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Rot AE, Hrovatin M, Bokalj B, Lavrih E, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins: From diagnosis to targeted therapy of cancer. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00201-3. [PMID: 39245316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are a fascinating group of proteolytic enzymes that play diverse and crucial roles in numerous biological processes, both in health and disease. Understanding these proteases is essential for uncovering novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of a wide range of disorders, such as cancer. Cysteine cathepsins influence cancer biology by participating in processes such as extracellular matrix degradation, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and apoptosis. In this comprehensive review, we explore foundational research that illuminates the diverse and intricate roles of cysteine cathepsins as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for cancer. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the clinical relevance of cysteine cathepsins and explore their capacity to advance personalised and targeted medical interventions in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ercegovič Rot
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Hrovatin
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bor Bokalj
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ernestina Lavrih
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Feng Z, Gao L, Lu Y, He X, Xie J. The potential contribution of aberrant cathepsin K expression to gastric cancer pathogenesis. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:218. [PMID: 38856944 PMCID: PMC11164852 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of cathepsin K (CTSK) expression in the pathogenesis and progression of gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. Hence, the primary objective of this study is to elucidate the precise expression and biological role of CTSK in GC by employing a combination of bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiments. Our findings indicated a significant upregulation of CTSK in GC. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that GC patients with a high level of CTSK expression exhibited enrichment of hallmark gene sets associated with angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammatory response, KRAS signaling up, TNFα signaling via KFκB, IL2-STAT5 signaling, and IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling. Additionally, these patients demonstrated elevated levels of M2-macrophage infiltration, which was also correlated with a poorer prognosis. The results of in vitro experiments provided confirmation that the over-expression of CTSK leads to an increase in the proliferative and invasive abilities of GC cells. However, further evaluation was necessary to determine the impact of CTSK on the migration capability of these cells. Our findings suggested that CTSK has the potential to facilitate the initiation and progression of GC by augmenting the invasive capacity of GC cells, engaging in tumor-associated EMT, and fostering the establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Feng
- Jiangmen Central Hospital, No. 23, Haibang Street, Pengjiang District, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lina Gao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yapeng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Jianqin Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, No. 82, Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Li Y, Ren X, Gao W, Cai R, Wu J, Liu T, Chen X, Jiang D, Chen C, Cheng Q, Wu A, Cheng W. The biological behavior and clinical outcome of pituitary adenoma are affected by the microenvironment. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14729. [PMID: 38738958 PMCID: PMC11090080 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenoma is one of the most common brain tumors. Most pituitary adenomas are benign and can be cured by surgery and/or medication. However, some pituitary adenomas show aggressive growth with a fast growth rate and are resistant to conventional treatments such as surgery, drug therapy, and radiation therapy. These tumors, referred to as refractory pituitary adenomas, often relapse or regrow in the early postoperative period. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has recently been identified as an important factor affecting the biological manifestations of tumors and acts as the main battlefield between the tumor and the host immune system. MAIN BODY In this review, we focus on describing TME in pituitary adenomas and refractory pituitary adenomas. Research on the immune microenvironment of pituitary adenomas is currently focused on immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes, and extensive research and experimental verifications are still required regarding other components of the TME. In particular, studies are needed to determine the role of the TME in the specific biological behaviors of refractory pituitary adenomas, such as high invasion, fast recurrence rate, and high tolerance to traditional treatments and to identify the mechanisms involved. CONCLUSION Overall, we summarize the similarities and differences between the TME of pituitary adenomas and refractory pituitary adenomas as well as the changes in the biological behavior of pituitary adenomas that may be caused by the microenvironment. These changes greatly affect the outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Xiufang Ren
- Department of PathologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Ruikai Cai
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Jianqi Wu
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Daoming Jiang
- Shenyang ShenDa Endoscopy Co., Ltd.ShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Chong Chen
- Shenyang ShenDa Endoscopy Co., Ltd.ShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
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Li J, Wu J, Xie Y, Yu X. Bone marrow adipocytes and lung cancer bone metastasis: unraveling the role of adipokines in the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1360471. [PMID: 38571500 PMCID: PMC10987778 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1360471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone is a common site of metastasis for lung cancer. The "seed and soil" hypothesis suggests that the bone marrow microenvironment ("soil") may provide a conducive survival environment for metastasizing tumor cells ("seeds"). The bone marrow microenvironment, comprising a complex array of cells, includes bone marrow adipocytes (BMAs), which constitute about 70% of the adult bone marrow volume and may play a significant role in tumor bone metastasis. BMAs can directly provide energy for tumor cells, promoting their proliferation and migration. Furthermore, BMAs participate in the tumor microenvironment's osteogenesis regulation, osteoclast(OC) regulation, and immune response through the secretion of adipokines, cytokines, and inflammatory factors. However, the precise mechanisms of BMAs in lung cancer bone metastasis remain largely unclear. This review primarily explores the role of BMAs and their secreted adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, Nesfatin-1, Resistin, chemerin, visfatin) in lung cancer bone metastasis, aiming to provide new insights into the mechanisms and clinical treatment of lung cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jialu Wu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanni Xie
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Barchielli G, Capperucci A, Tanini D. Therapeutic cysteine protease inhibitors: a patent review (2018-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:17-49. [PMID: 38445468 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2327299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cysteine proteases are involved in a broad range of biological functions, ranging from extracellular matrix turnover to immunity. Playing an important role in the onset and progression of several diseases, including cancer, immune-related and neurodegenerative disease, viral and parasitic infections, cysteine proteases represent an attractive drug target for the development of therapeutic tools. AREAS COVERED Recent scientific and patent literature focusing on the design and study of cysteine protease inhibitors with potential therapeutic application has been reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The discovery of a number of effective structurally diverse cysteine protease inhibitors opened up new challenges and opportunities for the development of therapeutic tools. Mechanistic studies and the availability of X-ray crystal structures of some proteases, alone and in complex with inhibitors, provide crucial information for the rational design and development of efficient and selective cysteine protease inhibitors as preclinical candidates for the treatment of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Barchielli
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy
| | - Antonella Capperucci
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy
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Linders DGJ, Bijlstra OD, Fallert LC, Hilling DE, Walker E, Straight B, March TL, Valentijn ARPM, Pool M, Burggraaf J, Basilion JP, Vahrmeijer AL, Kuppen PJK. Cysteine Cathepsins in Breast Cancer: Promising Targets for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:58-73. [PMID: 36002710 PMCID: PMC9971096 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The majority of breast cancer patients is treated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) combined with adjuvant radiation therapy. Up to 40% of patients has a tumor-positive resection margin after BCS, which necessitates re-resection or additional boost radiation. Cathepsin-targeted near-infrared fluorescence imaging during BCS could be used to detect residual cancer in the surgical cavity and guide additional resection, thereby preventing tumor-positive resection margins and associated mutilating treatments. The cysteine cathepsins are a family of proteases that play a major role in normal cellular physiology and neoplastic transformation. In breast cancer, the increased enzymatic activity and aberrant localization of many of the cysteine cathepsins drive tumor progression, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The upregulation of cysteine cathepsins in breast cancer cells indicates their potential as a target for intraoperative fluorescence imaging. This review provides a summary of the current knowledge on the role and expression of the most important cysteine cathepsins in breast cancer to better understand their potential as a target for fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS). In addition, it gives an overview of the cathepsin-targeted fluorescent probes that have been investigated preclinically and in breast cancer patients. The current review underscores that cysteine cathepsins are highly suitable molecular targets for FGS because of favorable expression and activity patterns in virtually all breast cancer subtypes. This is confirmed by cathepsin-targeted fluorescent probes that have been shown to facilitate in vivo breast cancer visualization and tumor resection in mouse models and breast cancer patients. These findings indicate that cathepsin-targeted FGS has potential to improve treatment outcomes in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan G. J. Linders
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Okker D. Bijlstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura C. Fallert
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Denise E. Hilling
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ethan Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | | | - Taryn L. March
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. Rob P. M. Valentijn
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Pool
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James P. Basilion
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Department of Radiology, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | | | - Peter J. K. Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cathepsin K: A Versatile Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Various Cancers. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:5963-5987. [PMID: 36005209 PMCID: PMC9406569 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a common malignant disease, is one of the predominant causes of diseases that lead to death. Additionally, cancer is often detected in advanced stages and cannot be radically cured. Consequently, there is an urgent need for reliable and easily detectable markers to identify and monitor cancer onset and progression as early as possible. Our aim was to systematically review the relevant roles of cathepsin K (CTSK) in various possible cancers in existing studies. CTSK, a well-known key enzyme in the bone resorption process and most studied for its roles in the effective degradation of the bone extracellular matrix, is expressed in various organs. Nowadays, CTSK has been involved in various cancers such as prostate cancer, breast cancer, bone cancer, renal carcinoma, lung cancer and other cancers. In addition, CTSK can promote tumor cells proliferation, invasion and migration, and its mechanism may be related to RANK/RANKL, TGF-β, mTOR and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Clinically, some progress has been made with the use of cathepsin K inhibitors in the treatment of certain cancers. This paper reviewed our current understanding of the possible roles of CTSK in various cancers and discussed its potential as a biomarker and/or novel molecular target for various cancers.
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Liu H, Zhang S, Wu T, Lv Z, Ba J, Gu W, Mu Y. Expression and clinical significance of Cathepsin K and MMPs in invasive non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Front Oncol 2022; 12:901647. [PMID: 36052250 PMCID: PMC9424993 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.901647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsin K (CTSK) is a protease that degrades type I collagen and extracellular matrix, thereby contributing to bone resorption and tumor invasion. Some pituitary adenomas (PAs) could invade the sphenoid sinus (SS) and cavernous sinus (CS). Purpose This retrospective cohort study aimed to study the expression of tumoral biomarkers (CTSK, MMP9, MMP2, TIMP2, and PTTG1) and evaluate their clinical significance in non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) with different invasion patterns. Methods We assessed the expression levels of candidate invasion-specific protein biomarkers CTSK, MMP9, MMP2, TIMP2, and PTTG1 by immunohistochemical staining in paraffin-embedded NFPA tumor tissues. Variations in staining intensity were analyzed in cases with SS and CS invasion and non-invasive NFPAs. Results We found that the levels of CTSK were higher in PA cases with SS invasion than that in PA cases with CS invasion (95.57 ± 31.57 vs. 65.29 ± 29.64, P < 0.001), and the expression of MMP9 and MMP2 was higher in CS-invasive cases than that in SS-invasive cases (145.02 ± 49.25 vs. 111.80 ± 51.37, P = 0.002, and 138.67 ± 52.06 vs. 108.30 ± 41.70, P = 0.002). Multiple Cox regression demonstrated that higher CTSK expression (P=0.011), subtotal resection (P<0.001), invasion (P=0.037), and larger tumor diameter (P=0.001) were independent risk factors for recurrence. A positive correlation was observed between CTSK expression and tumor size (r=0.671, p<0.001). There was no significant difference in TIMP2 and PTTG1 levels between CS-and SS-invasive cases (97.42± 39.80 vs. 102.10± 43.22, P = 0.58 and 13.89 ± 4.59 vs. 12.56 ± 3.96, P = 0.14). Conclusion Our data indicated that CTSK has the potential as a marker for SS invasion of PAs, whereas MMP9 and MMP2 may be markers for CS invasion. And CTSK may play an important role in tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- The Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Saichun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- The Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Lv
- The Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Ba
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun Gu
- The Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yiming Mu, ; Weijun Gu,
| | - Yiming Mu
- The Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yiming Mu, ; Weijun Gu,
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ASPER-29 suppresses the metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells by dual inhibition of cathepsin-L and cathepsin-S. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 353:109811. [PMID: 35016848 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer will be the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide due to its high rate of metastasis. Cathepsins (CATs) are effectors of invasive growth in various cancers. Currently, targeting CATs represents an attractive strategy for the treatment of highly metastatic cancers with high CATs activity, such as pancreatic cancer. To develop a stronger antimetastatic agent, ASPER-29, a novel inhibitor of CATs designed by using the asperphenamate derivative BBP as a lead compound, was synthesized, and its therapeutic potential in pancreatic cancer metastasis was investigated in this study. Molecular docking and enzyme inhibition assays proved that ASPER-29 can inhibit the activity of CAT-L and CAT-S by binding with these enzymes in classical action modes. Furthermore, ASPER-29 significantly inhibited the activity of CAT-L and CAT-S but had no effect on their expression in PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells. The in vitro antimetastatic activities of ASPER-29 were examined by wound healing and Transwell chamber assays. We found that ASPER-29 inhibited the migration and invasion of PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the in vivo antimetastatic effects of ASPER-29 were confirmed in a mouse xenotransplantation model. H&E staining and immunohistochemistry assays of Ki67 and CEACAM6 proved that ASPER-29 treatment significantly blocked the metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells to lung and liver tissues. Additionally, the activity of both CAT-L and CAT-S was markedly inhibited in the lung and liver tissues of ASPER-29-administered mice compared with the mice in the model group, suggesting that the metastasis-blocking effect of ASPER-29 should be mediated via inhibition of the activity of CAT-L and CAT-S in pancreatic cancer cells. Together, our results demonstrated that ASPER-29, as a novel inhibitor of CAT-L and CAT-S, possessed the evident ability to block the metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells.
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Rossano R, Larocca M, Macellaro M, Bilancia D, Riccio P. Unveiling a Hidden Biomarker of Inflammation and Tumor Progression: The 65 kDa Isoform of MMP-9 New Horizons for Therapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 44:105-116. [PMID: 35723387 PMCID: PMC8929130 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a stage of the disease where therapy is mostly ineffective; hence, the need to find reliable markers of its onset. The metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9, gelatinase B) in its 82 kDa active form, is a good candidate, but here we show that the correspondent little known 65 kDa active MMP-9 isoform, often misrepresented with the other gelatinase MMP-2, is a more suitable marker. Sera from patients with lung and breast cancer were analyzed by bidimensional zymography to detect the activity of MMP-9 and MMP-2. Enzyme identity was confirmed by comparison with MMP-9 standards and by western blotting. The 65 kDa isoform of MMP-9 is a suitable biomarker to monitor tumor progression from tissue neoplasms to metastatic stage, as its activity begins to appear when disease severity increases and becomes very high in metastasis. Moreover, the 65 kDa MMP-9, which derives from the 82 kDa MMP-9, no longer responds to natural MMP-9 inhibitors. As its activity cannot be controlled, its appearance may warn that the pathological process is becoming irreversible. Identification and inhibition of the enzymes converting the inhibitor-sensitive 82 kDa MMP-9 into the corresponding “wild” 65 kDa MMP-9 may allow to develop therapies capable of blocking metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Rossano
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.L.); (M.M.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0971-20-5507
| | - Marilena Larocca
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.L.); (M.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Margherita Macellaro
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.L.); (M.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Domenico Bilancia
- Operating Unit, Medical Oncology, Hospital “Azienda Ospedaliera S. Carlo”, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Paolo Riccio
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.L.); (M.M.); (P.R.)
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Bouhamdani N, Comeau D, Turcotte S. A Compendium of Information on the Lysosome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:798262. [PMID: 34977038 PMCID: PMC8714965 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.798262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, lysosomes were considered as mere waste bags for cellular constituents. Thankfully, studies carried out in the past 15 years were brimming with elegant and crucial breakthroughs in lysosome research, uncovering their complex roles as nutrient sensors and characterizing them as crucial multifaceted signaling organelles. This review presents the scientific knowledge on lysosome physiology and functions, starting with their discovery and reviewing up to date ground-breaking discoveries highlighting their heterogeneous functions as well as pending questions that remain to be answered. We also review the roles of lysosomes in anti-cancer drug resistance and how they undergo a series of molecular and functional changes during malignant transformation which lead to tumor aggression, angiogenesis, and metastases. Finally, we discuss the strategy of targeting lysosomes in cancer which could lead to the development of new and effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bouhamdani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Dr. Georges-L. Dumont University Hospital Centre, Clinical Research Sector, Vitalité Health Network, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Dominique Comeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Sandra Turcotte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
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12
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Targeting lysosomes in human disease: from basic research to clinical applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:379. [PMID: 34744168 PMCID: PMC8572923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, accumulating evidence has elucidated the role of lysosomes in dynamically regulating cellular and organismal homeostasis. Lysosomal changes and dysfunction have been correlated with the development of numerous diseases. In this review, we interpreted the key biological functions of lysosomes in four areas: cellular metabolism, cell proliferation and differentiation, immunity, and cell death. More importantly, we actively sought to determine the characteristic changes and dysfunction of lysosomes in cells affected by these diseases, the causes of these changes and dysfunction, and their significance to the development and treatment of human disease. Furthermore, we outlined currently available targeting strategies: (1) targeting lysosomal acidification; (2) targeting lysosomal cathepsins; (3) targeting lysosomal membrane permeability and integrity; (4) targeting lysosomal calcium signaling; (5) targeting mTOR signaling; and (6) emerging potential targeting strategies. Moreover, we systematically summarized the corresponding drugs and their application in clinical trials. By integrating basic research with clinical findings, we discussed the current opportunities and challenges of targeting lysosomes in human disease.
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13
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Cheng X, Wei J, Ge Q, Xing D, Zhou X, Qian Y, Jiang G. The optimized drug delivery systems of treating cancer bone metastatic osteolysis with nanomaterials. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:37-53. [PMID: 33336610 PMCID: PMC7751395 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1856225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some cancers such as human breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer easily metastasize to bone, leading to osteolysis and bone destruction accompanied by a complicated microenvironment. Systemic administration of bisphosphonates (BP) or denosumab is the routine therapy for osteolysis but with non-negligible side effects such as mandibular osteonecrosis and hypocalcemia. Thus, it is imperative to exploit optimized drug delivery systems, and some novel nanotechnology and nanomaterials have opened new horizons for scientists. Targeted and local drug delivery systems can optimize biodistribution depending on nanoparticles (NPs) or microspheres (MS) and implantable biomaterials with the controllable property. Drug delivery kinetics can be optimized by smart and sustained/local drug delivery systems for responsive delivery and sustained delivery. These delicately fabricated drug delivery systems with special matrix, structure, morphology, and modification can minimize unexpected toxicity caused by systemic delivery and achieve desired effects through integrating multiple drugs or multiple functions. This review summarized recent studies about optimized drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer metastatic osteolysis, aimed at giving some inspiration in designing efficient multifunctional drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Wei
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Ge
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Danlei Xing
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzhu Qian
- Center of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqin Jiang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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14
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Hussein NA, Malla S, Pasternak MA, Terrero D, Brown NG, Ashby CR, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Tiwari AK. The role of endolysosomal trafficking in anticancer drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 57:100769. [PMID: 34217999 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major obstacle towards curative treatment of cancer. Despite considerable progress in delineating the basis of intrinsic and acquired MDR, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Emerging evidences suggest that dysregulation in endolysosomal compartments is involved in mediating MDR through multiple mechanisms, such as alterations in endosomes, lysosomes and autophagosomes, that traffic and biodegrade the molecular cargo through macropinocytosis, autophagy and endocytosis. For example, altered lysosomal pH, in combination with transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated lysosomal biogenesis, increases the sequestration of hydrophobic anti-cancer drugs that are weak bases, thereby producing an insufficient and off-target accumulation of anti-cancer drugs in MDR cancer cells. Thus, the use of well-tolerated, alkalinizing compounds that selectively block Vacuolar H⁺-ATPase (V-ATPase) may be an important strategy to overcome MDR in cancer cells and increase chemotherapeutic efficacy. Other mechanisms of endolysosomal-mediated drug resistance include increases in the expression of lysosomal proteases and cathepsins that are involved in mediating carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, blocking the trafficking and maturation of lysosomal proteases or direct inhibition of cathepsin activity in the cytosol may represent novel therapeutic modalities to overcome MDR. Furthermore, endolysosomal compartments involved in catabolic pathways, such as macropinocytosis and autophagy, are also shown to be involved in the development of MDR. Here, we review the role of endolysosomal trafficking in MDR development and discuss how targeting endolysosomal pathways could emerge as a new therapeutic strategy to overcome chemoresistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor A Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Saloni Malla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Mariah A Pasternak
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - David Terrero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Noah G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA.
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15
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Harnessing Extracellular Matrix Biology for Tumor Drug Delivery. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020088. [PMID: 33572559 PMCID: PMC7911184 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an active role in cell life through a tightly controlled reciprocal relationship maintained by several fibrous proteins, enzymes, receptors, and other components. It is also highly involved in cancer progression. Because of its role in cancer etiology, the ECM holds opportunities for cancer therapy on several fronts. There are targets in the tumor-associated ECM at the level of signaling molecules, enzyme expression, protein structure, receptor interactions, and others. In particular, the ECM is implicated in invasiveness of tumors through its signaling interactions with cells. By capitalizing on the biology of the tumor microenvironment and the opportunities it presents for intervention, the ECM has been investigated as a therapeutic target, to facilitate drug delivery, and as a prognostic or diagnostic marker for tumor progression and therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes the tumor ECM biology as it relates to drug delivery with emphasis on design parameters targeting the ECM.
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16
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Rudzińska M, Daglioglu C, Savvateeva LV, Kaci FN, Antoine R, Zamyatnin AA. Current Status and Perspectives of Protease Inhibitors and Their Combination with Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems for Targeted Cancer Therapy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:9-20. [PMID: 33442233 PMCID: PMC7797289 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s285852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In cancer treatments, many natural and synthetic products have been examined; among them, protease inhibitors are promising candidates for anti-cancer agents. Since dysregulated proteolytic activities can contribute to tumor development and metastasis, antagonization of proteases with tailored inhibitors is an encouraging approach. Although adverse effects of early designs of these inhibitors disappeared after the introduction of next-generation agents, most of the proposed inhibitors did not pass the early stages of clinical trials due to their nonspecific toxicity and lack of pharmacological effects. Therefore, new applications that modulate proteases more specifically and serve their programmed way of administration are highly appreciated. In this context, nanosized drug delivery systems have attracted much attention because preliminary studies have demonstrated that the therapeutic capacity of inhibitors has been improved significantly with encapsulated formulation as compared to their free forms. Here, we address this issue and discuss the current application and future clinical prospects of this potential combination towards targeted protease-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rudzińska
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Cenk Daglioglu
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Application and Research Center, Integrated Research Centers, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Fatma Necmiye Kaci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Yakutiye, Erzurum 25050, Turkey
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69622, France
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
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17
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Clézardin P, Coleman R, Puppo M, Ottewell P, Bonnelye E, Paycha F, Confavreux CB, Holen I. Bone metastasis: mechanisms, therapies, and biomarkers. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:797-855. [PMID: 33356915 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal metastases are frequent complications of many cancers, causing bone complications (fractures, bone pain, disability) that negatively affect the patient's quality of life. Here, we first discuss the burden of skeletal complications in cancer bone metastasis. We then describe the pathophysiology of bone metastasis. Bone metastasis is a multistage process: long before the development of clinically detectable metastases, circulating tumor cells settle and enter a dormant state in normal vascular and endosteal niches present in the bone marrow, which provide immediate attachment and shelter, and only become active years later as they proliferate and alter the functions of bone-resorbing (osteoclasts) and bone-forming (osteoblasts) cells, promoting skeletal destruction. The molecular mechanisms involved in mediating each of these steps are described, and we also explain how tumor cells interact with a myriad of interconnected cell populations in the bone marrow, including a rich vascular network, immune cells, adipocytes, and nerves. We discuss metabolic programs that tumor cells could engage with to specifically grow in bone. We also describe the progress and future directions of existing bone-targeted agents and report emerging therapies that have arisen from recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of bone metastases. Finally, we discuss the value of bone turnover biomarkers in detection and monitoring of progression and therapeutic effects in patients with bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Clézardin
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR_S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Coleman
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Margherita Puppo
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope Ottewell
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Bonnelye
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR_S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Paycha
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille B Confavreux
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR_S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Service de Rhumatologie Sud, CEMOS-Centre Expert des Métastases Osseuses, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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18
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Yang H, Heyer J, Zhao H, Liang S, Guo R, Zhong L. The Potential Role of Cathepsin K in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184136. [PMID: 32927648 PMCID: PMC7571067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cathepsin K has been found overexpressed in several malignant tumors. However, there is little information regarding the involvement of Cathepsin K in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (2) Methods: Cathepsin K expression was tested in human NSCLC cell lines A549 and human embryo lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells using Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Cathepsin K was transiently overexpressed or knocked down using transfection with a recombinant plasmid and siRNA, respectively, to test the effects on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. (3) Results: Expression of Cathepsin K was increased significantly in A549 cells and diffused within the cytoplasm compared to the MRC-5 cells used as control. Cathepsin K overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 cells, accompanied by mTOR activation. Cathepsin K knockdown reversed the above malignant behavior and inhibited the mTOR signaling activation, suggesting that Cathepsin K may promote the progression of NSCLC by activating the mTOR signaling pathway. (4) Conclusion: Cathepsin K may potentially represent a viable drug target for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Jasmine Heyer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shengxian Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.L.)
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (L.Z.)
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19
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Sala M, Ros M, Saltel F. A Complex and Evolutive Character: Two Face Aspects of ECM in Tumor Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1620. [PMID: 32984031 PMCID: PMC7485352 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment, including extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal cells, is a key player during tumor development, from initiation, growth and progression to metastasis. During all of these steps, remodeling of matrix components occurs, changing its biochemical and physical properties. The global and basic cancer ECM model is that tumors are surrounded by activated stromal cells, that remodel physiological ECM to evolve into a stiffer and more crosslinked ECM than in normal conditions, thereby increasing invasive capacities of cancer cells. In this review, we show that this too simple model does not consider the complexity, specificity and heterogeneity of each organ and tumor. First, we describe the general ECM in context of cancer. Then, we go through five invasive and most frequent cancers from different origins (breast, liver, pancreas, colon, and skin), and show that each cancer has its own specific matrix, with different stromal cells, ECM components, biochemical properties and activated signaling pathways. Furthermore, in these five cancers, we describe the dual role of tumor ECM: as a protective barrier against tumor cell proliferation and invasion, and as a major player in tumor progression. Indeed, crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells induce changes in matrix organization by remodeling ECM through invadosome formation in order to degrade it, promoting tumor progression and cell invasion. To sum up, in this review, we highlight the specificities of matrix composition in five cancers and the necessity not to consider the ECM as one general and simple entity, but one complex, dynamic and specific entity for each cancer type and subtype.
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20
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The Role of Adipokines and Bone Marrow Adipocytes in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144967. [PMID: 32674405 PMCID: PMC7404398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of breast cancer is mostly due to a distant metastasis, especially to the bone. Many factors may be responsible for bone metastasis in breast cancer, but interactions between tumor cells and other surrounding types of cells, and cytokines secreted by both, are expected to play the most important role. Bone marrow adipocyte (BMA) is one of the cell types comprising the bone, and adipokine is one of the cytokines secreted by both breast cancer cells and BMAs. These BMAs and adipokines are known to be responsible for cancer progression, and this review is focused on how BMAs and adipokines work in the process of breast cancer bone metastasis. Their potential as suppressive targets for bone metastasis is also explored in this review.
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21
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Transcriptomic Response of Breast Cancer Cells MDA-MB-231 to Docosahexaenoic Acid: Downregulation of Lipid and Cholesterol Metabolism Genes and Upregulation of Genes of the Pro-Apoptotic ER-Stress Pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103746. [PMID: 32466294 PMCID: PMC7277693 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts in prevention and therapy, breast cancer remains a major public health concern worldwide. Numerous studies using breast cancer cell lines have shown the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Some studies have also demonstrated the inhibitory effect of DHA on the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, making DHA a potential anti-metastatic agent. Thus, DHA has shown its potential as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant. However, the molecular mechanisms triggering DHA effects remain unclear, and the aim of this study was to provide a transcriptomic basis for further cellular and molecular investigations. Therefore, MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with 100 µM DHA for 12 h or 24 h before RNA-seq analysis. The results show the great impact of DHA-treatment on the transcriptome, especially after 24 h of treatment. The impact of DHA is particularly visible in genes involved in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway that is strongly downregulated, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress response that is, conversely, upregulated. This ER-stress and unfolded protein response could explain the pro-apoptotic effect of DHA. The expression of genes related to migration and invasion (especially SERPINE1, PLAT, and MMP11) is also impacted by DHA. In conclusion, this transcriptomic analysis supports the antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-invasive effects of DHA, and provides new avenues for understanding its molecular mechanisms.
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22
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Feng Z, Qiao R, Ren Z, Hou X, Feng J, He X, Chen D. Could CTSK and COL4A2 be specific biomarkers of poor prognosis for patients with gastric cancer in Asia?-a microarray analysis based on regional population. J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 11:386-401. [PMID: 32399279 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2020.03.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the purpose of identifying reliable biomarkers for evaluating prognosis, monitoring recurrence and exploring new therapeutic targets, it is quite necessary to screen for the genetic changes and potential molecular mechanisms of the occurrence and development of gastric cancer (GC) from the aspects of race and region. Methods Target datasets were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with "gastric cancer" as the key word, and corresponding data was downloaded. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by using limma R package, and the Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway for DEGs were analyzed in Enirchr database. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and molecular module were also constructed through STRING database and Cytoscape software. Survival analyses were completed for DEGs in GEO and Kaplan-Meier plotter database via cross validation. Finally, the correlation between gene expression and the infiltration cell levels in tumor microenvironment (TME) was explored based on the tumor immune estimation resource (TIMER) database. Results Five GC-related microarray datasets were selected and used for differential analysis, and 222 DEGs were identified. GO analyses of DEGs were mainly involved in cell metabolism and the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM). The top enriched pathways of DEGs were protein digestion and absorption, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion (FA), PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Survival analyses of DEGs revealed that the expression levels of CTSK and COL4A2 were significantly associated with poor prognosis of GC patients in Asian. Specifically, the high expression of CTSK had a closely related to the infiltration level of inflammatory cell in TME. Conclusions CTSK and COL4A2 could play a critical role in the pathogenesis of GC and act as the promising prognostic biomarkers. CTSK could induce the formation of immunosuppressive TME and promote the immune escape of GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Ruili Qiao
- Department of VIP Internal Medicine, Lanzhou University First Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhijian Ren
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiaofeng Hou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- Department of The First General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
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23
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Hadad EH, Ahmadzadeh A, Abooali A, Saki Malehi A, Shokouhian M, Saki N. Prognostic role and therapeutic susceptibility of cathepsin in various types of solid tumor and leukemia: A systematic review. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7709-7730. [PMID: 32324258 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins (CTSs) are multifunctional proteins that can play prominent roles in cancer progression and metastasis. In this systematic review, we compared the prognosis of CTS subtypes overexpression in leukemia and solid tumors, and investigated the effect of different factors on CTS prognosis. We systematically searched published articles indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library, ISI Web of Science, and EmBase databases from February 2000 until January 2020. Among the selected leukemia and solid tumors studies, overexpression of CTS subtypes in newly diagnosed and treated patients were with poor prognosis in 43 studies (79.6%) and with good prognosis in 9 studies (16.6%). However, there were 2 studies (3.8%) with either good or poor prognosis, depending on conditions and caner stage and host cell. The relation between CTS and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in leukemia and solid tumors was mentioned in 7 studies (13%). Overexpression of CTS subtypes in all new case patients had contributed to the induction of poor prognosis. It seems that CTS subtypes, based on the type of cancer and its stage, the type of host cells, and the probable relation with HLA, breed good or poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Therefore, monitoring the overexpression of CTS subtypes and determining the effect of each of these factors on CTS prognosis could be helpful in predicting cancer prognosis both in newly diagnosed or under treatment patients. They could also be useful in finding ways for improving the efficiency of contemporary therapeutic strategies in various types of leukemia and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Homaei Hadad
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadzadeh
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Abooali
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amal Saki Malehi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shokouhian
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Reithmeier A, Norgård M, Ek-Rylander B, Näreoja T, Andersson G. Cathepsin K regulates localization and secretion of Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) in TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:15. [PMID: 32188406 PMCID: PMC7081696 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tartrate–resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ ACP5) belongs to the binuclear metallophosphatase family and is present in two isoforms. The primary translation product is an uncleaved TRAP 5a isoform with low phosphatase activity. TRAP 5a can be post-translationally processed to a cleaved TRAP 5b isoform with high phosphatase activity by e.g. cysteine proteinases, such as Cathepsin K (CtsK). The relevance of the phosphatase activity of TRAP 5b has been demonstrated for proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells. TRAP-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells displayed higher levels of TRAP 5a and efficient processing of TRAP 5a to TRAP 5b protein, but no changes in levels of CtsK when compared to mock-transfected cells. In TRAP-overexpressing cells colocalization of TRAP 5a and proCtsK was augmented, providing a plausible mechanism for generation of TRAP 5b. CtsK expression has been associated with cancer progression and has been pharmacologically targeted in several clinical studies. Results In the current study, CtsK inhibition with MK-0822/Odanacatib did not abrogate the formation of TRAP 5b, but reversibly increased the intracellular levels of a N-terminal fragment of TRAP 5b and reduced secretion of TRAP 5a reversibly. However, MK-0822 treatment neither altered intracellular TRAP activity nor TRAP-dependent cell migration, suggesting involvement of additional proteases in proteolytic processing of TRAP 5a. Notwithstanding, CtsK was shown to be colocalized with TRAP and to be involved in the regulation of secretion of TRAP 5a in a breast cancer cell line, while it still was not essential for processing of TRAP 5a to TRAP 5b isoform. Conclusion In cancer cells multiple proteases are involved in cleaving TRAP 5a to high-activity phosphatase TRAP 5b. However, CtsK-inhibiting treatment was able to reduce secretion TRAP 5a from TRAP-overexpressing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Reithmeier
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Present Address: Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 171 65, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Maria Norgård
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbro Ek-Rylander
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran Andersson
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zarrer J, Haider MT, Smit DJ, Taipaleenmäki H. Pathological Crosstalk between Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells and the Bone Microenvironment. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020337. [PMID: 32092997 PMCID: PMC7072692 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is the most common metastatic site in breast cancer. Upon arrival to the bone, disseminated tumor cells can undergo a period of dormancy but often eventually grow and hijack the bone microenvironment. The bone marrow microenvironment consists of multiple cell types including the bone cells, adipocytes, endothelial cells, and nerve cells that all have crucial functions in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Tumor cells severely disturb the tightly controlled cellular and molecular interactions in the bone marrow fueling their own survival and growth. While the role of bone resorbing osteoclasts in breast cancer bone metastases is well established, the function of other bone cells, as well as adipocytes, endothelial cells, and nerve cells is less understood. In this review, we discuss the composition of the physiological bone microenvironment and how the presence of tumor cells influences the microenvironment, creating a pathological crosstalk between the cells. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular events that occur in the metastatic bone microenvironment could facilitate the identification of novel cellular targets to treat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zarrer
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Therese Haider
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Smit
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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26
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Wang H, Han X, Xu J. Lysosome as the Black Hole for Checkpoint Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:325-346. [PMID: 32185717 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes, as digestive organelles full of hydrolases, have complex functions and play an important role in cellular physiological and pathological processes. In normal physiological conditions, lysosomes can sense the nutritional state and be responsible for recycling raw materials to provide nutrients, affecting cell signaling pathways and regulating cell proliferation. Lysosomes are related to many diseases and associated with metastasis and drug resistance of tumors. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the tumor immunotherapy especially immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Accumulating data suggest that lysosomes may serve as a major destruction for immune checkpoint molecules, and secretory lysosomes can temporarily store immune checkpoint proteins. Once activated, the compounds contained in secretory lysosomes are released to the surface of cell membrane rapidly. Inhibitions of lysosomes can overcome the chemoresistance of some tumors and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Wang
- School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xue Han
- Institutes of Biological Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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27
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Petushkova AI, Savvateeva LV, Korolev DO, Zamyatnin AA. Cysteine Cathepsins: Potential Applications in Diagnostics and Therapy of Malignant Tumors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:746-761. [PMID: 31509726 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791907006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes involved in protein degradation in lysosomes and endosomes. Cysteine cathepsins have been also found in the tumor microenvironment during carcinogenesis, where they are implicated in proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells through the degradation of extracellular matrix, suppression of cell-cell interactions, and promotion of angiogenesis. In this regard, cathepsins can have a diagnostic value and represent promising targets for antitumor drugs aimed at inhibition of these proteases. Moreover, cysteine cathepsins can be used as activators of novel targeted therapeutic agents. This review summarizes recent discovered roles of cysteine cathepsins in carcinogenesis and discusses new trends in cancer therapy and diagnostics using cysteine cathepsins as markers, targets, or activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Petushkova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - L V Savvateeva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D O Korolev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Uronephrology and Human Reproductive Health, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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28
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Xue S, Shao Q, Zhu LB, Jiang YF, Wang C, Xue B, Lu HM, Sang WL, Ma JZ. LDC000067 suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and prevents LPS-induced osteolysis in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yang S, Liu H, Zhu L, Li X, Liu D, Song X, Yokota H, Zhang P. Ankle loading ameliorates bone loss from breast cancer-associated bone metastasis. FASEB J 2019; 33:10742-10752. [PMID: 31266364 PMCID: PMC8793785 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900306rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a serious health problem that preferentially metastasizes to bone. We have previously shown that bone loss can be prevented by mechanical loading, but the efficacy of ankle loading for metastasis-linked bone loss has not been investigated. This study showed that body weight was decreased after inoculation of tumor cells, but ankle loading restored a rapid weight loss. The nonloading group exhibited a decrease in bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness, and trabecular number (all P < 0.01) as well as an increase in trabecular separation (P < 0.001). However, ankle loading improved those changes (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, although the nonloading group increased the tumor bearing as well as expression of IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase 9, ankle loading decreased them. Induction of tumor in the bone elevated the osteoclast number (P < 0.05) as well as the levels of nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1, NF-κB ligand, cathepsin K, and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b, but ankle loading reduced osteoclast activity and those levels (all P < 0.05). Tumor bearing was positively correlated with the osteoclast number (P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with BV/TV and the osteoblast number (both P < 0.01). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that ankle loading suppresses tumor growth and osteolysis by inhibiting bone resorption and enhancing bone formation.-Yang, S., Liu, H., Zhu, L., Li, X., Liu, D., Song, X., Yokota, H., Zhang, P. Ankle loading ameliorates bone loss from breast cancer-associated bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Department of Anatomy and HistologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of HealthTianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of EducationTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Department of Breast SurgeryTianjin Medical UniversityCancer Institute and HospitalTianjinChina
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjinChina
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjinChina
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Medical UniversityCancer Institute and HospitalTianjinChina
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjinChina
| | - Xinle Li
- Department of Anatomy and HistologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of HealthTianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Daquan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and HistologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of HealthTianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xiaomeng Song
- Department of Anatomy and HistologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringIndiana University-Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and HistologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of HealthTianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic DiseasesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal CordTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjinChina
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30
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Gu X, Peng Y, Zhao Y, Liang X, Tang Y, Liu J. A novel derivative of artemisinin inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis via down-regulation of cathepsin K in breast cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 858:172382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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31
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Varol C. Tumorigenic Interplay Between Macrophages and Collagenous Matrix in the Tumor Microenvironment. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1944:203-220. [PMID: 30840245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9095-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a heterogeneous tissue that in addition to tumor cells, contain tumor-associated cell types such as immune cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Considerably important in the tumor microenvironment is its noncellular component, namely, the extracellular matrix (ECM). In particular, the collagenous matrix is subjected to significant alterations in its composition and structure that create a permissive environment for tumor growth, invasion, and dissemination. Among tumor-infiltrating immune cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are numerous in the tumor stroma and are locally educated to mediate important biological functions that profoundly affect tumor initiation, growth, and dissemination. While the influence of TAMs and mechanical properties of the collagenous matrix on tumor invasion and progression have been comprehensively investigated individually, their interaction within the complex tumor microenvironment was overlooked. This review summarizes accumulating evidence that indicate the existence of an intricate tumorigenic crosstalk between TAMs and collagenous matrix. A better mechanistic comprehension of this reciprocal interplay may open a novel arena for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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32
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Lee KM, Lee CY, Zhang G, Lyu A, Yue KKM. Methylglyoxal activates osteoclasts through JNK pathway leading to osteoporosis. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:147-154. [PMID: 31103701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and its diverse complications. Hyperglycemia is associated with inflammatory responses in different organs, and diabetic patients have a higher risk of bone fracture due to increased bone weakness. Methylglyoxal, a reactive advanced glycation end product precursor, is known to have increased level in diabetic patients. The accumulation of methylglyoxal promotes inflammation and it may play a role in diabetes related osteoporosis. In this study, therefore, the underlying mechanism of methylglyoxal on osteoporosis was studied using both animal and cell models. In the animal model, rats were treated with either methylglyoxal or saline as control. In the cell model, the macrophage RAW264.7 was treated with methylglyoxal or vehicle control. Following the treatment, animal samples were harvested for micro-CT and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. Cell samples were harvested for MTT assay, RT-PCR, and Western Blotting analyses. In both animals and cell cultures, methylglyoxal was shown to induce osteoclastogenesis by increased gene expression of osteoclast bone biomarkers CTSK, OSCAR and TRACP5. Furthermore, in methylglyoxal-treated macrophages activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases signaling pathway was observed, and inhibition of JNK activities resulted in down-regulation of osteoclast biomarkers gene expressions. Our results therefore suggested that methylglyoxal may contribute to the progression of diabetes-related osteoporosis and imbalanced bone remodeling through JNK pathway in osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Ming Lee
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheuk Yan Lee
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Kin Man Yue
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Cogo F, Williams R, Burden RE, Scott CJ. Application of nanotechnology to target and exploit tumour associated proteases. Biochimie 2019; 166:112-131. [PMID: 31029743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are hydrolytic enzymes fundamental for a variety of physiological processes, but the loss of their regulation leads to aberrant functions that promote onset and progression of many diseases including cancer. Proteases have been implicated in almost every hallmark of cancer and whilst widely investigated for tumour therapy, clinical adoption of protease inhibitors as drugs remains a challenge due to issues such as off-target toxicity and inability to achieve therapeutic doses at the disease site. Now, nanotechnology-based solutions and strategies are emerging to circumvent these issues. In this review, preclinical advances in approaches to enhance the delivery of protease drugs and the exploitation of tumour-derived protease activities to promote targeting of nanomedicine formulations is examined. Whilst this field is still in its infancy, innovations to date suggest that nanomedicine approaches to protease targeting or inhibition may hold much therapeutic and diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cogo
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Rich Williams
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Roberta E Burden
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK
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Gut microbiota-stimulated cathepsin K secretion mediates TLR4-dependent M2 macrophage polarization and promotes tumor metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2447-2463. [PMID: 30850734 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex process that requires the interaction between tumor cells and their microenvironment. As an important regulator of intestinal microenvironment, gut microbiota plays a significant role in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, a metastasis-related secretory protein cathepsin K (CTSK) was identified as a vital mediator between the imbalance of intestinal microbiota and CRC metastasis. We implanted MC38 cells into the cecal mesentry of antibiotic-treated mice with intragastrically administration of E. coli to mimic gut microbiota imbalance. The bigger primary tumors and more liver metastatic foci were detected in the E. coli group accompanied with high LPS secretion and CTSK overexpression compared with that in the control group. CTSK contributes to the aggressive phenotype of CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Silencing CTSK or administration of Odanacatib, a CTSK-specific inhibitor, totally abolished the CTSK-enhanced migration and motility of CRC cells. Interestingly, the tumor-secreted CTSK could bind to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to stimulate the M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) via an mTOR-dependent pathway. Recombinant CTSK could neither stimulate CRC growth and metastasis, nor induce M2 macrophage polarization in TRL4-/- mice. Meanwhile, CTSK could stimulate the secretion of cytokines by M2 TAMs including IL10 and IL17, which, in turn, promote the invasion and metastasis of CRC cells through NFκB pathway. Clinically, overexpression of CTSK in human CRC tissues is always accompanied with high M2 TAMs in the stroma, and correlated with CRC metastasis and poor prognosis. Our current research identified CTSK as a mediator between the imbalance of gut microbiota and CRC metastasis. More importantly, we illustrated a CTSK-mediated-positive feedback loop between CRC cells and TAMs during metastasis, prompting CTSK as a novel predictive biomarker and feasible therapeutic target for CRC.
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Ngo ST, Vu KB, Bui LM, Vu VV. Effective Estimation of Ligand-Binding Affinity Using Biased Sampling Method. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3887-3893. [PMID: 31459599 PMCID: PMC6648447 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The binding between two biomolecules is one of the most critical factors controlling many bioprocesses. Therefore, it is of great interest to derive a reliable method to calculate the free binding energy between two biomolecules. In this work, we have demonstrated that the binding affinity of ligands to proteins can be determined through biased sampling simulations. The umbrella sampling (US) method was applied on 20 protein-ligand complexes, including the cathepsin K (CTSK), type II dehydroquinase (DHQase), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), and factor Xa (FXa) systems. The ligand-binding affinity was evaluated as the difference between the largest and smallest values of the free-energy curve, which was obtained via a potential of mean force analysis. The calculated affinities differ sizably from the previously reported experimental values, with an average difference of ∼3.14 kcal/mol. However, the calculated results are in good correlation with the experimental data, with correlation coefficients of 0.76, 0.87, 0.96, and 0.97 for CTSK, DHQase, HSP90, and FXa, respectively. Thus, the binding free energy of a new ligand can be reliably estimated using our US approach. Furthermore, the root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of binding affinity of these systems are 1.13, 0.90, 0.37, and 0.25 kcal/mol, for CTSK, DHQase, HSP90, and FXa, respectively. The small RMSE values indicate the good precision of the biased sampling method that can distinguish the ligands exhibiting similar binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical
and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang
University, Ho Chi Minh City 7000000, Vietnam
- Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 7000000, Vietnam
| | - Khanh B. Vu
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Le Minh Bui
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Van V. Vu
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
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Abstract
Cathepsins (CTS) are mainly lysosomal acid hydrolases extensively involved in the prognosis of different diseases, and having a distinct role in tumor progression by regulating cell proliferation, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. As all these processes conjunctively lead to cancer progression, their site-specific regulation might be beneficial for cancer treatment. CTS regulate activation of the proteolytic cascade and protein turnover, while extracellular CTS is involved in promoting extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis, thereby stimulating invasion and metastasis. Despite cancer regulation, the involvement of CTS in cellular adaptation toward chemotherapy and radiotherapy augments their therapeutic potential. However, lysosomal permeabilization mediated cytosolic translocation of CTS induces programmed cell death. This complex behavior of CTS generates the need to discuss the different aspects of CTS associated with cancer regulation. In this review, we mainly focused on the significance of each cathepsin in cancer signaling and their targeting which would provide noteworthy information in the context of cancer biology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Khaket
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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Vizovišek M, Fonović M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins in extracellular matrix remodeling: Extracellular matrix degradation and beyond. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:141-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gineyts E, Bonnet N, Bertholon C, Millet M, Pagnon-Minot A, Borel O, Geraci S, Bonnelye E, Croset M, Suhail A, Truica C, Lamparella N, Leitzel K, Hartmann D, Chapurlat R, Lipton A, Garnero P, Ferrari S, Clézardin P, Rousseau JC. The C-Terminal Intact Forms of Periostin (iPTN) Are Surrogate Markers for Osteolytic Lesions in Experimental Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:567-580. [PMID: 29916127 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Periostin is an extracellular matrix protein that actively contributes to tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we hypothesized that it could be a marker of bone metastasis formation. To address this question, we used two polyclonal antibodies directed against the whole molecule or its C-terminal domain to explore the expression of intact and truncated forms of periostin in the serum and tissues (lung, heart, bone) of wild-type and periostin-deficient mice. In normal bones, periostin was expressed in the periosteum and specific periostin proteolytic fragments were found in bones, but not in soft tissues. In animals bearing osteolytic lesions caused by 4T1 cells, C-terminal intact periostin (iPTN) expression disappeared at the invasive front of skeletal tumors where bone-resorbing osteoclasts were present. In vitro, we found that periostin was a substrate for osteoclast-derived cathepsin K, generating proteolytic fragments that were not recognized by anti-periostin antibodies directed against iPTN. In vivo, using an in-house sandwich immunoassay aimed at detecting iPTN only, we observed a noticeable reduction of serum periostin levels (- 26%; P < 0.002) in animals bearing osteolytic lesions caused by 4T1 cells. On the contrary, this decrease was not observed in women with breast cancer and bone metastases when periostin was measured with a human assay detecting total periostin. Collectively, these data showed that mouse periostin was degraded at the bone metastatic sites, potentially by cathepsin K, and that the specific measurement of iPTN in serum should assist in detecting bone metastasis formation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Gineyts
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Bonnet
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cindy Bertholon
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Marjorie Millet
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | | | - Olivier Borel
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
- Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Geraci
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Edith Bonnelye
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Croset
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Ali Suhail
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Kim Leitzel
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Roland Chapurlat
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
- Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Allan Lipton
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Garnero
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Serge Ferrari
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Clézardin
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Charles Rousseau
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France.
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France.
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Cysteine cathepsins as a prospective target for anticancer therapies-current progress and prospects. Biochimie 2018; 151:85-106. [PMID: 29870804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (CTS), being involved in both physiological and pathological processes, play an important role in the human body. During the last 30 years, it has been shown that CTS are highly upregulated in a wide variety of cancer types although they have received a little attention as a potential therapeutic target as compared to serine or metalloproteinases. Studies on the increasing problem of neoplastic progression have revealed that secretion of cell-surface- and intracellular cysteine proteases is aberrant in tumor cells and has an impact on their growth, invasion, and metastasis by taking part in tumor angiogenesis, in apoptosis, and in events of inflammatory and immune responses. Considering the role of CTS in carcinogenesis, inhibition of these enzymes becomes an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. The downregulation of natural CTS inhibitors (CTSsis), such as cystatins, observed in various types of cancer, supports this claim. The intention of this review is to highlight the relationship of CTS with cancer and to present illustrations that explain how some of their inhibitors affect processes related to neoplastic progression.
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Brook N, Brook E, Dharmarajan A, Dass CR, Chan A. Breast cancer bone metastases: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:63-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sousa S, Clézardin P. Bone-Targeted Therapies in Cancer-Induced Bone Disease. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:227-250. [PMID: 29079995 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone disease is a major source of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Thus, effective bone-targeted therapies are essential to improve disease-free, overall survival and quality of life of cancer patients with bone metastases. Depending of the cancer-type, bone metastases mainly involve the modulation of osteoclast and/or osteoblast activity by tumour cells. To inhibit metastatic bone disease effectively, it is imperative to understand its underlying mechanisms and identify the target cells for therapy. If the aim is to prevent bone metastasis, it is essential to target not only bone metastatic features in the tumour cells, but also tumour-nurturing bone microenvironment properties. The currently available bone-targeted agents mainly affect osteoclasts, inhibiting bone resorption (e.g. bisphosphonates, denosumab). Some agents targeting osteoblasts begin to emerge which target osteoblasts (e.g. romosozumab), activating bone formation. Moreover, certain drugs initially thought to target only osteoclasts are now known to have a dual action (activating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts, e.g. proteasome inhibitors). This review will focus on the evolution of bone-targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer-induced bone disease, summarizing preclinical and clinical findings obtained with anti-resorptive and bone anabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sousa
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1033, 69372, Lyon, France.
- Faculty of Medicine Laennec, University of Lyon-1, 69372, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Philippe Clézardin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1033, 69372, Lyon, France
- Faculty of Medicine Laennec, University of Lyon-1, 69372, Villeurbanne, France
- European Cancer and Bone Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Bone Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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42
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Bonnet N, Brun J, Rousseau JC, Duong LT, Ferrari SL. Cathepsin K Controls Cortical Bone Formation by Degrading Periostin. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1432-1441. [PMID: 28322464 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although inhibitors of bone resorption concomitantly reduce bone formation because of the coupling between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, inhibition or deletion of cathepsin k (CatK) stimulates bone formation despite decreasing resorption. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this increase in bone formation, particularly at periosteal surfaces where osteoclasts are relatively poor, remain unclear. Here we show that CatK pharmacological inhibition or deletion (Ctsk-/- mice) potentiates mechanotransduction signals mediating cortical bone formation. We identify periostin (Postn) as a direct molecular target for degradation by CatK and show that CatK deletion increases Postn and β-catenin expression in vivo, particularly at the periosteum. In turn, Postn deletion selectively abolishes cortical, but not trabecular, bone formation in CatK-deficient mice. Taken together, these data indicate that CatK not only plays a major role in bone remodeling but also modulates modeling-based cortical bone formation by degrading periostin and thereby moderating Wnt-β-catenin signaling. These findings provide novel insights into the role of CatK on bone homeostasis and the mechanisms of increased cortical bone volume with CatK mutations and pharmacological inhibitors. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bonnet
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital & Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julia Brun
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital & Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Le T Duong
- Department of Bone Biology, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Serge L Ferrari
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital & Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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43
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Kramer L, Turk D, Turk B. The Future of Cysteine Cathepsins in Disease Management. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:873-898. [PMID: 28668224 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the key role of cathepsin K in bone resorption, cysteine cathepsins have been investigated by pharmaceutical companies as drug targets. The first clinical results from targeting cathepsins by activity-based probes and substrates are paving the way for the next generation of molecular diagnostic imaging, whereas the majority of antibody-drug conjugates currently in clinical trials depend on activation by cathepsins. Finally, cathepsins have emerged as suitable vehicles for targeted drug delivery. It is therefore timely to review the future of cathepsins in drug discovery. We focus here on inflammation-associated diseases because dysregulation of the immune system accompanied by elevated cathepsin activity is a common feature of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovro Kramer
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center of Excellence CIPKEBIP, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center of Excellence CIPKEBIP, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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44
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Cystatin C deficiency suppresses tumor growth in a breast cancer model through decreased proliferation of tumor cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73793-73809. [PMID: 29088746 PMCID: PMC5650301 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are proteases that, in addition to their important physiological functions, have been associated with multiple pathologies, including cancer. Cystatin C (CstC) is a major endogenous inhibitor that regulates the extracellular activity of cysteine cathepsins. We investigated the role of cystatin C in mammary cancer using CstC knockout mice and a mouse model of breast cancer induced by expression of the polyoma middle T oncoprotein (PyMT) in the mammary epithelium. We showed that the ablation of CstC reduced the rate of mammary tumor growth. Notably, a decrease in the proliferation of CstC knockout PyMT tumor cells was demonstrated ex vivo and in vitro, indicating a role for this protease inhibitor in signaling pathways that control cell proliferation. An increase in phosphorylated p-38 was observed in CstC knockout tumors, suggesting a novel function for cystatin C in cancer development, independent of the TGF-β pathway. Moreover, proteomic analysis of the CstC wild-type and knockout PyMT primary cell secretomes revealed a decrease in the levels of 14-3-3 proteins in the secretome of knock-out cells, suggesting a novel link between cysteine cathepsins, cystatin C and 14-3-3 proteins in tumorigenesis, calling for further investigations.
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Abstract
Cells depend on the lysosome for sequestration and degradation of macromolecules in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis. These membrane-enclosed organelles can receive intracellular and extracellular cargo through endocytosis, phagocytosis, and autophagy. Lysosomes establish acidic environments to activate enzymes that are able to break down biomolecules engulfed through these various pathways. Recent advances in methods to study the lysosome have allowed the discovery of extended roles for the lysosome in various diseases, including cancer, making it an attractive and targetable node for therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on key aspects of lysosomal biology in the context of cancer and how these properties can be exploited for the development of new therapeutic strategies. This will provide a contextual framework for how advances in methodology could be applied in future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Fennelly
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 777 South Tower PCAM, 34th St. and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 777 South Tower PCAM, 34th St. and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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46
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Liu H, Wang G, Gu W, Mu Y. Cathepsin K: The association between Cathepsin K expression and sphenoid sinus invasion of pituitary adenomas. Med Hypotheses 2016; 97:88-89. [PMID: 27876137 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas with sphenoid sinus or clivus invasion are not uncommon, but the pathogenesis responsible for this phenomenon remains unclear. Cathepsin K, expressed predominantly in osteoclasts, can degrade type I collagen and plays an essential role in bone resorption. Recent studies reported the expression of Cathepsin K in various malignant tumors, such as bone, breast, lung and prostate cancers, and its expression is further increased in bone metastasis or invasive subpopulations. In addition, cathepsin K inhibitors (CatKi) were demonstrated to effectively prevent or reduce osteolytic lesions in breast cancers with bone metastasis. In comparable to bone metastasis of breast carcinomas, pituitary adenomas with sphenoid sinus or clivus invasion lead to osteolytic lesions. However, the role of Cathepsin K in sphenoid sinus or clivus invasion of pituitary adenomas has not been identified. Therefore, we presume that Cathepsin K may have a great importance in sphenoid sinus or clivus invasion and CatKi are promising potential therapy for the suppression or prevention of sphenoid sinus or clivus invasion of pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Guoqi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Weijun Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, PR China.
| | - Yiming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, PR China.
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Kan C, Vargas G, Pape FL, Clézardin P. Cancer Cell Colonisation in the Bone Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101674. [PMID: 27782035 PMCID: PMC5085707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases are a common complication of epithelial cancers, of which breast, prostate and lung carcinomas are the most common. The establishment of cancer cells to distant sites such as the bone microenvironment requires multiple steps. Tumour cells can acquire properties to allow epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, extravasation and migration. Within the bone metastatic niche, disseminated tumour cells may enter a dormancy stage or proliferate to adapt and survive, interacting with bone cells such as hematopoietic stem cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Cross-talk with the bone may alter tumour cell properties and, conversely, tumour cells may also acquire characteristics of the surrounding microenvironment, in a process known as osteomimicry. Alternatively, these cells may also express osteomimetic genes that allow cell survival or favour seeding to the bone marrow. The seeding of tumour cells in the bone disrupts bone-forming and bone-resorbing activities, which can lead to macrometastasis in bone. At present, bone macrometastases are incurable with only palliative treatment available. A better understanding of how these processes influence the early onset of bone metastasis may give insight into potential therapies. This review will focus on the early steps of bone colonisation, once disseminated tumour cells enter the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casina Kan
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1033, Lyon 69372, France.
- Faculty of Medicine RTH Laennec, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne 69372, France.
| | - Geoffrey Vargas
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1033, Lyon 69372, France.
- Faculty of Medicine RTH Laennec, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne 69372, France.
| | - François Le Pape
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1033, Lyon 69372, France.
- Faculty of Medicine RTH Laennec, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne 69372, France.
| | - Philippe Clézardin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1033, Lyon 69372, France.
- Faculty of Medicine RTH Laennec, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne 69372, France.
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Mukherjee K, Chattopadhyay N. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin K: A promising novel approach for postmenopausal osteoporosis therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 117:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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49
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Osteopontin expression in co-cultures of human squamous cell carcinoma-derived cells and osteoblastic cells and its effects on the neoplastic cell phenotype and osteoclastic activation. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12371-12385. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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50
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Herroon MK, Sharma R, Rajagurubandara E, Turro C, Kodanko JJ, Podgorski I. Photoactivated inhibition of cathepsin K in a 3D tumor model. Biol Chem 2016; 397:571-82. [PMID: 26901495 PMCID: PMC5901740 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Collagenolytic activity of cathepsin K is important for many physiological and pathological processes including osteoclast-mediated bone degradation, macrophage function and fibroblast-mediated matrix remodeling. Here, we report application of a light-activated inhibitor for controlling activity of cathepsin K in a 3D functional imaging assay. Using prostate carcinoma cell line engineered to overexpress cathepsin K, we demonstrate the utility of the proteolytic assay in living tumor spheroids for the evaluation and quantification of the inhibitor effects on cathepsin K-mediated collagen I degradation. Importantly, we also show that utilizing the ruthenium-caged version of a potent nitrile cathepsin K inhibitor (4), cis-[Ru(bpy)2(4)2](BF4)2 (5), offers significant advantage in terms of effective concentration of the inhibitor and especially its light-activated control in the 3D assay. Our results suggest that light activation provides a suitable, attractive approach for spatial and temporal control of proteolytic activity, which remains a critical, unmet need in treatment of human diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie K. Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Rajgopal Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Erandi Rajagurubandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA; and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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