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Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 Targeting in Cancer: New Insights into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010031. [PMID: 30634399 PMCID: PMC6356571 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), a tyrosine kinase receptor for FGFs, is involved in diverse cellular processes, including the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis. High activation of FGFR4 is strongly associated with the amplification of its specific ligand FGF19 in many types of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, where it acts as an oncogene driving the cancer development and progression. Currently, the development and therapeutic evaluation of FGFR4-specific inhibitors, such as BLU9931 and H3B-6527, in animal models and cancer patients, are paving the way to suppress hyperactive FGFR4 signaling in cancer. This comprehensive review not only covers the recent discoveries in understanding FGFR4 regulation and function in cancer, but also reveals the therapeutic implications and applications regarding emerging anti-FGFR4 agents. Our aim is to pinpoint the potential of FGFR4 as a therapeutic target and identify new avenues for advancing future research in the field.
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Chamberlin MD, Bernhardt EB, Miller TW. Clinical Implementation of Novel Targeted Therapeutics in Advanced Breast Cancer. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2454-63. [PMID: 27146558 PMCID: PMC6010350 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The majority of advanced breast cancers have genetic alterations that are potentially targetable with drugs. Through initiatives such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), data can be mined to provide context for next-generation sequencing (NGS) results in the landscape of advanced breast cancer. Therapies for targets other than estrogen receptor alpha (ER) and HER2, such as cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6, were recently approved based on efficacy in patient subpopulations, but no predictive biomarkers have been found, leaving clinicians to continue a trial-and-error approach with each patient. Next-generation sequencing identifies potentially actionable alterations in genes thought to be drivers in the cancerous process including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT, fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), and mutant HER2. Epigenetically directed and immunologic therapies have also shown promise for the treatment of breast cancer via histone deacetylases (HDAC) 1 and 3, programmed T cell death 1 (PD-1), and programmed T cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Identifying biomarkers to predict primary resistance in breast cancer will ultimately affect clinical decisions regarding adjuvant therapy in the first-line setting. However, the bulk of medical decision-making is currently made in the secondary resistance setting. Herein, we review the clinical potential of PI3K, AKT, FGFRs, mutant HER2, HDAC1/3, PD-1, and PD-L1 as therapeutic targets in breast cancer, focusing on the rationale for therapeutic development and the status of clinical testing. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2454-2463, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D Chamberlin
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, One Medical Center Dr., Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
- Comprehensive Breast Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
| | - Erica B Bernhardt
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Todd W Miller
- Comprehensive Breast Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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Terai H, Tan L, Beauchamp EM, Hatcher JM, Liu Q, Meyerson M, Gray NS, Hammerman PS. Characterization of DDR2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of DDR2 Mutated Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2687-96. [PMID: 26390252 PMCID: PMC4685943 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in precision medicine approaches over the past decade, the majority of nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) are refractory to treatment with targeted small molecule inhibitors. Previous work has identified mutations in the Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) kinase as potential therapeutic targets in NSCLCs. While DDR2 is potently targeted by several multitargeted kinase inhibitors, most notably dasatinib, toxicity has limited the clinical application of anti-DDR2 therapy. Here, we have characterized compound 1 and other tool compounds demonstrating selectivity for DDR2 and show that while these compounds inhibit DDR2 in lung cancer model systems, they display limited antiproliferative activity in DDR2 mutated cell lines as compared to dual DDR2/SRC inhibitors. We show that DDR2 and SRC are binding partners, that SRC activity is tied to DDR2 activation, and that dual inhibition of both DDR2 and SRC leads to enhanced suppression of DDR2 mutated lung cancer cell lines. These results support the further evaluation of dual SRC/DDR2 targeting in NSCLC, and we report a tool compound, compound 5, which potently inhibits both SRC and DDR2 with a distinct selectivity profile as compared to dasatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Terai
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Li Tan
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ellen M. Beauchamp
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - John M. Hatcher
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Massachusetts, United States
- Cancer
Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department
of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Peter S. Hammerman
- Department
of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Cancer
Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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Knollman H, Godwin JL, Jain R, Wong YN, Plimack ER, Geynisman DM. Muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer: an update on systemic therapy. Ther Adv Urol 2015; 7:312-30. [PMID: 26622317 PMCID: PMC4647143 DOI: 10.1177/1756287215607418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is a common malignancy that carries a poor prognosis when the disease includes muscle invasion. Metastatic urothelial carcinoma is almost uniformly fatal. The evidence behind treatment options in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic settings are discussed in this manuscript, with a focused review of standard and investigational cytotoxic, targeted, and immunotherapy approaches. We have focused especially on neoadjuvant cisplatin-based therapy (supported by level one evidence) and on novel immunotherapy agents such as checkpoint inhibitors, which have shown great promise in early clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Knollman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J. Luke Godwin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rishi Jain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yu-Ning Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Plimack
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel M. Geynisman
- Assistant Professor of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple University Health System, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Hierro C, Rodon J, Tabernero J. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Receptor/FGF Inhibitors: Novel Targets and Strategies for Optimization of Response of Solid Tumors. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:801-19. [PMID: 26615127 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway plays a major role in several biological processes, from organogenesis to metabolism homeostasis and angiogenesis. Several aberrations, including gene amplifications, point mutations, and chromosomal translocations have been described across solid tumors. Most of these molecular alterations promote multiple steps of carcinogenesis in FGFR oncogene-addicted cells, increasing cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Data suggest that upregulation of FGFR signaling is a common event in many cancer types. The FGFR pathway thus arises as a potential promising target for cancer treatment. Several FGFR inhibitors are currently under development. Initial preclinical results have translated into limited successful clinical responses when first-generation, nonspecific FGFR inhibitors were evaluated in patients. The future development of selective and unselective FGFR inhibitors will rely on a better understanding of the tissue-specific role of FGFR signaling and identification of biomarkers to select those patients who will benefit the most from these drugs. Further studies are warranted to establish the predictive significance of the different FGFR-aberrations and to incorporate them into clinical algorithms, now that second-generation, selective FGFR inhibitors exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinta Hierro
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang L, Yu H, Badzio A, Boyle TA, Schildhaus HU, Lu X, Dziadziuszko R, Jassem J, Varella-Garcia M, Heasley LE, Kowalewski AA, Ellison K, Chen G, Zhou C, Hirsch FR. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 and Related Ligands in Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 10:1083-90. [PMID: 26020126 PMCID: PMC4467588 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 15% of all lung cancers and has been understudied for novel therapies. Signaling through fibroblast growth factors (FGF2, FGF9) and their high-affinity receptor has recently emerged as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis and progression of non-small-cell lung cancer. In this study, we evaluated fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and ligand expression in primary SCLC samples. METHODS FGFR1 protein expression, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, and gene copy number were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), mRNA in situ hybridization, and silver in situ hybridization, respectively, in primary tumors from 90 patients with SCLC. Protein and mRNA expression of the FGF2 and FGF9 ligands were determined by IHC and mRNA in situ hybridization, respectively. In addition, a second cohort of 24 SCLC biopsy samples with known FGFR1 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization was assessed for FGFR1 protein expression by IHC. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to evaluate associations of FGFR1, FGF2 and FGF9 protein levels, respective mRNA levels, and FGFR1 gene copy number. RESULTS FGFR1 protein expression by IHC demonstrated a significant correlation with FGFR1 mRNA levels (p < 0.0001) and FGFR1 gene copy number (p = 0.03). The prevalence of FGFR1 mRNA positivity was 19.7%. FGFR1 mRNA expression correlated with both FGF2 (p = 0.0001) and FGF9 (p = 0.002) mRNA levels, as well as with FGF2 (p = 0.01) and FGF9 (p = 0.001) protein levels. There was no significant association between FGFR1 and ligands with clinical characteristics or prognosis. In the second cohort of specimens with known FGFR1 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization, 23 of 24 had adequate tumor by IHC, and 73.9% (17 of 23) were positive for FGFR1 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS A subset of SCLCs is characterized by potentially activated FGF/FGFR1 pathways, as evidenced by positive FGF2, FGF9, and FGFR1 protein and/or mRNA expression. FGFR1 protein expression is correlated with FGFR1 mRNA levels and FGFR1 gene copy number. Combined analysis of FGFR1 and ligand expression may allow selection of patients with SCLC to FGFR1 inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andrzej Badzio
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Theresa A. Boyle
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schildhaus
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian Lu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rafal Dziadziuszko
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jacek Jassem
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Marileila Varella-Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lynn E. Heasley
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ashley A. Kowalewski
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kim Ellison
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fred R. Hirsch
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and #Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Flippot R, Kone M, Magné N, Vignot S. [FGF/FGFR signalling: Implication in oncogenesis and perspectives]. Bull Cancer 2015; 102:516-26. [PMID: 25986739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of FGF (fibroblast growth factor)/FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) signalling leads to the promotion of several oncogenic mechanisms: proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cytoskeleton modifications, migration and angiogenesis. Deregulation of this pathway is reported in various cancers at early stages, and can therefore be responsible for the emergence of the hallmarks of cancer. It is necessary to precise downstream pathways of FGFR signalling to understand its oncogenic potential. We will then describe its implications in different cancer types. Oncogenic mechanisms will be studied through the example of melanoma, in which deregulation of FGF/FGFR pathway is considered as a driver event and occurs in nearly 90% of cases. The FGF/FGFR signalling pathway is a putative therapeutic target. Numerous agents are in active development, operating through a selective or multi-targeted approach. Recent studies have shown rather disappointing results in non-selected patients, but promising results in patients with FGF/FGFR pathway alterations. A careful screening of patients is the key to a valuable evaluation of these new targeted molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Flippot
- Gustave-Roussy, département d'innovations thérapeutiques essais précoces, 94800 Villejuif-Grand Paris, France
| | - Moumini Kone
- Hôpital Louis-Pasteur, service d'oncologie-hématologie, 28630 Chartres-Le-Coudray, France
| | - Nicolas Magné
- Institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, département de radiothérapie, 42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Stéphane Vignot
- Hôpital Louis-Pasteur, service d'oncologie-hématologie, 28630 Chartres-Le-Coudray, France.
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8
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Hammerman PS, Hayes DN, Grandis JR. Therapeutic insights from genomic studies of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:239-44. [PMID: 25643909 PMCID: PMC4355279 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Large and comprehensive genomic surveys of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are now greatly increasing our understanding of the diversity of this disease and the key genomic changes that drive these tumors. The results from these studies are beginning to inform the introduction of novel therapies for patients with HNSCCs. Here, we review some of the key findings from recent genomic studies of head and neck cancers, including the most comprehensive study to date from The Cancer Genome Atlas Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Hammerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - D Neil Hayes
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina Lineberger Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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9
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Morgensztern D, Campo MJ, Dahlberg SE, Doebele RC, Garon E, Gerber DE, Goldberg SB, Hammerman PS, Heist R, Hensing T, Horn L, Ramalingam SS, Rudin CM, Salgia R, Sequist L, Shaw AT, Simon GR, Somaiah N, Spigel DR, Wrangle J, Johnson D, Herbst RS, Bunn P, Govindan R. Molecularly targeted therapies in non-small-cell lung cancer annual update 2014. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 10:S1-63. [PMID: 25535693 PMCID: PMC4346098 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the understanding of the biology and treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) during the past few years. A number of molecularly targeted agents are in the clinic or in development for patients with advanced NSCLC. We are beginning to understand the mechanisms of acquired resistance after exposure to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with oncogene addicted NSCLC. The advent of next-generation sequencing has enabled to study comprehensively genomic alterations in lung cancer. Finally, early results from immune checkpoint inhibitors are very encouraging. This review summarizes recent advances in the area of cancer genomics, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morgensztern
- Department of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Meghan J. Campo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Suzanne E. Dahlberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Robert C. Doebele
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Edward Garon
- UCLA Santa Monica Hematology Oncology, Santa Monica, CA
| | - David E. Gerber
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Sarah B. Goldberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine and Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Rebecca Heist
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas Hensing
- Department of Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Leora Horn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Suresh S. Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lecia Sequist
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alice T. Shaw
- Department of Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - George R. Simon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Neeta Somaiah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - John Wrangle
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Roy S. Herbst
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine and Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Paul Bunn
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO
| | - Ramaswamy Govindan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
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10
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Abstract
Recurrent amplification of 8p12 is observed in squamous cell lung cancer, and FGFR1 is thought to be the main oncogenic driver in this region. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Malchers and colleagues perform a detailed characterization of 8p12 in squamous cell lung cancer and find remarkable genomic heterogeneity in this region, raising the possibility that other genes in addition to FGFR1 may play a role in squamous cell lung cancer. Mechanistic studies of the FGFR1-amplified subset of squamous cell lung cancer reveal potential roles for fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands and MYC expression levels in modulating the response of these tumors to FGF receptor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lockwood
- 1Cancer Biology and Genetics Section, Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and 2Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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11
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Cihoric N, Savic S, Schneider S, Ackermann I, Bichsel-Naef M, Schmid RA, Lardinois D, Gugger M, Bubendorf L, Zlobec I, Tapia C. Prognostic role of FGFR1 amplification in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2914-22. [PMID: 24853178 PMCID: PMC4056052 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) was discovered in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the lung with FGFR1 amplification described as a promising predictive marker for anti-FGFR inhibitor treatment. Only few data are available regarding prevalence, prognostic significance and clinico-pathological characteristics of FGFR1-amplified and early-stage non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). We therefore investigated the FGFR1 gene status in a large number of well-characterised early-stage NSCLC. METHODS FGFR1 gene status was evaluated using a commercially available fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) probe on a tissue microarray (TMA). This TMA harbours 329 resected, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded, nodal-negative NSCLC with a UICC stage I-II. The FISH results were correlated with clinico-pathological features and overall survival (OS). RESULTS The prevalence of an FGFR1 amplification was 12.5% (41/329) and was significantly (P<0.0001) higher in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (20.7%) than in adenocarcinoma (2.2%) and large cell carcinoma (13%). Multivariate analysis revealed significantly (P=0.0367) worse 5-year OS in patients with an FGFR1-amplified NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS FGFR1 amplification is common in early-stage SCC of the lung and is an independent and adverse prognostic marker. Its potential role as a predictive marker for targeted therapies or adjuvant treatment needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cihoric
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital/Inselspital Bern and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Savic
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Schneider
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - I Ackermann
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Bichsel-Naef
- Institute for Pathology, University Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R A Schmid
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital/Inselspital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Lardinois
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Gugger
- Institute for Pathology, University Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Promed Laboratoire Médical, 1723 Marley, Switzerland
| | - L Bubendorf
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - I Zlobec
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Pathology, University Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Tapia
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Pathology, University Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Ligand-associated ERBB2/3 activation confers acquired resistance to FGFR inhibition in FGFR3-dependent cancer cells. Oncogene 2014; 34:2167-77. [PMID: 24909170 PMCID: PMC4261066 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Somatic alterations of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) have been described in a wide range of malignancies. A number of anti-FGFR therapies are currently under investigation in clinical trials for subjects with FGFR gene amplifications, mutations and translocations. Here, we develop cell line models of acquired resistance to FGFR inhibition by exposure of cell lines harboring FGFR3 gene amplification and translocation to the selective FGFR inhibitor BGJ398 and multi-targeted FGFR inhibitor ponatinib. We show that the acquisition of resistance is rapid, reversible and characterized by an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a switch from dependency on FGFR3 to ERBB family members. Acquired resistance was associated with demonstrable changes in gene expression including increased production of ERBB2/3 ligands which were sufficient to drive resistance in the setting of FGFR3 dependency but not dependency on other FGFR family members. These data support the concept that activation of ERBB family members is sufficient to bypass dependency on FGFR3 and suggest that concurrent inhibition of these two pathways may be desirable when targeting FGFR3 dependent cancers.
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13
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Liu SV, Subramaniam D, Cyriac GC, Abdul-Khalek FJ, Giaccone G. Emerging protein kinase inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2013; 19:51-65. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2014.873403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Malchers F, Dietlein F, Schöttle J, Lu X, Nogova L, Albus K, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Heuckmann JM, Gautschi O, Diebold J, Plenker D, Gardizi M, Scheffler M, Bos M, Seidel D, Leenders F, Richters A, Peifer M, Florin A, Mainkar PS, Karre N, Chandrasekhar S, George J, Silling S, Rauh D, Zander T, Ullrich RT, Reinhardt HC, Ringeisen F, Büttner R, Heukamp LC, Wolf J, Thomas RK. Cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms of transformation by amplified FGFR1 in lung cancer. Cancer Discov 2013; 4:246-57. [PMID: 24302556 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The 8p12 locus (containing the FGFR1 tyrosine kinase gene) is frequently amplified in squamous cell lung cancer. However, it is currently unknown which of the 8p12-amplified tumors are also sensitive to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibition. We found that, in contrast with other recurrent amplifications, the 8p12 region included multiple centers of amplification, suggesting marked genomic heterogeneity. FGFR1-amplified tumor cells were dependent on FGFR ligands in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ectopic expression of FGFR1 was oncogenic, which was enhanced by expression of MYC. We found that MYC was coexpressed in 40% of FGFR1-amplified tumors. Tumor cells coexpressing MYC were more sensitive to FGFR inhibition, suggesting that patients with FGFR1-amplified and MYC-overexpressing tumors may benefit from FGFR inhibitor therapy. Thus, both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms of transformation modulate FGFR dependency in FGFR1-amplified lung cancer, which may have implications for patient selection for treatment with FGFR inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE Amplification of FGFR1 is one of the most frequent candidate targets in lung cancer. Here, we show that multiple factors affect the tumorigenic potential of FGFR1, thus providing clinical hypotheses for refinement of patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Malchers
- 1Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne; 2Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research; Institutes of 3Pathology and 4Virology, University of Cologne;5Department I of Internal Medicine and Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne; 6Blackfield AG, Cologne; 7Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany; 8Medical Oncology and 9Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital, Luzern; 10Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland; and 11Division of Natural Products Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India
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15
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Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 amplification in non-small cell lung cancer by quantitative real-time PCR. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79820. [PMID: 24255716 PMCID: PMC3821849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amplification of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene has been described in tumors of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Prior reports showed conflicting rates of amplification frequency and clinical relevance. Materials and Methods We developed a reliable real-time quantitative PCR assay to assess the frequency of FGFR1 amplification and assessed the optimal cutoff level of amplification for clinical application. Results In a training cohort of 203 NSCLCs, we established that a 3.5-fold amplification optimally divided patients into groups with different survival rates with a clear threshold level. Those with FGFR1 amplification levels above 3.5-fold had an inferior survival. These data were confirmed in a validation cohort of 142 NSCLC. After adjusting for age, sex, performance status, stage, and histology, patients with FGFR1 amplification levels above 3.5 fold had a hazard ratio of 2.91 (95% CI- 1.14, 7.41; pvalue-0.025) for death in the validation cohort. The rates of FGFR1 amplification using the cutoff level of 3.5 were 5.1% in squamous cell and 4.1% in adenocarcinomas. There was a non-significant trend towards higher amplifications rates in heavy smokers (> 15 pack-years of cigarette consumption) as compared to light smokers. Discussion Our data suggest that a 3.5-fold amplification of FGFR1 is of clinical importance in NSCLC. Our cutpoint analysis showed a clear threshold effect for the impact of FGFR1 amplification on patients’ survival, which can be used as an initial guide for patient selection in trials assessing efficacy of novel FGFR inhibitors.
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16
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Abstract
Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. At presentation, the majority of patients have regional or systemic metastases and therefore require systemic therapy. For years, chemotherapy was the only systemic therapy option. A major paradigm shift has occurred in recent years with the identification of driver genetic alterations in some non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). It is part of current standard of care to assess epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocations in tumors of patients with advanced NSCLC. Drugs targeting these mutations provide significant clinical benefit and are the preferred therapeutic option in these patients. Ongoing clinical trials are assessing the clinical benefit from targeting other driver genetic alterations. Further therapeutic targets have been identified through greater understanding of the variety of molecular processes that facilitate tumor formation and progression. Some of these new therapeutic targets are heat shock proteins and targets that can allow enhanced anti-tumor immune response. It is expected that these advances will allow personalized management of NSCLC patients and move us away from approaching all NSCLC patients with the same therapeutic tools.
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17
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Konecny GE, Kolarova T, O'Brien NA, Winterhoff B, Yang G, Qi J, Qi Z, Venkatesan N, Ayala R, Luo T, Finn RS, Kristof J, Galderisi C, Porta DG, Anderson L, Shi MM, Yovine A, Slamon DJ. Activity of the fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors dovitinib (TKI258) and NVP-BGJ398 in human endometrial cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:632-42. [PMID: 23443805 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent identification of activating fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) mutations in endometrial cancer has generated an opportunity for a novel target-based therapy. Here, we explore the therapeutic potential of 2 FGFR inhibitors, the multikinase inhibitor dovitinib (TKI258) and the more selective FGFR inhibitor NVP-BGJ398 for the treatment of endometrial cancer. We examined the effects of both inhibitors on tumor cell growth, FGFR2 signaling, cell cycle, and apoptosis using a panel of 20 molecularly characterized human endometrial cancer cell lines. Anchorage-independent growth was studied using soft agar assays. In vivo studies were conducted using endometrial cancer xenograft models. Cell lines with activating FGFR2 mutations (S252W, N550K) were more sensitive to dovitinib or NVP-BGJ398 when compared with their FGFR2 wild-type counterparts (P = 0.073 and P = 0.021, respectively). Both agents inhibited FGFR2 signaling, induced cell-cycle arrest, and significantly increased apoptosis in FGFR2-mutant lines. In vitro, dovitinib and NVP-BGJ398 were both potent at inhibiting cell growth of FGFR2-mutant endometrial cancer cells, but the activity of dovitinib was less restricted to FGFR2-mutant lines when compared with NVP-BGJ398. In vivo, dovitinib and NVP-BGJ398 significantly inhibited the growth of FGFR2-mutated endometrial cancer xenograft models. In addition, dovitinib showed significant antitumor activity in FGFR2 wild-type endometrial cancer xenograft models including complete tumor regressions in a long-term in vivo study. Dovitinib and NVP-BGJ398 warrant further clinical evaluation in patients with FGFR2-mutated endometrial cancer. Dovitinib may have antitumor activity in endometrial cancer beyond FGFR2-mutated cases and may permit greater flexibility in patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried E Konecny
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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18
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Dieci MV, Arnedos M, Andre F, Soria JC. Fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors as a cancer treatment: from a biologic rationale to medical perspectives. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:264-79. [PMID: 23418312 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling pathway plays a fundamental role in many physiologic processes, including embryogenesis, adult tissue homeostasis, and wound healing, by orchestrating angiogenesis. Ligand-independent and ligand-dependent activation have been implicated in a broad range of human malignancies and promote cancer progression in tumors driven by FGF/FGFR oncogenic mutations or amplifications, tumor neoangiogenesis, and targeted treatment resistance, thereby supporting a strong rationale for anti-FGF/FGFR agent development. Efforts are being pursued to develop selective approaches for use against this pathway by optimizing the management of emerging, class-specific toxicity profiles and correctly designing clinical trials to address these different issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Dieci
- Breast Cancer Unit, INSERM Unit U981, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
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19
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Abstract
Treatment decisions for patients with lung cancer have historically been based upon tumor morphological analysis. Over the past decade, some molecular alterations have been identified as being necessary and sufficient to drive tumor carcinogenesis. These "driver" mutations occur in genes that encode signaling proteins critical for cellular proliferation and survival. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) mutations are the best illustration of the therapeutic relevance of identifying such molecular clusters of lung cancer based on driver genetic alterations that predict the efficacy of specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors, a strategy referred to as "personalized medicine." Besides EGFR and ALK, other genes harboring driver molecular alterations have been identified as part of integrated genomic studies of lung cancers. The objectives of this review are (1) to provide the reader with preclinical and clinical data on these new oncogenic mutations, focusing on druggable ones; (2) to discuss the dynamic nature of lung cancer molecular features in the context of acquired resistance to specific inhibitors; and (3) to highlight emerging data on other cancer hallmarks that may be of interest from a therapeutic perspective in the next future. From bench to bedside, personalized medicine represents a major revolution in the treatment of lung cancer.
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20
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Abstract
The application of high-throughput techniques to profile DNA, RNA, and protein in breast cancer samples from hundreds of patients has profoundly increased our knowledge of the disease. The etiologic events that drive breast cancer are finally coming into focus and should be used to set priorities for clinical trials. In this Prospective, we summarize some of the headline conclusions from 6 recent breast cancer "omics profiling" articles in Nature, with an emphasis on the implications for systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Ellis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Section of Breast Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, 660 South Euclid Ave, CB 8069, St Louis, MO, 63110, Ph: 314-362-8903, Fax: 314-747-9320
| | - Charles M. Perou
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, 450 West Drive, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, Ph: 919-843-5740, Fax: 919-843-5718
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21
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Definition of a fluorescence in-situ hybridization score identifies high- and low-level FGFR1 amplification types in squamous cell lung cancer. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1473-80. [PMID: 22684217 PMCID: PMC4089812 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported fibroblast growth factor receptor-type 1 (FGFR1) amplification to be associated with therapeutically tractable FGFR1 dependency in squamous cell lung cancer. This makes FGFR1 a novel target for directed therapy in these tumors. To reproducibly identify patients for clinical studies, we developed a standardized reading and evaluation strategy for FGFR1 fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and propose evaluation criteria, describe different patterns of low- and high-level amplifications and report on the prevalence of FGFR1 amplifications in pulmonary carcinomas. A total of 420 lung cancer patients including 307 squamous carcinomas, 100 adenocarcinomas of the lung and 13 carcinomas of other types were analyzed for FGFR1 amplification using a dual color FISH. We found heterogeneous and different patterns of gene copy numbers. FGFR1 amplifications were observed in 20% of pulmonary squamous carcinomas but not in adenocarcinomas. High-level amplification (as defined by an FGFR1/centromer 8 (CEN8) ratio ≥2.0, or average number of FGFR1 signals per tumor cell nucleus ≥6, or the percentage of tumor cells containing ≥15 FGFR1 signals or large clusters ≥10%) was detected at a frequency of 16% and low-level amplification (as defined by ≥5 FGFR1 signals in ≥50% of tumor cells) at a frequency of 4%. We conclude that FGFR1 amplification is one of the most frequent therapeutically tractable genetic lesions in pulmonary carcinomas. Standardized reporting of FGFR1 amplification in squamous carcinomas of the lung will become increasingly important to correlate therapeutic responses with FGFR1 inhibitors in clinical studies. Thus, our reading and evaluation strategy might serve as a basis for identifying patients for ongoing and upcoming clinical trials.
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22
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Guagnano V, Kauffmann A, Wöhrle S, Stamm C, Ito M, Barys L, Pornon A, Yao Y, Li F, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Wilson CJ, Bordas V, Le Douget M, Gaither LA, Borawski J, Monahan JE, Venkatesan K, Brümmendorf T, Thomas DM, Garcia-Echeverria C, Hofmann F, Sellers WR, Graus-Porta D. FGFR genetic alterations predict for sensitivity to NVP-BGJ398, a selective pan-FGFR inhibitor. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:1118-33. [PMID: 23002168 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Patient stratification biomarkers that enable the translation of cancer genetic knowledge into clinical use are essential for the successful and rapid development of emerging targeted anticancer therapeutics. Here, we describe the identification of patient stratification biomarkers for NVP-BGJ398, a novel and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor. By intersecting genome-wide gene expression and genomic alteration data with cell line-sensitivity data across an annotated collection of cancer cell lines called the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, we show that genetic alterations for FGFR family members predict for sensitivity to NVP-BGJ398. For the first time, we report oncogenic FGFR1 amplification in osteosarcoma as a potential patient selection biomarker. Furthermore, we show that cancer cell lines harboring FGF19 copy number gain at the 11q13 amplicon are sensitive to NVP-BGJ398 only when concomitant expression of β-klotho occurs. Thus, our findings provide the rationale for the clinical development of FGFR inhibitors in selected patients with cancer harboring tumors with the identified predictors of sensitivity. SIGNIFICANCE The success of a personalized medicine approach using targeted therapies ultimately depends on being able to identify the patients who will benefit the most from any given drug. To this end, we have integrated the molecular profiles for more than 500 cancer cell lines with sensitivity data for the novel anticancer drug NVP-BGJ398 and showed that FGFR genetic alterations are the most significant predictors for sensitivity. This work has ultimately endorsed the incorporation of specific patient selection biomakers in the clinical trials for NVP-BGJ398.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Guagnano
- Global Discovery Chemistry, 2Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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