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JianyunJiang, Xu J, Ji S, Yu X, Chen J. Unraveling the mysteries of MGMT: Implications for neuroendocrine tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024:189184. [PMID: 39303858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a diverse group of tumors that arise from neuroendocrine cells and are commonly found in various organs. A considerable proportion of NET patients were diagnosed at an advanced or metastatic stage. Alkylating agents are the primary treatment for NET, and O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) remains the first-line of defense against DNA damage caused by these agents. Clinical trials have indicated that MGMT promoter methylation or its low/lacked expression can predict a favorable outcome with Temozolomide in NETs. Its status could help select NET patients who can benefit from alkylating agents. Therefore, MGMT status serves as a biomarker to guide decisions on the efficacy of Temozolomide as a personalized treatment option. Additionally, delving into the regulatory mechanisms of MGMT status can lead to the development of MGMT-targeted therapies, benefiting individuals with high levels of MGMT expression. This review aims to explore the polymorphism of MGMT regulation and summarize its clinical implications in NETs, which would help establish the role of MGMT as a biomarker and its potential as a therapeutic target in NETs. Additionally, we explore the benefits of combining Temozolomide and immunotherapy in MGMT hypermethylated subgroups. Future studies can focus on optimizing Temozolomide administration to induce specific immunomodulatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- JianyunJiang
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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2
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Silva-Hurtado TJ, Inocencio JF, Yong RL. Emerging applications of hypomethylating agents in the treatment of glioblastoma (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2024; 21:59. [PMID: 39006906 PMCID: PMC11240870 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2024.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA hypomethylating agents (HMAs) such as decitabine and 5-azacytidine have established roles in the treatment paradigms for myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia, where they are considered to exert their anticancer effects by restoring the expression of tumor suppressor genes. Due to their relatively favorable adverse effect profile and known ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier, applications in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) and other central nervous system malignancies are under active investigation. The present review examines the types of HMAs currently available, their known and less-understood antineoplastic mechanisms, and the evidence to date of their preclinical and clinical efficacy in glioblastoma and other solid malignancies. The present review discusses the potential synergies HMAs may have with established and emerging GBM treatments, including temozolomide, immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer vaccines. Recent successes and setbacks in clinical trials for newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM are summarized in order to highlight opportunities for HMAs to improve therapeutic responses. Challenges for future clinical trials are also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenzing J. Silva-Hurtado
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Julio F. Inocencio
- Leo M. Davidoff Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Raymund L. Yong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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3
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Vera-Chang MN, Danforth JM, Stuart M, Goodarzi AA, Brand M, Richardson RB. Profound DNA methylomic differences between single- and multi-fraction alpha irradiations of lung fibroblasts. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:174. [PMID: 37891670 PMCID: PMC10612361 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha (α)-radiation is a ubiquitous environmental agent with epigenotoxic effects. Human exposure to α-radiation at potentially harmful levels can occur repetitively over the long term via inhalation of naturally occurring radon gas that accumulates in enclosed spaces, or as a result of a single exposure from a nuclear accident. Alterations in epigenetic DNA methylation (DNAm) have been implicated in normal aging and cancer pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the effects of aberrations in the methylome of human lung cells following exposure to single or multiple α-irradiation events on these processes remain unexplored. RESULTS We performed genome-wide DNAm profiling of human embryonic lung fibroblasts from control and irradiated cells using americium-241 α-sources. Cells were α-irradiated in quadruplicates to seven doses using two exposure regimens, a single-fraction (SF) where the total dose was given at once, and a multi-fraction (MF) method, where the total dose was equally distributed over 14 consecutive days. Our results revealed that SF irradiations were prone to a decrease in DNAm levels, while MF irradiations mostly increased DNAm. The analysis also showed that the gene body (i.e., exons and introns) was the region most altered by both the SF hypomethylation and the MF hypermethylation. Additionally, the MF irradiations induced the highest number of differentially methylated regions in genes associated with DNAm biomarkers of aging, carcinogenesis, and cardiovascular disease. The DNAm profile of the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes suggests that the fibroblasts manifested a defensive response to the MF α-irradiation. Key DNAm events of ionizing radiation exposure, including changes in methylation levels in mitochondria dysfunction-related genes, were mainly identified in the MF groups. However, these alterations were under-represented, indicating that the mitochondria undergo adaptive mechanisms, aside from DNAm, in response to radiation-induced oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS We identified a contrasting methylomic profile in the lung fibroblasts α-irradiated to SF compared with MF exposures. These findings demonstrate that the methylome response of the lung cells to α-radiation is highly dependent on both the total dose and the exposure regimen. They also provide novel insights into potential biomarkers of α-radiation, which may contribute to the development of innovative approaches to detect, prevent, and treat α-particle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Vera-Chang
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Chalk River Laboratories, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON, K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - John M Danforth
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marilyne Stuart
- Environment and Waste Technologies Branch, Chalk River Laboratories, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON, K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Aaron A Goodarzi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marjorie Brand
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Richard B Richardson
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Chalk River Laboratories, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON, K0J 1J0, Canada.
- McGill Medical Physics Unit, Cedars Cancer Centre-Glen Site, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Davy M, Genest L, Legrand C, Pelouin O, Froget G, Castagné V, Rupp T. Evaluation of Temozolomide and Fingolimod Treatments in Glioblastoma Preclinical Models. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4478. [PMID: 37760448 PMCID: PMC10527257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are malignant brain tumors which remain lethal due to their aggressive and invasive nature. The standard treatment combines surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy using Temozolomide, albeit with a minor impact on patient prognosis (15 months median survival). New therapies evaluated in preclinical translational models are therefore still required to improve patient survival and quality of life. In this preclinical study, we evaluated the effect of Temozolomide in different models of glioblastoma. We also aimed to investigate the efficacy of Fingolimod, an immunomodulatory drug for multiple sclerosis also described as an inhibitor of the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor axis. The effects of Fingolimod and Temozolomide were analyzed with in vitro 2D and 3D cellular assay and in vivo models using mouse and human glioblastoma cells implanted in immunocompetent or immunodeficient mice, respectively. We demonstrated both in in vitro and in vivo models that Temozolomide has a varied effect depending on the tumor type (i.e., U87MG, U118MG, U138MG, and GL261), demonstrating sensitivity, acquired resistance, and purely resistant tumor phenotypes, as observed in patients. Conversely, Fingolimod only reduced in vitro 2D tumor cell growth and increased cytotoxicity. Indeed, Fingolimod had little or no effect on 3D spheroid cytotoxicity and was devoid of effect on in vivo tumor progression in Temozolomide-sensitive models. These results suggest that the efficacy of Fingolimod is dependent on the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment. Globally, our data suggest that the response to Temozolomide varies depending on the cancer model, consistent with its clinical activity, whereas the potential activity of Fingolimod may merit further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tristan Rupp
- Porsolt SAS, ZA de Glatigné, 53940 Le Genest-Saint-Isle, France
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5
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Stillger MN, Chen CY, Lai ZW, Li M, Schäfer A, Pagenstecher A, Nimsky C, Bartsch JW, Schilling O. Changes in calpain-2 expression during glioblastoma progression predisposes tumor cells to temozolomide resistance by minimizing DNA damage and p53-dependent apoptosis. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:49. [PMID: 36932402 PMCID: PMC10022304 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is characterized by an unfavorable prognosis for patients affected. During standard-of-care chemotherapy using temozolomide (TMZ), tumors acquire resistance thereby causing tumor recurrence. Thus, deciphering essential molecular pathways causing TMZ resistance are of high therapeutic relevance. METHODS Mass spectrometry based proteomics were used to study the GBM proteome. Immunohistochemistry staining of human GBM tissue for either calpain-1 or -2 was performed to locate expression of proteases. In vitro cell based assays were used to measure cell viability and survival of primary patient-derived GBM cells and established GBM cell lines after TMZ ± calpain inhibitor administration. shRNA expression knockdowns of either calpain-1 or calpain-2 were generated to study TMZ sensitivity of the specific subunits. The Comet assay and ɣH2AX signal measurements were performed in order to assess the DNA damage amount and recognition. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR of target proteins was applied to differentiate between transcriptional and post-translational regulation. RESULTS Calcium-dependent calpain proteases, in particular calpain-2, are more abundant in glioblastoma compared to normal brain and increased in patient-matched initial and recurrent glioblastomas. On the cellular level, pharmacological calpain inhibition increased the sensitivities of primary glioblastoma cells towards TMZ. A genetic knockdown of calpain-2 in U251 cells led to increased caspase-3 cleavage and sensitivity to neocarzinostatin, which rapidly induces DNA strand breakage. We hypothesize that calpain-2 causes desensitization of tumor cells against TMZ by preventing strong DNA damage and subsequent apoptosis via post-translational TP53 inhibition. Indeed, proteomic comparison of U251 control vs. U251 calpain-2 knockdown cells highlights perturbed levels of numerous proteins involved in DNA damage response and downstream pathways affecting TP53 and NF-κB signaling. TP53 showed increased protein abundance, but no transcriptional regulation. CONCLUSION TMZ-induced cell death in the presence of calpain-2 expression appears to favor DNA repair and promote cell survival. We conclude from our experiments that calpain-2 expression represents a proteomic mode that is associated with higher resistance via "priming" GBM cells to TMZ chemotherapy. Thus, calpain-2 could serve as a prognostic factor for GBM outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Nicole Stillger
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chia-Yi Chen
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zon Weng Lai
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mujia Li
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schäfer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Pagenstecher
- Institute of Neuropathology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, CMBB, Marburg University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, CMBB, Marburg University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Walter Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, CMBB, Marburg University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany. .,Philipps-University Marburg, Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Tiek DM, Erdogdu B, Razaghi R, Jin L, Sadowski N, Alamillo-Ferrer C, Hogg JR, Haddad BR, Drewry DH, Wells CI, Pickett JE, Song X, Goenka A, Hu B, Goldlust SA, Zuercher WJ, Pertea M, Timp W, Cheng SY, Riggins RB. Temozolomide-induced guanine mutations create exploitable vulnerabilities of guanine-rich DNA and RNA regions in drug-resistant gliomas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3471. [PMID: 35731869 PMCID: PMC9216507 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is a chemotherapeutic agent that has been the first-line standard of care for the aggressive brain cancer glioblastoma (GBM) since 2005. Although initially beneficial, TMZ resistance is universal and second-line interventions are an unmet clinical need. Here, we took advantage of the known mechanism of action of TMZ to target guanines (G) and investigated G-rich G-quadruplex (G4) and splice site changes that occur upon TMZ resistance. We report that TMZ-resistant GBM has guanine mutations that disrupt the G-rich DNA G4s and splice sites that lead to deregulated alternative splicing. These alterations create vulnerabilities, which are selectively targeted by either the G4-stabilizing drug TMPyP4 or a novel splicing kinase inhibitor of cdc2-like kinase. Last, we show that the G4 and RNA binding protein EWSR1 aggregates in the cytoplasm in TMZ-resistant GBM cells and patient samples. Together, our findings provide insight into targetable vulnerabilities of TMZ-resistant GBM and present cytoplasmic EWSR1 as a putative biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M. Tiek
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Beril Erdogdu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Roham Razaghi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Norah Sadowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Carla Alamillo-Ferrer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J. Robert Hogg
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bassem R. Haddad
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Carrow I. Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Julie E. Pickett
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiao Song
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anshika Goenka
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Samuel A. Goldlust
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
| | - William J. Zuercher
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mihaela Pertea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Winston Timp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rebecca B. Riggins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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7
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Proto MC, Fiore D, Piscopo C, Laezza C, Bifulco M, Gazzerro P. Modified Adenosines Sensitize Glioblastoma Cells to Temozolomide by Affecting DNA Methyltransferases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:815646. [PMID: 35559231 PMCID: PMC9086827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.815646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor, and due to its unique features, its management is certainly one of the most challenging ones among all cancers. N6-isopentenyladenosine (IPA) and its analog N6-benzyladenosine (N6-BA) are modified nucleosides endowed with potent antitumor activity on different types of human cancers, including GBM. Corroborating our previous finding, we demonstrated that IPA and N6-BA affect GBM cell line proliferation by modulating the expression of the F-box WD repeat domain-containing-7 (FBXW7), a tumor suppressor with a crucial role in the turnover of many proteins, such as SREBPs and Mcl1, involved in malignant progression and chemoresistance. Luciferase assay revealed that IPA-mediated upregulation of FBXW7 translates in transcriptional inactivation of its oncogenic substrates (Myc, NFkB, or HIF-1α). Moreover, downregulating MGMT expression, IPA strongly enhances the killing effect of temozolomide (TMZ), producing a favorable sensitizing effect starting from a concentration range much lower than TMZ EC50. Through DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity assay, analysis of the global DNA methylation, and the histone modification profiles, we demonstrated that the modified adenosines behave similar to 5-AZA-dC, known DNMT inhibitor. Overall, our results provide new perspectives for the first time, suggesting the modified adenosines as epigenetic tools able to improve chemo- and radiotherapy efficacy in glioblastoma and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Chiara Piscopo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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8
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Wang L, Ren G, Lin B. Expression of 5-methylcytosine regulators is highly associated with the clinical phenotypes of prostate cancer and DNMTs expression predicts biochemical recurrence. Cancer Med 2021; 10:5681-5695. [PMID: 34227253 PMCID: PMC8366102 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with prostate cancer (PCa), there is a high rate of overdiagnosis and frequent overtreatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more accurate prediction of biochemical recurrence (BCR). DNA methylation regulation patterns play crucial roles in tumorigenicity, progression, and treatment efficacy in PCa. However, the global relationship between epigenetic alterations, changes in mRNA levels, and pathologic phenotypes of PCa remain largely undefined. Here, we conducted a systematic analysis to identify global coexpression and comethylation modules in PCa. We identified coregulated methylation and expression modules and the relationships between epigenetic modifications, tumor progression, and the corresponding immune microenvironment in PCa. Our results show that DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are strongly associated with pathologic phenotypes and immune infiltration patterns in PCa. We built a two-factor predictive model using the expression features of DNMT3B and DNMT1. The model was used to predict the BCR status of patients with PCa and achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 0.70 and 0.88 in the training and independent testing datasets, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- College of Life ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Systems Biology Division, Zhejiang California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI)Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Guoping Ren
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Biaoyang Lin
- College of Life ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Systems Biology Division, Zhejiang California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI)Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Department of UrologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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9
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Transcriptional Pausing and Activation at Exons-1 and -2, Respectively, Mediate the MGMT Gene Expression in Human Glioblastoma Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060888. [PMID: 34201219 PMCID: PMC8228370 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The therapeutically important DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is silenced by promoter methylation in human brain cancers. The co-players/regulators associated with this process and the subsequent progression of MGMT gene transcription beyond the non-coding exon 1 are unknown. As a follow-up to our recent finding of a predicted second promoter mapped proximal to the exon 2 [Int. J. Mol. Sci.2021, 22(5), 2492], we addressed its significance in MGMT transcription. Methods: RT-PCR, RT q-PCR, and nuclear run-on transcription assays were performed to compare and contrast the transcription rates of exon 1 and exon 2 of the MGMT gene in glioblastoma cells. Results: Bioinformatic characterization of the predicted MGMT exon 2 promoter showed several consensus TATA box and INR motifs and the absence of CpG islands in contrast to the established TATA-less, CpG-rich, and GAF-bindable exon 1 promoter. RT-PCR showed very weak MGMT-E1 expression in MGMT-proficient SF188 and T98G GBM cells, compared to active transcription of MGMT-E2. In the MGMT-deficient SNB-19 cells, the expression of both exons remained weak. The RT q-PCR revealed that MGMT-E2 and MGMT-E5 expression was about 80- to 175-fold higher than that of E1 in SF188 and T98G cells. Nuclear run-on transcription assays using bromo-uridine immunocapture followed by RT q-PCR confirmed the exceptionally lower and higher transcription rates for MGMT-E1 and MGMT-E2, respectively. Conclusions: The results provide the first evidence for transcriptional pausing at the promoter 1- and non-coding exon 1 junction of the human MGMT gene and its activation/elongation through the protein-coding exons 2 through 5, possibly mediated by a second promoter. The findings offer novel insight into the regulation of MGMT transcription in glioma and other cancer types.
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10
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Bacolod MD, Barany F. MGMT Epigenetics: The Influence of Gene Body Methylation and Other Insights Derived from Integrated Methylomic, Transcriptomic, and Chromatin Analyses in Various Cancer Types. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:360-374. [PMID: 33535955 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210203111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) is primarily responsible for limiting the activity of some widely used chemotherapeutic agents, including temozolomide (TMZ) and carmustine (BCNU). The gene encoding this protein is epigenetically regulated, and assessment of methylation at its promoter region is used to predict glioma patients' response to TMZ. METHODS In this report, we employed a bioinformatic approach to elucidate MGMT's epigenetic regulation. Integrated for the analysis were genome-wide methylation and transcription datasets for > 8,600 human tissue (representing 31 distinct cancer types) and 500 human cancer cell line samples. Also crucial to the interpretation of results were publicly available data from the ENCODE Project: tracks for histone modifications (via ChIP-seq) and DNase I hypersensitivity (via DNaseseq), as well as methylation and transcription data for representative cell lines (HeLa-S3, HMEC, K562). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We were able to validate (perhaps more comprehensively) the contrasting influences of CpG methylation at promoter region and at gene body on MGMT transcription. While the MGMT promoter is populated by CpG sites whose methylation levels displayed high negative correlation (R) with MGMT mRNA counts, the gene body harbors CpG sites exhibiting high positive R values. The promoter CpG sites with very high negative R's across cancer types include cg12981137, cg12434587, and cg00618725. Among the notable gene body CpG sites (high positive R's across cancer types) are cg00198994 (Intron 1), cg04473030 (Intron 2), and cg07367735 (Intron 4). For certain cancer types, such as melanoma, gene body methylation appears to be a better predictor of MGMT transcription (compared to promoter methylation). In general, the CpG methylation v. MGMT expression R values are higher in cell lines relative to tissues. Also, these correlations are noticeably more prominent in certain cancer types such as colorectal, adrenocortical, esophageal, skin, and head and neck cancers, as well as glioblastoma. As expected, hypomethylation at the promoter region is associated with more open chromatin, and enrichment of histone marks H3K4m1, H3K4m2, H3K4m3, and H3K9ac. CONCLUSION Overall, our analysis illustrated the contrasting influence of promoter and gene body methylation on MGMT expression. These observations may help improve diagnostic assays for MGMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manny D Bacolod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Francis Barany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
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11
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Genomic Space of MGMT in Human Glioma Revisited: Novel Motifs, Regulatory RNAs, NRF1, 2, and CTCF Involvement in Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052492. [PMID: 33801310 PMCID: PMC7958331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The molecular regulation of increased MGMT expression in human brain tumors, the associated regulatory elements, and linkages of these to its epigenetic silencing are not understood. Because the heightened expression or non-expression of MGMT plays a pivotal role in glioma therapeutics, we applied bioinformatics and experimental tools to identify the regulatory elements in the MGMT and neighboring EBF3 gene loci. Results: Extensive genome database analyses showed that the MGMT genomic space was rich in and harbored many undescribed RNA regulatory sequences and recognition motifs. We extended the MGMT’s exon-1 promoter to 2019 bp to include five overlapping alternate promoters. Consensus sequences in the revised promoter for (a) the transcriptional factors CTCF, NRF1/NRF2, GAF, (b) the genetic switch MYC/MAX/MAD, and (c) two well-defined p53 response elements in MGMT intron-1, were identified. A putative protein-coding or non-coding RNA sequence was located in the extended 3′ UTR of the MGMT transcript. Eleven non-coding RNA loci coding for miRNAs, antisense RNA, and lncRNAs were identified in the MGMT-EBF3 region and six of these showed validated potential for curtailing the expression of both MGMT and EBF3 genes. ChIP analysis verified the binding site in MGMT promoter for CTCF which regulates the genomic methylation and chromatin looping. CTCF depletion by a pool of specific siRNA and shRNAs led to a significant attenuation of MGMT expression in human GBM cell lines. Computational analysis of the ChIP sequence data in ENCODE showed the presence of NRF1 in the MGMT promoter and this occurred only in MGMT-proficient cell lines. Further, an enforced NRF2 expression markedly augmented the MGMT mRNA and protein levels in glioma cells. Conclusions: We provide the first evidence for several new regulatory components in the MGMT gene locus which predict complex transcriptional and posttranscriptional controls with potential for new therapeutic avenues.
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12
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Wang L, Mohammadnejad A, Li W, Lund J, Li S, Clemmensen S, Timofeeva M, Soerensen M, Mengel-From J, Christensen K, Hjelmborg J, Tan Q. Genetic and environmental determinants of O 6-methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) gene methylation: a 10-year longitudinal study of Danish twins. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:35. [PMID: 33588926 PMCID: PMC7885436 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic inactivation of O6-methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) is associated with increased sensitivity to alkylating chemotherapeutic agents in glioblastoma patients. The genetic background underlying MGMT gene methylation may explain individual differences in treatment response and provide a clue to a personalized treatment strategy. Making use of the longitudinal twin design, we aimed, for the first time, to estimate the genetic contributions to MGMT methylation in a Danish twin cohort. METHODS DNA-methylation from whole blood (18 monozygotic (MZ) and 25 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs) repeated 10 years apart from the Longitudinal Study of Aging Danish Twins (LSADT) were used to search for genetic and environmental contributions to DNA-methylation at 170 CpG sites of across the MGMT gene. Both univariate and bivariate twin models were applied. The intraclass correlations, performed on cross-sectional data (246 MZ twin pairs) from an independent study population, the Middle-Aged Danish Twins (MADT), were used to assess the genetic influence at each CpG site of MGMT for replication. RESULTS Univariate twin model revealed twelve CpG sites showing significantly high heritability at intake (wave 1, h2 > 0.43), and seven CpG sites with significant heritability estimates at end of follow-up (wave 2, h2 > 0.5). There were six significant CpG sites, located at the gene body region, that overlapped among the two waves (h2 > 0.5), of which five remained significant in the bivariate twin model, which was applied to both waves. Within MZ pair correlation in these six CpGs from MADT demarks top level of genetic influence. There were 11 CpGs constantly have substantial common environmental component over the 10 years. CONCLUSIONS We have identified 6 CpG sites linked to the MGMT gene with strong and persistent genetic control based on their DNA methylation levels. The genetic basis of MGMT gene methylation could help to explain individual differences in glioblastoma treatment response and most importantly, provide references for mapping the methylation Quantitative Trait Loci (meQTL) underlying the genetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wang
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Afsaneh Mohammadnejad
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Weilong Li
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesper Lund
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Digital Health and Machine Learning Research Group, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Shuxia Li
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Signe Clemmensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Maria Timofeeva
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Mette Soerensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Mengel-From
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hjelmborg
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Qihua Tan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9 B., 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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13
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Lakis V, Lawlor RT, Newell F, Patch AM, Mafficini A, Sadanandam A, Koufariotis LT, Johnston RL, Leonard C, Wood S, Rusev B, Corbo V, Luchini C, Cingarlini S, Landoni L, Salvia R, Milella M, Chang D, Bailey P, Jamieson NB, Duthie F, Gingras MC, Muzny DM, Wheeler DA, Gibbs RA, Milione M, Pederzoli P, Samra JS, Gill AJ, Johns AL, Pearson JV, Biankin AV, Grimmond SM, Waddell N, Nones K, Scarpa A. DNA methylation patterns identify subgroups of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with clinical association. Commun Biol 2021; 4:155. [PMID: 33536587 PMCID: PMC7859232 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the DNA methylation profile of 84 sporadic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) with associated clinical and genomic information. We identified three subgroups of PanNETs, termed T1, T2 and T3, with distinct patterns of methylation. The T1 subgroup was enriched for functional tumors and ATRX, DAXX and MEN1 wild-type genotypes. The T2 subgroup contained tumors with mutations in ATRX, DAXX and MEN1 and recurrent patterns of chromosomal losses in half of the genome with no association between regions with recurrent loss and methylation levels. T2 tumors were larger and had lower methylation in the MGMT gene body, which showed positive correlation with gene expression. The T3 subgroup harboured mutations in MEN1 with recurrent loss of chromosome 11, was enriched for grade G1 tumors and showed histological parameters associated with better prognosis. Our results suggest a role for methylation in both driving tumorigenesis and potentially stratifying prognosis in PanNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lakis
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- ARC-Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Felicity Newell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Andrea Mafficini
- ARC-Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Anguraj Sadanandam
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lambros T Koufariotis
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Johnston
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Conrad Leonard
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Scott Wood
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Borislav Rusev
- ARC-Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- ARC-Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
- Section of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchini
- ARC-Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
- Section of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Cingarlini
- ENETS Center of Excellence, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Landoni
- ENETS Center of Excellence, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
- The Pancreas Institute, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Salvia
- ENETS Center of Excellence, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
- The Pancreas Institute, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- ENETS Center of Excellence, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - David Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G4 OSF, UK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - Peter Bailey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Nigel B Jamieson
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G4 OSF, UK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - Fraser Duthie
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Greater Glasgow & Clyde NHS, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Marie-Claude Gingras
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS226, Houston, Texas, 77030-3411, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery and The Elkins Pancreas Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS226, Houston, Texas, 77030-3411, USA
| | - David A Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS226, Houston, Texas, 77030-3411, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS226, Houston, Texas, 77030-3411, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Massimo Milione
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Anthony J Gill
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - Amber L Johns
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - John V Pearson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sean M Grimmond
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Katia Nones
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia.
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy.
- Section of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
- ENETS Center of Excellence, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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14
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Han W, Yu F, Cao J, Dong B, Guan W, Shi J. Valproic Acid Enhanced Apoptosis by Promoting Autophagy Via Akt/mTOR Signaling in Glioma. Cell Transplant 2020; 29:963689720981878. [PMID: 33356493 PMCID: PMC7873763 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720981878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignant tumor in the central nervous system with a poor median survival. Valproic acid (VPA), a widely used antiepileptic drug, has been found to have antitumor effects on gliomas, but its role still has not been determined. In this study, we investigated VPA-induced apoptotic and autophagic effects on human U251 and SNB19 cells by cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling staining, western blots, and immunofluorescence assay in vitro, and then we further explored the role of autophagy in apoptosis by using the selective antagonist MHY1485. The data showed that VPA inhibited U251 and SNB19 glioma cells viability in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis through the mitochondria-dependent pathway in vitro. In addition, VPA activated the Akt/mTOR pathway by decreasing their protein phosphorylation to promote cellular apoptosis. Surprisingly, the mTOR agonist MHY1485, causing a strong elevation of mTOR activity, partially reduced apoptosis ratio, which supposing that the autophagy of VPA is involved in the regulation of apoptosis. These findings suggest that VPA enhanced apoptosis by promoting autophagy via Akt/mTOR signaling in glioma, which could be further evaluated as a reliable therapy for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Fan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Jiachao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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15
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Sahli F, Courcelle M, Palama T, Djaker N, Savarin P, Spadavecchia J. Temozolomide, Gemcitabine, and Decitabine Hybrid Nanoconjugates: From Design to Proof-of-Concept (PoC) of Synergies toward the Understanding of Drug Impact on Human Glioblastoma Cells. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7410-7421. [PMID: 32524814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper emphasizes the synthesis of novel hybrid drug nanoparticles (Hyb-D-AuNPs) based on gold-temozolomide (TMZ) complexes combined with gemcitabine (GEM) and decitabine (DAC) to improve the efficiency and reduce the resistance of U87 malignant glial cells against TMZ. All products were evaluated by several spectroscopic techniques (Raman, UV-Vis) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Besides, for therapeutic purposes, the effect of these nanoparticles on cell proliferation and toxicity was evaluated, which clearly showed a synergic action of TMZ and GEM. Through the analysis of the exometabolome by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the metabolic changes in the culture medium were measured in glial cells. Moreover, these nanoparticles are especially appropriated to the thermal destruction of cancer in the case of photothermal therapy due to their photothermal heating properties. This study presents an original chemical approach that it could play a central role in the field of nanomedicine, with novel perspectives for the development of new drugs and active targeting in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaous Sahli
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CNRS, NBD-CSPBAT, UMR 7244, Bobigny 93000, France
| | - Manon Courcelle
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CNRS, NBD-CSPBAT, UMR 7244, Bobigny 93000, France
| | - Tony Palama
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CNRS, NBD-CSPBAT, UMR 7244, Bobigny 93000, France
| | - Nadia Djaker
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CNRS, NBD-CSPBAT, UMR 7244, Bobigny 93000, France
| | - Philippe Savarin
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CNRS, NBD-CSPBAT, UMR 7244, Bobigny 93000, France
| | - Jolanda Spadavecchia
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Structures et Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CNRS, NBD-CSPBAT, UMR 7244, Bobigny 93000, France
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16
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Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpun P, De Loose A, Alkam D, Ussery DW, Nookaew I, Leung YK, Ho SM, Day JD, Rodriguez A. A novel Cas9-targeted long-read assay for simultaneous detection of IDH1/2 mutations and clinically relevant MGMT methylation in fresh biopsies of diffuse glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:87. [PMID: 32563269 PMCID: PMC7305623 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers provide both diagnostic and prognostic results for patients with diffuse glioma, the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Here, we used a long-read nanopore-based sequencing technique to simultaneously assess IDH mutation status and MGMT methylation level in 4 human cell lines and 8 fresh human brain tumor biopsies. Currently, these biomarkers are assayed separately, and results can take days to weeks. We demonstrated the use of nanopore Cas9-targeted sequencing (nCATS) to identify IDH1 and IDH2 mutations within 36 h and compared this approach against currently used clinical methods. nCATS was also able to simultaneously provide high-resolution evaluation of MGMT methylation levels not only at the promoter region, as with currently used methods, but also at CpGs across the proximal promoter region, the entirety of exon 1, and a portion of intron 1. We compared the methylation levels of all CpGs to MGMT expression in all cell lines and tumors and observed a positive correlation between intron 1 methylation and MGMT expression. Finally, we identified single nucleotide variants in 3 target loci. This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of using nCATS as a clinical tool for cancer precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Annick De Loose
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Duah Alkam
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - David W Ussery
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - John D Day
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Analiz Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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17
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Butler M, Pongor L, Su YT, Xi L, Raffeld M, Quezado M, Trepel J, Aldape K, Pommier Y, Wu J. MGMT Status as a Clinical Biomarker in Glioblastoma. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:380-391. [PMID: 32348734 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Although current standard therapy extends median survival to ~15 months, most patients do not have a sustained response to treatment. While O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG)-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status is accepted as a prognostic and promising predictive biomarker in glioblastoma, its value in informing treatment decisions for glioblastoma patients remains debatable. Discrepancies between MGMT promoter methylation status and treatment response in some patients may stem from inconsistencies between MGMT methylation and expression levels in glioblastoma. Here, we discuss MGMT as a biomarker and elucidate the discordance between MGMT methylation, expression, and patient outcome, which currently challenges the implementation of this biomarker in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Butler
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lorinc Pongor
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Su
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Liqiang Xi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martha Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jane Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jing Wu
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Epigenetic preconditioning with decitabine sensitizes glioblastoma to temozolomide via induction of MLH1. J Neurooncol 2020; 147:557-566. [PMID: 32193690 PMCID: PMC7256087 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To improve the standard treatment paradigm for glioblastoma (GBM), efforts have been made to explore the efficacy of epigenetic agents as chemosensitizers. Recent data suggest possible synergy between decitabine (DAC), a DNA hypomethylating agent, and temozolomide (TMZ) in GBM, but the mechanism remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of DAC on TMZ sensitization in a consecutively derived set of primary GBM cultures, with a focus on mismatch repair (MMR) proteins. METHODS Half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of TMZ were calculated in eleven consecutive patient-derived GBM cell lines before and after preconditioning with DAC. MMR protein expression changes were determined by quantitative immunoblots and qPCR arrays. Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing of bisulfite (BS)-converted PCR amplicons of the MLH1 promoter was performed to determine methylation status. RESULTS TMZ IC50 significantly changed in 6 of 11 GBM lines of varying MGMT promoter methylation status in response to DAC preconditioning. Knockdown of MLH1 after preconditioning reversed TMZ sensitization. SMRT-BS sequencing of the MLH1 promoter region revealed higher levels of baseline methylation at proximal CpGs in desensitized lines compared to sensitized lines. CONCLUSIONS DAC enhances TMZ cytotoxicity in a subset of GBM cell lines, comprising lines both MGMT methylated and unmethylated tumors. This effect may be driven by levels of MLH1 via E2F1 transcription factor binding. Using unbiased long-range next-generation bisulfite-sequencing, we identified a region of the proximal MLH1 promoter with differential methylation patterns that has potential utility as a clinical biomarker for TMZ sensitization.
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Xia H, Avci NG, Akay Y, Esquenazi Y, Schmitt LH, Tandon N, Zhu JJ, Akay M. Temozolomide in Combination With NF-κB Inhibitor Significantly Disrupts the Glioblastoma Multiforme Spheroid Formation. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1:9-16. [PMID: 35402955 PMCID: PMC8983150 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2019.2962801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, accounting for 50% of all cases. GBM patients have a five-year survival rate of merely 5.6% and a median overall survival of 14.6 months with the "Stupp" regimen, 20.9 months with tumor treatment fields (TTF, OptuneR) in patients who participated in clinical trials, and 11 months for all GBM patients prior to TTF use. Objective: Our group recently developed a brain cancer chip which generates tumor spheroids, and provides large-scale assessments on the response of tumor cells to various concentrations and combinations of drugs. This platform could optimize the use of tumor samples derived from GBM patients to provide valuable insight on the tumor growth and responses to drug therapies. To minimize any sample loss in vitro, we improved our brain cancer chip system by adding an additional laminar flow distribution layer, which reduces sample loss during cell seeding and prevents spheroids from escaping from the microwells. Methods: In this study, we cultured 3D spheroids from GBM cell lines and patient-derived GBM cells in vitro, and investigated the effect of the combination of Temozolomide and nuclear factor-κB inhibitor on tumor growth. Results: Our study revealed that these drugs have synergistic effects in inhibiting spheroid formation when used in combination. Conclusions: These results suggest that the brain cancer chip enables large-scale, inexpensive and sample-effective drug screening to 3D cancer tumors in vitro, and could be applied to related tissue engineering drug screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77204USA
| | - Naze G. Avci
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77204USA
| | - Yasemin Akay
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77204USA
| | - Yoshua Esquenazi
- Mischer Neuroscience Associates and the Vivian L. Smith Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, UTHealth and Memorial HermannHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Lisa H. Schmitt
- Mischer Neuroscience Associates and the Vivian L. Smith Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, UTHealth and Memorial HermannHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Mischer Neuroscience Associates and the Vivian L. Smith Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, UTHealth and Memorial HermannHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Jay-Jiguang Zhu
- Mischer Neuroscience Associates and the Vivian L. Smith Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, UTHealth and Memorial HermannHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Metin Akay
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77204USA
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20
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Park JW, Turcan Ş. Epigenetic Reprogramming for Targeting IDH-Mutant Malignant Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101616. [PMID: 31652645 PMCID: PMC6826741 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the epigenome has been considered a compelling treatment modality for several cancers, including gliomas. Nearly 80% of the lower-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas harbor recurrent mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). Mutant IDH generates high levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) that inhibit various components of the epigenetic machinery, including histone and DNA demethylases. The encouraging results from current epigenetic therapies in hematological malignancies have reinvigorated the interest in solid tumors and gliomas, both preclinically and clinically. Here, we summarize the recent advancements in epigenetic therapy for lower-grade gliomas and discuss the challenges associated with current treatment options. A particular focus is placed on therapeutic mechanisms underlying favorable outcome with epigenetic-based drugs in basic and translational research of gliomas. This review also highlights emerging bridges to combination treatment with respect to epigenetic drugs. Given that epigenetic therapies, particularly DNA methylation inhibitors, increase tumor immunogenicity and antitumor immune responses, appropriate drug combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors may lead to improvement of treatment effectiveness of immunotherapy, ultimately leading to tumor cell eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Whi Park
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Şevin Turcan
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Patties I, Kallendrusch S, Böhme L, Kendzia E, Oppermann H, Gaunitz F, Kortmann RD, Glasow A. The Chk1 inhibitor SAR-020106 sensitizes human glioblastoma cells to irradiation, to temozolomide, and to decitabine treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:420. [PMID: 31639020 PMCID: PMC6805470 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive brain tumour in adults with a median overall survival of only 14 months after standard therapy with radiation therapy (IR) and temozolomide (TMZ). In a novel multimodal treatment approach we combined the checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitor SAR-020106 (SAR), disrupting homologue recombination, with standard DNA damage inducers (IR, TMZ) and the epigenetic/cytotoxic drug decitabine (5-aza-2′-deoxycitidine, 5-aza-dC). Different in vitro glioblastoma models are monitored to evaluate if the impaired DNA damage repair may chemo/radiosensitize the tumour cells. Methods Human p53-mutated (p53-mut) and -wildtype (p53-wt) glioblastoma cell lines (p53-mut: LN405, T98G; p53-wt: A172, DBTRG) and primary glioblastoma cells (p53-mut: P0297; p53-wt: P0306) were treated with SAR combined with TMZ, 5-aza-dC, and/or IR and analysed for induction of apoptosis (AnnexinV and sub-G1 assay), cell cycle distribution (nuclear PI staining), DNA damage (alkaline comet or gH2A.X assay), proliferation inhibition (BrdU assay), reproductive survival (clonogenic assay), and potential tumour stem cells (nestinpos/GFAPneg fluorescence staining). Potential treatment-induced neurotoxicity was evaluated on nestin-positive neural progenitor cells in a murine entorhinal-hippocampal slice culture model. Results SAR showed radiosensitizing effects on the induction of apoptosis and on the reduction of long-term survival in p53-mut and p53-wt glioblastoma cell lines and primary cells. In p53-mut cells, this effect was accompanied by an abrogation of the IR-induced G2/M arrest and an enhancement of IR-induced DNA damage by SAR treatment. Also TMZ and 5-aza-dC acted radioadditively albeit to a lesser extent. The multimodal treatment achieved the most effective reduction of clonogenicity in all tested cell lines and did not affect the ratio of nestinpos/GFAPneg cells. No neurotoxic effects were detected when the number of nestin-positive neural progenitor cells remained unchanged after multimodal treatment. Conclusion The Chk1 inhibitor SAR-020106 is a potent sensitizer for DNA damage-induced cell death in glioblastoma therapy strongly reducing clonogenicity of tumour cells. Selectively enhanced p53-mut cell death may provide stronger responses in tumours defective of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Our results suggest that a multimodal therapy involving DNA damage inducers and DNA repair inhibitors might be an effective anti-tumour strategy with a low risk of neurotoxicity.
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Dehydroepiandrosterone Induces Temozolomide Resistance Through Modulating Phosphorylation and Acetylation of Sp1 in Glioblastoma. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2301-2313. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Gutierrez R, Thompson Y, R. O’Connor T. DNA direct repair pathways in cancer. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2018.3.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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24
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Liu Z, Feng Q, Sun P, Lu Y, Yang M, Zhang X, Jin X, Li Y, Lu SJ, Quan C. Genome-wide DNA methylation drives human embryonic stem cell erythropoiesis by remodeling gene expression dynamics. Epigenomics 2017; 9:1543-1558. [PMID: 29135282 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of DNA methylation during erythrocyte production by human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). METHODS We employed an erythroid differentiation model from hESCs, and then tracked the genome-wide DNA methylation maps and gene expression patterns through an Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip and an Ilumina Human HT-12 v4 Expression Beadchip, respectively. RESULTS A negative correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression was substantially enriched during the later differentiation stage and was present in both the promoter and the gene body. Moreover, erythropoietic genes with differentially methylated CpG sites that were primarily enriched in nonisland regions were upregulated, and demethylation of their gene bodies was associated with the presence of enhancers and DNase I hypersensitive sites. Finally, the components of JAK-STAT-NF-κB signaling were DNA hypomethylated and upregulated, which targets the key genes for erythropoiesis. CONCLUSION Erythroid lineage commitment by hESCs requires genome-wide DNA methylation modifications to remodel gene expression dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Affiliated with Qingdao University, 1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Vcanbio Center for Translational Biotechnology, 21 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Pengpeng Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Center Medical Group, Affiliated with Qingdao University, 127 Siliunan Road, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Minlan Yang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Affiliated with Shandong University, 54 Gongqingtuan Road, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangshu Jin
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shi-Jiang Lu
- Vcanbio Center for Translational Biotechnology, 21 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Chengshi Quan
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun 130021, China
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25
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Johnson KC, Houseman EA, King JE, von Herrmann KM, Fadul CE, Christensen BC. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine localizes to enhancer elements and is associated with survival in glioblastoma patients. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13177. [PMID: 27886174 PMCID: PMC5133638 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas exhibit widespread molecular alterations including a highly distorted epigenome. Here, we resolve genome-wide 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in glioblastoma through parallel processing of DNA with bisulfite and oxidative bisulfite treatments. We apply a statistical algorithm to estimate 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and unmethylated proportions from methylation array data. We show that 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is depleted in glioblastoma compared with prefrontal cortex tissue. In addition, the genomic localization of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in glioblastoma is associated with features of dynamic cell-identity regulation such as tissue-specific transcription and super-enhancers. Annotation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine genomic distribution reveal significant associations with RNA regulatory processes, immune function, stem cell maintenance and binding sites of transcription factors that drive cellular proliferation. In addition, model-based clustering results indicate that patients with low-5-hydroxymethylcytosine patterns have significantly poorer overall survival. Our results demonstrate that 5-hydroxymethylcytosine patterns are strongly related with transcription, localizes to disease-critical genes and are associated with patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
| | - E Andres Houseman
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Jessica E King
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
| | - Katharine M von Herrmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
| | - Camilo E Fadul
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Brock C Christensen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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26
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Decitabine Treatment of Glioma-Initiating Cells Enhances Immune Recognition and Killing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162105. [PMID: 27579489 PMCID: PMC5007044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are aggressive brain tumours with very poor prognosis. The majority of glioma cells are differentiated (glioma-differentiated cells: GDCs), whereas the smaller population (glioma-initiating cells, GICs) is undifferentiated and resistant to conventional therapies. Therefore, to better target this pool of heterogeneous cells, a combination of diverse therapeutic approaches is envisaged. Here we investigated whether the immunosensitising properties of the hypomethylating agent decitabine can be extended to GICs. Using the murine GL261 cell line, we demonstrate that decitabine augments the expression of the death receptor FAS both on GDCs and GICs. Interestingly, it had a higher impact on GICs and correlated with an enhanced sensitivity to FASL-mediated cell death. Moreover, the expression of other critical molecules involved in cognate recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, MHCI and ICAM-1, was upregulated by decitabine treatment. Consequently, T-cell mediated killing of both GDCs and GICs was enhanced, as was T cell proliferation after reactivation. Overall, although GICs are described to resist classical therapies, our study shows that hypomethylating agents have the potential to enhance glioma cell recognition and subsequent destruction by immune cells, regardless of their differentiation status. These results support the development of combinatorial treatment modalities including epigenetic modulation together with immunotherapy in order to treat heterogenous malignancies such as glioblastoma.
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27
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Ji H, Wang Y, Jiang D, Liu G, Xu X, Dai D, Zhou X, Cui W, Li J, Chen Z, Li Y, Zhou D, Zha Q, Zhuo R, Jiang L, Liu Y, Shen L, Zhang B, Xu L, Hu H, Zhang Y, Yin H, Duan S, Wang Q. Elevated DRD4 promoter methylation increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease in males. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2732-8. [PMID: 27485706 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes is associated with various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The goal of the present study was to determine whether dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) promoter methylation is associated with AD. In the current study, the methylation levels of the DRD4 promoter were measured in 46 AD patients and 61 controls using bisulfite pyrosequencing technology. The results of the present study demonstrated that DRD4 promoter methylation was significantly higher in AD patients than in controls. A further breakdown analysis by gender revealed that there was a significant association of DRD4 promoter methylation with AD in males (23 patients and 45 controls). In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that elevated DRD4 promoter methylation was associated with AD risk in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Ji
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yunliang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The 148 Central Hospital of PLA, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Danjie Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Guili Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xuting Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Dongjun Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine for Cadres, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The 148 Central Hospital of PLA, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Geriatric Department, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Geriatric Department, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Geriatric Department, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zha
- Geriatric Department, The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315200, P.R. China
| | - Renjie Zhuo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Liting Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Lili Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Haochang Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yuzheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The 148 Central Hospital of PLA, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Yin
- Department of Neurology, The 148 Central Hospital of PLA, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Qinwen Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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Erasimus H, Gobin M, Niclou S, Van Dyck E. DNA repair mechanisms and their clinical impact in glioblastoma. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 769:19-35. [PMID: 27543314 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite surgical resection and genotoxic treatment with ionizing radiation and the DNA alkylating agent temozolomide, glioblastoma remains one of the most lethal cancers, due in great part to the action of DNA repair mechanisms that drive resistance and tumor relapse. Understanding the molecular details of these mechanisms and identifying potential pharmacological targets have emerged as vital tasks to improve treatment. In this review, we introduce the various cellular systems and animal models that are used in studies of DNA repair in glioblastoma. We summarize recent progress in our knowledge of the pathways and factors involved in the removal of DNA lesions induced by ionizing radiation and temozolomide. We introduce the therapeutic strategies relying on DNA repair inhibitors that are currently being tested in vitro or in clinical trials, and present the challenges raised by drug delivery across the blood brain barrier as well as new opportunities in this field. Finally, we review the genetic and epigenetic alterations that help shape the DNA repair makeup of glioblastoma cells, and discuss their potential therapeutic impact and implications for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Erasimus
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Matthieu Gobin
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Simone Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Eric Van Dyck
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Lakshminarasimhan R, Liang G. The Role of DNA Methylation in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 945:151-172. [PMID: 27826838 PMCID: PMC7409375 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43624-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The malignant transformation of normal cells is driven by both genetic and epigenetic changes. With the advent of next-generation sequencing and large-scale multinational consortium studies, it has become possible to profile the genomes and epigenomes of thousands of primary tumors from nearly every cancer type. From these genome-wide studies, it became clear that the dynamic regulation of DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mechanism of cancer initiation, maintenance, and progression. Proper control of DNA methylation is not only crucial for regulating gene transcription, but its broader consequences include maintaining the integrity of the genome and modulating immune response. Here, we describe the aberrant DNA methylation changes that take place in cancer and how they contribute to the disease phenotype. Further, we highlight potential clinical implications of these changes in the context of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjani Lakshminarasimhan
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Gangning Liang
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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30
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Moen EL, Mariani CJ, Zullow H, Jeff-Eke M, Litwin E, Nikitas JN, Godley LA. New themes in the biological functions of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Immunol Rev 2015; 263:36-49. [PMID: 25510270 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) play a critical role in development and normal physiology. Alterations in 5-mC and 5-hmC patterns are common events in hematopoietic neoplasms. In this review, we begin by emphasizing the importance of 5-mC, 5-hmC, and their enzymatic modifiers in hematological malignancies. Then, we discuss the functions of 5-mC and 5-hmC at distinct genic contexts, including promoter regions, gene bodies, intron-exon boundaries, alternative promoters, and intragenic microRNAs. Recent advances in technology have allowed for the study of 5-mC and 5-hmC independently and specifically permitting distinction between the bases that show them to have transcriptional effects that vary by their location relative to gene structure. We extend these observations to their functions at enhancers and transcription factor binding sites. We discuss dietary influences on 5-mC and 5-hmC levels and summarize the literature on the effects of folate and vitamin C on 5-mC and 5-hmC, respectively. Finally, we discuss how these new themes in the functions of 5-mC and 5-hmC will likely influence the broader research field of epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Moen
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Prognosis for patients with glioblastoma continues to be limited, despite an aggressive, multimodal treatment including alkylating chemotherapy. Temozolomide, the most widely used alkylating agent in glioblastoma, is cytotoxic to cells by inducing DNA damage but can be rapidly repaired by the protein O (6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). In a subset of glioblastomas, the MGMT promoter is methylated, impairing the repair mechanism and conferring chemosensitivity. However, MGMT is overexpressed in 60 % of glioblastomas providing an inherent resistance to alkylating agents and challenging the role of temozolomide in this population. This article reviews the data establishing MGMT promoter methylation as a prognostic factor in glioblastoma and its potential role as a predictor of temozolomide response. It focuses on results from recent studies in newly diagnosed glioblastoma, and the role of temozolomide in MGMT-unmethylated patients. We then turn the discussion to alternatives to temozolomide for newly diagnosed patients as well as therapeutic options at the time of recurrence.
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Zhang W, Gamazon ER, Zhang X, Konkashbaev A, Liu C, Szilágyi KL, Dolan ME, Cox NJ. SCAN database: facilitating integrative analyses of cytosine modification and expression QTL. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2015; 2015:bav025. [PMID: 25818895 PMCID: PMC4375357 DOI: 10.1093/database/bav025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functional annotation of genetic variants including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variations (CNV) promises to greatly improve our understanding of human complex traits. Previous transcriptomic studies involving individuals from different global populations have investigated the genetic architecture of gene expression variation by mapping expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). Functional interpretation of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has identified enrichment of eQTL in top signals from GWAS of human complex traits. The SCAN (SNP and CNV Annotation) database was developed as a web-based resource of genetical genomic studies including eQTL detected in the HapMap lymphoblastoid cell line samples derived from apparently healthy individuals of European and African ancestry. Considering the critical roles of epigenetic gene regulation, cytosine modification quantitative trait loci (mQTL) are expected to add a crucial layer of annotation to existing functional genomic information. Here, we describe the new features of the SCAN database that integrate comprehensive mQTL mapping results generated in the HapMap CEU (Caucasian residents from Utah, USA) and YRI (Yoruba people from Ibadan, Nigeria) LCL samples and demonstrate the utility of the enhanced functional annotation system. Database URL:http://www.scandb.org/
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eric R Gamazon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anuar Konkashbaev
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Keely L Szilágyi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - M Eileen Dolan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Cui Y, Naz A, Thompson DH, Irudayaraj J. Decitabine nanoconjugate sensitizes human glioblastoma cells to temozolomide. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1279-88. [PMID: 25751281 DOI: 10.1021/mp500815b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and characterized a delivery system for the epigenetic demethylating drug, decitabine, to sensitize temozolomide-resistant human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells to alkylating chemotherapy. A poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based nanoconjugate was fabricated to encapsulate decitabine and achieved a better therapeutic response in GBM cells than that with the free drug. After synthesis, the highly efficient uptake process and intracellular dynamics of this nanoconjugate were monitored by single-molecule fluorescence tools. Our experiments demonstrated that, under an acidic pH due to active glycolysis in cancer cells, the PLGA-PEG nanovector could release the conjugated decitabine at a faster rate, after which the hydrolyzed lactic acid and glycolic acid would further acidify the intracellular microenvironment, thus providing positive feedback to increase the effective drug concentration and realize growth inhibition. In temozolomide-resistant GBM cells, decitabine can potentiate the cytotoxic DNA alkylation by counteracting cytosine methylation and reactivating tumor suppressor genes, such as p53 and p21. Owing to the excellent internalization and endolysosomal escape enabled by the PLGA-PEG backbone, the encapsulated decitabine exhibited a better anti-GBM potential than that of free drug molecules. Hence, the synthesized nanoconjugate and temozolomide could act in synergy to deliver a more potent and long-term antiproliferative effect against malignant GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asia Naz
- ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Vasanthakumar A, Godley LA. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cancer: significance in diagnosis and therapy. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:167-77. [PMID: 25892122 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging data have demonstrated that 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and its oxidized products 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5-fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5-CaC) play unique roles in several biological processes, including the control of gene expression and in the pathogenesis of cancer. In this review, we focus on 5-hmC and the disruption of its distribution in several cancers, including hematological malignancies and solid tumors. We present an outline of how 5-hmC is closely associated with metabolic pathways and may be the missing link connecting epigenetics with metabolism in the context of cancer cells. Finally, we discuss the diagnostic and prognostic importance of 5-mC and 5-hmC patterning, and how we may be able to establish new paradigms in cancer therapy based on these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Vasanthakumar
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lucy A Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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35
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Mur P, Rodríguez de Lope Á, Díaz-Crespo FJ, Hernández-Iglesias T, Ribalta T, Fiaño C, García JF, Rey JA, Mollejo M, Meléndez B. Impact on prognosis of the regional distribution of MGMT methylation with respect to the CpG island methylator phenotype and age in glioma patients. J Neurooncol 2015; 122:441-50. [PMID: 25682093 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and molecular prognostic factors in gliomas include age, IDH mutation, the glioma CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP+) and promoter methylation of the O(6)-methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) gene. Among these markers, a predictive value was reported in glioblastomas (GBM) for MGMT promoter methylation, in particular in elderly GBM patients. In this study, methylation data from 46 glioma samples with the Illumina 450K platform were obtained and extended using external data to include a total of 247 glioma samples. Methylation analysis of the whole MGMT gene with this platform revealed two strongly survival-associated CpG regions within the promoter and the gene body, which were confirmed in a reported dataset of high grade-gliomas. Methylation at the promoter (CpG 25, cg12981137 and the prognostic model MGMT-STP27) and at the gene body CpG 165 (cg07933035), were significantly associated with better overall survival, and strongly correlated with G-CIMP+ status. In this series, the prognostic value of MGMT methylation at the promoter was not observed in G-CIMP- cases, although around 50 % of them were MGMT-methylated. These results were also obtained in an homogeneously-treated series of chemoradiated G-CIMP- GBMs analyzed by MSP and qMSP, and confirmed in a reported pyrosequencing-analyzed series of gliomas. Interestingly, in contrast to the MGMT promoter, gene body methylation was of prognostic value in G-CIMP-patients older than 65 years. Our study highlights the relevance of the prognostic value of the different regions of methylation throughout the MGMT gene that could be affected by specific G-CIMP profiles and age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Mur
- Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Virgen de la Salud Hospital, Avda Barber 30, 45004, Toledo, Spain
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Abstract
A role for somatic mutations in carcinogenesis is well accepted, but the degree to which mutation rates influence cancer initiation and development is under continuous debate. Recently accumulated genomic data have revealed that thousands of tumour samples are riddled by hypermutation, broadening support for the idea that many cancers acquire a mutator phenotype. This major expansion of cancer mutation data sets has provided unprecedented statistical power for the analysis of mutation spectra, which has confirmed several classical sources of mutation in cancer, highlighted new prominent mutation sources (such as apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) enzymes) and empowered the search for cancer drivers. The confluence of cancer mutation genomics and mechanistic insight provides great promise for understanding the basic development of cancer through mutations.
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37
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Kim SS, Rait A, Kim E, Pirollo KF, Chang EH. A tumor-targeting p53 nanodelivery system limits chemoresistance to temozolomide prolonging survival in a mouse model of glioblastoma multiforme. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 11:301-11. [PMID: 25240597 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Development of temozolomide (TMZ) resistance contributes to the poor prognosis for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. It was previously demonstrated that delivery of exogenous wild-type tumor suppressor gene p53 via a tumor-targeted nanocomplex (SGT-53) which crosses the blood-brain barrier could sensitize highly TMZ-resistant GBM tumors to TMZ. Here we assessed whether SGT-53 could inhibit development of TMZ resistance. SGT-53 significantly chemosensitized TMZ-sensitive human GBM cell lines (U87 and U251), in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, in an intracranial GBM tumor model, two cycles of concurrent treatment with systemically administered SGT-53 and TMZ inhibited tumor growth, increased apoptosis and most importantly, significantly prolonged median survival. In contrast TMZ alone had no significant effect on median survival compared to a single cycle of TMZ. These results suggest that combining SGT-53 with TMZ appears to limit development of TMZ resistance, prolonging its anti-tumor effect and could be a more effective therapy for GBM. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Using human glioblastoma multiforma cell lines, this research team demonstrated that the delivery of exogenous wild-type tumor suppressor gene p53 via a tumor-targeted nanocomplex limited the development of temozolomide resistance and prolonged its anti-tumor effect, which may enable future human application of this or similar techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Antonina Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric Kim
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Esther H Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Abstract
Many patients with malignant gliomas do not respond to alkylating agent chemotherapy. Alkylator resistance of glioma cells is mainly mediated by the DNA repair enzyme O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Epigenetic silencing of the MGMT gene by promoter methylation in glioma cells compromises this DNA repair mechanism and increases chemosensitivity. MGMT promoter methylation is, therefore, a strong prognostic biomarker in paediatric and adult patients with glioblastoma treated with temozolomide. Notably, elderly patients (>65-70 years) with glioblastoma whose tumours lack MGMT promoter methylation derive minimal benefit from such chemotherapy. Thus, MGMT promoter methylation status has become a frequently requested laboratory test in neuro-oncology. This Review presents current data on the prognostic and predictive relevance of MGMT testing, discusses clinical trials that have used MGMT status to select participants, evaluates known issues concerning the molecular testing procedure, and addresses the necessity for molecular-context-dependent interpretation of MGMT test results. Whether MGMT promoter methylation testing should be offered to all individuals with glioblastoma, or only to elderly patients and those in clinical trials, is also discussed. Justifications for withholding alkylating agent chemotherapy in patients with MGMT-unmethylated glioblastomas outside clinical trials, and the potential role for MGMT testing in other gliomas, are also discussed.
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