cells expressed markedly higher levels of the PMN-MDSC chemoattractants CXCL1, CXCL5, and CXCL6 than OPSCC tumor cells. Taken together, despite their having the same etiologic agent, the immune infiltration pattern significantly differs between OPSCC and CESC, with a noticeable shift toward prominent MDSC infiltration in the latter. Our data thus present a rationale for a diverse approach to targeted therapy in patients with HPV-associated tumors of different tissue origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pavelková
- SOTIO, Českomoravská 2532/19b,Prague 9, Prague CZ-19000, Czech Republic; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Táborská
- SOTIO, Českomoravská 2532/19b,Prague 9, Prague CZ-19000, Czech Republic
| | - Linn A Syding
- SOTIO, Českomoravská 2532/19b,Prague 9, Prague CZ-19000, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Plačková
- SOTIO, Českomoravská 2532/19b,Prague 9, Prague CZ-19000, Czech Republic; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Kamila Hladíková
- SOTIO, Českomoravská 2532/19b,Prague 9, Prague CZ-19000, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hensler
- SOTIO, Českomoravská 2532/19b,Prague 9, Prague CZ-19000, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laco
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Koucký
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zábrodský
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bouček
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Grega
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Rozkošová
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vošmiková
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michael J Halaška
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Rob
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Práznovec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hodek
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Vošmik
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Čelakovský
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Chrobok
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Ryška
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Radek Špíšek
- SOTIO, Českomoravská 2532/19b,Prague 9, Prague CZ-19000, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Fialová
- SOTIO, Českomoravská 2532/19b,Prague 9, Prague CZ-19000, Czech Republic.
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5
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Ambrosio MR, Niccolai E, Petrelli F, Di Gloria L, Bertacca G, Giusti A, Baldi S, Cavazzana A, Palmeri M, Perotti B, Ramazzotti M, Arganini M, Amedei A. Immune landscape and oncobiota in HPV-Associated Colorectal Cancer: an explorative study. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:5101-5112. [PMID: 37612430 PMCID: PMC10725376 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide more than 550,000 new patients suffering from malignant tumors are associated with human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection. However, only a small portion of patients infected progress to cancer, suggesting that other factors other than HPV may play a role. Some studies have investigated HPV infection in colorectal cancer (CRC) with discordant results; moreover, the role of HPV in CRC development is still unknown. We investigated HPV infection in 50 CRC from different regions, excluding the anal one, by immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time PCR and RNA-seq. For each patient, we studied the tumor microenvironment in neoplastic and matched non-neoplastic samples, and we compared the tumor-infiltrating immune cell phenotypes among HPV-positive and negative samples. Finally, we compared the CRC-associated microbiota in HPV-positive and negative neoplastic samples by 16S rRNA sequencing. HPV infection was identified in 20% of CRC from the right side (caecum, ascending and transverse colon) and in 40% from the left side (descending colon and rectum). In all HPV-positive CRCs we found no expression of p53 and RB, thus suggesting HPV involvement in tumorigenesis. As far as the tumor microenvironment is concerned, in HPV-related cancers we observed a neoplastic environment with a reduced immune surveillance but an enhanced cytotoxic response by lymphocytes. HPV-positive and -negative CRC showed a different microbiota with lack of species normally found in CRC in the HPV-positive ones. Our results support the carcinogenic significance of HPV in CRC, suggesting a role of HPV in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Leandro Di Gloria
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, "Mario Serio" University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gloria Bertacca
- Clinical Chemical Analysis and Immuno Allergology Department, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Giusti
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Baldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Palmeri
- Surgery Unit, Ospedale Unico Versilia, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bruno Perotti
- Surgery Unit, Ospedale Unico Versilia, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, "Mario Serio" University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Arganini
- Surgery Unit, Ospedale Unico Versilia, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
- Internal Interdisciplinary Medicine Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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6
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Santegoets SJ, Stolk A, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. The combined HPV16-E2/E6/E7 T cell response in oropharyngeal cancer predicts superior survival. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101262. [PMID: 37924817 PMCID: PMC10694628 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating HPV16-E2-specific CD8+ T cells have been detected in HPV16-induced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Whether intratumoral CD4+ T cells target HPV16 E2 and if HPV16-E2-specific immunity contributes to better clinical outcome is unknown. In a prospective HPV16+ OPSCC cohort, we regularly detect HPV16-E2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ intratumoral T cells, albeit at lower frequencies than the co-infiltrating HPV16-E6/E7-specific T cells. These HPV16-reactive T cells produce multiple cytokines when activated, indicating their polyfunctionality. Importantly, their combined intratumoral presence predicts superior survival, emphasizing the value of HPV16-E2-specific T cells in anti-tumor immunity and suggests its use as a target antigen for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Stolk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Cao G, Yue J, Ruan Y, Han Y, Zhi Y, Lu J, Liu M, Xu X, Wang J, Gu Q, Wen X, Gao J, Zhang Q, Kang J, Wang C, Li F. Single-cell dissection of cervical cancer reveals key subsets of the tumor immune microenvironment. EMBO J 2023; 42:e110757. [PMID: 37427448 PMCID: PMC10425846 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) directly determines patients' outcomes and therapeutic efficiencies. An in-depth understanding of the TME is required to improve the prognosis of patients with cervical cancer (CC). This study conducted single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing of six-paired tumors and adjacent normal tissues to map the CC immune landscape. T and NK cells were highly enriched in the tumor area and transitioned from cytotoxic to exhaustion phenotypes. Our analyses suggest that cytotoxic large-clone T cells are critical effectors in the antitumor response. This study also revealed tumor-specific germinal center B cells associated with tertiary lymphoid structures. A high-germinal center B cell proportion in patients with CC is predictive of improved clinical outcomes and is associated with elevated hormonal immune responses. We depicted an immune-excluded stromal landscape and established a joint model of tumor and stromal cells to predict CC patients' prognosis. The study revealed tumor ecosystem subsets linked to antitumor response or prognosis in the TME and provides information for future combinational immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiali Yue
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cells, School of Life Science and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yetian Ruan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ya Han
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cells, School of Life Science and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yong Zhi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jianqiao Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Quan Gu
- CVR BioinformaticsUniversity of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, School of EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Jinli Gao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cells, School of Life Science and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chenfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cells, School of Life Science and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
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8
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Lei T, Li X, Wang F, Huang Q, Liu T, Liu C, Hu Q. Immune landscape of viral cancers: Insights from single-cell sequencing. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28348. [PMID: 36436921 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections trigger a wide range of immune responses thought to drive tumorigenesis and malignant progression. Dissecting virus-induced changes in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is therefore crucial to identify key leukocyte populations that may represent novel targets for cancer therapy. Single-cell sequencing approaches have now been widely applied to the analysis of various tumors, thus enabling multiomics characterization of the highly heterogeneous TIME that bulk-sequencing cannot fully elucidate. In this review, we summarized key recent findings from sequencing studies of the immune infiltrate and antitumor response in virus-associated cancers at single cell resolution. Additionally, we also reviewed recent developments in immunotherapy for virus-associated cancers. We anticipate that the strategic use of single-cell sequencing will advance our understanding of the TIME of viral cancers, leading to the development of more potent novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Lei
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fuhao Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tianxing Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qinyong Hu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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9
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The common HLA class I-restricted tumor-infiltrating T cell response in HPV16-induced cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 72:1553-1565. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractImmunotherapies targeting truly tumor-specific targets focus on the expansion and activation of T cells against neoantigens or oncogenic viruses. One target is the human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16), responsible for several anogenital cancers and oropharyngeal carcinomas. Spontaneous and vaccine-induced HPV-specific T cells have been associated with better clinical outcome. However, the epitopes and restriction elements to which these T cells respond remained elusive. To identify CD8+ T cell epitopes in cultures of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, we here used multimers and/or a functional screening platform exploiting single HLA class I allele-engineered antigen presenting cells. This resulted in the detection of 20 CD8+ T cell responses to 11 different endogenously processed HLA-peptide combinations within 12 HPV16-induced tumors. Specific HLA-peptide combinations dominated the response in patients expressing these HLA alleles. T cell receptors (TCRs) reactive to seven different HLA class I-restricted peptides could be isolated and analysis revealed tumor reactivity for five of the six TCRs analyzed. The tumor reactive TCRs to these dominant HLA class I peptide combinations can potentially be used to engineer tumor-specific T cells for adoptive cell transfer approaches to treat HPV16-induced cancers.
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10
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Ma S, Guo J, Zhang X, Yang Y, Bao Y, Zhang S, Li T. The exploration of new biomarkers for oral cancer through the ceRNA network and immune microenvironment analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32249. [PMID: 36626444 PMCID: PMC9750585 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) and tumor-penetrating immune cells may be related to the prognosis of oral cancer. However, few studies have focused on the correlation between ceRNAs and immune cells. Thus, we developed a method based on a ceRNA network and tumor-infiltrating immune cells to elucidate the molecular pathways that may predict prognosis in patients with oral cancer. Download RNAseq expression data of oral cancer and control samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), obtain differentially expressed genes and establish a ceRNA network. The cox analysis and lasso regression analysis were used to screen key RNAs to establish a prognostic risk assessment model, and draw a 1.3.5-year forecast nomogram. Then the CIBERSORT algorithm was used to screen important tumor immune infiltrating cells associated with oral cancer. Another prognostic predictive model related to immune cells was established. Finally, co-expression analysis was applied to explore the relationship between key genes in the ceRNA network and important immune cells. Multiple external data sets are used to test the expression of key biomarkers. We constructed prognostic risk models of ceRNA and immune cells, which included 9 differentially expressed mRNAs and 2 types of immune cells. It was discovered from the co-expression analysis that a pair of important biomarkers were associated with the prognosis of oral cancer. T cells regulatory and CGNL1 (R = 0.39, P < .001) showed a significant positive correlation. External data set validation also supports this result. In this study, we found that some crucial ceRNAs (GGCT, TRPS1, CGNL1, HENMT1, LCE3A, S100A8, ZNF347, TMEM144, TMEM192) and immune cells (T cells regulatory and Eosinophils) may be related to the prognosis of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, oral and maxillofacial surgery, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jie Guo
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Department of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, oral and maxillofacial surgery, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yongchao Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, oral and maxillofacial surgery, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yang Bao
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Department of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Suxin Zhang
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Department of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Tianke Li
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Department of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- * Correspondence: Tianke Li, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Department of Stomatology, 12 Jiankang Road, Chang’an District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050011, China (e-mail: )
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11
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Thol K, Pawlik P, McGranahan N. Therapy sculpts the complex interplay between cancer and the immune system during tumour evolution. Genome Med 2022; 14:137. [PMID: 36476325 PMCID: PMC9730559 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is an evolutionary process. A key selection pressure is exerted by therapy, one of the few players in cancer evolution that can be controlled. As such, an understanding of how treatment acts to sculpt the tumour and its microenvironment and how this influences a tumour's subsequent evolutionary trajectory is critical. In this review, we examine cancer evolution and intra-tumour heterogeneity in the context of therapy. We focus on how radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy shape both tumour development and the environment in which tumours evolve and how resistance can develop or be selected for during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Thol
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Piotr Pawlik
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
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12
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Zeng PYF, Cecchini MJ, Barrett JW, Shammas-Toma M, De Cecco L, Serafini MS, Cavalieri S, Licitra L, Hoebers F, Brakenhoff RH, Leemans CR, Scheckenbach K, Poli T, Wang X, Liu X, Laxague F, Prisman E, Poh C, Bose P, Dort JC, Shaikh MH, Ryan SEB, Dawson A, Khan MI, Howlett CJ, Stecho W, Plantinga P, Daniela da Silva S, Hier M, Khan H, MacNeil D, Mendez A, Yoo J, Fung K, Lang P, Winquist E, Palma DA, Ziai H, Amelio AL, Li SSC, Boutros PC, Mymryk JS, Nichols AC. Immune-based classification of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer with implications for biomarker-driven treatment de-intensification. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104373. [PMID: 36442320 PMCID: PMC9706534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is significant interest in treatment de-escalation for human papillomavirus-associated (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients given the generally favourable prognosis. However, 15-30% of patients recur after primary treatment, reflecting a need for improved risk-stratification tools. We sought to develop a molecular test to risk stratify HPV+ OPSCC patients. METHODS We created an immune score (UWO3) associated with survival outcomes in six independent cohorts comprising 906 patients, including blinded retrospective and prospective external validations. Two aggressive radiation de-escalation cohorts were used to assess the ability of UWO3 to identify patients who recur. Multivariate Cox models were used to assess the associations between the UWO3 immune class and outcomes. FINDINGS A three-gene immune score classified patients into three immune classes (immune rich, mixed, or immune desert) and was strongly associated with disease-free survival in six datasets, including large retrospective and prospective datasets. Pooled analysis demonstrated that the immune rich group had superior disease-free survival compared to the immune desert (HR = 9.0, 95% CI: 3.2-25.5, P = 3.6 × 10-5) and mixed (HR = 6.4, 95% CI: 2.2-18.7, P = 0.006) groups after adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, and AJCC8 clinical stage. Finally, UWO3 was able to identify patients from two small treatment de-escalation cohorts who remain disease-free after aggressive de-escalation to 30 Gy radiation. INTERPRETATION With additional prospective validation, the UWO3 score could enable biomarker-driven clinical decision-making for patients with HPV+ OPSCC based on robust outcome prediction across six independent cohorts. Prospective de-escalation and intensification clinical trials are currently being planned. FUNDING CIHR, European Union, and the NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Y F Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew J Cecchini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John W Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Shammas-Toma
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Integrated Biology Platform, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumouri, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara S Serafini
- Integrated Biology Platform, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumouri, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Cavalieri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumouri, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Licitra
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumouri, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Frank Hoebers
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), Research Institute GROW, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Brakenhoff
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C René Leemans
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tito Poli
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francisco Laxague
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eitan Prisman
- Division of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine Poh
- Division of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph C Dort
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mushfiq H Shaikh
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah E B Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alice Dawson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed I Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J Howlett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Stecho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Plantinga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael Hier
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Halema Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle MacNeil
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Mendez
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Yoo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pencilla Lang
- Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Winquist
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Palma
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hedyeh Ziai
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shawn S-C Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony C Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Abdulrahman Z, Hendriks N, J Kruse A, Somarakis A, J M van de Sande A, J van Beekhuizen H, M J Piek J, de Miranda NFCC, Kooreman LFS, F M Slangen B, van der Burg SH, de Vos van Steenwijk PJ, van Esch EMG. Immune-based biomarker accurately predicts response to imiquimod immunotherapy in cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005288. [PMID: 36323430 PMCID: PMC9639137 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complete response rate of cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (cHSIL) patients to imiquimod immunotherapy is approximately 60%. Consequently, many patients are exposed to unnecessary adverse effects of imiquimod. On the other hand, conventional surgical large loop excision therapy is associated with increased risk of premature births in subsequent pregnancies. An in-depth analysis of the cHSIL immune microenvironment was performed in order to identify and develop a predictive biomarker for response to imiquimod, to maximize therapy efficacy and to avoid adverse effects in patients unlikely to respond. METHODS Biopsies of 35 cHSIL patients, before and 10 weeks on imiquimod treatment, were analyzed by two multispectral seven-color immunofluorescence panels for T cell and myeloid cell composition in relation to treatment response. Based on these results a simplified immunohistochemical detection protocol was developed. Samples were scanned with the Vectra multispectral imaging system and cells were automatically identified using machine learning. RESULTS The immune microenvironment of complete responders (CR) is characterized by a strong and coordinated infiltration by T helper cells (activated PD1+/type 1 Tbet+), M1-like macrophages (CD68+CD163-) and dendritic cells (CD11c+) prior to imiquimod. The lesions of non-responders (NRs) displayed a high infiltration by CD3+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. At 10 weeks on imiquimod, a strong influx of intraepithelial and stromal CD4+ T cells was observed in CR but not NR patients. A steep decrease in macrophages occurred both in CR and NR patients, leveling the pre-existing differences in myeloid cell composition between the two groups. Based on the pre-existing immune composition differences, the sum of intraepithelial CD4 T cell, macrophage and dendritic cell counts was used to develop a quantitative simplified one color immunohistochemical biomarker, the CHSIL immune biomarker for imiquimod (CIBI), which can be automatically and unbiasedly quantified and has an excellent predictive capacity (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve 0.95, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION The capacity of cHSIL patients to respond to imiquimod is associated with a pre-existing coordinated local immune process, fostering an imiquimod-mediated increase in local T cell infiltration. The CIBI immunohistochemical biomarker has strong potential to select cHSIL patients with a high likelihood to experience a complete response to imiquimod immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziena Abdulrahman
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja Hendriks
- Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J Kruse
- Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Direct Comparison of HPV16 Viral Genomic Integration, Copy Loss, and Structural Variants in Oropharyngeal and Uterine Cervical Cancers Reveal Distinct Relationships to E2 Disruption and Somatic Alteration. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184488. [PMID: 36139648 PMCID: PMC9496734 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx caused by HPV type 16 (HPV16+ OPSCC) is the most common HPV-associated malignancy in the USA and has many molecular differences from uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma (UCSCC). Our understanding of HPV oncogenesis relied on studies of UCSCC revealing a consensus model reliant on HPV integration with a loss of E2. Here, we compare patterns of HPV integration in UCSCC and OPSCC by analysis of affinity capture sequencing of the HPV16 genome in 104 OPSCC and 44 UCSCC tumors. These cohorts were contemporaneously sequenced using an identical strategy. Integration was identified using discordant read pair clustering and assembly-based approaches. Viral integration sites, structural variants, and copy losses were examined. While large-scale deep losses of HPV16 genes were common in UCSCC and were associated with E2 loss, deep copy losses of the HPV16 genome were infrequent in HPV16+ OPSCC. Similarly, structural variants within HPV16 favored E2 loss in UCSCC but not OPSCC. HPV16 integration sites were non-random, with recurrent integration hot-spots identified. OPSCC tumors had many more integration sites per tumor when compared to UCSCC and had more integration sites in genomic regions with high gene density. These data show that viral integration and E2 disruption are distinct in UCSCC and OPSCC. Our findings also add to growing literature suggesting that HPV tumorigenesis in OPSCC does not follow the model developed based on UCSCC.
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15
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Kuang X, Li J. Chromosome instability and aneuploidy as context-dependent activators or inhibitors of antitumor immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895961. [PMID: 36003402 PMCID: PMC9393846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) and its major consequence, aneuploidy, are hallmarks of human cancers. In addition to imposing fitness costs on tumor cells through several cell-intrinsic mechanisms, CIN/aneuploidy also provokes an antitumor immune response. However, as the major contributor to genomic instability, intratumor heterogeneity generated by CIN/aneuploidy helps tumor cells to evolve methods to overcome the antitumor role of the immune system or even convert the immune system to be tumor-promoting. Although the interplay between CIN/aneuploidy and the immune system is complex and context-dependent, understanding this interplay is essential for the success of immunotherapy in tumors exhibiting CIN/aneuploidy, regardless of whether the efficacy of immunotherapy is increased by combination with strategies to promote CIN/aneuploidy or by designing immunotherapies to target CIN/aneuploidy directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Kuang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Li,
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16
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HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:306-327. [PMID: 35105976 PMCID: PMC8805140 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has one of the most rapidly increasing incidences of any cancer in high-income countries. The most recent (8th) edition of the UICC/AJCC staging system separates HPV+ OPSCC from its HPV-negative (HPV−) counterpart to account for the improved prognosis seen in the former. Indeed, owing to its improved prognosis and greater prevalence in younger individuals, numerous ongoing trials are examining the potential for treatment de-intensification as a means to improve quality of life while maintaining acceptable survival outcomes. In addition, owing to the distinct biology of HPV+ OPSCCs, targeted therapies and immunotherapies have become an area of particular interest. Importantly, OPSCC is often detected at an advanced stage owing to a lack of symptoms in the early stages; therefore, a need exists to identify and validate possible diagnostic biomarkers to aid in earlier detection. In this Review, we provide a summary of the epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management of HPV+ OPSCC in an effort to highlight important advances in the field. Ultimately, a need exists for improved understanding of the molecular basis and clinical course of this disease to guide efforts towards early detection and precision care, and to improve patient outcomes. The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increasing rapidly in most developed countries. In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the epidemiology, molecular biology and treatment of HPV-positive OPSCC, including discussions of the role of treatment de-escalation and emerging novel therapies. The incidence of human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer (HPV+ OPSCC) is expected to continue to rise over the coming decades until the benefits of gender-neutral prophylactic HPV vaccination begin to become manifest. The incidence of HPV+ OPSCC appears to be highest in high-income countries, although more epidemiological data are needed from low- and middle-income countries, in which HPV vaccination coverage remains low. The substantially better prognosis of patients with HPV+ OPSCC compared to those with HPV– OPSCC has been recognized in the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM8 staging guidelines, which recommend stratification by HPV status to improve staging. The molecular biology and genomic features of HPV+ OPSCC are similar to those of other HPV-associated malignancies, with HPV oncogenes (E6 and E7) acting as key drivers of pathogenesis. Treatment de-intensification is being pursued in clinical trials, although identifying the ~15% of patients with HPV+ OPSCC who have recurrent disease, and who therefore require more intensive treatment, remains a key challenge.
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17
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Abdulrahman Z, Santegoets SJ, Sturm G, Charoentong P, Ijsselsteijn ME, Somarakis A, Höllt T, Finotello F, Trajanoski Z, van Egmond SL, Mustafa DAM, Welters MJP, de Miranda NFCC, van der Burg SH. Tumor-specific T cells support chemokine-driven spatial organization of intratumoral immune microaggregates needed for long survival. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004346. [PMID: 35217577 PMCID: PMC8883276 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) associated with good prognosis generally also predicts the success of immunotherapy, and both entail the presence of pre-existing tumor-specific T cells. Here, the blueprint of the TIME associated with such an ongoing tumor-specific T-cell response was dissected in a unique prospective oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) cohort, in which tumor-specific tumor-infiltrating T cells were detected (immune responsiveness (IR+)) or not (lack of immune responsiveness (IR-)). METHODS A comprehensive multimodal, high-dimensional strategy was applied to dissect the TIME of treatment-naive IR+ and IR- OPSCC tissue, including bulk RNA sequencing (NanoString), imaging mass cytometry (Hyperion) for phenotyping and spatial interaction analyses of immune cells, and combined single-cell gene expression profiling and T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing (single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq)) to characterize the transcriptional states of clonally expanded tumor-infiltrating T cells. RESULTS IR+ patients had an excellent survival during >10 years follow-up. The tumors of IR+ patients expressed higher levels of genes strongly related to interferon gamma signaling, T-cell activation, TCR signaling, and mononuclear cell differentiation, as well as genes involved in several immune signaling pathways, than IR- patients. The top differently overexpressed genes included CXCL12 and LTB, involved in ectopic lymphoid structure development. Moreover, scRNAseq not only revealed that CD4+ T cells were the main producers of LTB but also identified a subset of clonally expanded CD8+ T cells, dominantly present in IR+ tumors, which secreted the T cell and dendritic cell (DC) attracting chemokine CCL4. Indeed, immune cell infiltration in IR+ tumors is stronger, highly coordinated, and has a distinct spatial phenotypical signature characterized by intratumoral microaggregates of CD8+CD103+ and CD4+ T cells with DCs. In contrast, the IR- TIME comprised spatial interactions between lymphocytes and various immunosuppressive myeloid cell populations. The impact of these chemokines on local immunity and clinical outcome was confirmed in an independent The Cancer Genome Atlas OPSCC cohort. CONCLUSION The production of lymphoid cell attracting and organizing chemokines by tumor-specific T cells in IR+ tumors constitutes a positive feedback loop to sustain the formation of the DC-T-cell microaggregates and identifies patients with excellent survival after standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziena Abdulrahman
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia J Santegoets
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gregor Sturm
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pornpimol Charoentong
- Medical Oncology and National Center for Tumor diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Höllt
- Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Finotello
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Dana A M Mustafa
- Pathology, Tumor Immuno-Pathology Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Colbert LE, El MB, Lynn EJ, Bronk J, Karpinets TV, Wu X, Chapman BV, Sims TT, Lin D, Kouzy R, Sammouri J, Biegert G, Delgado Medrano AY, Olvera A, Sastry KJ, Eifel PJ, Jhingran A, Lin L, Ramondetta LM, Futreal AP, Jazaeri AA, Schmeler KM, Yue J, Mitra A, Yoshida-Court K, Wargo JA, Solley TN, Hegde V, Nookala SS, Yanamandra AV, Dorta-Estremera S, Mathew G, Kavukuntla R, Papso C, Ahmed-Kaddar M, Kim M, Zhang J, Reuben A, Holliday EB, Minsky BD, Koong AC, Koay EJ, Das P, Taniguchi CM, Klopp A. Expansion of Candidate HPV-Specific T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment during Chemoradiotherapy Is Prognostic in HPV16 + Cancers. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:259-271. [PMID: 35045973 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes 600,000 new cancers worldwide each year. HPV-related cancers express the oncogenic proteins E6 and E7, which could serve as tumor-specific antigens. It is not known whether immunity to E6 and E7 evolves during chemoradiotherapy or affects survival. Using T cells from 2 HPV16+ patients, we conducted functional T-cell assays to identify candidate HPV-specific T cells and common T-cell receptor motifs, which we then analyzed across 86 patients with HPV-related cancers. The HPV-specific clones and E7-related T-cell receptor motifs expanded in the tumor microenvironment over the course of treatment, whereas non-HPV-specific T cells did not. In HPV16+ patients, improved recurrence-free survival was associated with HPV-responsive T-cell expansion during chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Colbert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Molly B El
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Erica J Lynn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Julianna Bronk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tatiana V Karpinets
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bhavana V Chapman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Travis T Sims
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ramez Kouzy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Julie Sammouri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Greyson Biegert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrea Y Delgado Medrano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Adilene Olvera
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - K Jagannadha Sastry
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia J Eifel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anuja Jhingran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lilie Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lois M Ramondetta
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew P Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amir A Jazaeri
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kathleen M Schmeler
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jingyan Yue
- McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas
| | - Aparna Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyoko Yoshida-Court
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Travis N Solley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Venkatesh Hegde
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sita S Nookala
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ananta V Yanamandra
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephanie Dorta-Estremera
- McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas.,Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Geena Mathew
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rohit Kavukuntla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cassidy Papso
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mustapha Ahmed-Kaddar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexandre Reuben
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Emma B Holliday
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bruce D Minsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Albert C Koong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eugene J Koay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Prajnan Das
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cullen M Taniguchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ann Klopp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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19
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Duurland CL, Santegoets SJ, Abdulrahman Z, Loof NM, Sturm G, Wesselink TH, Arens R, Boekestijn S, Ehsan I, van Poelgeest MIE, Finotello F, Hackl H, Trajanoski Z, Ten Dijke P, Braud VM, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. CD161 expression and regulation defines rapidly responding effector CD4+ T cells associated with improved survival in HPV16-associated tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e003995. [PMID: 35039463 PMCID: PMC8765066 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of killer cell lectin-like receptor B1 (KLRB1), the gene encoding the cell surface molecule CD161, is associated with favorable prognosis in many cancers. CD161 is expressed by several lymphocyte populations, but its role and regulation on tumor-specific CD4+ T cells is unknown. METHODS We examined the clinical impact of CD4+CD161+ T cells in human papillomavirus (HPV)16+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), analyzed their contribution in a cohort of therapeutically vaccinated patients and used HPV16-specific CD4+CD161+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and T cell clones for in-depth mechanistic studies. RESULTS Central and effector memory CD4+ T cells express CD161, but only CD4+CD161+ effector memory T cells (Tem) are associated with improved survival in OPSCC. Therapeutic vaccination activates and expands type 1 cytokine-producing CD4+CD161+ effector T cells. The expression of CD161 is dynamic and follows a pattern opposite of the checkpoint molecules PD1 and CD39. CD161 did not function as an immune checkpoint molecule as demonstrated using multiple experimental approaches using antibodies to block CD161 and gene editing to knockout CD161 expression. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed KLRB1 expression in many T cell clusters suggesting differences in their activation. Indeed, CD4+CD161+ effector cells specifically expressed the transcriptional transactivator SOX4, known to enhance T cell receptor (TCR) signaling via CD3ε. Consistent with this observation, CD4+CD161+ cells respond more vigorously to limiting amounts of cognate antigen in presence of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 compared to their CD161- counterparts. The expression of CD161/KLRB1 and SOX4 was downregulated upon TCR stimulation and this effect was boosted by transforming growth factor (TGF)β1. CONCLUSION High levels of CD4+CD161+ Tem are associated with improved survival and our data show that CD161 is dynamically regulated by cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors. CD161 expressing CD4+ T cells rapidly respond to suboptimal antigen stimulation suggesting that CD161, similar to SOX4, is involved in the amplification of TCR signals in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal L Duurland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia J Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ziena Abdulrahman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki M Loof
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gregor Sturm
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tom H Wesselink
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boekestijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilina Ehsan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Francesca Finotello
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Digital Science Center (DiSC), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique M Braud
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, UMR7275, 06560 Valbonne, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Antonarelli G, Corti C, Tarantino P, Ascione L, Cortes J, Romero P, Mittendorf E, Disis M, Curigliano G. Therapeutic cancer vaccines revamping: technology advancements and pitfalls. Ann Oncol 2021; 32:1537-1551. [PMID: 34500046 PMCID: PMC8420263 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines (CVs) represent a long-sought therapeutic and prophylactic immunotherapy strategy to obtain antigen (Ag)-specific T-cell responses and potentially achieve long-term clinical benefit. However, historically, most CV clinical trials have resulted in disappointing outcomes, despite promising signs of immunogenicity across most formulations. In the past decade, technological advances regarding vaccine delivery platforms, tools for immunogenomic profiling, and Ag/epitope selection have occurred. Consequently, the ability of CVs to induce tumor-specific and, in some cases, remarkable clinical responses have been observed in early-phase clinical trials. It is notable that the record-breaking speed of vaccine development in response to the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic mainly relied on manufacturing infrastructures and technological platforms already developed for CVs. In turn, research, clinical data, and infrastructures put in place for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic can further speed CV development processes. This review outlines the main technological advancements as well as major issues to tackle in the development of CVs. Possible applications for unmet clinical needs will be described, putting into perspective the future of cancer vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Antonarelli
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Corti
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P. Tarantino
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Ascione
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - J. Cortes
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Quironsalud Group, Barcelona, Spain,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P. Romero
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E.A. Mittendorf
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA,Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, USA
| | - M.L. Disis
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - G. Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Correspondence to: Prof. Giuseppe Curigliano, Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy. Tel: +39-0257489599
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21
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Santegoets SJ, Duurland CL, Jordanova EJ, van Ham VJ, Ehsan I, Loof NM, Narang V, Dutertre CA, Ginhoux F, van Egmond SL, J P Welters M, van der Burg SH. CD163 + cytokine-producing cDC2 stimulate intratumoral type 1 T cell responses in HPV16-induced oropharyngeal cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001053. [PMID: 32771994 PMCID: PMC7418847 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is a distinct clinical entity with a much better prognosis after (chemo)radiotherapy than HPV-negative OPSCC, especially in patients with a concomitant intratumoral HPV-specific and type-1 cytokine-oriented T cell response. However, knowledge on the type of myeloid cells and their coordination with intratumoral T cells and influence on patient outcome in OPSCC is lacking. Methods We analyzed the presence of intratumoral myeloid cells and their relationship to tumor-infiltrating T cells and patient outcome in a well-described cohort of HPV16+ patients with OPSCC using multispectral immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and functional analyses. Results We show that the tumor microenvironment of HPV16+ OPSCC tumors with such an ongoing HPV16-specific T cell response is highly infiltrated with a newly defined CD163+ cytokine-producing subset of conventional dendritic cell type 2 (cDC2), called DC3. These CD163+ cDC2 predominantly stimulated type 1 T cell polarization and produced high levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18, required for IFNγ and IL-22 production by T cells after cognate antigen stimulation. Tumor-infiltration with these CD163+ cDC2 positively correlated with the infiltration by Tbet+ and tumor-specific T cells, and with prolonged survival. Conclusions These data suggest an important role for intratumoral CD163+ cDC2 in stimulating tumor-infiltrating T cells to exert their antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J Santegoets
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal L Duurland
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina J Jordanova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa J van Ham
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilina Ehsan
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki M Loof
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vipin Narang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Charles A Dutertre
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sylvia L van Egmond
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Shamseddine AA, Burman B, Lee NY, Zamarin D, Riaz N. Tumor Immunity and Immunotherapy for HPV-Related Cancers. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1896-1912. [PMID: 33990345 PMCID: PMC8338882 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection drives tumorigenesis in the majority of cervical, oropharyngeal, anal, and vulvar cancers. Genetic and epidemiologic evidence has highlighted the role of immunosuppression in the oncogenesis of HPV-related malignancies. Here we review how HPV modulates the immune microenvironment and subsequent therapeutic implications. We describe the landscape of immunotherapies for these cancers with a focus on findings from early-phase studies exploring antigen-specific treatments, and discuss future directions. Although responses across these studies have been modest to date, a deeper understanding of HPV-related tumor biology and immunology may prove instrumental for the development of more efficacious immunotherapeutic approaches. SIGNIFICANCE: HPV modulates the microenvironment to create a protumorigenic state of immune suppression and evasion. Our understanding of these mechanisms has led to the development of immunomodulatory treatments that have shown early clinical promise in patients with HPV-related malignancies. This review summarizes our current understanding of the interactions of HPV and its microenvironment and provides insight into the progress and challenges of developing immunotherapies for HPV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf A Shamseddine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Bharat Burman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nancy Y Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Nadeem Riaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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23
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Stern PL, Dalianis T. Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment in the Era of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Viruses 2021; 13:1234. [PMID: 34202255 PMCID: PMC8310271 DOI: 10.3390/v13071234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are marginally decreasing due to the reduction in exposure to the major risk factors, tobacco and alcohol, the incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharynx squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC), especially those in the tonsil and base of tongue subsites, are increasing. Patients with the latter are younger, display a longer overall survival, and show a lower recurrence rate after standard-of-care treatment than those with HPV-negative OPSCC. This may reflect an important role for immune surveillance and control during the natural history of the virally driven tumour development. Immune deviation through acquisition of immune-suppressive factors in the tumour microenvironment (TME) is discussed in relation to treatment response. Understanding how the different immune factors are integrated in the TME battleground offers opportunities for identifying prognostic biomarkers as well as novel therapeutic strategies. OPSCC generally receive surgery or radiotherapy for early-stage tumour treatment, but many patients present with locoregionally advanced disease requiring multimodality therapies which can involve considerable complications. This review focuses on the utilization of newly emerged immune checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1/PD-L1 pathway) for treatment of HNSCC, in particular HPV-positive OPSCC, since they could be less toxic and more efficacious. PD-1/PD-L1 expression in the TME has been extensively investigated as a biomarker of patient response but is yet to provide a really effective means for stratification of treatment. Extensive testing of combinations of therapeutic approaches by types and sequencing will fuel the next evolution of treatment for OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L. Stern
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Tina Dalianis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum J6:20, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
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24
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Melief CJM, Welters MJP, Vergote I, Kroep JR, Kenter GG, Ottevanger PB, Tjalma WAA, Denys H, van Poelgeest MIE, Nijman HW, Reyners AKL, Velu T, Goffin F, Lalisang RI, Loof NM, Boekestijn S, Krebber WJ, Hooftman L, Visscher S, Blumenstein BA, Stead RB, Gerritsen W, van der Burg SH. Strong vaccine responses during chemotherapy are associated with prolonged cancer survival. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/535/eaaz8235. [PMID: 32188726 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz8235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have effectively induced durable regressions of premalignant oncogenic human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16)-induced anogenital lesions. However, the treatment of HPV16-induced cancers requires appropriate countermeasures to overcome cancer-induced immune suppression. We previously showed that standard-of-care carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy can reduce abnormally high numbers of immunosuppressive myeloid cells in patients, allowing the development of much stronger therapeutic HPV16 vaccine (ISA101)-induced tumor immunity. We now show the clinical effects of ISA101 vaccination during chemotherapy in 77 patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer in a dose assessment study of ISA101. Tumor regressions were observed in 43% of 72 evaluable patients. The depletion of myeloid suppressive cells by carboplatin/paclitaxel was associated with detection of low frequency of spontaneous HPV16-specific immunity in 21 of 62 tested patients. Patients mounted type 1 T cell responses to the vaccine across all doses. The group of patients with higher than median vaccine-induced immune responses lived longer, with a flat tail on the survival curve. This demonstrates that chemoimmunotherapy can be exploited to the benefit of patients with advanced cancer based on a defined mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J M Melief
- ISA Pharmaceuticals, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, Netherlands. .,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521 AL Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospital, Leuven Cancer Institute, UZ Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Judith R Kroep
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gemma G Kenter
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Petronella B Ottevanger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nijmegen University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wiebren A A Tjalma
- Multidisciplinary Breast Clinic-Unit Gynecological Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Denys
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anna K L Reyners
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Thierry Velu
- Chirec Cancer Institute, Medical Centre Edith Cavell, Rue Edith Cavell 32, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederic Goffin
- Chirec Cancer Institute, Medical Centre Edith Cavell, Rue Edith Cavell 32, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roy I Lalisang
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nikki M Loof
- Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521 AL Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boekestijn
- Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521 AL Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Leon Hooftman
- ISA Pharmaceuticals, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sonja Visscher
- ISA Pharmaceuticals, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Richard B Stead
- BioPharma Consulting Services, 691 96th Avenue Southeast, Bellevue, WA 98004, USA
| | - Winald Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nijmegen University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521 AL Utrecht, Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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25
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Wustrack RL, Shao E, Sheridan J, Zimel M, Cho SJ, Horvai AE, Luong D, Kwek SS, Fong L, Okimoto RA. Tumor morphology and location associate with immune cell composition in pleomorphic sarcoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3031-3040. [PMID: 33864502 PMCID: PMC8423706 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) are a rare group of mesenchymal malignancies that account for approximately 1% of adult human cancer. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is one of the most common subtypes of adult STS. Clinical stratification of UPS patients has not evolved for decades and continues to rely on tumor-centric metrics including tumor size and depth. Our understanding of how the tumor microenvironment correlates to these clinicopathologic parameters remains limited. Methods Here, we performed single-cell flow cytometric immune-based profiling of 15 freshly resected UPS tumors and integrated this analysis with clinical, histopathologic, and outcomes data using both a prospective and retrospective cohort of UPS patients. Results We uncovered a correlation between physiologic and anatomic properties of UPS tumors and the composition of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Specifically, we identified an inverse correlation between tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells and UPS tumor size; and a positive correlation between tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells and overall survival. Moreover, we demonstrate an association between anatomical location (deep or superficial) and frequency of CD4 + PD1hi infiltrating T cells in UPS tumors. Conclusions Our study provides an immune-based analysis of the tumor microenvironment in UPS patients and describes the different composition of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes based on size and tumor depth. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00262-021-02935-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna L Wustrack
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Evans Shao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW1201, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Joey Sheridan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Melissa Zimel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Soo-Jin Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Andrew E Horvai
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Diamond Luong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW1201, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Serena S Kwek
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW1201, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW1201, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA. .,Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Ross A Okimoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW1201, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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26
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Welters MJP, Santegoets SJ, van der Burg SH. The Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:545385. [PMID: 33425717 PMCID: PMC7793705 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.545385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) develops as a consequence of several mutations in the tumor suppressor pathways or after a progressive infection with high risk human papillomavirus (HPV). The dismal side effects of the current standard of care and the clear involvement of the immune system has led to a surge in clinical trials that aim to reinforce the tumor-specific immune response as a new treatment option. In this review, we have focused on the most recent literature to discuss the new findings and insights on the role of different immune cells in the context of OPSCC and its etiology. We then applied this knowledge to describe potential biomarkers and analyzed the rationale and outcomes of earlier and ongoing immunotherapy trials. Finally, we describe new developments that are still at the preclinical phase and provide an outlook on what the near future may bring, now that several new and exciting techniques to study the immune system at the single cell level are being exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marij J P Welters
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Saskia J Santegoets
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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27
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van Elsas M, Kleinovink JW, Moerland M, Feiss G, Beyrend G, Arens R, Mei H, Nibbering PH, Jirka SM, van Hall T, van der Burg SH. Host genetics and tumor environment determine the functional impact of neutrophils in mouse tumor models. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-000877. [PMID: 32998952 PMCID: PMC7528431 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils have been reported to have protumor, antitumor or neutral effects in cancer progression. The underlying causes for this functional variability are not clear. Methods We studied the role of neutrophils in six different mouse tumor models by intratumoral injection of antimicrobial peptides or vaccination. Changes in systemic and intratumoral immune cells were analyzed by flow-cytometry and mass-cytometry. The role of neutrophils was studied by antibody-mediated neutrophil depletion. Neutrophils from different mouse strains were compared by RNA sequencing. Results The antimicrobial peptide Omiganan reduced the growth of TC-1 tumors in BL/6 mice and CT26 tumors in BALB/c mice. No significant effects were observed in B16F10, MC38 and 4T1 tumors. Growth delay was associated with increased abundance of neutrophils in TC-1 but not CT26 tumors. Systemic neutrophil depletion abrogated Omiganan efficacy in TC-1 but further reduced growth of CT26, indicating that neutrophils were required for the antitumor effect in TC-1 but suppressed tumor control in CT26. Neutrophils were also required for a therapeutic vaccine-induced T-cell mediated control of RMA tumors in BL/6 mice. Clearly, the circulating and intratumoral neutrophils differed in the expression of Ly6G and CD62L, between TC-1 and CT26 and between blood neutrophils of tumor-naïve BL/6 and BALB/c mice. RNA-sequencing revealed that neutrophils from BL/6 mice but not BALB/c mice displayed a robust profile of immune activation, matching their opposing roles in TC-1 and RMA versus CT26. Conclusions Neutrophil functionality differs strongly between mouse strains and tumor types, with consequences for tumor progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit van Elsas
- Medical Oncology, Oncode institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Kleinovink
- Medical Oncology, Oncode institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gary Feiss
- Cutanea Life Sciences, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guillaume Beyrend
- Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Nibbering
- Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thorbald van Hall
- Medical Oncology, Oncode institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Medical Oncology, Oncode institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Li T, Wu B, Yang T, Zhang L, Jin K. The outstanding antitumor capacity of CD4 + T helper lymphocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188439. [PMID: 32980465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, tumor-resident immune cells have been extensively studied to dissect their biological functions and clinical roles. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, because of their cytotoxic and killing ability, have been under the spotlight for a long time, whereas CD4+ T cells are considered just a supporting actor in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Until recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the ability of CD4+ T cells in eradicating solid tumors, and their functions in mediating antitumor immunity have been investigated in various orientations. In this review, we highlight the pivotal role of CD4+ T cells in eliciting vigorous antitumor immune responses, summarize key signaling axes and molecular networks behind these antitumor functions, and also propose possible targets and promising strategies which might translate into more efficient immunotherapies against human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bowen Wu
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ke Jin
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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29
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Chen WM, Liu JL, Chuang HC, Chang YL, Yeh CM, Wu CS, Wu SF. Helios Expression in Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Correlates with Overall Survival of Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E189. [PMID: 32927747 PMCID: PMC7555661 DOI: 10.3390/life10090189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a highly promising approach for the treatment of gastric cancer, the third-leading cause of overall cancer death worldwide. In particular, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells are believed to mediate host immune responses, although this activity may vary depending on the activation status and/ or their microenvironments. Here, we examined the expression of a specific zinc finger transcription factor, Helios (IKZF2), in gastric tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by immunohistochemistry and the correlation with survival. Segregation of gastric cancer patients into high- vs. low-Helios-expressing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes showed those with high expression to exhibit longer survival in gastric cancer patients, Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric cancer patients and advanced stage (III-IV) gastric cancer patients. In particular, Helios expression was an independent factor for survival in advanced gastric cancer patients. We performed immunofluorescence staining to detect Helios expression in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We found that Helios is expressed more in CD4+ T cells and little in CD8+ T cells in infiltrated lymphocytes in gastric cancer. In summary, we believe that the study of specific characteristics of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can delineate the interactions of immune and tumor cells to improve upon immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Lan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan; (J.-L.L.); (H.-C.C.)
| | - Huei-Chieh Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan; (J.-L.L.); (H.-C.C.)
| | - Yong-Lin Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (C.-M.Y.)
| | - Chia-Ming Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (C.-M.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Shyong Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan; (Y.-L.C.); (C.-M.Y.)
- Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
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30
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Wang T, Shen Y, Luyten S, Yang Y, Jiang X. Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Beyranvand Nejad E, Labrie C, Abdulrahman Z, van Elsas MJ, Rademaker E, Kleinovink JW, van der Sluis TC, van Duikeren S, Teunisse AFAS, Jochemsen AG, Oosting J, de Miranda NFCC, Van Hall T, Arens R, van der Burg SH. Lack of myeloid cell infiltration as an acquired resistance strategy to immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001326. [PMID: 32873723 PMCID: PMC7467529 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy of cancer is successful but tumor regression often is incomplete and followed by escape. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this acquired resistance will aid the development of more effective treatments. METHODS We exploited a mouse model where tumor-specific therapeutic vaccination results in tumor regression, followed by local recurrence and resistance. In depth studies on systemic, local and tumor intrinsic changes were performed with flow and mass cytometry, immunohistochemistry, transcriptomics and several perturbation studies with inhibitors or agonistic antibodies in mice. Main findings were recapitulated in vaccinated patients. RESULTS Full tumor regression and cure of tumor-bearing mice is dependent on the magnitude of the vaccine-induced T-cell response. Recurrence of tumors did not involve classical immune escape mechanisms, such as antigen-presentation alterations, immune checkpoint expression, resistance to killing or local immune suppression. However, the recurrent tumors displayed a changed transcriptome with alterations in p53, tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways and they became immunologically cold. Remarkably, ex vivo cell-sorted recurrent tumors, directly reinjected in naïve hosts retained their resistance to vaccination despite a strong infiltration with tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, similar to that of vaccine-responsive tumors. The influx of inflammatory mature myeloid effector cells in the resistant tumors, however, was impaired and this turned out to be the underlying mechanisms as restoration of inflammatory myeloid cell infiltration reinstated the sensitivity of these refractory tumors to vaccination. Notably, impaired myeloid cell infiltration after vaccination was also associated with vaccine resistance in patients. CONCLUSION An immunotherapy-induced disability of tumor cells to attract innate myeloid effector cells formed a major mechanism underlying immune escape and acquired resistance. These data not only stresses the importance of myeloid effector cells during immunotherapy but also demands for new studies to harness their tumoricidal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Beyranvand Nejad
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Camilla Labrie
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ziena Abdulrahman
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Elsas
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Rademaker
- Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Kleinovink
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tetje C van der Sluis
- Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Duikeren
- Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amina F A S Teunisse
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aart G Jochemsen
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Oosting
- Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thorbald Van Hall
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Oncode institute, Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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32
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Kverneland AH, Pedersen M, Westergaard MCW, Nielsen M, Borch TH, Olsen LR, Aasbjerg G, Santegoets SJ, van der Burg SH, Milne K, Nelson BH, Met Ö, Donia M, Svane IM. Adoptive cell therapy in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2092-2105. [PMID: 32547707 PMCID: PMC7275789 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune therapy is a promising field within oncology but has been unsuccessful in ovarian cancer (OC). Still, there is rationale and evidence supporting immune therapy in OC. We investigated the potential for adoptive cell therapy (ACT) from in vitro expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in combination with checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and conducted immunological testing of ex vivo expanded TILs (REP-TILs). Six patients with late-stage metastatic high-grade serous OC were treated with immune therapy consisting of ipilimumab followed by surgery to obtain TILs and infusion of REP-TILs, low-dose IL-2 and nivolumab. One patient achieved a partial response and 5 others experienced disease stabilization for up to 12 months. Analysis of the REP-TILs with flow- and mass-cytometry show primarily activated and differentiated effector memory T cells. REP-TILs showed in vitro reactivity and expression of inhibitory receptors, such as LAG-3 and PD-1. Furthermore, our data indicate that addition of ipilimumab therapy improves the T cell fold expansion during production, increase the level of CD8 T cell tumor reactivity, and favorably affect the T cell phenotype. We show that the combination of ICI and ACT is feasible and safe. With one partial response and one long-lasting SD, we demonstrated the potential of ACT in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Handrup Kverneland
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Magnus Pedersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Nielsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Troels Holz Borch
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lars Rønn Olsen
- Section for Bioinformatics, DTU Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Aasbjerg
- Section for Bioinformatics, DTU Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saskia J Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katy Milne
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, Canada
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Özcan Met
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marco Donia
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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33
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de Vries NL, van Unen V, Ijsselsteijn ME, Abdelaal T, van der Breggen R, Farina Sarasqueta A, Mahfouz A, Peeters KCMJ, Höllt T, Lelieveldt BPF, Koning F, de Miranda NFCC. High-dimensional cytometric analysis of colorectal cancer reveals novel mediators of antitumour immunity. Gut 2020; 69:691-703. [PMID: 31270164 PMCID: PMC7063399 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A comprehensive understanding of anticancer immune responses is paramount for the optimal application and development of cancer immunotherapies. We unravelled local and systemic immune profiles in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) by high-dimensional analysis to provide an unbiased characterisation of the immune contexture of CRC. DESIGN Thirty-six immune cell markers were simultaneously assessed at the single-cell level by mass cytometry in 35 CRC tissues, 26 tumour-associated lymph nodes, 17 colorectal healthy mucosa and 19 peripheral blood samples from 31 patients with CRC. Additionally, functional, transcriptional and spatial analyses of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were performed by flow cytometry, single-cell RNA-sequencing and multispectral immunofluorescence. RESULTS We discovered that a previously unappreciated innate lymphocyte population (Lin-CD7+CD127-CD56+CD45RO+) was enriched in CRC tissues and displayed cytotoxic activity. This subset demonstrated a tissue-resident (CD103+CD69+) phenotype and was most abundant in immunogenic mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient CRCs. Their presence in tumours was correlated with the infiltration of tumour-resident cytotoxic, helper and γδ T cells with highly similar activated (HLA-DR+CD38+PD-1+) phenotypes. Remarkably, activated γδ T cells were almost exclusively found in MMR-deficient cancers. Non-activated counterparts of tumour-resident cytotoxic and γδ T cells were present in CRC and healthy mucosa tissues, but not in lymph nodes, with the exception of tumour-positive lymph nodes. CONCLUSION This work provides a blueprint for the understanding of the heterogeneous and intricate immune landscape of CRC, including the identification of previously unappreciated immune cell subsets. The concomitant presence of tumour-resident innate and adaptive immune cell populations suggests a multitargeted exploitation of their antitumour properties in a therapeutic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja L de Vries
- Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands,TECObiosciences GmbH, Landshut, Germany
| | - Vincent van Unen
- Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Tamim Abdelaal
- Pattern Recognition and Bioinformatics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands,Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Pattern Recognition and Bioinformatics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands,Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Höllt
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Computer Graphics and Visualization, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn P F Lelieveldt
- Pattern Recognition and Bioinformatics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands,LKEB Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Koning
- Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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34
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Zemek RM, Fear VS, Forbes C, de Jong E, Casey TH, Boon L, Lassmann T, Bosco A, Millward MJ, Nowak AK, Lake RA, Lesterhuis WJ. Bilateral murine tumor models for characterizing the response to immune checkpoint blockade. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1628-1648. [PMID: 32238953 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is highly variable, not only between different cancers but also between patients with the same cancer type. The biological mechanisms underlying these differences in response are incompletely understood. Identifying correlates in patient tumor samples is challenging because of genetic and environmental variability. Murine studies usually compare different tumor models or treatments, introducing potential confounding variables. This protocol describes bilateral murine tumor models, derived from syngeneic cancer cell lines, that display a symmetrical yet dichotomous response to ICB. These models enable detailed analysis of whole tumors in a highly homogeneous background, combined with knowledge of the therapeutic outcome within a few weeks, and could potentially be used for mechanistic studies using other (immuno-)therapies. We discuss key considerations and describe how to use two cell lines as fully optimized models. We discuss experimental details, including proper inoculation technique to achieve symmetry and one-sided surgical tumor removal, which takes only 5 min per mouse. Furthermore, we outline the preparation of bulk tissue or single-cell suspensions for downstream analyses such as bulk RNA-seq, immunohistochemistry, single-cell RNA-seq and flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Zemek
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. .,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. .,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Vanessa S Fear
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cath Forbes
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emma de Jong
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas H Casey
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Timo Lassmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J Millward
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anna K Nowak
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard A Lake
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - W Joost Lesterhuis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. .,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. .,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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35
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Galon J, Bruni D. Tumor Immunology and Tumor Evolution: Intertwined Histories. Immunity 2020; 52:55-81. [PMID: 31940273 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease whose outcome depends largely on the cross-talk between the tumor and its microenvironment. Here, we review the evolution of the field of tumor immunology and the advances, in lockstep, of our understanding of cancer as a disease. We discuss the involvement of different immune cells at distinct stages of tumor progression and how immune contexture determinants shaping tumor development are being exploited therapeutically. Current clinical stratification schemes focus on the tumor histopathology and the molecular characteristics of the tumor cell. We argue for the importance of revising these stratification systems to include immune parameters so as to address the immediate need for improved prognostic and/or predictive information to guide clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - Daniela Bruni
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France
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36
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Li Z, Hu J, Qin Z, Tao Y, Lai Z, Wang Q, Li T. High-dimensional single-cell proteomics analysis reveals the landscape of immune cells and stem-like cells in renal tumors. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 34:e23155. [PMID: 31855296 PMCID: PMC7246380 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal tumors are highly heterogeneous, and identification of tumor heterogeneity is an urgent clinical need for effective treatment. Mass cytometry (MC) can be used to perform high‐dimensional single‐cell proteomics analysis of heterogeneous samples via cytometry by time‐of‐flight (CyTOF), in order to achieve more accurate observation and classification of phenotypes within a cell population. This study aimed to develop a high‐dimensional MC method for the detection and analysis of heterogeneity in renal tumors. Materials and Methods We collected tissue samples from 8 patients with different types of renal tumors. Single‐cell suspensions were prepared and stained using a panel of 28 immune cell‐centric antibodies and a panel of 21 stem‐like cell‐centric antibodies. The stained cells were detected using CyTOF. Result Renal tumors were divided into 25 immune cell subsets (4 CD4+ T cells, 7 CD8+ T cells, 1 B cells, 8 macrophages, 1 dendritic cells, 2 natural killer (NK) cells, 1 granulocyte, and 1 other subset) and 7 stem‐like cells subsets (based on positivity of vimentin, CD326, CD34, CD90, CD13, CD44, and CD47). Different types of renal tumors have different cell subsets with significantly different characteristics. Conclusion High‐dimensional single‐cell proteomics analysis using MC aids in the discovery and analysis of renal tumors heterogeneity. Additionally, it can be used to accurately classify the immune cell population and analyze the expression of stem cell‐related markers in renal tumors. Our findings provide a valuable resource for deciphering tumor heterogeneity and might improve the clinical management of patients with renal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhao Qin
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuting Tao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyong Lai
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi key laboratory for genomic and personalized medicine, Guangxi collaborative innovation center for genomic and personalized medicine, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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37
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Kortekaas KE, Santegoets SJ, Abdulrahman Z, van Ham VJ, van der Tol M, Ehsan I, van Doorn HC, Bosse T, van Poelgeest MIE, van der Burg SH. High numbers of activated helper T cells are associated with better clinical outcome in early stage vulvar cancer, irrespective of HPV or p53 status. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:236. [PMID: 31481117 PMCID: PMC6724316 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) has been suggested to consist of three subtypes; HPV-positive, HPV-negative mutated TP53 or HPV-negative TP53 wildtype, with different clinical courses. To analyze the immune infiltrate in these molecular subtypes and its impact on clinical outcome, an in-depth study of the tumor immune microenvironment was performed. Methods Sixty-five patients with invasive VSCC matched for age, FIGO stage and treatment modality, were grouped according to the presence of HPV and p53 protein expression status. Archived tissues were analyzed for intraepithelial and stromal expression of CD3, CD8, Foxp3, PD-1, and pan-keratin in randomly selected areas using immunofluorescence. Additional phenotyping of T cells was performed ex-vivo on VSCC (n = 14) and blood samples by flow cytometry. Healthy vulvar samples and blood served as controls. Results Based on T-cell infiltration patterns about half of the VSCC were classified as inflamed or altered-excluded while one-third was immune-deserted. High intraepithelial helper T cell infiltration was observed in 78% of the HPV-induced VSCC, 60% of the HPVnegVSCC/p53wildtype and 40% of the HPVnegVSCC with abnormal p53 expression. A high intraepithelial infiltration with activated (CD3+PD-1+), specifically helper T cells (CD3+CD8−Foxp3−), was associated with a longer recurrence-free period and overall survival, irrespective of HPV and p53 status. Flow cytometry confirmed the tumor-specific presence of activated (CD4+PD-1++CD161−CD38+HLA-DR+ and CD8+CD103+CD161−NKG2A+/−PD1++CD38++HLA-DR+) effector memory T cells. Conclusion This is the first study demonstrating an association between intraepithelial T cells and clinical outcome in VSCC. Our data suggest that abnormal p53 expressing VSCCs mostly are cold tumors whereas HPV-driven VSCCs are strongly T-cell infiltrated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0712-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Kortekaas
- Department of Gynecology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia J Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ziena Abdulrahman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa J van Ham
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marij van der Tol
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilina Ehsan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Helena C van Doorn
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 23000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjalling Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte I E van Poelgeest
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Zhang WH, Wang WQ, Gao HL, Yu XJ, Liu L. The tumor immune microenvironment in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:188311. [PMID: 31442475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are a group of rare tumors that are increasing in prevalence. The complex tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays an important role in tumor development and the response to immunotherapy but is poorly understood. In this review, the components of the TIME are described in detail, including discussion about infiltrating immune cells, the immune checkpoint system, the cytokine and chemokine milieu, and immunomodulatory factors. Moreover, a comparison between TIMEs among different types of GEP-NENs and the interplay among the TIME, tumor cells, and the stromal microenvironment is described. Novel treatment options for GEP-NENs and potential biomarkers for the immune response are also characterized. We provide a comprehensive generalized review of the TIME that can inform GEP-NEN treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Hu Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - He-Li Gao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Tissue-Specific Gene Expression during Productive Human Papillomavirus 16 Infection of Cervical, Foreskin, and Tonsil Epithelium. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00915-19. [PMID: 31189705 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00915-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data confirm a much higher incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16)-mediated carcinogenesis of the cervical epithelium than for other target sites. In order to elucidate tissue-specific responses to virus infection, we compared gene expression changes induced by productive HPV16 infection of cervical, foreskin, and tonsil organotypic rafts. These rafts closely mimic persistent HPV16 infection, long before carcinogenesis sets in. The total number of gene expression changes varied considerably across the tissue types, with only 32 genes being regulated in common. Among them, we confirmed the Kelch-like family protein KLHL35 and the laminin-5 complex to be upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in all the three tissues. HPV16 infection induces upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle control, cell division, mitosis, DNA replication, and DNA damage repair in all the three tissues, indicative of a hyperproliferative environment. In the cervical and tonsil epithelium, we observe significant downregulation of genes involved in epidermis development, keratinocyte differentiation, and extracellular matrix organization. On the other hand, in HPV16-positive foreskin (HPV16 foreskin) tissue, several genes involved in interferon-mediated innate immunity, cytokine signaling, and cellular defenses were downregulated. Furthermore, pathway analysis and experimental validations identified important cellular pathways like STAT1 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) to be differentially regulated among the three tissue types. The differential modulation of important cellular pathways like TGF-β1 and STAT1 can explain the sensitivity of tissues to HPV cancer progression.IMPORTANCE Although the high-risk human papillomavirus 16 infects anogenital and oropharyngeal sites, the cervical epithelium has a unique vulnerability to progression of cancer. Host responses during persistent infection and preneoplastic stages can shape the outcome of cancer progression in a tissue-dependent manner. Our study for the first time reports differential regulation of critical cellular functions and signaling pathways during productive HPV16 infection of cervical, foreskin, and tonsil tissues. While the virus induces hyperproliferation in infected cells, it downregulates epithelial differentiation, epidermal development, and innate immune responses, according to the tissue type. Modulation of these biological functions can determine virus fitness and pathogenesis and illuminate key cellular mechanisms that the virus employs to establish persistence and finally initiate disease progression.
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40
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Wu T, Wu X, Wang HY, Chen L. Immune contexture defined by single cell technology for prognosis prediction and immunotherapy guidance in cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2019; 39:21. [PMID: 30999966 PMCID: PMC6471962 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-019-0365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor immune microenvironment is closely related to tumor initiation, prognosis, and response to immunotherapy. The immune landscapes, number of infiltrating immune cells, and the localization of lymphocytes in the tumor vary in across different types of tumors. The immune contexture in cancer, which is determined by the density, composition, functional state and organization of the leukocyte infiltrate of the tumor, can yield information relevant to the prediction of treatment response and patients’ prognosis. Better understanding of the immune atlas in human tumors have been achieved with the development and application of single-cell analysis technology, which has provided a reference for prognosis, and insights on new targets for immunotherapy. In this review, we summarized the different characteristics of immune contexture in cancer defined by a variety of single-cell techniques, which have enhanced our understanding on the pathophysiology of the tumor microenvironment. We believe that there are much more to be uncovered in this rapidly developing field of medicine, and they will predict the prognosis of cancer patients and guide the rational design of immunotherapies for success in cancer eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China.,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, 201805, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200070, P. R. China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200070, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China. .,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, 201805, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China. .,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, 201805, P. R. China.
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41
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Wang HF, Wang SS, Tang YJ, Chen Y, Zheng M, Tang YL, Liang XH. The Double-Edged Sword-How Human Papillomaviruses Interact With Immunity in Head and Neck Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:653. [PMID: 31001266 PMCID: PMC6454067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have remarkably better prognosis, which differs from HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) with respect to clinical, genomic, molecular, and immunological aspects, especially having the characteristics of high levels of immune cell infiltration and high degrees of immunosuppression. This review will summarize immune evasion mechanisms in HPV-positive HNSCC, analyze the host various immune responses to HPV and abundant numbers of infiltrating immune cell, and discuss the differences between HPV-positive HNSCC with cervical cancer. A deeper understanding of the immune landscape will help new concepts to emerge in immune-checkpoint oncology, which might be a valuable add-on to established concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
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42
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Santegoets SJ, Duurland CL, Jordanova ES, van Ham JJ, Ehsan I, van Egmond SL, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. Tbet-positive regulatory T cells accumulate in oropharyngeal cancers with ongoing tumor-specific type 1 T cell responses. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:14. [PMID: 30658697 PMCID: PMC6339415 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) may comprise different subsets allowing them to efficiently suppress different types of effector T cells. In this study, we show that high numbers of both conventional and Tbet co-expressing Foxp3hi Tregs accumulate in human papilloma virus (HPV)-driven oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). The infiltration of Tbet+ Foxp3+ Tregs was strongly correlated with a concomitant tumor-specific and conventional type 1-oriented intratumoral T cell infiltrate. Both conventional CD4+CD25+CD127–Foxp3hi Tregs and their Tbethi counterparts exhibited an activated phenotype, co-expressed high levels of CTLA4 and Helios and exhibited a maximally demethylated Foxp3 gene locus TSDR, indicating their full capacity to impede a type 1 effector T cell response. Interestingly, while the prognostic value of conventional Tregs was neutral, a high intratumoral frequency of Tbet+ Tregs was associated with prolonged disease-specific survival, most likely because their presence reflected high numbers of effector T cells. The presence of these Tbet+ Tregs may in part explain why a dense type 1-oriented immune infiltrate in OPSCC is not enough to fully control tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Santegoets
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C L Duurland
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E S Jordanova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA) Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J van Ham
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - I Ehsan
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S L van Egmond
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M J P Welters
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S H van der Burg
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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43
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Hanoteau A, Newton JM, Krupar R, Huang C, Liu HC, Gaspero A, Gartrell RD, Saenger YM, Hart TD, Santegoets SJ, Laoui D, Spanos C, Parikh F, Jayaraman P, Zhang B, Van der Burg SH, Van Ginderachter JA, Melief CJM, Sikora AG. Tumor microenvironment modulation enhances immunologic benefit of chemoradiotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:10. [PMID: 30646957 PMCID: PMC6332704 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) remains one of the most common cancer treatment modalities, and recent data suggest that CRT is maximally effective when there is generation of an anti-tumoral immune response. However, CRT has also been shown to promote immunosuppressive mechanisms which must be blocked or reversed to maximize its immune stimulating effects. METHODS Therefore, using a preclinical model of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we developed a clinically relevant therapy combining CRT and two existing immunomodulatory drugs: cyclophosphamide (CTX) and the small molecule inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor L-n6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL). In this model, we treated the syngeneic HPV-HNSCC mEER tumor-bearing mice with fractionated (10 fractions of 3 Gy) tumor-directed radiation and weekly cisplatin administration. We compared the immune responses induced by CRT and those induced by combinatory treatment (CRT + CTX/L-NIL) with flow cytometry, quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence and by profiling immune-related gene expression changes. RESULTS We show that combination treatment favorably remodels the tumor myeloid immune microenvironment including an increase in anti-tumor immune cell types (inflammatory monocytes and M1-like macrophages) and a decrease in immunosuppressive granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Intratumoral T cell infiltration and tumor antigen specificity of T cells were also improved, including a 31.8-fold increase in the CD8+ T cell/ regulatory T cell ratio and a significant increase in tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells compared to CRT alone. CTX/LNIL immunomodulation was also shown to significantly improve CRT efficacy, leading to rejection of 21% established tumors in a CD8-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data show that modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment with CTX/L-NIL enhances susceptibility of treatment-refractory tumors to CRT. The combination of tumor immune microenvironment modulation with CRT constitutes a translationally relevant approach to enhance CRT efficacy through enhanced immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Hanoteau
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jared M. Newton
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Rosemarie Krupar
- Pathology of the University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck and Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Lubeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Hsuan-Chen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Angelina Gaspero
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Robyn D. Gartrell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian, New York, USA
| | - Yvonne M. Saenger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian, New York, USA
| | - Thomas D. Hart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian, New York, USA
| | - Saskia J. Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Damya Laoui
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chad Spanos
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD USA
| | - Falguni Parikh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Padmini Jayaraman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sjoerd H. Van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jo A. Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Andrew G. Sikora
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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