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Dallavalasa S, Tulimilli SV, Bettada VG, Karnik M, Uthaiah CA, Anantharaju PG, Nataraj SM, Ramashetty R, Sukocheva OA, Tse E, Salimath PV, Madhunapantula SV. Vitamin D in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Review of Epidemiological, Preclinical, and Cellular Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3211. [PMID: 39335182 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16183211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of human carcinomas has previously been linked to vitamin D due to its effects on cancer cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and apoptosis induction. The anticancer activity of vitamin D has been confirmed by several studies, which have shown that increased cancer incidence is associated with decreased vitamin D and that dietary supplementation of vitamin D slows down the growth of xenografted tumors in mice. Vitamin D inhibits the growth of cancer cells by the induction of apoptosis as well as by arresting the cells at the G0/G1 (or) G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Aim and Key Scientific Concepts of the Review: The purpose of this article is to thoroughly review the existing information and discuss and debate to conclude whether vitamin D could be used as an agent to prevent/treat cancers. The existing empirical data have demonstrated that vitamin D can also work in the absence of vitamin D receptors (VDRs), indicating the presence of multiple mechanisms of action for this sunshine vitamin. Polymorphism in the VDR is known to play a key role in tumor cell metastasis and drug resistance. Although there is evidence that vitamin D has both therapeutic and cancer-preventive properties, numerous uncertainties and concerns regarding its use in cancer treatment still exist. These include (a) increased calcium levels in individuals receiving therapeutic doses of vitamin D to suppress the growth of cancer cells; (b) hyperglycemia induction in certain vitamin D-treated study participants; (c) a dearth of evidence showing preventive or therapeutic benefits of cancer in clinical trials; (d) very weak support from proof-of-principle studies; and (e) the inability of vitamin D alone to treat advanced cancers. Addressing these concerns, more potent and less toxic vitamin D analogs have been created, and these are presently undergoing clinical trial evaluation. To provide key information regarding the functions of vitamin D and VDRs, this review provided details of significant advancements in the functional analysis of vitamin D and its analogs and VDR polymorphisms associated with cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Dallavalasa
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center and ICMR Collaborating Center of Excellence-ICMR-CCoE), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - SubbaRao V Tulimilli
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center and ICMR Collaborating Center of Excellence-ICMR-CCoE), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Vidya G Bettada
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center and ICMR Collaborating Center of Excellence-ICMR-CCoE), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Medha Karnik
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center and ICMR Collaborating Center of Excellence-ICMR-CCoE), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Chinnappa A Uthaiah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center and ICMR Collaborating Center of Excellence-ICMR-CCoE), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Preethi G Anantharaju
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center and ICMR Collaborating Center of Excellence-ICMR-CCoE), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma M Nataraj
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center and ICMR Collaborating Center of Excellence-ICMR-CCoE), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajalakshmi Ramashetty
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Olga A Sukocheva
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Rd., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Edmund Tse
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Port Rd., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paramahans V Salimath
- JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center and ICMR Collaborating Center of Excellence-ICMR-CCoE), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
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Zhao Y, Lu SM, Zhong B, Wang GC, Jia RP, Wang Q, Long JH. Parathyroid hormone related-protein (PTHrP) in tissues with poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37934. [PMID: 38669432 PMCID: PMC11049731 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is known to have a pivotal role in the progression of various solid tumors, among which prostate cancer stands out. However, the extent of PTHrP expression and its clinical implications in prostate cancer patients remain shrouded in obscurity. The primary objective of this research endeavor was to shed light on the relevance of PTHrP in the context of prostate cancer patients and to uncover the potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS The expression of PTHrP, E-cadherin, and vimentin in tumor tissues of 88 prostate cancer patients was evaluated by immunohistochemical technique. Subsequently, the associations between PTHrP and clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of patients with prostate cancer were analyzed. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the expression rates of PTHrP, E-cadherin, and vimentin in prostate cancer tissues were 95.5%, 88.6%, and 84.1%, respectively. Patients with a high level of PTHrP had a decreased expression of E-cadherin (P = .013) and an increased expression of vimentin (P = .010) compared with patients with a low level of PTHrP. Besides, the high expression of PTHrP was significantly correlated with a higher level of initial prostate-specific antigen (P = .026), positive lymph node metastasis (P = .010), osseous metastasis (P = .004), and Gleason score (P = .026). Moreover, patients with a high level of PTHrP had shorter progression-free survival (P = .002) than patients with a low level of PTHrP. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that PTHrP is associated with risk factors of poor outcomes in prostate cancer, while epithelial-mesenchymal transition may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou New Health Geriatric Disease Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng-Ming Lu
- Department of Urology, Subei People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Zhong
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Huaian, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gong-Cheng Wang
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Huaian, Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui-Peng Jia
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Hua Long
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Easty DJ, Farr CJ, Hennessy BT. New Roles for Vitamin D Superagonists: From COVID to Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:644298. [PMID: 33868174 PMCID: PMC8045760 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.644298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a potent steroid hormone that induces widespread changes in gene expression and controls key biological pathways. Here we review pathophysiology of vitamin D with particular reference to COVID-19 and pancreatic cancer. Utility as a therapeutic agent is limited by hypercalcemic effects and attempts to circumvent this problem have used vitamin D superagonists, with increased efficacy and reduced calcemic effect. A further caveat is that vitamin D mediates multiple diverse effects. Some of these (anti-fibrosis) are likely beneficial in patients with COVID-19 and pancreatic cancer, whereas others (reduced immunity), may be beneficial through attenuation of the cytokine storm in patients with advanced COVID-19, but detrimental in pancreatic cancer. Vitamin D superagonists represent an untapped resource for development of effective therapeutic agents. However, to be successful this approach will require agonists with high cell-tissue specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Easty
- Department of Medical Oncology, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda, Ireland
| | - Christine J. Farr
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan T. Hennessy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Oncology, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda, Ireland
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Bouillon R, Marcocci C, Carmeliet G, Bikle D, White JH, Dawson-Hughes B, Lips P, Munns CF, Lazaretti-Castro M, Giustina A, Bilezikian J. Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1109-1151. [PMID: 30321335 PMCID: PMC6626501 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of endemic rickets was discovered a century ago. Vitamin D is the precursor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and other metabolites, including 1,25(OH)2D, the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The effects of the vitamin D endocrine system on bone and its growth plate are primarily indirect and mediated by its effect on intestinal calcium transport and serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Rickets and osteomalacia can be prevented by daily supplements of 400 IU of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <50 nmol/L) accelerates bone turnover, bone loss, and osteoporotic fractures. These risks can be reduced by 800 IU of vitamin D together with an appropriate calcium intake, given to institutionalized or vitamin D-deficient elderly subjects. VDR and vitamin D metabolic enzymes are widely expressed. Numerous genetic, molecular, cellular, and animal studies strongly suggest that vitamin D signaling has many extraskeletal effects. These include regulation of cell proliferation, immune and muscle function, skin differentiation, and reproduction, as well as vascular and metabolic properties. From observational studies in human subjects, poor vitamin D status is associated with nearly all diseases predicted by these extraskeletal actions. Results of randomized controlled trials and Mendelian randomization studies are supportive of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the incidence of some diseases, but, globally, conclusions are mixed. These findings point to a need for continued ongoing and future basic and clinical studies to better define whether vitamin D status can be optimized to improve many aspects of human health. Vitamin D deficiency enhances the risk of osteoporotic fractures and is associated with many diseases. We review what is established and what is plausible regarding the health effects of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bouillon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Bikle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John H White
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bess Dawson-Hughes
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Lips
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Craig F Munns
- Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marise Lazaretti-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Chair of Endocrinology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - John Bilezikian
- Department of Endocrinology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Prostate cancer may be asymptomatic at the early stage and often has an indolent course that may require only active surveillance. Based on GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates, 1,276,106 new cases of prostate cancer were reported worldwide in 2018, with higher prevalence in the developed countries. Differences in the incidence rates worldwide reflect differences in the use of diagnostic testing. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are strongly related to the age with the highest incidence being seen in elderly men (> 65 years of age). African-American men have the highest incidence rates and more aggressive type of prostate cancer compared to White men. There is no evidence yet on how to prevent prostate cancer; however, it is possible to lower the risk by limiting high-fat foods, increasing the intake of vegetables and fruits and performing more exercise. Screening is highly recommended at age 45 for men with familial history and African-American men. Up-to-date statistics on prostate cancer occurrence and outcomes along with a better understanding of the etiology and causative risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Rawla
- Hospitalist, Department of Internal Medicine, SOVAH Health, Martinsville, VA 24112, USA.
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Therapeutic targets of vitamin D receptor ligands and their pharmacokinetic effects by modulation of transporters and metabolic enzymes. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-019-00429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bikle DD. Extraskeletal actions of vitamin D. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1376:29-52. [PMID: 27649525 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is found in nearly all, if not all, cells in the body. The enzyme that produces the active metabolite of vitamin D and ligand for VDR, namely CYP27B1, likewise is widely expressed in many cells of the body. These observations indicate that the role of vitamin D is not limited to regulation of bone and mineral homeostasis, as important as that is. Rather, the study of its extraskeletal actions has become the major driving force behind the significant increase in research articles on vitamin D published over the past several decades. A great deal of information has accumulated from cell culture studies, in vivo animal studies, and clinical association studies that confirms that extraskeletal effects of vitamin D are truly widespread and substantial. However, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, when done, have by and large not produced the benefits anticipated by the in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal studies. In this review, I will examine the role of vitamin D signaling in a number of extraskeletal tissues and assess the success of translating these findings into treatments of human diseases affecting those extracellular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Ma Y, Johnson CS, Trump DL. Mechanistic Insights of Vitamin D Anticancer Effects. VITAMIN D HORMONE 2016; 100:395-431. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Munetsuna E, Kittaka A, Chen TC, Sakaki T. Metabolism and Action of 25-Hydroxy-19-nor-Vitamin D3 in Human Prostate Cells. VITAMIN D HORMONE 2016; 100:357-77. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bhatia V, Falzon M. Restoration of the anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by silibinin in vitamin D-resistant colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 362:199-207. [PMID: 25846868 PMCID: PMC4419377 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cancer in developed countries. A large fraction of cases are linked to chronic intestinal inflammation, with concomitant increased TNF-α release and elevated Snail1/Snail2 levels. These transcription factors in turn suppress vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression, resulting in loss of responsiveness to the protective anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D). Experimental and epidemiologic evidence support the use of natural products to target CRC. Here we show that the flavonolignan silibinin reverses the TNF-α-induced upregulation of Snail1 and Snail2 in the 1,25D-resistant human colon carcinoma cells HT-29. These silibinin effects are accompanied by an increase in VDR levels; Snail1 overexpression reverses these silibinin effects. Silibinin also restores promoter activity from a vitamin D-response element (VDRE) reporter construct. While 1,25D had no significant effect on HT-29 and SW480-R cell proliferation and migration, co-treatment with silibinin restored 1,25D responsiveness. In addition, co-treatment with silibinin plus 1,25D decreased proliferation and migration at doses where silibinin alone had no effect. These findings demonstrate that this combination may present a novel approach to target CRC in conditions of chronic colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandanajay Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Miriam Falzon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Giammanco M, Di Majo D, La Guardia M, Aiello S, Crescimannno M, Flandina C, Tumminello FM, Leto G. Vitamin D in cancer chemoprevention. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1399-1434. [PMID: 25856702 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.988274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is increasing evidence that Vitamin D (Vit D) and its metabolites, besides their well-known calcium-related functions, may also exert antiproliferative, pro-differentiating, and immune modulatory effects on tumor cells in vitro and may also delay tumor growth in vivo. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to provide fresh insight into the most recent advances on the role of Vit D and its analogues as chemopreventive drugs in cancer therapy. METHODS A systematic review of experimental and clinical studies on Vit D and cancer was undertaken by using the major electronic health database including ISI Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Experimental and clinical observations suggest that Vit D and its analogues may be effective in preventing the malignant transformation and/or the progression of various types of human tumors including breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and some hematological malignances. These findings suggest the possibility of the clinical use of these molecules as novel potential chemopreventive and anticancer agents.
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Lungchukiet P, Sun Y, Kasiappan R, Quarni W, Nicosia SV, Zhang X, Bai W. Suppression of epithelial ovarian cancer invasion into the omentum by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:138-47. [PMID: 25448740 PMCID: PMC4465764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of gynecological cancer death in women, mainly because it has spread to intraperitoneal tissues such as the omentum in the peritoneal cavity by the time of diagnosis. In the present study, we established in vitro assays, ex vivo omental organ culture system and syngeneic animal tumor models using wild type (WT) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) null mice to investigate the effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) and VDR on EOC invasion. Treatment of human EOC cells with 1,25D3 suppressed their migration and invasion in monolayer scratch and transwell assays and ability to colonize the omentum in the ex vivo system, supporting a role for epithelial VDR in interfering with EOC invasion. Furthermore, VDR knockdown in OVCAR3 cells increased their ability to colonize the omentum in the ex vivo system in the absence of 1,25D3, showing a potential ligand-independent suppression of EOC invasion by epithelial VDR. In syngeneic models, ID8 tumors exhibited an increased ability to colonize omenta of VDR null over that of WT mice; pre-treatment of WT, not VDR null, mice with EB1089 reduced ID8 colonization, revealing a role for stromal VDR in suppressing EOC invasion. These studies are the first to demonstrate a role for epithelial and stromal VDR in mediating the activity of 1,25D3 as well as a 1,25D3-independent action of the VDR in suppressing EOC invasion. The data suggest that VDR-based drug discovery may lead to the development of new intervention strategies to improve the survival of patients with EOC at advanced stages. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Vitamin D Workshop".
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Affiliation(s)
- Panida Lungchukiet
- The Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- The Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA
| | - Ravi Kasiappan
- The Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA
| | - Waise Quarni
- The Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA
| | - Santo V Nicosia
- The Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA; Oncological Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA; Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- The Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA; Oncological Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA; University of South Florida College of Medicine, and Programs of Cancer Biology & Evolution, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA
| | - Wenlong Bai
- The Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA; Oncological Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA; University of South Florida College of Medicine, and Programs of Cancer Biology & Evolution, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 64, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA.
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Xu JJ, Sun YB, Zhang XL, Wang XF. Vitamin D analog EB1089 could repair the defective bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:916-921. [PMID: 25785075 PMCID: PMC4358530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involves multiple factors, which result in the breakdown of self-tolerance and development of autoimmunity with organ damage. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) from the patients with SLE showed an impaired proliferative capacity compared with that from normal controls. In this study, we isolated BMMSCs from the patients with SLE and found that Vitamin D analog EB1089 could induce BMMSCs proliferation and mineralization deposition. Furthermore, we found that the expression of p-Smad 1/5/8 was promoted in BMMSCs with EB1089 treatment. In conclusion, our results support the notion that EB1089 promoted proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs by Smad 1/5/8 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversitySanhao Street 36, Heping District, Shenyang City 110004, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Bin Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical UniversityNanjing North Street 155, Heping District, Shenyang City 110001, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversitySanhao Street 36, Heping District, Shenyang City 110004, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversitySanhao Street 36, Heping District, Shenyang City 110004, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
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Huang DC, Yang XF, Ochietti B, Fadhil I, Camirand A, Kremer R. Parathyroid hormone-related protein: potential therapeutic target for melanoma invasion and metastasis. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3739-49. [PMID: 25051432 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of PTHrP in the highly metastatic human melanoma disease is not known. This study investigates the mechanisms of action of this secreted factor through homozygous inactivation of the Pthrp gene in A375 human melanoma cells. In vitro, Pthrp-ablated cells (knockout [KO]-A375, -/-) showed decreased motility and anchorage-independent growth, rounder morphology, and a significant reduction in invasion capacity compared with nonablated A375 cells (wild-type [WT]-A375, +/+). PTHrP peptide 1-34 and conditioned medium from WT-A375 cells partially restored the invasive phenotype in KO-A375. Pthrp ablation substantially decreased actin polymerization, matrix metallopeptidase 9 expression and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. In vivo, green fluorescent protein-transduced ablated and nonablated A375 cells were injected intracardially or sc into nude mice to study proliferation and multiorgan metastasis. Dissemination of injected Pthrp-ablated cells to lung and liver was reduced by 85% and 50%, respectively, compared with nonablated controls (120 hours after injection). The number of metastatic lesions and the percentage of animals with metastasis were markedly lower in mice injected with Pthrp-ablated A375, and 45% of these animals survived a 7-week period compared with 15% of mice injected with nonablated WT-A375. When mice injected with WT-A375 were treated with our blocking anti-PTHrP monoclonal antibody raised against the first 33 amino acids of human PTHrP, tumor size was decreased by more than 80% over 4 weeks and survival was significantly improved over 8 months. This study provides direct evidence of the major role for PTHrP in melanoma invasion and metastasis and suggests that agents that suppress PTHrP may be beneficial against melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Chao Huang
- Department of Medicine, Calcium Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A1
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15
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Sintov AC, Yarmolinsky L, Dahan A, Ben-Shabat S. Pharmacological effects of vitamin D and its analogs: recent developments. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1769-1774. [PMID: 24947685 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol, the hormonally active form of vitamin D, is well known for its diverse pharmacological activities, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function and reduction of inflammation. Calcitriol and its analogs exert potent effects on cellular differentiation and proliferation, regulate apoptosis and produce immunomodulatory effects. The purpose of this review is to provide information on various physiological and pharmacological activities of calcitriol and its newly discovered analogs. Special emphasis is given to skin diseases, cancer, diabetes and multiple sclerosis. A discussion is raised on the mechanisms of action of calcitriol and its analogs in various diseases, as well as on possible methods of delivery and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon C Sintov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ludmilla Yarmolinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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16
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Abstract
The negative association of the latitude where people live and the incidence of non cutaneous cancer in that population in North America have been demonstrated in many studies for many types of cancer. Since the intensity of UVB exposure decreases with increasing latitude, and UVB exposure provides the mechanism for vitamin D production in the skin, the hypothesis that increased vitamin D provides protection against the development of cancer has been proposed. This hypothesis has been tested in a substantial number of prospective and case control studies and in a few randomized clinical trials (RTC) assessing whether either vitamin D intake or serum levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) correlate (inversely) with cancer development. Most of the studies have focused on colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer. The results have been mixed. The most compelling data for a beneficial relationship between vitamin D intake or serum 25OHD levels and cancer have been obtained for colorectal cancer. The bulk of the evidence also favors a beneficial relationship for breast cancer, but the benefit of vitamin D for prostate and skin cancer in clinical populations has been difficult to demonstrate. RTCs in general have been flawed in execution or too small to provide compelling evidence one way or the other. In contrast, animal studies have been quite consistent in their demonstration that vitamin D and/or its active metabolite 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) can prevent the development and/or treat a variety of cancers in a variety of animal models. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)2D has been shown to impact a number of cellular mechanisms that would be expected to underlie its anticancer effects. Thus, there is a dilemma-animal and cellular studies strongly support a role for vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of cancer, but the clinical studies for most cancers have not yet delivered compelling evidence that the promise from preclinical studies has been fulfilled in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Endocrine Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, 4150 Clement St (111N), San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA,
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17
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Leyssens C, Verlinden L, Verstuyf A. The future of vitamin D analogs. Front Physiol 2014; 5:122. [PMID: 24772087 PMCID: PMC3982071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is a major regulator of bone and calcium homeostasis. In addition, this hormone also inhibits the proliferation and stimulates the differentiation of normal as well as malignant cells. Supraphysiological doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are required to reduce cancer cell proliferation. However, these doses will lead in vivo to calcemic side effects such as hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. During the last 25 years, many structural analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been synthesized by the introduction of chemical modifications in the A-ring, central CD-ring region or side chain of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the hope to find molecules with a clear dissociation between the beneficial antiproliferative effects and adverse calcemic side effects. One example of such an analog with a good dissociation ratio is calcipotriol (Daivonex®), which is clinically used to treat the hyperproliferative skin disease psoriasis. Other vitamin D analogs were clinically approved for the treatment of osteoporosis or secondary hyperparathyroidism. No vitamin D analog is currently used in the clinic for the treatment of cancer although several analogs have been shown to be potent drugs in animal models of cancer. Transcriptomics studies as well as in vitro cell biological experiments unraveled basic mechanisms involved in the antineoplastic effects of vitamin D and its analogs. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and analogs act in a cell type- and tissue-specific manner. Moreover, a blockade in the transition of the G0/1 toward S phase of the cell cycle, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of migration and invasion of tumor cells together with effects on angiogenesis and inflammation have been implicated in the pleiotropic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs. In this review we will give an overview of the action of vitamin D analogs in tumor cells and look forward how these compounds could be introduced in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlien Leyssens
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Dushyanthen S, Cossigny DAF, Quan GMY. The osteoblastic and osteoclastic interactions in spinal metastases secondary to prostate cancer. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2013; 6:61-80. [PMID: 24665208 PMCID: PMC3941153 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers arising in men and has a high propensity for bone metastasis, particularly to the spine. At this stage, it often causes severe morbidity due to pathological fracture and/or metastatic epidural spinal cord compression which, if untreated, inevitably leads to intractable pain, neurological deficit, and paralysis. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving growth of secondary PC in the bony vertebral column remain largely unknown. Further investigation is warranted in order to identify therapeutic targets in the future. This review summarizes the current understanding of PC bone metastasis in the spine, highlighting interactions between key tumor and bone-derived factors which influence tumor progression, especially the functional roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the bone microenvironment through their interactions with metastatic PC cells and the critical pathway RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathana Dushyanthen
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Spinal Surgery, University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria, Australia
| | - Davina A F Cossigny
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Spinal Surgery, University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerald M Y Quan
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Spinal Surgery, University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria, Australia
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19
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Abstract
The active form of vitamin D(3), 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) or calcitriol, is known to inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of many types of cancer cells, including prostate and liver cancer cells. These findings support the use of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) for prostate and liver cancer therapy. However, 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) can cause hypercalcemia, thus, analogs of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) that are less calcemic but exhibit potent antiproliferative activity would be attractive as therapeutic agents. We have developed 2α-functional group substituted 19-norvitamin D(3) analogs with and without 14-epimerization. Among them, 2α- and 2β-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) (MART-10 and -11, respectively) and 14-epi-2α- and 14-epi-2β-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) (14-epi-MART-10 and 14-epi-MART-11, respectively) were found to be the most promising. In this review, we discuss the synthesis of this unique class of vitamin D analogs, the molecular mechanism of anticancer actions of vitamin D, and the biological evaluation of these analogs for potential application to the prevention and treatment of prostate and liver cancer.
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20
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Leyssens C, Verlinden L, Verstuyf A. Antineoplastic effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs in breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:R31-47. [PMID: 23319494 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), is mostly known for its importance in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. However, next to its classical effects on bone, kidney and intestine, 1,25(OH)2D3 also exerts antineoplastic effects on various types of cancer. The use of 1,25(OH)2D3 itself as treatment against neoplasia is hampered by its calcemic side effects. Therefore, 1,25(OH)2D3-derived analogs were developed that are characterized by lower calcemic side effects and stronger antineoplastic effects. This review mainly focuses on the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in breast, prostate and colorectal cancer (CRC) and the underlying signaling pathways. 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs inhibit proliferation, angiogenesis, migration/invasion and induce differentiation and apoptosis in malignant cell lines. Moreover, prostaglandin synthesis and Wnt/b-catenin signaling are also influenced by 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs. Human studies indicate an inverse association between serum 25(OH)D3 values and the incidence of certain cancer types. Given the literature, it appears that the epidemiological link between vitamin D3 and cancer is the strongest for CRC, however more intervention studies and randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed to unravel the beneficial dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs to induce antineoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlien Leyssens
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Bhatia V, Mula RVR, Falzon M. Parathyroid hormone-related protein regulates integrin α6 and β4 levels via transcriptional and post-translational pathways. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1419-30. [PMID: 23499737 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) enhances prostate cancer (CaP) growth and metastasis in vivo. PTHrP also increases cell survival and migration, and upregulates pro-invasive integrin α6β4 expression. We used the human CaP cell lines C4-2 and PC-3 as model systems to study the mechanisms via which PTHrP regulates α6β4 levels. We report that PTHrP regulates α6 and β4 levels via a transcriptional pathway; β4 regulation involves the NF-κB pathway. PTHrP also regulates β4 levels at the post-translational level. PTHrP inhibits caspase-3 and -7 activities. Post-translational regulation of β4 by PTHrP is mediated via attenuation of its proteolytic cleavage by these caspases. Since α6 dimerizes with β4, increased β4 levels result in elevated α6 levels. Suppressing β4 using siRNA attenuates the effect of caspase inhibition on apoptosis and cell migration. These results provide evidence of a link between PTHrP, integrin α6β4 levels as a function of caspase activity, and cell survival and migration. Targeting PTHrP in CaP cancer, thereby reversing the effect on caspase activity and α6β4 levels, may thus prove therapeutically beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandanajay Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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22
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Valkenburg KC, Steensma MR, Williams BO, Zhong Z. Skeletal metastasis: treatments, mouse models, and the Wnt signaling. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2013; 32:380-96. [PMID: 23327798 PMCID: PMC3845601 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.012.10218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal metastases result in significant morbidity and mortality. This is particularly true of cancers with a strong predilection for the bone, such as breast, prostate, and lung cancers. There is currently no reliable cure for skeletal metastasis, and palliative therapy options are limited. The Wnt signaling pathway has been found to play an integral role in the process of skeletal metastasis and may be an important clinical target. Several experimental models of skeletal metastasis have been used to find new biomarkers and test new treatments. In this review, we discuss pathologic process of bone metastasis, the roles of the Wnt signaling, and the available experimental models and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Valkenburg
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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23
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Kim JS, Roberts JM, Weigel NL. Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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24
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Cheung FSG, Lovicu FJ, Reichardt JKV. Current progress in using vitamin D and its analogs for cancer prevention and treatment. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:811-37. [PMID: 22716497 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has long been known for its physiological role in mineral homeostasis through its actions on the intestines, kidneys, parathyroid glands and bone. However, recent observations of antiproliferative, prodifferentiating and antiangiogenic effects elicited by the bioactive form of vitamin D (1,25[OH](2)D(3)) in a broad range of cancers is less well understood. Here, we review the increasing epidemiological and experimental evidence that supports the development of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and vitamin D analogs as preventative and therapeutic anticancer agents. Furthermore, this review summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies of vitamin D and its analogs over the past decade, indicating the current problems of dose-limiting toxicity from hypercalcemia and large interpatient variability in pharmacokinetics. A better understanding of how genetic variants influence vitamin D status should not only improve cancer risk predictions, but also promote the development of vitamin D analogs with more specific actions to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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25
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Welsh J. Cellular and molecular effects of vitamin D on carcinogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:107-14. [PMID: 22085499 PMCID: PMC3295909 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic data suggest that the incidence and severity of many types of cancer inversely correlates with indices of vitamin D status. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is highly expressed in epithelial cells at risk for carcinogenesis including those resident in skin, breast, prostate and colon, providing a direct molecular link by which vitamin D status impacts on carcinogenesis. Consistent with this concept, activation of VDR by its ligand 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) triggers comprehensive genomic changes in epithelial cells that contribute to maintenance of the differentiated phenotype, resistance to cellular stresses and protection of the genome. Many epithelial cells also express the vitamin D metabolizing enzyme CYP27B1 which enables autocrine generation of 1,25D from the circulating vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D), critically linking overall vitamin D status with cellular anti-tumor actions. Furthermore, pre-clinical studies in animal models has demonstrated that dietary supplementation with vitamin D or chronic treatment with VDR agonists decreases tumor development in skin, colon, prostate and breast. Conversely, deletion of the VDR gene in mice alters the balance between proliferation and apoptosis, increases oxidative DNA damage, and enhances susceptibility to carcinogenesis in these tissues. Because VDR expression is retained in many human tumors, vitamin D status may be an important modulator of cancer progression in persons living with cancer. Collectively, these observations have reinforced the need to further define the molecular actions of the VDR and the human requirement for vitamin D in relation to cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoEllen Welsh
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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26
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Swami S, Krishnan AV, Wang JY, Jensen K, Horst R, Albertelli MA, Feldman D. Dietary vitamin D₃ and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (calcitriol) exhibit equivalent anticancer activity in mouse xenograft models of breast and prostate cancer. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2576-87. [PMID: 22454149 PMCID: PMC3359605 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or calcitriol], the hormonally active vitamin D metabolite, exhibits anticancer actions in models of breast cancer and prostate cancer. Because CYP27B1 (1α-hydroxylase), the enzyme catalyzing 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) formation in the kidney, is also expressed in extrarenal tissues, we hypothesize that dietary vitamin D(3) will be converted to 25(OH)D(3) in the body and then to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) locally in the cancer microenvironment in which it will exert autocrine/paracrine anticancer actions. Immunocompromised mice bearing MCF-7 breast cancer xenografts showed significant tumor shrinkage (>50%) after ingestion of a vitamin D(3)-supplemented diet (5000 IU/kg) compared with a control diet (1000 IU/kg). Dietary vitamin D(3) inhibition of tumor growth was equivalent to administered calcitriol (0.025, 0.05, or 0.1 μg/mouse, three times a week). Both treatments equivalently inhibited PC-3 prostate cancer xenograft growth but to a lesser extent than the MCF-7 tumors. Calcitriol at 0.05 μg and 0.1 μg caused modest but statistically significant increases in serum calcium levels indicating that the dietary vitamin D(3) comparison was to a maximally safe calcitriol dose. Dietary vitamin D(3) did not increase serum calcium, demonstrating its safety at the concentration tested. The vitamin D(3) diet raised circulating 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D levels and did not alter CYP27B1 mRNA in the kidney but increased it in the tumors, suggesting that extrarenal sources including the tumors contributed to the elevated circulating 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Both calcitriol and dietary vitamin D(3) were equipotent in suppressing estrogen synthesis and signaling and other proinflammatory and growth signaling pathways. These preclinical data demonstrate the potential utility of dietary vitamin D(3) supplementation in cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilatha Swami
- Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5103, USA
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27
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Chen TC, Kittaka A. Novel vitamin d analogs for prostate cancer therapy. ISRN UROLOGY 2011; 2011:301490. [PMID: 22084796 PMCID: PMC3195751 DOI: 10.5402/2011/301490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cells contain specific receptors for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1α,25(OH)2D] or calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D. 1α,25(OH)2D is known to inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. These findings support the use of 1α,25(OH)2D for prostate cancer therapy. However, 1α,25(OH)2D can cause hypercalcemia, analogs of 1α,25(OH)2D that are less calcemic but exhibit potent antiproliferative activity would be attractive as therapeutic agents. To accomplish these goals, different strategies, based on metabolism, molecular mechanism of actions, and structural modeling, have been taken to modify the structure of vitamin D molecule with the aims to improve the efficacy and decrease the toxicity of vitamin D to treat different diseases. During the past four decades, over 3,000 analogs have been synthesized. In this paper, we discuss the development and the biological analysis of a unique class of vitamin D analogs with a substitution at the carbon 2 of 19-nor-1α,25(OH)2D3 molecule for potential application to the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer as well as other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai C Chen
- Boston University School of Medicine, Room M-1022, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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28
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Bhatia V, Mula RV, Falzon M. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) regulates PTHrP expression via transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 342:32-40. [PMID: 21664243 PMCID: PMC3148329 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) increases the growth and osteolytic potential of prostate cancer cells, making it important to control PTHrP expression. PTHrP expression is suppressed by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D). The aim of this study was to identify the pathways via which 1,25D exerts these effects. Our main findings are that 1,25D regulates PTHrP levels via multiple pathways in PC-3 and C4-2 (human prostate cancer) cell lines, and regulation is dependent on VDR expression. The human PTHrP gene has three promoters (P); PC-3 cells preferentially utilize P2 and P3, while C4-2 cells preferentially utilize P1. 1,25D regulates PTHrP transcriptional activity from both P1 and P3. The 1,25D-mediated decrease in PTHrP mRNA levels also involves a post-transcriptional pathway since 1,25D decreases PTHrP mRNA stability. 1,25D also suppresses PTHrP expression directly at the protein level by increasing its degradation. Regulation of PTHrP levels is dependent on VDR expression, as using siRNAs to deplete VDR expression negates the 1,25D-mediated downregulation of PTHrP expression. These results indicate the importance of maintaining adequate 1,25D levels and VDR status to control PTHrP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandanajay Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ramanjaneya V. Mula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Miriam Falzon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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29
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MNU-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis: chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of vitamin D and Seocalcitol on selected regulatory vitamin D receptor pathways. Toxicol Lett 2011; 207:60-72. [PMID: 21843606 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of administration of vitamin D₃ and Seocalcitol on MNU-induced carcinogenesis of mammary gland in Sprague-Dawley rats have been investigated. Administration of both substances in a weekly dose of 7 μg/kg caused prolonged latency of mammary gland tumors. The latency of tumors was markedly prolonged for 30-40 days by Seocalcitol. Using PET analysis, reduction in [¹⁸F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) uptake or tumor volume in tumors chemopreventively treated with vitamin D₃ were detected in MNU-induced tumors, vitamin D₃ reduced expression of 25-hydroxylase (25OHase) (p<0.01) and 24-hydroxylase (24OHase) (p<0.01) and Seocalcitol 24OHase. Positive regulation of 25OHase mRNA level after the treatment with vitamin D₃ was observed in liver, while in kidney, vitamin D₃ and Seocalcitol induced expression of 24OHase was significant. Our observations indicate a cross talk between respective pathways of VDR, RARs/RXRs, TRs and ERs in carcinogenesis process.
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30
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2010; 4:207-27. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e32833e8160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity. Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010; 17:293-312. [PMID: 20418721 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328339f31e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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