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Gharib E, Robichaud GA. From Crypts to Cancer: A Holistic Perspective on Colorectal Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9463. [PMID: 39273409 PMCID: PMC11395697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health burden, with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Recent progress in research highlights the distinct clinical and molecular characteristics of colon versus rectal cancers, underscoring tumor location's importance in treatment approaches. This article provides a comprehensive review of our current understanding of CRC epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathogenesis, and management strategies. We also present the intricate cellular architecture of colonic crypts and their roles in intestinal homeostasis. Colorectal carcinogenesis multistep processes are also described, covering the conventional adenoma-carcinoma sequence, alternative serrated pathways, and the influential Vogelstein model, which proposes sequential APC, KRAS, and TP53 alterations as drivers. The consensus molecular CRC subtypes (CMS1-CMS4) are examined, shedding light on disease heterogeneity and personalized therapy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Gharib
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Gilles A Robichaud
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
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2
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Zhao L, Gao N, Peng X, Chen L, Meng T, Jiang C, Jin J, Zhang J, Duan Q, Tian H, Weng L, Wang X, Tan X, Li Y, Qin H, Yuan J, Ge X, Deng L, Wang P. TRAF4-Mediated LAMTOR1 Ubiquitination Promotes mTORC1 Activation and Inhibits the Inflammation-Induced Colorectal Cancer Progression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2301164. [PMID: 38229144 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that integrates various environmental signals to regulate cell growth and metabolism. mTORC1 activation requires tethering to lysosomes by the Ragulator-Rag complex. However, the dynamic regulation of the interaction between Ragulator and Rag guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) remains unclear. In this study, that LAMTOR1, an essential component of Ragulator, is dynamically ubiquitinated depending on amino acid abundance is reported. It is found that the E3 ligase TRAF4 directly interacts with LAMTOR1 and catalyzes the K63-linked polyubiquitination of LAMTOR1 at K151. Ubiquitination of LAMTOR1 by TRAF4 promoted its binding to Rag GTPases and enhanced mTORC1 activation, K151R knock-in or TRAF4 knock-out blocks amino acid-induced mTORC1 activation and accelerates the development of inflammation-induced colon cancer. This study revealed that TRAF4-mediated LAMTOR1 ubiquitination is a regulatory mechanism for mTORC1 activation and provides a therapeutic target for diseases involving mTORC1 dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Ni Gao
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Peng
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Tong Meng
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200940, P. R. China
| | - Cong Jiang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Jin
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhui Duan
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Hongling Tian
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Linjun Weng
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xinbo Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Tan
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yaxu Li
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ge
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
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3
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Cao R, Guo S, Min L, Li P. Roles of Rictor alterations in gastrointestinal tumors (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 51:37. [PMID: 38186315 PMCID: PMC10807360 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tumors account for five of the top 10 causes of mortality from all cancers (colorectal, liver, stomach, esophageal and pancreatic cancer). Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is commonly dysregulated in various human cancers. As a core component of the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), Rictor is a key effector molecule of the PI3K/Akt pathway. A high alteration rate of Rictor has been observed in gastrointestinal tumors, and such Rictor alterations are often associated with resistance to chemotherapy and related adverse clinical outcomes. However, the exact roles of Rictor in gastrointestinal tumors remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to critically discuss the following: i) Mutation and biological characteristics of Rictor in tumors with a detailed overview of Rictor in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy and drug resistance; ii) the role of Rictor in tumors of the digestive system, particularly colorectal, hepatobiliary, gastric, esophageal and pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma; and iii) the current status and prospects of targeted therapy for Rictor by inhibiting Akt activation. Despite the growing realization of the importance of Rictor/mTORC2 in cancer, the underlying mechanistic details remain poorly understood; this needs to change in order for the development of efficient targeted therapies and re‑sensitization of therapy‑resistant cancers to be made possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos School of Clinical Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Ordos, Inner Mongolia 017000, P.R. China
| | - Shuilong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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4
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Hjazi A, Ghaffar E, Asghar W, Alauldeen Khalaf H, Ikram Ullah M, Mireya Romero-Parra R, Hussien BM, Abdulally Abdulhussien Alazbjee A, Singh Bisht Y, Fakri Mustafa Y, Reza Hosseini-Fard S. CDKN2B-AS1 as a novel therapeutic target in cancer: Mechanism and clinical perspective. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115627. [PMID: 37257723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been identified as essential components having considerable modulatory impactson biological activities through altering gene transcription, epigenetic changes, and protein translation. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B antisense RNA 1 (CDKN2B-AS1), a recently discovered lncRNA, was shown to be substantially elevated in various cancers.Furthermore, via modulation ofvarious signalingaxes, it is effectively connected to the control of critical cancer-associatedbiological pathways likecell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT), invasion, and migration. Considering the crucial functions ofCDKN2B-AS1in cancer onset and development, this lncRNA offers immense therapeutic implications for usage as a new diagnostic or treatment approach. In this article, we evaluate the most recent discoveries made into the functions of the lncRNA CDKN2B-AS1 in cancer, in addition to its prospect asbeneficial properties,prognostic anddiagnostic biomarkersin the cancer-related treatment, emphasizingits participation in a broad network of signalingaxes whichcould affectvariouscancers and investigating its promising therapeutic possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Muhammad Ikram Ullah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 75471, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Beneen M Hussien
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Yashwant Singh Bisht
- Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Hossan MS, Lin ES, Riedl E, Stram A, Mehlhaff E, Koeppel L, Warner J, Uko I, Mankowski Gettle L, Lubner S, McGregor SM, Zhang W, Murphy W, Kratz JD. Spatial Alignment of Organoids Tracking Subclonal Chemotherapy Resistance in Pancreatic and Ampullary Cancer. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010091. [PMID: 36671664 PMCID: PMC9854538 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic and ampullary cancers remain highly morbid diseases for which accurate clinical predictions are needed for precise therapeutic predictions. Patient-derived cancer organoids have been widely adopted; however, prior work has focused on well-level therapeutic sensitivity. To characterize individual oligoclonal units of therapeutic response, we introduce a low-volume screening assay, including an automated alignment algorithm. The oligoclonal growth response was compared against validated markers of response, including well-level viability and markers of single-cell viability. Line-specific sensitivities were compared with clinical outcomes. Automated alignment algorithms were generated to match organoids across time using coordinates across a single projection of Z-stacked images. After screening for baseline size (50 μm) and circularity (>0.4), the match efficiency was found to be optimized by accepting the diffusion thresholded with the root mean standard deviation of 75 μm. Validated well-level viability showed a limited correlation with the mean organoid size (R = 0.408), and a normalized growth assayed by normalized changes in area (R = 0.474) and area (R = 0.486). Subclonal populations were defined by both residual growth and the failure to induce apoptosis and necrosis. For a culture with clinical resistance to gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel, while a therapeutic challenge induced a robust effect in inhibiting cell growth (GΔ = 1.53), residual oligoclonal populations were able to limit the effect on the ability to induce apoptosis (GΔ = 0.52) and cell necrosis (GΔ = 1.07). Bioengineered approaches are feasible to capture oligoclonal heterogeneity in organotypic cultures, integrating ongoing efforts for utilizing organoids across cancer types as integral biomarkers and in novel therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahadat Hossan
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ethan Samuel Lin
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Eleanor Riedl
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Austin Stram
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Eric Mehlhaff
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Luke Koeppel
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jamie Warner
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Inem Uko
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Lori Mankowski Gettle
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sam Lubner
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Health System, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Stephanie M. McGregor
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Kratz
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Administration Health System, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Sain A, Kandasamy T, Naskar D. In silico approach to target PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis by selected Olea europaea phenols in PIK3CA mutant colorectal cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10962-10977. [PMID: 34296655 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1953603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide disease burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) increasing alarmingly, but a suitable therapeutic strategy is not available yet. Abnormal activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling because of mutation in the PIK3CA gene is a driving force behind CRC development. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively characterise the potential of phenolic compounds from Olea europaea against the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis by using in silico methodologies. Molecular docking was utilised to study key interactions between phenolic compounds of O. europaea and target proteins PI3K, Akt, mTOR with reference to known inhibitor of target. Drug likeness and ADME/T properties of selected phenols were explored by online tools. Dynamic properties and binding free energy of target-ligand interactions were studied by molecular dynamic simulation and MM-PBSA method respectively. Molecular docking revealed apigenin, luteolin, pinoresinol, oleuropein, and oleuropein aglycone as the top five phenolic compounds which showed comparable/better binding affinity than the known inhibitor of the respective target protein. Drug likeness and ADME/T properties were employed to select the top three phenols namely, apigenin, luteolin, and pinoresinol which shown to bind stably to the catalytic cleft of target proteins as confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. Therefore, Apigenin, luteolin, and pinoresinol have the potential to be used as the non-toxic alternative to synthetic chemical inhibitors generally used in CRC treatment as they can target PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis. Particularly, pinoresinol showed great potential as dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor. However, this study needs to be complemented with future in vitro and in vivo studies to provide an alternative way of CRC treatment. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Sain
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Thirukumaran Kandasamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Debdut Naskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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Ngalim SH, Yusoff N, Johnson RR, Abdul Razak SR, Chen X, Hobbs JK, Lee YY. A review on mechanobiology of cell adhesion networks in different stages of sporadic colorectal cancer to explain its tumorigenesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 175:63-72. [PMID: 36116549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is strongly linked to extraneous factors, like poor diet and lifestyle, but not to inherent factors like familial genetics. The changes at the epigenomics and signalling pathways are known across the sporadic CRC stages. The catch is that temporal information of the onset, the feedback loop, and the crosstalk of signalling and noise are still unclear. This makes it challenging to diagnose and treat colon cancer effectively with no relapse. Various microbial cells and native cells of the colon, contribute to sporadic CRC development. These cells secrete autocrine and paracrine for their bioenergetics and communications with other cell types. Imbalances of the biochemicals affect the epithelial lining of colon. One side of this epithelial lining is interfacing the dense colon tissue, while the other side is exposed to microbiota and excrement from the lumen. Hence, the epithelial lining is prone to tumorigenesis due to the influence of both biochemical and mechanical cues from its complex surrounding. The role of physical transformations in tumorigenesis have been limitedly discussed. In this context, cellular and tissue structures, and force transductions are heavily regulated by cell adhesion networks. These networks include cell anchoring mechanism to the surrounding, cell structural integrity mechanism, and cell effector molecules. This review will focus on the progression of the sporadic CRC stages that are governed by the underlaying cell adhesion networks within the epithelial cells. Additionally, current and potential technologies and therapeutics that target cell adhesion networks for treatments of sporadic CRC will be incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hawa Ngalim
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Norwahida Yusoff
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rayzel Renitha Johnson
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Razila Abdul Razak
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie K Hobbs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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8
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Yang J, Liu Y, Lan S, Yu S, Ma X, Luo D, Shan H, Zhong X, Yan G, Li R. Discovery of 2-Methyl-2-(4-(2-methyl-8-(1 H-pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridin-6-yl)-1 H-naphtho[1,2- d]imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)propanenitrile as a Novel PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor with Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy In Vitro and In Vivo. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12781-12801. [PMID: 36191148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is a validated drug target for cancer treatment that plays a critical role in controlling tumor growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. However, no FDA-approved PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor exists. Thus, a candidate with a better curative effect and lower toxicity is still urgently needed. Herein, we design, synthesize, and evaluate compounds belonging to a novel series of 2-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline scaffold derivatives as PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors. Among them, compound 8o was identified as a novel candidate with excellent kinase selectivity. It manifested remarkable antiproliferative activities against SW620 and HeLa cells. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis results proved that 8o could regulate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT and S6 proteins. Additionally, 8o presented a favorable pharmacokinetic property (oral bioavailability of 76.8%) and significant antitumor efficacy in vivo without obvious toxicity. Collectively, these results indicated that 8o is a promising agent for cancer treatment and merits further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Suke Lan
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huifang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinxin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guoyi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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9
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Wu CWK, Reid M, Leedham S, Lui RN. The emerging era of personalized medicine in advanced colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:1411-1425. [PMID: 35815339 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a genetically heterogeneous disease with its pathogenesis often driven by varying genetic or epigenetic alterations. This has led to a substantial number of patients developing chemoresistance and treatment failure, resulting in a high mortality rate for advanced disease. Deep molecular analysis has allowed for the discovery of key intestinal signaling pathways which impacts colonic epithelial cell fate, and the integral role of the tumor microenvironment on cancer growth and dissemination. Through transitioning pre-clinical knowledge in research into clinical practice, many potential druggable targets within these pathways have been discovered in the hopes of overcoming the roadblocks encountered by conventional therapies. A personalized approach tailoring treatment according to the histopathological and molecular features of individual tumors can hopefully translate to better patient outcomes, and reduce the rate of recurrence in patients with advanced CRC. Herein, the latest understanding on the molecular science behind CRC tumorigenesis, and the potential treatment targets currently at the forefront of research are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia W K Wu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Madeleine Reid
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Leedham
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rashid N Lui
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Wang C, Aikemu B, Shao Y, Zhang S, Yang G, Hong H, Huang L, Jia H, Yang X, Zheng M, Sun J, Li J. Genomic signature of MTOR could be an immunogenicity marker in human colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:818. [PMID: 35883111 PMCID: PMC9327395 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09901-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in cancer. As a master regulator, the status of MTOR affects pathway activity and the efficacy of mTOR inhibitor therapy. However, little research has been performed to explore MTOR in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods In this study, gene expression and clinical data were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Signaling pathways related to MTOR in CRC were identified by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Somatic mutation data were downloaded from TCGA and analyzed using the maftools R package. Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and CIBERSORT were used to analyze correlations between MTOR and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs). Finally, we detected MTOR mutations in a CRC cohort from our database using whole-exome sequencing. Results We found that MTOR was overexpressed in Asian CRC patients and associated with a poor prognosis. Enrichment analysis showed that MTOR was involved in metabolism, cell adhesion, and translation pathways in CRC. High MTOR expression was correlated with high tumor mutation burden (TMB) and several TIICs. Finally, we found that the mTOR signaling pathway was activated in CRC lines characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI), and the frequency of MTOR mutations was higher in MSI-high (MSI-H) patients than in microsatellite stable (MSS) patients. Conclusions MTOR may represent a comprehensive indicator of prognosis and immunological status in CRC. The genomic signatures of MTOR may provide guidance for exploring the role of mTOR inhibitors in CRC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09901-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Batuer Aikemu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yanfei Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hiju Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongtao Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jianwen Li
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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11
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Conciatori F, Salvati E, Ciuffreda L, Shirasawa S, Falcone I, Cognetti F, Ferretti G, Zeuli M, Del Bufalo D, Bazzichetto C, Milella M. Fibroblast-Induced Paradoxical PI3K Pathway Activation in PTEN-Competent Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Therapeutic PI3K/mTOR Inhibition. Front Oncol 2022; 12:862806. [PMID: 35719951 PMCID: PMC9203999 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.862806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tumor-microenvironment interactions are important determinants of drug resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). We, therefore, set out to understand how interactions between genetically characterized CRC cells and stromal fibroblasts might influence response to molecularly targeted inhibitors. Techniques Sensitivity to PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors of CRC cell lines, with known genetic background, was investigated under different culture conditions [serum-free medium, fibroblasts’ conditioned medium (CM), direct co-culture]. Molecular pathway activation was monitored using Western Blot analysis. Immunoprecipitation was used to detect specific mTOR complex activation. Immunofluorescence was used to analyze cellular PTEN distribution, while different mutant PTEN plasmids were used to map the observed function to specific PTEN protein domains. Results Exposure to fibroblast-CM resulted in increased growth-inhibitory response to double PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in PTEN-competent CRC cell lines harboring KRAS and PI3K mutations. Such functional effect was attributable to fibroblast-CM induced paradoxical PI3K/mTORC1 pathway activation, occurring in the presence of a functional PTEN protein. At a molecular level, fibroblast-CM induced C-tail phosphorylation and cytoplasmic redistribution of the PTEN protein, thereby impairing its lipid phosphatase function and favored the formation of active, RAPTOR-containing, mTORC1 complexes. However, PTEN’s lipid phosphatase function appeared to be dispensable, while complex protein-protein interactions, also involving PTEN/mTOR co-localization and subcellular distribution, were crucial for both mTORC1 activation and sensitivity to double PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Data Interpretation Microenvironmental cues, in particular soluble factors produced by stromal fibroblasts, profoundly influence PI3K pathway signaling and functional response to specific inhibitors in CRC cells, depending on their mutational background and PTEN status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Conciatori
- Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Salvati
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology -National Research Council (BPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Ciuffreda
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation (SAFU), Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Central Research Institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Italia Falcone
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation (SAFU), Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cognetti
- Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Ferretti
- Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Zeuli
- Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzichetto
- Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
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12
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Gillette AA, DeStefanis RA, Pritzl SL, Deming DA, Skala MC. Inhibition of B-cell lymphoma 2 family proteins alters optical redox ratio, mitochondrial polarization, and cell energetics independent of cell state. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-210354GR. [PMID: 35643815 PMCID: PMC9142839 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.5.056505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The optical redox ratio (ORR) [autofluorescence intensity of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H)/flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)] provides a label-free method to quantify cellular metabolism. However, it is unclear whether changes in the ORR with B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family protein inhibition are due to metabolic stress alone or compromised cell viability. AIM Determine whether ABT-263 (navitoclax, Bcl-2 family inhibitor) changes the ORR due to changes in mitochondrial function that are independent of changes in cell viability. APPROACH SW48 colon cancer cells were used to investigate changes in ORR, mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption rates, and cell state (cell growth, viability, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence) with ABT-263, TAK-228 [sapanisertib, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1/2 (mTORC 1/2) inhibitor], and their combination at 24 h. RESULTS Changes in the ORR with Bcl-2 inhibition are driven by increases in both NAD(P)H and FAD autofluorescence, corresponding with increased basal metabolic rate and increased mitochondrial polarization. ABT-263 treatment does not change cell viability or induce autophagy but does induce a senescent phenotype. The metabolic changes seen with ABT-263 treatment are mitigated by combination with mTORC1/2 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS The ORR is sensitive to increases in mitochondrial polarization, energetic state, and cell senescence, which can change independently from cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani A. Gillette
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Rebecca A. DeStefanis
- University of Wisconsin, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Pritzl
- University of Wisconsin, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Dustin A. Deming
- University of Wisconsin, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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13
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DeStefanis RA, Kratz JD, Olson AM, Sunil A, DeZeeuw AK, Gillette AA, Sha GC, Johnson KA, Pasch CA, Clipson L, Skala MC, Deming DA. Impact of baseline culture conditions of cancer organoids when determining therapeutic response and tumor heterogeneity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5205. [PMID: 35338174 PMCID: PMC8956720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Representative models are needed to screen new therapies for patients with cancer. Cancer organoids are a leap forward as a culture model that faithfully represents the disease. Mouse-derived cancer organoids (MDCOs) are becoming increasingly popular, however there has yet to be a standardized method to assess therapeutic response and identify subpopulation heterogeneity. There are multiple factors unique to organoid culture that could affect how therapeutic response and MDCO heterogeneity are assessed. Here we describe an analysis of nearly 3500 individual MDCOs where individual organoid morphologic tracking was performed. Change in MDCO diameter was assessed in the presence of control media or targeted therapies. Individual organoid tracking was identified to be more sensitive to treatment response than well-level assessment. The impact of different generations of mice of the same genotype, different regions of the colon, and organoid specific characteristics including baseline size, passage number, plating density, and location within the matrix were examined. Only the starting size of the MDCO altered the subsequent growth. These results were corroborated using ~ 1700 patient-derived cancer organoids (PDCOs) isolated from 19 patients. Here we establish organoid culture parameters for individual organoid morphologic tracking to determine therapeutic response and growth/response heterogeneity for translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A DeStefanis
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jeremy D Kratz
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Autumn M Olson
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Aishwarya Sunil
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Alyssa K DeZeeuw
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Amani A Gillette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gioia C Sha
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Katherine A Johnson
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Cheri A Pasch
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Linda Clipson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melissa C Skala
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dustin A Deming
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, 6507 WIMR2, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA.
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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14
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van 't Erve I, Wesdorp NJ, Medina JE, Ferreira L, Leal A, Huiskens J, Bolhuis K, van Waesberghe JHTM, Swijnenburg RJ, van den Broek D, Velculescu VE, Kazemier G, Punt CJA, Meijer GA, Fijneman RJA. KRAS A146 Mutations Are Associated With Distinct Clinical Behavior in Patients With Colorectal Liver Metastases. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:PO.21.00223. [PMID: 34820593 PMCID: PMC8608264 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic KRAS mutations occur in approximately half of the patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Biologic tumor characteristics differ on the basis of the KRAS mutation variant. KRAS mutations are known to influence patient prognosis and are used as predictive biomarker for treatment decisions. This study examined clinical features of patients with mCRC with a somatic mutation in KRAS G12, G13, Q61, K117, or A146. Patients with mCRC and a KRAS A146 mutation are characterized by high tumor burden and poor prognosis![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris van 't Erve
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nina J Wesdorp
- Deparment of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jamie E Medina
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Leonardo Ferreira
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alessandro Leal
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Center for Personalized Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Bolhuis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Hein T M van Waesberghe
- Deparment of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger-Jan Swijnenburg
- Deparment of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daan van den Broek
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Geert Kazemier
- Deparment of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Remond J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Novel Murine Pancreatic Tumor Model Demonstrates Immunotherapeutic Control of Tumor Progression by a Toxoplasma gondii Protein. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0050821. [PMID: 34543124 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00508-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, with few effective treatments available and only 10% of those diagnosed surviving 5 years. Although immunotherapeutics is a growing field of study in cancer biology, there has been little progress in its use for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is considered a nonimmunogenic tumor because the tumor microenvironment does not easily allow for the immune system, even when stimulated, to attack the cancer. Infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to enhance the immune response to clear cancer tumors. A subset of T. gondii proteins called soluble Toxoplasma antigen (STAg) contains an immunodominant protein called profilin. Both STAg and profilin have been shown to stimulate an immune response that reduces viral, bacterial, and parasitic burdens. Here, we use STAg and profilin to treat pancreatic cancer in a KPC mouse-derived allograft murine model. These mice exhibit pancreatic cancer with both Kras and P53 mutations as subcutaneous tumors. Pancreatic cancer tumors in C57BL/6J mice with a wild-type background showed a significant response to treatment with either profilin or STAg, exhibiting a decrease in tumor volume accompanied by an influx of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the tumors. Both IFN-γ-/- mice and Batf3-/- mice, which lack conventional dendritic cells, failed to show significant decreases in tumor volumes when treated. These results indicate that gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and dendritic cells may play critical roles in the immune response necessary to treat pancreatic cancer.
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16
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Hong C, Khan M, Sukys J, Prasad M, Erson-Omay EZ, Vining E, Omay SB. PIK3CA mutation in a case of CTNNB1 mutant sinonasal glomangiopericytoma. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2021; 8:mcs.a006120. [PMID: 34667073 PMCID: PMC8744496 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomangiopericytomas are rare, primary sinonasal tumors. The existing literature is mostly limited to reports describing the clinicopathologic characteristics of these tumors. Comprehensive genetic characterization of glomangiopericytomas remain lacking. Whole exome sequencing of a case of glomangiopericytoma was performed under an institutional review board approved protocol. A 69 year-old female underwent surgical resection of a glomangiopericytoma. Whole exome sequencing revealed somatic mutations in CTNNB1 and PIK3CA, the former previously associated with this pathology but the latter not described. Concurrent dysregulation of Wnt/beta-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, secondary to mutations in these two oncogenes may be amenable to targeted treatment with existing clinically approved drugs. Genomic characterization of glomangiopericytomas remains lacking. This study reports novel co-existence of PIK3CA and CTNNB1 mutations in a case of glomangiopericytoma that may offer insight into the pathogenesis and potential for targeted medical therapies of this rare tumor.
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17
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Teo MYM, Fong JY, Lim WM, In LLA. Current Advances and Trends in KRAS Targeted Therapies for Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 20:30-44. [PMID: 34462329 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kirsten Rat Sarcoma (KRAS) gene somatic point mutations is one of the most prominently mutated proto-oncogenes known to date, and accounts for approximately 60% of all colorectal cancer cases. One of the most exciting drug development areas against colorectal cancer is the targeting of undruggable kinases and kinase-substrate molecules, although whether and how they can be integrated with other therapies remains a question. Current clinical trial data have provided supporting evidence on the use of combination treatment involving MEK inhibitors and either one of the PI3K inhibitors for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer to avoid the development of resistance and provide effective therapeutic outcome rather than using a single agent alone. Many clinical trials are also ongoing to evaluate different combinations of these pathway inhibitors in combination with immunotherapy for patients with colorectal cancer whose current palliative treatment options are limited. Nevertheless, continued assessment of these targeted cancer therapies will eventually allow patients with colorectal cancer to be treated using a personalized medicine approach. In this review, the most recent scientific approaches and clinical trials targeting KRAS mutations directly or indirectly for the management of colorectal cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Yee Mun Teo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jung Yin Fong
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ming Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lionel Lian Aun In
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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18
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Jia N, Che X, Jiang Y, Zhu M, Yang T, Feng W. Synergistic effects of a combined treatment of PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor LY3023414 and carboplatin on human endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2021; 162:788-796. [PMID: 34183163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our study aims to investigate whether PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor LY3023414 has synergistic effects with carboplatin in suppressing endometrial cancer (EC), and explore the mechanisms and toxicity of combined therapy. METHODS The effects of combined therapy of LY3023414 and carboplatin on cell viability, long-term survival and cell apoptosis were studied in vitro, and on subcutaneous xenograft model of HEC-1A cells and patient derived xenograft (PDX) models with different PI3K pathway mutational patterns in vivo. The synergistic mechanisms were explored on ATM/Chk2 and PI3K signaling pathway. The toxicity of combined therapy was also observed. RESULTS Combined treatment of LY3023414 and carboplatin synergistically inhibited proliferation, colony formation, promoted apoptosis of EC cells, and significantly activated ATM/Chk2 signaling pathway. LY3023414 had synergistic anti-tumor effects with carboplatin in HEC-1A subcutaneous xenograft which harbors PIK3CA mutation. The sensitivity to LY3023414 and carboplatin differed in PDX of EC cases with different mutational patterns of PI3K pathway, and combined therapy exhibited distinct synergistic anti-tumor effects in those harboring different PI3K pathway mutations. No increased drug toxicity in nude mice was seen in combined groups. CONCLUSIONS Combined therapy of PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor LY3023414 and carboplatin had synergistic anti-tumor effects in EC cell line and some of the PDX EC models, without increasing the toxicity of single drug. Enhanced carboplatin-induced DNA damage response (DDR) and cell apoptosis may be the mechanisms of synergistic effects. The anti-tumor effects may correlate with the mutational pattern of PI3K pathway, which provides experimental basis of individual treatments of ECs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200091, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Che
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yahui Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Menghan Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200091, PR China
| | - Tong Yang
- Shanghai Gemple Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
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19
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer has served as a genetic and biological paradigm for the evolution of solid tumors, and these insights have illuminated early detection, risk stratification, prevention, and treatment principles. Employing the hallmarks of cancer framework, we provide a conceptual framework to understand how genetic alterations in colorectal cancer drive cancer cell biology properties and shape the heterotypic interactions across cells in the tumor microenvironment. This review details research advances pertaining to the genetics and biology of colorectal cancer, emerging concepts gleaned from immune and single-cell profiling, and critical advances and remaining knowledge gaps influencing the development of effective therapies for this cancer that remains a major public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexi Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xingdi Ma
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Deepavali Chakravarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shabnam Shalapour
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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20
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Baviskar T, Momin M, Liu J, Guo B, Bhatt L. Target Genetic Abnormalities for the Treatment of Colon Cancer and Its Progression to Metastasis. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:722-733. [PMID: 33213339 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201119141015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis involves various processes from the accumulation of genetic alterations to genetic and epigenetic modulations and chromosomal abnormalities. It also involves mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Genomic instability plays a vital role in CRC. Advances in modern biological techniques and molecular level studies have identified various genes involved in colorectal cancer (CRC). KRAS, BRAF, PI3K, and p53 genes play a significant role in different phases of CRC. Alteration of these genes leads to development or progression and metastasis colon cancer. This review focuses on the role of KRAS, BRAF, PI3KCA, and TP53 genes in carcinogenesis and their significance in various stages of CRC. It also provides insights on specific modulators acting on these genes. Further, this review discusses the mechanism of the pathways involving these genes in carcinogenesis and current molecules and treatment options under various stages of clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Baviskar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Munira Momin
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Lokesh Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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21
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Gillette AA, Babiarz CP, VanDommelen AR, Pasch CA, Clipson L, Matkowskyj KA, Deming DA, Skala MC. Autofluorescence Imaging of Treatment Response in Neuroendocrine Tumor Organoids. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081873. [PMID: 33919802 PMCID: PMC8070804 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET) account for roughly 60% of all neuroendocrine tumors. Low/intermediate grade human GEP-NETs have relatively low proliferation rates that animal models and cell lines fail to recapitulate. Short-term patient-derived cancer organoids (PDCOs) are a 3D model system that holds great promise for recapitulating well-differentiated human GEP-NETs. However, traditional measurements of drug response (i.e., growth, proliferation) are not effective in GEP-NET PDCOs due to the small volume of tissue and low proliferation rates that are characteristic of the disease. Here, we test a label-free, non-destructive optical metabolic imaging (OMI) method to measure drug response in live GEP-NET PDCOs. OMI captures the fluorescence lifetime and intensity of endogenous metabolic cofactors NAD(P)H and FAD. OMI has previously provided accurate predictions of drug response on a single cell level in other cancer types, but this is the first study to apply OMI to GEP-NETs. OMI tested the response to novel drug combination on GEP-NET PDCOs, specifically ABT263 (navitoclax), a Bcl-2 family inhibitor, and everolimus, a standard GEP-NET treatment that inhibits mTOR. Treatment response to ABT263, everolimus, and the combination were tested in GEP-NET PDCO lines derived from seven patients, using two-photon OMI. OMI measured a response to the combination treatment in 5 PDCO lines, at 72 h post-treatment. In one of the non-responsive PDCO lines, heterogeneous response was identified with two distinct subpopulations of cell metabolism. Overall, this work shows that OMI provides single-cell metabolic measurements of drug response in PDCOs to guide drug development for GEP-NET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani A. Gillette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Christopher P. Babiarz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | | | - Cheri A. Pasch
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (C.A.P.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Linda Clipson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Kristina A. Matkowskyj
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (C.A.P.); (K.A.M.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Dustin A. Deming
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (C.A.P.); (K.A.M.)
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
- Correspondence: (D.A.D.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA;
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (C.A.P.); (K.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.D.); (M.C.S.)
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22
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Chen X, Chen W, Aung ZM, Han W, Zhang Y, Chai G. LY3023414 inhibits both osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis through the PI3K/Akt/GSK3 signalling pathway. Bone Joint Res 2021; 10:237-249. [PMID: 33789427 PMCID: PMC8076989 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.104.bjr-2020-0255.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS LY3023414 is a novel oral phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) dual inhibitor designed for advanced cancers, for which a phase II clinical study was completed in March 2020; however, little is known about its effect on bone modelling/remodelling. In this study, we aimed to explore the function of LY3023414 in bone modelling/remodelling. METHODS The function of LY3023414 was explored in the context of osteogenesis (bone formation by osteoblasts) and osteoclastogenesis (osteoclast formation and bone resorption). Murine preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell line and murine bone marrow-derived macrophage cells (BMMs) were subjected to different treatments. An MTS cell proliferation assay was used to examine the cytotoxicity. Thereafter, different induction conditions were applied, such as MCSF and RANKL for osteoclastogenesis and osteogenic media for osteogenesis. Specific staining, a bone resorption assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were subsequently used to evaluate the effect of LY3023414. Moreover, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was applied to knockdown Akt1 or Akt2 for further validation. Lastly, western blot was used to examine the exact mechanism of action. RESULTS LY3023414 attenuated PI3K/protein kinase B (Akt)/GSK3-dependent activation of β-catenin and nuclear factor-activated T cell 1 (NFATc1) during osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, respectively. LY3023414 mainly inhibited osteoclast formation instead of mature osteoclast function. Moreover, it suppressed osteogenesis both in the early stage of differentiation and late stage of calcification. Similarly, gene knockdown of Akt isoforms by siRNA downregulated osteogenic and osteoclastogenic processes, indicating that Akt1 and Akt2 acted synergistically. CONCLUSION LY3023414 can suppress osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/GSK3 signalling pathway, which highlights the potential benefits and side effects of LY3023414 for future clinical applications. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(4):237-249.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zin Mar Aung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Chai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Gmeiner WH. Recent Advances in Our Knowledge of mCRC Tumor Biology and Genetics: A Focus on Targeted Therapy Development. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2121-2130. [PMID: 33790575 PMCID: PMC8007558 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s242224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) remains a highly lethal malignancy although considerable progress has resulted from characterizing molecular alterations such as RAS mutation status and extent of microsatellite instability (MSI) to guide optimal use of available therapies. The availability of gene expression profiling, next generation sequencing technologies, proteomics analysis and other technologies provides high resolution information on individual tumors, including metastatic lesions to better define intra-tumor and inter-tumor heterogeneity. Recent literature applying this information to further customize personalized therapies is reviewed. Current biomarker-based stratification used to select optimal therapy that is personalized to the mutation profile of individual tumors is described. Recent literature using whole exome sequencing of metastatic lesions and primary CRC tumors and other advanced technologies to more fully elucidate the tumor biology specific to mCRC sub-types and to develop more precise therapies that improve outcomes is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Gmeiner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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24
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Skala MC, Ayuso JM, Burkard ME, Deming DA. Breast cancer immunotherapy: current biomarkers and the potential of in vitro assays. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 21:100348. [PMID: 34901585 PMCID: PMC8654237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in metastatic breast cancer care require new model systems that can identify the unique features and vulnerabilities of each cancer. Primary tumor cultures are proposed to efficiently screen multiple treatment options in a patient-specific strategy to maximize therapeutic benefit, minimize toxicity, and enable mechanistic insights that inspire future biomarkers for patient selection. To realize the potential of patient-specific cultures, new tools are needed to capture cell-by-cell variability in behavior and dynamic response to treatments in living 3D specimens. Potential bioengineering tools that can achieve this include optical microscopy to image single-cell dynamics and microphysiological in vitro systems to evaluate cell-cell interactions and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C. Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jose M. Ayuso
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark E. Burkard
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
- Division of Hematology Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dustin A. Deming
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
- Division of Hematology Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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25
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Fritsch SD, Weichhart T. Metabolic and immunologic control of intestinal cell function by mTOR. Int Immunol 2020; 32:455-465. [PMID: 32140726 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is one of the most quickly dividing tissues in our body, combining the absorptive advantages of a single layer with the protection of a constantly renewing barrier. It is continuously exposed to nutrients and commensal bacteria as well as microbial and host-derived metabolites, but also to hazards such as pathogenic bacteria and toxins. These environmental cues are sensed by the mucosa and a vast repertory of immune cells, especially macrophages. A disruption of intestinal homeostasis in terms of barrier interruption can lead to inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer, and macrophages have an important role in restoring epithelial function following injury. The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway senses environmental cues and integrates metabolic responses. It has emerged as an important regulator of intestinal functions in homeostasis and disease. In this review, we are going to discuss intestinal mTOR signalling and metabolic regulation in different intestinal cell populations with a special focus on immune cells and their actions on intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Fritsch
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Pavlatovská B, Machálková M, Brisudová P, Pruška A, Štěpka K, Michálek J, Nečasová T, Beneš P, Šmarda J, Preisler J, Kozubek M, Navrátilová J. Lactic Acidosis Interferes With Toxicity of Perifosine to Colorectal Cancer Spheroids: Multimodal Imaging Analysis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581365. [PMID: 33344237 PMCID: PMC7746961 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with constantly increasing incidence and high mortality. The treatment efficacy could be curtailed by drug resistance resulting from poor drug penetration into tumor tissue and the tumor-specific microenvironment, such as hypoxia and acidosis. Furthermore, CRC tumors can be exposed to different pH depending on the position in the intestinal tract. CRC tumors often share upregulation of the Akt signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the role of external pH in control of cytotoxicity of perifosine, the Akt signaling pathway inhibitor, to CRC cells using 2D and 3D tumor models. In 3D settings, we employed an innovative strategy for simultaneous detection of spatial drug distribution and biological markers of proliferation/apoptosis using a combination of mass spectrometry imaging and immunohistochemistry. In 3D conditions, low and heterogeneous penetration of perifosine into the inner parts of the spheroids was observed. The depth of penetration depended on the treatment duration but not on the external pH. However, pH alteration in the tumor microenvironment affected the distribution of proliferation- and apoptosis-specific markers in the perifosine-treated spheroid. Accurate co-registration of perifosine distribution and biological response in the same spheroid section revealed dynamic changes in apoptotic and proliferative markers occurring not only in the perifosine-exposed cells, but also in the perifosine-free regions. Cytotoxicity of perifosine to both 2D and 3D cultures decreased in an acidic environment below pH 6.7. External pH affects cytotoxicity of the other Akt inhibitor, MK-2206, in a similar way. Our innovative approach for accurate determination of drug efficiency in 3D tumor tissue revealed that cytotoxicity of Akt inhibitors to CRC cells is strongly dependent on pH of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the effect of pH should be considered during the design and pre-clinical/clinical testing of the Akt-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pavlatovská
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Markéta Machálková
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Brisudová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Adam Pruška
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karel Štěpka
- Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Michálek
- Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tereza Nečasová
- Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Beneš
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Center for Biological and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Šmarda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Preisler
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Michal Kozubek
- Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jarmila Navrátilová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Center for Biological and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
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27
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Wang J, Li R, He Y, Yi Y, Wu H, Liang Z. Next-generation sequencing reveals heterogeneous genetic alterations in key signaling pathways of mismatch repair deficient colorectal carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:2591-2601. [PMID: 32620917 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) is an etiologically heterogeneous molecular entity. We investigated the genetic profile, focusing on key signaling pathways and molecular diversity of dMMR CRCs. In this study, next-generation sequencing was applied to 156 consecutive dMMR CRCs and 225 randomly selected proficient MMR (pMMR) CRCs diagnosed between July 2015 and December 2019 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Genetic alterations and MLH1 promoter hypermethylation (MLH1me+) were analyzed. Among the most frequently mutated genes, RNF43, ARID1A, PIK3CA, ATM, and BRCA2 mutants were enriched in dMMR CRCs, whereas APC and TP53 mutations were enriched in pMMR CRCs. In dMMR group, RNF43, APC, ARID1A, and BRCA2 mutations were largely microsatellite instability events. WNT pathway was commonly altered regardless of MMR status. Compared to pMMR CRCs, dMMR CRCs had remarkably more prevalent PI3K, RTK-RAS, TGFβ, and DNA damage repair pathway alterations and more multiple mutations in WNT and PI3K pathways. Within dMMR tumors, mutual exclusivity occurred between CTNNB1 mutation and APC or RNF43 mutation, while coexistence existed between BRAF and RNF43 mutation, as well as RAS and APC mutation. MLH1me+ dMMR CRCs had significantly more frequent RNF43 mutations but less frequent KRAS, APC, and CTNNB1 mutations comparing to MLH1-unmethylated dMMR CRCs. RNF43/BRAF comutations were detected in MLH1me+ dMMR CRCs, whereas RAS/APC comutations were largely detected in Lynch syndrome-associated cases. RNF43 mutation was independently associated with MLH1me+ rather than BRAF mutations. dMMR CRCs bearing receptor tyrosine kinase fusion demonstrated no additional RTK-RAS mutations, significantly fewer PI3K alterations and more TGFBR2 mutations than other dMMR tumors. Our study revealed that dMMR CRCs had distinctive gene mutation spectra and signaling pathway interaction patterns compared to proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) CRCs, and molecular heterogeneity was evident for these divergent oncogenic pathways. These findings justify the use of individualized therapy targeted to dMMR CRC subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yangzhige He
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Yi
- Geneplus-Beijing Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Huanwen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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28
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Somarelli JA, Roghani RS, Moghaddam AS, Thomas BC, Rupprecht G, Ware KE, Altunel E, Mantyh JB, Kim SY, McCall SJ, Shen X, Mantyh CR, Hsu DS. A Precision Medicine Drug Discovery Pipeline Identifies Combined CDK2 and 9 Inhibition as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2516-2527. [PMID: 33158998 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States and responsible for over 50,000 deaths each year. Therapeutic options for advanced colorectal cancer are limited, and there remains an unmet clinical need to identify new treatments for this deadly disease. To address this need, we developed a precision medicine pipeline that integrates high-throughput chemical screens with matched patient-derived cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) to identify new treatments for colorectal cancer. High-throughput screens of 2,100 compounds were performed across six low-passage, patient-derived colorectal cancer cell lines. These screens identified the CDK inhibitor drug class among the most effective cytotoxic compounds across six colorectal cancer lines. Among this class, combined targeting of CDK1, 2, and 9 was the most effective, with IC50s ranging from 110 nmol/L to 1.2 μmol/L. Knockdown of CDK9 in the presence of a CDK2 inhibitor (CVT-313) showed that CDK9 knockdown acted synergistically with CDK2 inhibition. Mechanistically, dual CDK2/9 inhibition induced significant G2-M arrest and anaphase catastrophe. Combined CDK2/9 inhibition in vivo synergistically reduced PDX tumor growth. Our precision medicine pipeline provides a robust screening and validation platform to identify promising new cancer therapies. Application of this platform to colorectal cancer pinpointed CDK2/9 dual inhibition as a novel combinatorial therapy to treat colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Somarelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Roham Salman Roghani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ali Sanjari Moghaddam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Beatrice C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gabrielle Rupprecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kathryn E Ware
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Erdem Altunel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John B Mantyh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - So Young Kim
- Duke Functional Genomics Core, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shannon J McCall
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xiling Shen
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - David S Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. .,Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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29
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Keraite I, Alvarez-Garcia V, Garcia-Murillas I, Beaney M, Turner NC, Bartos C, Oikonomidou O, Kersaudy-Kerhoas M, Leslie NR. PIK3CA mutation enrichment and quantitation from blood and tissue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17082. [PMID: 33051521 PMCID: PMC7555501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PIK3CA is one of the two most frequently mutated genes in breast cancers, occurring in 30–40% of cases. Four frequent ‘hotspot’ PIK3CA mutations (E542K, E545K, H1047R and H1047L) account for 80–90% of all PIK3CA mutations in human malignancies and represent predictive biomarkers. Here we describe a PIK3CA mutation specific nuclease-based enrichment assay, which combined with a low-cost real-time qPCR detection method, enhances assay detection sensitivity from 5% for E542K and 10% for E545K to 0.6%, and from 5% for H1047R to 0.3%. Moreover, we present a novel flexible prediction method to calculate initial mutant allele frequency in tissue biopsy and blood samples with low mutant fraction. These advancements demonstrated a quick, accurate and simple detection and quantitation of PIK3CA mutations in two breast cancer cohorts (first cohort n = 22, second cohort n = 25). Hence this simple, versatile and informative workflow could be applicable for routine diagnostic testing where quantitative results are essential, e.g. disease monitoring subject to validation in a substantial future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Keraite
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.,Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH164SB, UK
| | - Virginia Alvarez-Garcia
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.,Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Isaac Garcia-Murillas
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Matthew Beaney
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- The Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK.,Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Clare Bartos
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.,Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Olga Oikonomidou
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.,Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Maïwenn Kersaudy-Kerhoas
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.,Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH164SB, UK
| | - Nicholas R Leslie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK. .,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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Wu CP, Hung CY, Lusvarghi S, Huang YH, Tseng PJ, Hung TH, Yu JS, Ambudkar SV. Overexpression of ABCB1 and ABCG2 contributes to reduced efficacy of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor samotolisib (LY3023414) in cancer cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114137. [PMID: 32634436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
LY3023414 (samotolisib) is a promising new dual inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Currently, multiple clinical trials are underway to evaluate the efficacy of LY3023414 in patients with various types of cancer. However, the potential mechanisms underlying acquired resistance to LY3023414 in human cancer cells still remain elusive. In this study, we investigated whether the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters such as ABCB1 and ABCG2, one of the most common mechanisms for developing multidrug resistance, may potentially reduce the efficacy of LY3023414 in human cancer cells. We demonstrated that the intracellular accumulation of LY3023414 in cancer cells was significantly reduced by the drug efflux function of ABCB1 and ABCG2. Consequently, the cytotoxicity and efficacy of LY3023414 for inhibiting the activation of the PI3K pathway and induction of G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest were substantially reduced in cancer cells overexpressing ABCB1 or ABCG2, which could be restored using tariquidar or Ko143, respectively. Furthermore, stimulatory effect of LY3023414 on the ATPase activity of ABCB1 and ABCG2, as well as in silico molecular docking analysis of LY3023414 binding to the substrate-binding pockets of these transporters provided additional insight into the manner in which LY3023414 interacts with both transporters. In conclusion, we report that LY3023414 is a substrate for ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters implicating their role in the development of resistance to LY3023414, which can have substantial clinical implications and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taiwan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Taiwan; Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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31
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Schmidt S, Denk S, Wiegering A. Targeting Protein Synthesis in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051298. [PMID: 32455578 PMCID: PMC7281195 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, protein synthesis controls cell growth and survival and is strictly regulated. Deregulation of protein synthesis is a frequent event in cancer. The majority of mutations found in colorectal cancer (CRC), including alterations in the WNT pathway as well as activation of RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT and, subsequently, mTOR signaling, lead to deregulation of the translational machinery. Besides mutations in upstream signaling pathways, deregulation of global protein synthesis occurs through additional mechanisms including altered expression or activity of initiation and elongation factors (e.g., eIF4F, eIF2α/eIF2B, eEF2) as well as upregulation of components involved in ribosome biogenesis and factors that control the adaptation of translation in response to stress (e.g., GCN2). Therefore, influencing mechanisms that control mRNA translation may open a therapeutic window for CRC. Over the last decade, several potential therapeutic strategies targeting these alterations have been investigated and have shown promising results in cell lines, intestinal organoids, and mouse models. Despite these encouraging in vitro results, patients have not clinically benefited from those advances so far. In this review, we outline the mechanisms that lead to deregulated mRNA translation in CRC and highlight recent progress that has been made in developing therapeutic strategies that target these mechanisms for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (S.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Denk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (S.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (S.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-20138714
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Favreau PF, He J, Gil DA, Deming DA, Huisken J, Skala MC. Label-free redox imaging of patient-derived organoids using selective plane illumination microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2591-2606. [PMID: 32499946 PMCID: PMC7249841 DOI: 10.1364/boe.389164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput drug screening of patient-derived organoids offers an attractive platform to determine cancer treatment efficacy. Here, selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) was used to determine treatment response in organoids with endogenous fluorescence from the metabolic coenzymes NAD(P)H and FAD. Rapid 3-D autofluorescence imaging of colorectal cancer organoids was achieved. A quantitative image analysis approach was developed to segment each organoid and quantify changes in endogenous fluorescence caused by treatment. Quantitative analysis of SPIM volumes confirmed the sensitivity of patient-derived organoids to standard therapies. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that SPIM is a powerful tool for high-throughput screening of organoid treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiaye He
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Saxony, Germany
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Daniel A. Gil
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Dustin A. Deming
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Jan Huisken
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
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Prossomariti A, Piazzi G, Alquati C, Ricciardiello L. Are Wnt/β-Catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 Distinct Pathways in Colorectal Cancer? Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:491-506. [PMID: 32334125 PMCID: PMC7369353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (PI3K/AKT/mTORC1) pathways both are critically involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) development, although they are implicated in the modulation of distinct oncogenic mechanisms. In homeostatic and pathologic conditions, these pathways show a fine regulation based mainly on feedback mechanisms, and are connected at multiple levels involving both upstream and downstream common effectors. The ability of the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathways to reciprocally control themselves represents one of the main resistance mechanisms to selective inhibitors in CRC, leading to the hypothesis that in specific settings, particularly in cancer driven by genetic alterations in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, the relationship between Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathways could be so close that they should be considered as a unique therapeutic target. This review provides an update on the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway interconnections in CRC, describing the main molecular players and the potential implications of combined inhibitors as an approach for CRC chemoprevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Prossomariti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Anna Prossomariti, PhD, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy. fax: (39) 051-2143902.
| | - Giulia Piazzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Alquati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Luigi Ricciardiello, MD, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy. fax: (39) 051-2143381
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Greenman AC, Albrecht DM, Halberg RB, Diffee GM. Sex differences in skeletal muscle alterations in a model of colorectal cancer. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14391. [PMID: 32170841 PMCID: PMC7070158 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is the loss of lean muscle mass with or without loss of fat mass that is often highlighted by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. The mechanisms behind the cachexia-related loss of skeletal muscle are poorly understood, including cachexia-related muscle functional impairments. Existing models have revealed some potential mechanisms, but appear limited to how the cancer develops and the type of tumors that form. We studied the C57BL6/J (B6) ApcMin/+ Tg::Fabp1-Cre TG::PIK3ca* (CANCER) mouse. In this model, mice develop highly aggressive intestinal cancers. We tested whether CANCER mice develop cancer cachexia, if muscle function is altered and if sex differences are present. Both female and male mice, B6 (CONTROL) and CANCER mice, were analyzed to determine body weight, hindlimb muscle mass, protein concentration, specific force, and fatigability. Female CANCER mice had reduced body weight and hindlimb muscle mass compared with female CONTROL mice, but lacked changes in protein concentration and specific force. Male CANCER mice had reduced protein concentration and reduced specific force, but lacked altered body weight and muscle mass. There were no changes in fatigability in either group. Our study demonstrates that CANCER mice present an early stage of cachexia, have reduced specific force in male CANCER mice and develop a sex-dependent cachexia phenotype. However, CANCER mice lack certain aspects of the syndrome seen in the human scenario and, therefore, using the CANCER mice as a preclinical model does not seem sufficient in order to maximize the translation of preclinical findings to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C. Greenman
- Balke Biodynamics LaboratoryDepartment of KinesiologyUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Dawn M. Albrecht
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartment of OncologySchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- Carbone Cancer CenterUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Richard B. Halberg
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartment of OncologySchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- Carbone Cancer CenterUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Gary M. Diffee
- Balke Biodynamics LaboratoryDepartment of KinesiologyUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
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Ferrandon S, DeVecchio J, Duraes L, Chouhan H, Karagkounis G, Davenport J, Orloff M, Liska D, Kalady MF. CoA Synthase ( COASY) Mediates Radiation Resistance via PI3K Signaling in Rectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 80:334-346. [PMID: 31704889 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant radiation is standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer. Response to radiation is highly variable and directly linked with survival. However, there currently are no validated biomarkers or molecular targets to predict or improve radiation response, which would help develop personalized treatment and ideally targeted therapies. Here, we identified a novel biomarker, coenzyme A synthase (COASY), whose mRNA expression was consistently elevated in radioresistant human rectal cancers. This observation was validated in independent patient cohorts and further confirmed in colorectal cancer cell lines. Importantly, genetic overexpression and knockdown yielded radioresistant and sensitive phenotypes, respectively, in vitro and in vivo. COASY-knockdown xenografts were more vulnerable to radiation, showing delayed tumor growth, decreased proliferation, and increased apoptosis. Mechanistically, COASY protein directly interacted with the PI3K regulatory subunit PI3K-P85α, which increased AKT and mTOR phosphorylation, enhancing cell survival. Furthermore, shRNA COASY knockdown disrupted downstream PI3K pathway activation and also hindered DNA double-strand break repair, which both led to improved radiosensitivity. Collectively, this work reveals for the first time the biological relevance of COASY as a predictive rectal cancer biomarker for radiation response and offers mechanistic evidence to support COASY as a potential therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE: COASY is a novel radiotherapy response modulator in rectal cancer that regulates PI3K activation and DNA repair. Furthermore, COASY levels directly correlate with radiation response and serve as a predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Ferrandon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jennifer DeVecchio
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Leonardo Duraes
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hanumant Chouhan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Georgios Karagkounis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jacqueline Davenport
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Matthew Orloff
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David Liska
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Matthew F Kalady
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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36
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Katholnig K, Schütz B, Fritsch SD, Schörghofer D, Linke M, Sukhbaatar N, Matschinger JM, Unterleuthner D, Hirtl M, Lang M, Herac M, Spittler A, Bergthaler A, Schabbauer G, Bergmann M, Dolznig H, Hengstschläger M, Magnuson MA, Mikula M, Weichhart T. Inactivation of mTORC2 in macrophages is a signature of colorectal cancer that promotes tumorigenesis. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124164. [PMID: 31619583 PMCID: PMC6824305 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) is a potentially novel and promising anticancer target due to its critical roles in proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. However, the activity and function of mTORC2 in distinct cells within malignant tissue in vivo is insufficiently explored. Surprisingly, in primary human and mouse colorectal cancer (CRC) samples, mTORC2 signaling could not be detected in tumor cells. In contrast, only macrophages in tumor-adjacent areas showed mTORC2 activity, which was downregulated in stromal macrophages residing within human and mouse tumor tissues. Functionally, inhibition of mTORC2 by specific deletion of Rictor in macrophages stimulated tumorigenesis in a colitis-associated CRC mouse model. This phenotype was driven by a proinflammatory reprogramming of mTORC2-deficient macrophages that promoted colitis via the cytokine SPP1/osteopontin to stimulate tumor growth. In human CRC patients, high SPP1 levels and low mTORC2 activity in tumor-associated macrophages correlated with a worsened clinical prognosis. Treatment of mice with a second-generation mTOR inhibitor that inhibits mTORC2 and mTORC1 exacerbated experimental colorectal tumorigenesis in vivo. In conclusion, mTORC2 activity is confined to macrophages in CRC and limits tumorigenesis. These results suggest activation but not inhibition of mTORC2 as a therapeutic strategy for colitis-associated CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Katholnig
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics
| | - Birgit Schütz
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics
| | | | - David Schörghofer
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics
| | - Monika Linke
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics
| | | | | | | | - Martin Hirtl
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics
| | - Michaela Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | | | - Andreas Spittler
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry & Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Institute for Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, and
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Dolznig
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics
| | | | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mario Mikula
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics
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Cinausero M, Rihawi K, Cortiula F, Follador A, Fasola G, Ardizzoni A. Emerging therapies in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 144:102815. [PMID: 31670225 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer of the pleural surfaces frequently related to asbestos exposure. It is characterized by a poor prognosis even for patients treated with trimodality therapy, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Moreover, the majority of patients are not candidates for surgery due to disease advanced stage or medical comorbidities. For these patients, the survival rate is even lower and few therapeutic options are currently available. Nevertheless, many interesting novel approaches are under investigation, among which immunotherapy represents one of the most promising emerging strategies. In this review, we will discuss the role of new therapeutic options, particularly immunotherapy, and present the results of the most important and promising clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Cinausero
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; School of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy.
| | - Karim Rihawi
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Cortiula
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; School of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Oncology, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Pasch CA, Favreau PF, Yueh AE, Babiarz CP, Gillette AA, Sharick JT, Karim MR, Nickel KP, DeZeeuw AK, Sprackling CM, Emmerich PB, DeStefanis RA, Pitera RT, Payne SN, Korkos DP, Clipson L, Walsh CM, Miller D, Carchman EH, Burkard ME, Lemmon KK, Matkowskyj KA, Newton MA, Ong IM, Bassetti MF, Kimple RJ, Skala MC, Deming DA. Patient-Derived Cancer Organoid Cultures to Predict Sensitivity to Chemotherapy and Radiation. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5376-5387. [PMID: 31175091 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer treatment is limited by inaccurate predictors of patient-specific therapeutic response. Therefore, some patients are exposed to unnecessary side effects and delays in starting effective therapy. A clinical tool that predicts treatment sensitivity for individual patients is needed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patient-derived cancer organoids were derived across multiple histologies. The histologic characteristics, mutation profile, clonal structure, and response to chemotherapy and radiation were assessed using bright-field and optical metabolic imaging on spheroid and single-cell levels, respectively. RESULTS We demonstrate that patient-derived cancer organoids represent the cancers from which they were derived, including key histologic and molecular features. These cultures were generated from numerous cancers, various biopsy sample types, and in different clinical settings. Next-generation sequencing reveals the presence of subclonal populations within the organoid cultures. These cultures allow for the detection of clonal heterogeneity with a greater sensitivity than bulk tumor sequencing. Optical metabolic imaging of these organoids provides cell-level quantification of treatment response and tumor heterogeneity allowing for resolution of therapeutic differences between patient samples. Using this technology, we prospectively predict treatment response for a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS These studies add to the literature demonstrating feasibility to grow clinical patient-derived organotypic cultures for treatment effectiveness testing. Together, these culture methods and response assessment techniques hold great promise to predict treatment sensitivity for patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri A Pasch
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Alexander E Yueh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christopher P Babiarz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amani A Gillette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joe T Sharick
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Kwangok P Nickel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Alyssa K DeZeeuw
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Philip B Emmerich
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rebecca A DeStefanis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rosabella T Pitera
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Susan N Payne
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Demetra P Korkos
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Linda Clipson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Devon Miller
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Evie H Carchman
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark E Burkard
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kayla K Lemmon
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael A Newton
- Departments of Statistics and of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Irene M Ong
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.,Departments of Statistics and of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael F Bassetti
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Randall J Kimple
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Melissa C Skala
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dustin A Deming
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin. .,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Fricke SL, Payne SN, Favreau PF, Kratz JD, Pasch CA, Foley TM, Yueh AE, Van De Hey DR, Depke MG, Korkos DP, Sha GC, DeStefanis RA, Clipson L, Burkard ME, Lemmon KK, Parsons BM, Kenny PA, Matkowskyj KA, Newton MA, Skala MC, Deming DA. MTORC1/2 Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for PIK3CA Mutant Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:346-355. [PMID: 30425131 PMCID: PMC6363831 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PIK3CA mutations are common in clinical molecular profiling, yet an effective means to target these cancers has yet to be developed. MTORC1 inhibitors are often used off-label for patients with PIK3CA mutant cancers with only limited data to support this approach. Here we describe a cohort of patients treated with cancers possessing mutations activating the PI3K signaling cascade with minimal benefit to treatment with the MTORC1 inhibitor everolimus. Previously, we demonstrated that dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition could decrease proliferation, induce differentiation, and result in a treatment response in APC and PIK3CA mutant colorectal cancer. However, reactivation of AKT was identified, indicating that the majority of the benefit may be secondary to MTORC1/2 inhibition. TAK-228, an MTORC1/2 inhibitor, was compared with dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition using BEZ235 in murine colorectal cancer spheroids. A reduction in spheroid size was observed with TAK-228 and BEZ235 (-13% and -14%, respectively) compared with an increase of >200% in control (P < 0.001). These spheroids were resistant to MTORC1 inhibition. In transgenic mice possessing Pik3ca and Apc mutations, BEZ235 and TAK-228 resulted in a median reduction in colon tumor size of 19% and 20%, respectively, with control tumors having a median increase of 18% (P = 0.02 and 0.004, respectively). This response correlated with a decrease in the phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and RPS6. MTORC1/2 inhibition is sufficient to overcome resistance to everolimus and induce a treatment response in PIK3CA mutant colorectal cancers and deserves investigation in clinical trials and in future combination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Fricke
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Susan N Payne
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Jeremy D Kratz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Cheri A Pasch
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Tyler M Foley
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Alexander E Yueh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dana R Van De Hey
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mitchell G Depke
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Demetra P Korkos
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gioia Chengcheng Sha
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rebecca A DeStefanis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Linda Clipson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark E Burkard
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kayla K Lemmon
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael A Newton
- Department of Statistics and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Melissa C Skala
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dustin A Deming
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Shin MK, Payne S, Bilger A, Matkowskyj KA, Carchman E, Meyer DS, Bentires-Alj M, Deming DA, Lambert PF. Activating Mutations in Pik3ca Contribute to Anal Carcinogenesis in the Presence or Absence of HPV-16 Oncogenes. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1889-1900. [PMID: 30530704 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Over 95% of human anal cancers are etiologically associated with high-risk HPVs, with HPV type 16 (HPV16) the genotype most commonly found. Activating mutations in the catalytic subunit of Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate kinase (PI3K), encoded by the Pik3ca gene, are detected in approximately 20% of human anal cancers.Experimental Design: We asked if common activating mutations in Pik3ca contribute to anal carcinogenesis using an established mouse model for anal carcinogenesis in which mice are topically treated with the chemical carcinogen 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Mice expressing in their anal epithelium one of two activating mutations in Pik3ca genes, Pik3caH1047R or Pik3caE545K , were monitored for anal carcinogenesis in the presence or absence of transgenes expressing the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes. RESULTS Both mutant forms of Pik3ca increased susceptibility to anal carcinogenesis in the absence of HPV16 oncogenes, and cooperated with HPV16 oncogenes to induce the highest level and earliest onset of anal cancers. The combination of HPV16 oncogenes and Pik3ca mutations led to anal cancers even in the absence of treatment with DMBA. We further observed that the investigational mTOR1/2 dual inhibitor, TAK-228, significantly reduced the size of anal cancer-derived tumor spheroids in vitro and reduced the growth rates of anal cancer-derived tumor grafts in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that activating mutations in Pik3ca drive anal carcinogenesis together with HPV16 oncogenes, and that the PI3K/mTOR pathway is a relevant target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Kyun Shin
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Susan Payne
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrea Bilger
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Evie Carchman
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dominique S Meyer
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dustin A Deming
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin. .,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Clinical Impact and Prognostic Role of KRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA Mutations in Stage I Colorectal Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:2959801. [PMID: 30018674 PMCID: PMC6029483 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2959801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stage I colorectal carcinoma has excellent prognosis, with 5-year survival rate up to 95%. The occurrence of lymphovascular invasion, tumor budding, high number of PDC, or lymph node micrometastases is associated with tumor progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mutational status of 62 stage I colorectal carcinomas (CRC) (taken from 37 patients surviving more than five years since the initial diagnosis and from 25 patients who died of disease) and to correlate it with histopathological features and the clinical outcome. Mutations of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA genes were analyzed through Myriapod Colon Status Kit, using the high-throughput genotyping platform Sequenom MassARRAY System. Mutations in those genes were found in 31 cases (50%) and mainly in those with poor prognosis. The most frequent mutations occurred at codons 12 and 13 of the KRAS gene (40% of cases). We found concomitant PIK3CA mutations in 5 cases (8%). The presence of PIK3CA mutations was mainly observed in tumors with poor prognosis and with unfavorable histopathological prognostic features. High PDC grade (P = 0.0112), the presence of tumor budding (P = 0.0334), LVI (P < 0.0001), KRAS mutations (P = 0.0228), PIK3CA mutations (P = 0.0214), multiple genetic mutations in KRAS and PIK3CA genes (P = 0.039), and nodal micrometastases (P < 0.0001) were significant prognostic variables for CSS. The presence of LVI was the only independent and statistically significant prognostic variable for CSS in our cohort of pTNM stage I CRCs. The analysis of KRAS/PIK3CA mutational status may be used to identify patients with stage I CRC at high risk of bad outcome and who may need additional treatments, including biological therapies.
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Zheng L, Li H, Mo Y, Qi G, Liu B, Zhao J. Autophagy inhibition sensitizes LY3023414-induced anti-glioma cell activity in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98964-98973. [PMID: 29228741 PMCID: PMC5716781 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling is a valuable treatment target for human glioma. LY3023414 is a novel, highly-potent and pan PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitor. Here, we show that LY3023414 efficiently inhibited survival and proliferation of primary and established human glioma cells. Meanwhile, apoptosis activation was observed in LY3023414-treated glioma cells. LY3023414 blocked AKT-mTOR activation in human glioma cells. Further studies show that LY3023414 induced feedback activation of autophagy in U251MG cells. On the other hand, autophagy inhibition via adding pharmacological inhibitors or silencing Beclin-1/ATG-5 significantly potentiated LY3023414-induced glioma cell apoptosis. In vivo studies demonstrated that U251MG xenograft tumor growth in mice was suppressed by oral administration of LY3023414. Remarkably, LY3023414's anti-tumor activity was further augmented against the Beclin-1-silenced U251MG tumors. Together, our results suggest that targeting PI3K-AKT-mTOR cascade by LY3023414 inhibits human glioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Autophagy inhibition could further sensitize LY3023414 against human glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zheng
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanyin Li
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Mo
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gong Qi
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zou Y, Ge M, Wang X. Targeting PI3K-AKT-mTOR by LY3023414 inhibits human skin squamous cell carcinoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jiang J, Chang W, Fu Y, Gao Y, Zhao C, Zhang X, Zhang S. SAV1 represses the development of human colorectal cancer by regulating the Akt-mTOR pathway in a YAP-dependent manner. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28618450 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SAV1 is a human homologue of Salvador that contains two protein-protein interaction modules known as WW domains and acts as a scaffolding protein. SAV1 participates in the development of diverse types of cancer. We aimed to investigate the role of SAV1 in human colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human colorectal cancer samples were used to study the expression of SAV1 and YAP. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function strategies were used to study the effects of SAV1 on colorectal cancer cell growth. Rapamycin was used to treat cells and mice to investigate the effect of mTOR signalling. RESULTS SAV1 represses the development of colorectal cancer by inhibiting the Akt-mTOR signalling in a YAP-dependent manner. The mRNA and protein levels of SAV1 are down-regulated in human colorectal cancer tissues compared with adjacent non-cancer tissues. SAV1 knockdown promotes the growth of colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas SAV1 overexpression leads to opposing results. SAV1 represses the activation of the Akt-mTOR signalling, and rapamycin treatment blunts the effects of SAV1 on in vitro and in vivo growth of colorectal cancer cells. Finally, we show that SAV1 promotes the phosphorylation and inactivation of YAP, which contributes to the effect of SAV1 on Akt-mTOR signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS SAV1 is a repressor during the development of human colorectal cancer by inhibiting the YAP-Akt-mTOR signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Department of Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Department of ZhengZhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongshun Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunlin Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiefu Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Department of Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Department of ZhengZhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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Achkar IW, Mraiche F, Mohammad RM, Uddin S. Anticancer potential of sanguinarine for various human malignancies. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:933-950. [PMID: 28636454 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sanguinarine (Sang) - a benzophenanthridine alkaloid extracted from Sanguinaria canadensis - exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, proapoptotic and growth inhibitory activities on tumor cells of various cancer types as established by in vivo and in vitro studies. Although the underlying mechanism of Sang antitumor activity is yet to be fully elucidated, Sang has displayed multiple biological effects, which remain to suggest its possible use in plant-derived treatments of human malignancies. This review covers the anticancer abilities of Sang including inhibition of aberrantly activated signal transduction pathways, induction of cell death and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. It also highlights Sang-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis, inducing the expression of tumor suppressors, sensitization of cancer cells to standard chemotherapeutics to enhance their cytotoxic effects, while addressing the present need for further pharmacokinetic-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Toricelli M, Melo FHM, Hunger A, Zanatta D, Strauss BE, Jasiulionis MG. Timp1 Promotes Cell Survival by Activating the PDK1 Signaling Pathway in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040037. [PMID: 28430130 PMCID: PMC5406712 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High TIMP1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in melanoma, where it can bind to CD63 and β1 integrin, inducing PI3-kinase pathway and cell survival. Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), generated under phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) activation, enables the recruitment and activation of protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) at the membrane, resulting in the phosphorylation of a host of other proteins. Using a melanoma progression model, we evaluated the impact of Timp1 and AKT silencing, as well as PI3K, PDK1, and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors on aggressiveness characteristics. Timp1 downregulation resulted in decreased anoikis resistance, clonogenicity, dacarbazine resistance, and in vivo tumor growth and lung colonization. In metastatic cells, pAKTThr308 is highly expressed, contributing to anoikis resistance. We showed that PDK1Ser241 and PKCβIISer660 are activated by Timp1 in different stages of melanoma progression, contributing to colony formation and anoikis resistance. Moreover, simultaneous inhibition of Timp1 and AKT in metastatic cells resulted in more effective anoikis inhibition. Our findings demonstrate that Timp1 promotes cell survival with the participation of PDK1 and PKC in melanoma. In addition, Timp1 and AKT act synergistically to confer anoikis resistance in advanced tumor stages. This study brings new insights about the mechanisms by which Timp1 promotes cell survival in melanoma, and points to novel perspectives for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Toricelli
- Pharmacology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana H M Melo
- Pharmacology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil.
| | - Aline Hunger
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM 24, Cancer Institute of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Zanatta
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM 24, Cancer Institute of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM 24, Cancer Institute of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Miriam G Jasiulionis
- Pharmacology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil.
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