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Kim H, Buchsbaum DJ, Zinn KR. A Novel Imaging Biomarker Extracted from Fluorescence Microscopic Imaging of TRA-8/DR5 Oligomers Predicts TRA-8 Therapeutic Efficacy in Breast and Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Models. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 18:325-33. [PMID: 26552657 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to develop a reliable quantitative imaging biomarker from fluorescence microscopic imaging of TRA-8/death receptor 5 (DR5) oligomer to predict TRA-8 therapeutic efficacy in human breast and pancreatic cancer mouse models. PROCEDURES Two breast (2LMP, SUM159) and two pancreatic (MIA PaCa-2, PANC1) cancer cell lines were used. 10(5) cells per cell line were placed in a culture dish and treated with Cy5.5-labeled TRA-8 overnight in vitro. Three fluorescence microphotographs (×20) were acquired from randomly selected areas, and about 300 cells were analyzed per cell line. Two-dimensional (2D) fluorescence signal distribution of Cy5.5-TRA-8 on each cell was measured. Gaussian curve fitting to the distribution was determined by the least square regression method, and the coefficient of determination (R (2)) of the fitting was found. In addition, two features of the best fitting Gaussian curve such as peak amplitude and the volume under the curve (VUC) were retrieved. A novel image biomarker was extracted by correlating the combination of R (2) value, peak amplitude, and the VUC with the logarithmic values of the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of TRA-8 for the four cell lines or the percentage of tumor growth inhibition (%TGI) at a week of TRA-8 treatment in animal models. RESULTS Cy5.5-TRA-8 binding to DR5 receptors resulted in an oligomer on each cell membrane, and its fluorescence signal distribution followed Gaussian curve. Peak amplitude of fluorescence signal in the oligomeric region, R (2) value of the Gaussian fitting, and the VUC in TRA-8-sensitive cells were significantly higher than those in resistant cells (p < 0.05). The novel imaging biomarker was significantly correlated with either log10(IC50) or %TGI (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The imaging biomarker extracted from the cellular distribution pattern of Cy5.5-TRA-8 may serve as a predictive biomarker of TRA-8 therapy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,, G082C5 Volker Hall, 1670 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, 35294-0019, USA.
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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de Boer E, Samuel S, French DN, Warram JM, Schoeb TR, Rosenthal EL, Zinn KR. Biodistribution Study of Intravenously Injected Cetuximab-IRDye700DX in Cynomolgus Macaques. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 18:232-42. [PMID: 26335283 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of receptor-targeted antibodies conjugated to photosensitizers is actively being explored to enhance treatment efficacy. To facilitate clinical testing, we evaluated cetuximab conjugated to IRDye700DX (IR700) in cynomolgus macaques. PROCEDURES Total IR700 and intact cetuximab-IR700 were measured in 51 tissues at 2 and 14 days after intravenous injection of 40 and 80 mg/kg cetuximab-IR700, respectively, and compared with an unlabeled cetuximab-dosed control group (two each per sex per time point per group). RESULTS The IR700 retrieved from all tissues at 2 and 14 days after dosing was estimated at 34.9 ± 1.8 and 2.53 ± 0.67% of the total dose, respectively. The tissues with the highest levels of intact cetuximab-IR700 at 2 days after dosing were the blood, lung, and skin. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections at 2 days after dosing showed the highest IR700 signals in the axillary lymph node, mammary gland, and gall bladder. CONCLUSIONS Both IR700 and intact cetuximab-IR700 biodistributions were consistent with known epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression, and changes between 2 and 14 days were consistent with rapid metabolism and excretion of the cetuximab-IR700.
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Affiliation(s)
- E de Boer
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centrum Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Samuel
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall G082, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - D N French
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall G082, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - J M Warram
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - T R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - E L Rosenthal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K R Zinn
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall G082, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Korb ML, Warram JM, Grudzinski J, Weichert J, Jeffery J, Rosenthal EL. Breast cancer imaging using the near-infrared fluorescent agent, CLR1502. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [PMID: 25743270 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive margins after breast conservation surgery represent a significant problem in the treatment of breast cancer. The near-infrared fluorescence agent CLR1502 (Cellectar Biosciences, Madison, WI) was studied in a preclinical breast cancer model to determine imaging properties and ability to detect small islands of malignancy. Nude mice bearing human breast cancer flank xenografts were given a systemic injection of CLR1502, and imaging was performed using LUNA (Novadaq Technologies Inc., Richmond, BC) and Pearl Impulse (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE) devices. Normal tissues were examined for fluorescence signal, and conventional and fluorescence histology was performed using the Odyssey scanner. Peak tumor to background ratio occurred 2 days after injection with CLR1502. The smallest amount of tumor that was imaged and detected using these devices was 1.9 mg, equivalent to 1.9 × 10⁶ cells. The highest fluorescence signal was seen in tumor and normal lymph node tissue, and the lowest fluorescence signal was seen in muscle and plasma. Human breast cancer tumors can be imaged in vivo with multiple optical imaging platforms using CLR1502. This pilot study supports further investigations of this fluorescent agent for improving surgical resection of malignancies, with the goal of eventual clinical translation.
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IND-directed safety and biodistribution study of intravenously injected cetuximab-IRDye800 in cynomolgus macaques. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:49-57. [PMID: 25080323 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of receptor-targeted antibodies conjugated to fluorophores is actively being explored for real-time imaging of disease states; however, the toxicity of the bioconjugate has not been assessed in non-human primates. PROCEDURES To this end, the in vivo toxicity and pharmacokinetics of IRDye800 conjugated to cetuximab (cetuximab-IRDye800; 21 mg/kg; equivalent to 250 mg/m(2) human dose) were assessed in male cynomolgus monkeys over 15 days following intravenous injection and compared with an unlabeled cetuximab-dosed control group. RESULTS Cetuximab-IRDye800 was well tolerated. There were no infusion reactions, adverse clinical signs, mortality, weight loss, or clinical histopathology findings. The plasma half-life for the cetuximab-IRDye800 and cetuximab groups was equivalent (2.5 days). The total recovered cetuximab-IRDye800 in all tissues at study termination was estimated to be 12 % of the total dose. Both cetuximab-IRDye800 and cetuximab groups showed increased QTc after dosing. The QTc for the cetuximab-dosed group returned to baseline by day 15, while the QTc of the cetuximab-IRDye800 remained elevated compared to baseline. CONCLUSION IRDye800 in low molar ratios does not significantly impact cetuximab half-life or result in organ toxicity. These studies support careful cardiac monitoring (ECG) for human studies using fluorescent dyes.
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Kim H, Samuel SL, Zhai G, Rana S, Taylor M, Umphrey HR, Oelschlager DK, Buchsbaum DJ, Zinn KR. Combination therapy with anti-DR5 antibody and tamoxifen for triple negative breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 15:1053-60. [PMID: 25084100 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TRA-8, a monoclonal antibody targeting death receptor, has demonstrated high therapeutic effect for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) in preclinical models. Tamoxifen, the standard of care for ERα-positive breast cancer, induces apoptosis via ERβ, which commonly presents in TNBC cells. The current study investigates the combination effects of TRA-8 and tamoxifen for TNBC. In vitro assays were implemented with two ERβ-positive TNBC cell lines, SUM159 and 2LMP, and in vivo therapy studies were followed using orthotopic breast tumor mouse models. IC50 of tamoxifen for SUM159 and 2LMP were 29 μM and 38 μM, respectively. Synergy between TRA-8 (0-1000 ng/mL) and tamoxifen (20 μM) was observed for both the cell lines. Tamoxifen (400 mg/kg diet) markedly suppressed the growth of SUM159 tumors for 6 weeks after therapy initiation, but it did not induce antitumor effect for 2LMP tumors. TRA-8 (0.1 mg, weekly, i.p.) successfully arrested the growth of both SUM159 and 2LMP tumors during therapy, but an antagonistic effect was observed when tamoxifen was combined. TRA-8 uptake into tumors was not changed by tamoxifen treatment. Histological analysis confirmed that caspase-3 activation induced by TRA-8 was significantly decreased when tamoxifen was used in combination. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the combined use of TRA-8 and tamoxifen may cause antagonistic effects for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunki Kim
- Department of Radiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Sharon L Samuel
- Department of Radiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Guihua Zhai
- Department of Radiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Samir Rana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Marie Taylor
- Department of Radiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Heidi R Umphrey
- Department of Radiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Denise K Oelschlager
- Department of Pathology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA; Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- Department of Radiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, AL USA
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Korb ML, Hartman YE, Kovar J, Zinn KR, Bland KI, Rosenthal EL. Use of monoclonal antibody-IRDye800CW bioconjugates in the resection of breast cancer. J Surg Res 2013; 188:119-28. [PMID: 24360117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complete surgical resection of breast cancer is a powerful determinant of patient outcome, and failure to achieve negative margins results in reoperation in between 30% and 60% of patients. We hypothesize that repurposing Food and Drug Administration-approved antibodies as tumor-targeting diagnostic molecules can function as optical contrast agents to identify the boundaries of malignant tissue intraoperatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS The monoclonal antibodies bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab, trastuzumab, and tocilizumab were covalently linked to a near-infrared fluorescence probe (IRDye800CW) and in vitro binding assays were performed to confirm ligand-specific binding. Nude mice bearing human breast cancer flank tumors were intravenously injected with the antibody-IRDye800 bioconjugates and imaged over time. Tumor resections were performed using the SPY and Pearl Impulse systems, and the presence or absence of tumor was confirmed by conventional and fluorescence histology. RESULTS Tumor was distinguishable from normal tissue using both SPY and Pearl systems, with both platforms being able to detect tumor as small as 0.5 mg. Serial surgical resections demonstrated that real-time fluorescence can differentiate subclinical segments of disease. Pathologic examination of samples by conventional and optical histology using the Odyssey scanner confirmed that the bioconjugates were specific for tumor cells and allowed accurate differentiation of malignant areas from normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS Human breast cancer tumors can be imaged in vivo with multiple optical imaging platforms using near-infrared fluorescently labeled antibodies. These data support additional preclinical investigations for improving the surgical resection of malignancies with the goal of eventual clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Korb
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yolanda E Hartman
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joy Kovar
- LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kirby I Bland
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Eben L Rosenthal
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Burvenich IJ, Lee FT, Cartwright GA, O'Keefe GJ, Makris D, Cao D, Gong S, Chueh AC, Mariadason JM, Brechbiel MW, Beckman RA, Fujiwara K, von Roemeling R, Scott AM. Molecular Imaging of Death Receptor 5 Occupancy and Saturation Kinetics In Vivo by Humanized Monoclonal Antibody CS-1008. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5984-93. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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den Hollander MW, Gietema JA, de Jong S, Walenkamp AM, Reyners AK, Oldenhuis CN, de Vries EG. Translating TRAIL-receptor targeting agents to the clinic. Cancer Lett 2013; 332:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kim H, Zhai G, Samuel SL, Rigell CJ, Umphrey HR, Rana S, Stockard CR, Fineberg NS, Zinn KR. Dual combination therapy targeting DR5 and EMMPRIN in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 11:405-15. [PMID: 22203731 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to assess the efficacy of combined extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (EMMPRIN)- and death receptor 5 (DR5)-targeted therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma in orthotopic mouse models with multimodal imaging. Cytotoxicity of anti-EMMPRIN antibody and anti-DR5 antibody (TRA-8) in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cell lines was measured by ATPlite assay in vitro. The distributions of Cy5.5-labeled TRA-8 and Cy3-labeled anti-EMMPRIN antibody in the 2 cell lines were analyzed by fluorescence imaging in vitro. Groups 1 to 12 of severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing orthotopic MIA PaCa-2 (groups 1-8) or PANC-1 (groups 9-12) tumors were used for in vivo studies. Dynamic contrast-enhanced-MRI was applied in group 1 (untreated) or group 2 (anti-EMMPRIN antibody). The tumor uptake of Tc-99m-labeled TRA-8 was measured in group 3 (untreated) and group 4 (anti-EMMPRIN antibody). Positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging with (18)F-FDG was applied in groups 5 to 12. Groups 5 to 8 (or groups 9 to 12) were untreated or treated with anti-EMMPRIN antibody, TRA-8, and combination, respectively. TRA-8 showed high killing efficacy for both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells in vitro, but additional anti-EMMPRIN treatment did not improve the cytotoxicity. Cy5.5-TRA-8 formed cellular caps in both the cell lines, whereas the maximum signal intensity was correlated with TRA-8 cytotoxicity. Anti-EMMPRIN therapy significantly enhanced the tumor delivery of the MR contrast agent, but not Tc-99m-TRA-8. Tumor growth was significantly suppressed by the combination therapy, and the additive effect of the combination was shown in both MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunki Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Kim H, Folks KD, Guo L, Stockard CR, Fineberg NS, Grizzle WE, George JF, Buchsbaum DJ, Morgan DE, Zinn KR. DCE-MRI detects early vascular response in breast tumor xenografts following anti-DR5 therapy. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:94-103. [PMID: 20383593 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) measured the early vascular changes after administration of TRA-8, bevacizumab, or TRA-8 combined with bevacizumab in breast tumor xenografts. PROCEDURES Groups 1-4 of nude mice bearing human breast carcinoma were injected with phosphate-buffered saline, TRA-8, bevacizumab, and TRA-8 + bevacizumab on day 0, respectively. DCE-MRI was performed on days 0, 1, 2, and 3, and thereafter tumors were collected for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUT nick end labeling and CD31 staining. RESULTS DCE-MRI measured a significant K (trans) change within 3 days after TRA-8 therapy that correlated with tumor growth arrest, which was not shown with statistical significance by histopathology at these early time points posttreatment. The K (trans) changes followed quadratic polynomial curves. CONCLUSION DCE-MRI detected significantly lower K (trans) levels in breast tumor xenografts following TRA-8 monotherapy or combined therapy with bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunki Kim
- The Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Fox NL, Humphreys R, Luster TA, Klein J, Gallant G. Tumor Necrosis Factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) Receptor-1 and Receptor-2 agonists for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1-18. [PMID: 19857186 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903319656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Agents that activate the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand death receptors, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, have attracted substantial attention and investment as potential anti-cancer therapies. Preclinical studies of TRAIL-R agonists indicate that they may be efficacious in a wide range of tumor types, especially when combined with chemotherapeutic agents. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The rationale for clinical development of TRAIL-R agonists is described, including the basis for combining these agents with other agents that modulate the 'checks and balances' of the apoptotic pathways. Accruing data that highlight differences between TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 that could affect the clinical significance of their specific agonists are described. The clinical experience to date with each of the agonists is summarized. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain an understanding of the rationale for the clinical development of TRAIL-R agonists, as well as the current status of clinical trials of these interesting new agents. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Ongoing clinical trials will provide important information regarding the future development of TRAIL-R agonists.
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Kim H, Morgan DE, Buchsbaum DJ, Zeng H, Grizzle WE, Warram JM, Stockard CR, McNally LR, Long JW, Sellers JC, Forero A, Zinn KR. Early therapy evaluation of combined anti-death receptor 5 antibody and gemcitabine in orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8369-76. [PMID: 18922909 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Early therapeutic efficacy of anti-death receptor 5 antibody (TRA-8) combined with gemcitabine was measured using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) in an orthotopic pancreatic tumor model. Groups 1 to 4 of severe combined immunodeficient mice (n = 5-7 per group) bearing orthotopically implanted, luciferase-positive human pancreatic tumors (MIA PaCa-2) were subsequently (4-5 weeks thereafter) injected with saline (control), gemcitabine (120 mg/kg), TRA-8 (200 mug), or TRA-8 combined with gemcitabine, respectively, on day 0. DWI, anatomic magnetic resonance imaging, and bioluminescence imaging were done on days 0, 1, 2, and 3 after treatment. Three tumors from each group were collected randomly on day 3 after imaging, and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining was done to quantify apoptotic cellularity. At just 1 day after starting therapy, the changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in tumor regions for group 3 (TRA-8) and group 4 (TRA-8/Gem) were 21 +/- 9% (mean +/- SE) and 27 +/- 3%, respectively, significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of group 1 (-1 +/- 5%) and group 2 (-2 +/- 4%). There was no statistical difference in tumor volumes for the groups at this time. The mean ADC values of groups 2 to 4 gradually increased over 3 days, which were concurrent with tumor volume regressions and bioluminescence signal decreases. Apoptotic cell densities of tumors in groups 1 to 4 were 0.7 +/- 0.4%, 0.6 +/- 0.2%, 3.1 +/- 0.9%, and 4.7 +/- 1.0%, respectively, linearly proportional to the ADC changes on day 1. Further, the ADC changes were highly correlated with the previously reported mean survival times of animals treated with the same agents and doses. This study supports the clinical use of DWI for pancreatic tumor patients for early assessment of drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunki Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0012, USA
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In Reply to Dr. Speer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kim H, Morgan DE, Zeng H, Grizzle WE, Warram JM, Stockard CR, Wang D, Zinn KR. Breast tumor xenografts: diffusion-weighted MR imaging to assess early therapy with novel apoptosis-inducing anti-DR5 antibody. Radiology 2008; 248:844-51. [PMID: 18710978 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2483071740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the early therapeutic response to a novel apoptosis-inducing antibody, TRA-8, by using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in a mouse breast cancer model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal experiments had institutional animal care and use committee approval. Four groups of nude mice bearing luciferase-positive breast tumors (four to five mice with eight to 10 tumors per group) were injected intravenously with 0 mg (group 1), 0.025 mg (group 2), 0.100 mg (group 3), or 0.200 mg (group 4) of TRA-8 on days 0 and 3. Diffusion-weighted imaging, anatomic MR imaging, and bioluminescence imaging were performed on days 0, 3, and 6 before dosing. Averaged apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) for both whole tumor volume and a 1-mm peripheral tumor shell were calculated and were compared with tumor volume and living tumor cell changes. After imaging at day 6, proliferating and apoptotic cell densities were measured with Ki67 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling, or TUNEL, staining, respectively, and were compared with cleaved caspase-3 density. RESULTS The ADC increase at day 3 was dependent on TRA-8 dose level, averaging 6% +/- 3 (standard error of mean), 19% +/- 4, 14% +/- 4, and 34% +/- 7 in the whole tumor volume and 1% +/- 2, 9% +/- 5, 13% +/- 5, and 30% +/- 8 in the outer 1-mm tumor shell only for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The ADC increase in group 4 was significantly higher (P = .0008 and P = .0189 for whole tumor volume and peripheral region, respectively) than that in group 1 on day 3, whereas tumor size did not significantly differ. At day 3, the dose-dependent ADC increases were linearly proportional to apoptotic cell and cleaved caspase-3 densities and were inversely proportional to the density of cells showing Ki67 expression. CONCLUSION Diffusion-weighted imaging enabled measurement of early breast tumor response to TRA-8 treatment, prior to detectable tumor shrinkage, providing an effective mechanism to noninvasively monitor TRA-8 efficacy. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/248/3/844/DC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunki Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Ave S, BDB 11, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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