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Gabison EE, Rousseau A, Labetoulle M, Gazzah A, Besse B. Ocular adverse events associated with antibody-drug conjugates used in cancer: Focus on pathophysiology and management strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 103:101302. [PMID: 39303762 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are designed to maximize cancer cell death with lower cytotoxicity toward noncancerous cells and are an increasingly valuable option for targeted cancer therapies. However, anticancer treatment with ADCs may be associated with ocular adverse events (AEs) such as dry eye, conjunctivitis, photophobia, blurred vision, and corneal abnormalities. While the pathophysiology of ADC-related ocular AEs has not been fully elucidated, most ocular AEs are attributed to off-target effects. Product labelling for approved ADCs includes drug-specific guidance for dose modification and management of ocular AEs; however, limited data are available regarding effective strategies to minimize and mitigate ocular AEs. Overall, the majority of ocular AEs are reversible through dose modification or supportive care. Eye care providers play key roles in monitoring patients receiving ADC therapy for ocular signs and symptoms to allow for the early detection of ADC-related ocular AEs and to ensure the timely administration of appropriate treatment. Therefore, awareness is needed to help ophthalmologists to identify treatment-related ocular AEs and provide effective management in collaboration with oncologists as part of the patient's cancer care team. This review provides an overview of ocular AEs that may occur with approved and investigational ADC anticancer treatments, including potential underlying mechanisms for ADC-related ocular AEs. It also discusses clinical management practices relevant to ophthalmologists for prevention, monitoring, and management of ADC-related ocular AEs. In collaboration with oncologists, ophthalmologists play a vital role in caring for patients with cancer by assisting with the prompt recognition, mitigation, and management of treatment-related ocular AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Gabison
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Rousseau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares en Ophtalmologie (OPHTARA), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Ophthalmology Department III, Hôpital des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares en Ophtalmologie (OPHTARA), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Ophthalmology Department III, Hôpital des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anas Gazzah
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Paris-Saclay University, Cancer Medicine Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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2
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Cen K, Zhou J, Yang X, Guo Y, Xiao Y. Lymphocyte antigen 6 family member E suppresses apoptosis and promotes pancreatic cancer growth and migration via Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20196. [PMID: 39215036 PMCID: PMC11364638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality. Due to the absence of reliable biomarkers for predicting prognosis or guiding treatment, there is an urgent need for molecular studies on PC. Lymphocyte antigen 6 family member E (LY6E) is implicated in uncontrolled cell growth across various cancers. However, the precise mechanism of LY6E in PC remains unclear. Here, we conducted comprehensive bioinformatic analyses using online tools and R- × 64-4.1.1, complemented by experimental validation through Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, immunosorbent assays, flow cytometry, cell assays, and animal models. Our findings reveal significantly elevated expression of LY6E in PC, correlating with poor prognosis. LY6E knockdown inhibited proliferation, invasion, and migration of PC cells, while enhancing apoptosis evidenced by increased cleaved caspase 3 levels and alterations in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Conversely, LY6E overexpression promoted PC cell proliferation and migration, and inhibited apoptosis. Mechanistically, LY6E downregulation suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In vivo studies demonstrated that LY6E suppression attenuated tumor growth in murine models. Additionally, LY6E suppression resulted in reduced tumor growth in mice. In conclusion, our study confirms the significant role of LY6E in the progression of PC. LY6E, serving as an independent prognostic indicator, has the potential to serve as a valuable biomarker for PC to inform treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Cen
- The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jingyao Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Xuejia Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yanyi Xiao
- The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Mathiot L, Baldini C, Letissier O, Hollebecque A, Bahleda R, Gazzah A, Smolenschi C, Sakkal M, Danlos FX, Henon C, Beshiri K, Goldschmidt V, Parisi C, Patrikidou A, Michot JM, Marabelle A, Postel-Vinay S, Bernard-Tessier A, Loriot Y, Ponce S, Champiat S, Ouali K. Exploring the Role of Target Expression in Treatment Efficacy of Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) in Solid Cancers: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Oncol Rep 2024:10.1007/s11912-024-01576-9. [PMID: 39066847 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-024-01576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) offer a promising path for cancer therapy, leveraging the specificity of monoclonal antibodies and the cytotoxicity of linked drugs. The success of ADCs hinges on precise targeting of cancer cells based on protein expression levels. This review explores the relationship between target protein expression and ADC efficacy in solid tumours, focusing on results of clinical trials conducted between January 2019 and May 2023. RECENT FINDINGS We hereby highlight approved ADCs, revealing their effectiveness even in low-expressing target populations. Assessing target expression poses challenges, owing to variations in scoring systems and biopsy types. Emerging methods, like digital image analysis, aim to standardize assessment. The complexity of ADC pharmacokinetics, tumour dynamics, and off-target effects emphasises the need for a balanced approach. This review underscores the importance of understanding target protein dynamics and promoting standardized evaluation methods in shaping the future of ADC-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mathiot
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Capucine Baldini
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Octave Letissier
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Hollebecque
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Rastislav Bahleda
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Anas Gazzah
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Cristina Smolenschi
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Madona Sakkal
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - François-Xavier Danlos
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
- Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
- Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Biothérapies Pour Une Immunisation in Situ (BIOTHERIS), INSERM, CIC1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Clémence Henon
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Kristi Beshiri
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Goldschmidt
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Claudia Parisi
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Anna Patrikidou
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marie Michot
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Postel-Vinay
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | | | - Yohann Loriot
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
- Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U981, Villejuif, France
| | - Santiago Ponce
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Champiat
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
- Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
- Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Biothérapies Pour Une Immunisation in Situ (BIOTHERIS), INSERM, CIC1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Kaïssa Ouali
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France.
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4
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Dy GK, Farooq AV, Kang JJ. Ocular adverse events associated with antibody-drug conjugates for cancer: evidence and management strategies. Oncologist 2024:oyae177. [PMID: 39046895 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyae177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a fast-growing class of cancer drugs designed to selectively deliver cytotoxic payloads through antibody binding to cancer cells with high expression of the target antigen, thus reducing systemic exposure and minimizing off-target effects. However, ADCs are associated with various ocular adverse events (AEs) that may impact treatment administration and patient outcomes. In this review, we provide a summary of ocular AEs associated with approved and investigational ADCs, recommendations for the mitigation and management of ocular AEs, current guidelines and expert opinions, and recommendations for clinical practice. A literature search was performed, using PubMed and Google Scholar, for English-language articles published between January 1985 and January 2023 to identify studies reporting ocular AEs associated with ADC use. Search terms included generic and investigational names of all identified ADCs, and further searches were performed to identify strategies for managing ADC-associated ocular AEs. ADC-associated ocular AEs include symptoms such as blurred vision and foreign-body sensation and signs such as corneal fluorescein staining, corneal pseudomicrocysts, and conjunctivitis. Reported management strategies include ADC dose modification (eg, dose delay or reduction), cool compresses, artificial tears, topical vasoconstrictors, and topical steroids. Although ADC dose modification appears to be beneficial, the preventive and/or therapeutic benefits of the remaining interventions are unclear. Although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, most ADC-associated ocular AEs are reversible with dose delay or dose reduction. Management of ocular AEs requires a multidisciplinary approach to minimize treatment discontinuation and optimize clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace K Dy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States
| | - Asim V Farooq
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Joann J Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
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5
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Khadela A, Megha K, Shah VB, Soni S, Shah AC, Mistry H, Bhatt S, Merja M. Exploring the Potential of Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Targeting Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarkers. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2024; 18:11795549241260534. [PMID: 38911453 PMCID: PMC11193349 DOI: 10.1177/11795549241260534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), combining the cytotoxicity of the drug payload with the specificity of monoclonal antibodies, are one of the rapidly evolving classes of anti-cancer agents. These agents have been successfully incorporated into the treatment paradigm of many malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The NSCLC is the most prevalent subtype of lung cancer, having a considerable burden on the cancer-related mortality and morbidity rates globally. Several ADC molecules are currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in patients with NSCLC. However, the successful management of NSCLC patients using these agents was met with several challenges, including the development of resistance and toxicities. These shortcomings resulted in the exploration of novel therapeutic targets that can be targeted by the ADCs. This review aims to explore the recently identified ADC targets along with their oncologic mechanisms. The ADC molecules targeting these biomarkers are further discussed along with the evidence from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Khadela
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kaivalya Megha
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Vraj B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shruti Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Aayushi C Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hetvi Mistry
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shelly Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Manthan Merja
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Starlit Cancer Centre, Kothiya Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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6
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Rubahamya B, Dong S, Thurber GM. Clinical translation of antibody drug conjugate dosing in solid tumors from preclinical mouse data. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1894. [PMID: 38820153 PMCID: PMC11141632 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have made impressive strides in the clinic in recent years with 11 Food and Drug Administration approvals, including 6 for the treatment of patients with solid tumors. Despite this success, the development of new agents remains challenging with a high failure rate in the clinic. Here, we show that current approved ADCs for the treatment of patients with solid tumors can all show substantial efficacy in some mouse models when administered at a similar weight-based [milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg)] dosing in mice that is tolerated in the clinic. Mechanistically, equivalent mg/kg dosing results in a similar drug concentration in the tumor and a similar tissue penetration into the tumor due to the unique delivery features of ADCs. Combined with computational approaches, which can account for the complex distribution within the tumor microenvironment, these scaling concepts may aid in the evaluation of new agents and help design therapeutics with maximum clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baron Rubahamya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shujun Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Greg M. Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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7
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Verma S, Breadner D, Raphael J. 'Targeting' Improved Outcomes with Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer-An Updated Review. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:4329-4350. [PMID: 37185443 PMCID: PMC10137214 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30040330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-Drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively new class of drugs with a promise to improve the outcomes in specific cancers. By delivering the cytotoxic agent to tumor cells expressing specific antigens, ADCs achieve a better therapeutic index and more potency. ADCs have been approved for several hematological and solid malignancies, including breast, urothelial and gastric carcinoma. Recently, trastuzumab deruxtecan (TDXd) was the first ADC approved for previously treated metastatic HER2-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Many promising ADCs are in the pipeline for clinical development in non-small cell lung cancer, including sacituzumab govitecan, patritumab deruxtecan, datopotamab deruxtecan and tusamitamab ravtansine. There is a hope that these drugs would cater to the unmet need of specific patient populations, including patients with currently untargetable mutations. We hope these drugs, e.g., TROP2 targeted ADCs, will also give more options for therapy in NSCLC to improve outcomes for patients. In this comprehensive review, we will be discussing the recent evidence including targets, efficacy and the safety of newer ADC candidates in NSCLC. We will also briefly discuss the specific toxicities, novel biomarkers, overcoming resistance mechanisms, challenges and the way forward, as these new ADCs and combinations find a way into the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Verma
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.V.); (D.B.)
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Daniel Breadner
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.V.); (D.B.)
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Jacques Raphael
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.V.); (D.B.)
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
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8
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Maecker H, Jonnalagadda V, Bhakta S, Jammalamadaka V, Junutula JR. Exploration of the antibody-drug conjugate clinical landscape. MAbs 2023; 15:2229101. [PMID: 37639687 PMCID: PMC10464553 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2229101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) field has undergone a renaissance, with substantial recent developmental investment and subsequent drug approvals over the past 6 y. In November 2022, ElahereTM became the latest ADC to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To date, over 260 ADCs have been tested in the clinic against various oncology indications. Here, we review the clinical landscape of ADCs that are currently FDA approved (11), agents currently in clinical trials but not yet approved (164), and candidates discontinued following clinical testing (92). These clinically tested ADCs are further analyzed by their targeting tumor antigen(s), linker, payload choices, and highest clinical stage achieved, highlighting limitations associated with the discontinued drug candidates. Lastly, we discuss biologic engineering modifications preclinically demonstrated to improve the therapeutic index that if incorporated may increase the proportion of molecules that successfully transition to regulatory approval.
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Voinsky I, Zoabi Y, Shomron N, Harel M, Cassuto H, Tam J, Rose S, Scheck AC, Karim MA, Frye RE, Aran A, Gurwitz D. Blood RNA Sequencing Indicates Upregulated BATF2 and LY6E and Downregulated ISG15 and MT2A Expression in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179843. [PMID: 36077244 PMCID: PMC9456089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in over 100 genes are implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). DNA SNPs, CNVs, and epigenomic modifications also contribute to ASD. Transcriptomics analysis of blood samples may offer clues for pathways dysregulated in ASD. To expand and validate published findings of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) studies, we performed RNA-seq of whole blood samples from an Israeli discovery cohort of eight children with ASD compared with nine age- and sex-matched neurotypical children. This revealed 10 genes with differential expression. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we compared RNAs from whole blood samples of 73 Israeli and American children with ASD and 26 matched neurotypical children for the 10 dysregulated genes detected by RNA-seq. This revealed higher expression levels of the pro-inflammatory transcripts BATF2 and LY6E and lower expression levels of the anti-inflammatory transcripts ISG15 and MT2A in the ASD compared to neurotypical children. BATF2 was recently reported as upregulated in blood samples of Japanese adults with ASD. Our findings support an involvement of these genes in ASD phenotypes, independent of age and ethnicity. Upregulation of BATF2 and downregulation of ISG15 and MT2A were reported to reduce cancer risk. Implications of the dysregulated genes for pro-inflammatory phenotypes, immunity, and cancer risk in ASD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Voinsky
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yazeed Zoabi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Moria Harel
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 91031, Israel
| | | | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shannon Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Adrienne C. Scheck
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Karim
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Richard E. Frye
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Rossignol Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85050, USA
| | - Adi Aran
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 91031, Israel
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (D.G.)
| | - David Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (D.G.)
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10
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Eras A, Castillo D, Suárez M, Vispo NS, Albericio F, Rodriguez H. Chemical Conjugation in Drug Delivery Systems. Front Chem 2022; 10:889083. [PMID: 35720996 PMCID: PMC9204480 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.889083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the diseases with the highest mortality rate. Treatments to mitigate cancer are usually so intense and invasive that they weaken the patient to cure as dangerous as the own disease. From some time ago until today, to reduce resistance generated by the constant administration of the drug and improve its pharmacokinetics, scientists have been developing drug delivery system (DDS) technology. DDS platforms aim to maximize the drugs’ effectiveness by directing them to reach the affected area by the disease and, therefore, reduce the potential side effects. Erythrocytes, antibodies, and nanoparticles have been used as carriers. Eleven antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) involving covalent linkage has been commercialized as a promising cancer treatment in the last years. This review describes the general features and applications of DDS focused on the covalent conjugation system that binds the antibody carrier to the cytotoxic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Eras
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Danna Castillo
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Margarita Suárez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Nelson Santiago Vispo
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Nelson Santiago Vispo, ; Fernando Albericio, ; Hortensia Rodriguez,
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Nelson Santiago Vispo, ; Fernando Albericio, ; Hortensia Rodriguez,
| | - Hortensia Rodriguez
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Nelson Santiago Vispo, ; Fernando Albericio, ; Hortensia Rodriguez,
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Teicher BA, Morris J. Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targets, Drugs and Linkers. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:463-529. [PMID: 35209819 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220224110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates offer the possibility of directing powerful cytotoxic agents to a malignant tumor while sparing normal tissue. The challenge is to select an antibody target expressed exclusively or at highly elevated levels on the surface of tumor cells and either not all or at low levels on normal cells. The current review explores 78 targets that have been explored as antibody-drug conjugate targets. Some of these targets have been abandoned, 9 or more are the targets of FDA-approved drugs, and most remain active clinical interest. Antibody-drug conjugates require potent cytotoxic drug payloads, several of these small molecules are discussed, as are the linkers between the protein component and small molecule components of the conjugates. Finally, conclusions regarding the elements for the successful antibody-drug conjugate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Teicher
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892,United States
| | - Joel Morris
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892,United States
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12
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Zhang Q, Jia Y, Pan P, Zhang X, Jia Y, Zhu P, Chen X, Jiao Y, Kang G, Zhang L, Ma X. α5-nAChR associated with Ly6E modulates cell migration via TGF-β1/Smad signaling in non-small cell lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:393-404. [PMID: 34994389 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The α5-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α5-nAChR) is closely associated with nicotine-related lung cancer, offering a novel perspective for investigating the molecular pathogenesis of this disease. However, the mechanism by which α5-nAChR functions in lung carcinogenesis remains to be elucidated. Lymphocyte antigen 6 (Ly6) proteins, like snake three-finger alpha toxins such as α-bungarotoxin, can modulate nAChR signaling. Ly6E, a member of the Ly6 family, is a biomarker of poor prognosis in smoking-induced lung carcinogenesis and is involved in the regulation of TGF-β1/Smad signaling. Here, we explored the underlying mechanisms linking α5-nAChR and Ly6E in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The expression of α5-nAChR was correlated with Ly6 expression, smoking status and lower survival in NSCLC tissues. In vitro, α5-nAChR mediated Ly6E, the phosphorylation of the TGF-β1 downstream molecule Smad3 (pSmad3, a key mediator of TGF-β1 signaling), the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers Zeb1, N-cadherin and vimentin expression in NSCLC cells. The downregulation of Ly6E reduced α5-nAChR, pSmad3, Zeb1, N-cadherin and vimentin expression. Functionally, silencing both α5-nAChR and Ly6E significantly inhibited cell migration compared to silencing α5-nAChR or Ly6E alone. Furthermore, the functional effects of α5-nAchR and Ly6E were confirmed in chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and mouse xenograft models. Therefore, our findings uncover a new interaction between α5-nAChR and Ly6E that inhibits cancer cell migration by modulating the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in NSCLC, which may serve as a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanfei Jia
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guiyu Kang
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Research Center of Basic Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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13
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Dela Cruz Chuh J, Go M, Chen Y, Guo J, Rafidi H, Mandikian D, Sun Y, Lin Z, Schneider K, Zhang P, Vij R, Sharpnack D, Chan P, de la Cruz C, Sadowsky J, Seshasayee D, Koerber JT, Pillow TH, Phillips GD, Rowntree RK, Boswell CA, Kozak KR, Polson AG, Polakis P, Yu SF, Dragovich PS, Agard NJ. Preclinical optimization of Ly6E-targeted ADCs for increased durability and efficacy of anti-tumor response. MAbs 2021; 13:1862452. [PMID: 33382956 PMCID: PMC7784788 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1862452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early success with brentuximab vedotin in treating classical Hodgkin lymphoma spurred an influx of at least 20 monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) into clinical trials. While three MMAE-ADCs have been approved, most of these conjugates are no longer being investigated in clinical trials. Some auristatin conjugates show limited or no efficacy at tolerated doses, but even for drugs driving initial remissions, tumor regrowth and metastasis often rapidly occur. Here we describe the development of second-generation therapeutic ADCs targeting Lymphocyte antigen 6E (Ly6E) where the tubulin polymerization inhibitor MMAE (Compound 1) is replaced with DNA-damaging agents intended to drive increased durability of response. Comparison of a seco-cyclopropyl benzoindol-4-one (CBI)-dimer (compound 2) to MMAE showed increased potency, activity across more cell lines, and resistance to efflux by P-glycoprotein, a drug transporter commonly upregulated in tumors. Both anti-Ly6E-CBI and -MMAE conjugates drove single-dose efficacy in xenograft and patient-derived xenograft models, but seco-CBI-dimer conjugates showed reduced tumor outgrowth following multiple weeks of treatment, suggesting that they are less susceptible to developing resistance. In parallel, we explored approaches to optimize the targeting antibody. In contrast to immunization with recombinant Ly6E or Ly6E DNA, immunization with virus-like particles generated a high-affinity anti-Ly6E antibody. Conjugates to this antibody improve efficacy versus a previous clinical candidate both in vitro and in vivo with multiple cytotoxics. Conjugation of compound 2 to the second-generation antibody results in a substantially improved ADC with promising preclinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Dela Cruz Chuh
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - MaryAnn Go
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Chen
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanine Rafidi
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Mandikian
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghua Lin
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kellen Schneider
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Zhang
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rajesh Vij
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Sharpnack
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Chan
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jack Sadowsky
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dhaya Seshasayee
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James T. Koerber
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - C. Andrew Boswell
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul Polakis
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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