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Jager MJ. Personalized ocular oncology care: how far have we come? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 59:e423-e424. [PMID: 38810956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
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Wang Y, Tang J, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Ma Y, Wang X, Ai S, Mao Y, Zhang P, Chen S, Li J, Gao Y, Cheng C, Li C, Su S, Lu R. Targeting ALDOA to modulate tumorigenesis and energy metabolism in retinoblastoma. iScience 2024; 27:110725. [PMID: 39262779 PMCID: PMC11388021 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate the pivotal role of aldolase A (ALDOA) in retinoblastoma (RB) and evaluate the potential of the ALDOA inhibitor itaconate in impeding RB progression. Utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing, ALDOA consistently exhibits overexpression across diverse cell types, particularly in cone precursor cells, retinoma-like cells, and retinoblastoma-like cells. This heightened expression is validated in RB tissues and cell lines. ALDOA knockdown significantly diminishes RB cell viability, impedes colony formation, and induces notable metabolic alterations. RNA-seq analysis identifies SUSD2, ARHGAP27, and CLK2 as downstream genes associated with ALDOA. The application of itaconate demonstrates efficacy in inhibiting RB cell proliferation, validated through in vitro and in vivo models. This study emphasizes ALDOA as a promising target for innovative RB therapies, with potential implications for altering tumor energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Junjie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Siming Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuxiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shuxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jinmiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shicai Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Pascual-Pasto G, McIntyre B, Giudice AM, Alikarami F, Morrissey A, Matlaga S, Hofmann TJ, Burgueño V, Harvey K, Martinez D, Shah AC, Foster JB, Pogoriler J, Eagle RC, Carcaboso AM, Shields CL, Leahey AM, Bosse KR. Targeting GPC2 on Intraocular and CNS Metastatic Retinoblastomas with Local and Systemic Delivery of CAR T Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:3578-3591. [PMID: 38864848 PMCID: PMC11326963 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-24-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. Although new chemotherapeutic approaches have improved ocular salvage rates, novel therapies are required for patients with refractory intraocular and metastatic disease. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting glypican-2 (GPC2) are a potential new therapeutic strategy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN GPC2 expression and its regulation by the E2F1 transcription factor were studied in retinoblastoma patient samples and cellular models. In vitro, we performed functional studies comparing GPC2 CAR T cells with different costimulatory domains (4-1BB and CD28). In vivo, the efficacy of local and systemic administration of GPC2 CAR T cells was evaluated in intraocular and leptomeningeal human retinoblastoma xenograft models. RESULTS Retinoblastoma tumors, but not healthy retinal tissues, expressed cell surface GPC2, and this tumor-specific expression was driven by E2F1. GPC2-directed CARs with 4-1BB costimulation (GPC2.BBz) were superior to CARs with CD28 stimulatory domains (GPC2.28z), efficiently inducing retinoblastoma cell cytotoxicity and enhancing T-cell proliferation and polyfunctionality. In vivo, GPC2.BBz CARs had enhanced persistence, which led to significant tumor regression compared with either control CD19 or GPC2.28z CARs. In intraocular models, GPC2.BBz CAR T cells efficiently trafficked to tumor-bearing eyes after intravitreal or systemic infusions, significantly prolonging ocular survival. In central nervous system (CNS) retinoblastoma models, intraventricular or systemically administered GPC2.BBz CAR T cells were activated in retinoblastoma-involved CNS tissues, resulting in robust tumor regression with substantially extended overall mouse survival. CONCLUSIONS GPC2-directed CAR T cells are effective against intraocular and CNS metastatic retinoblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Pascual-Pasto
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brendan McIntyre
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna M. Giudice
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Alikarami
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Morrissey
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Matlaga
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ted J. Hofmann
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victor Burgueño
- SJD Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kyra Harvey
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amish C. Shah
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica B. Foster
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pogoriler
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ralph C. Eagle
- Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angel M. Carcaboso
- SJD Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol L. Shields
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ann-Marie Leahey
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristopher R. Bosse
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ryl T, Afanasyeva E, Hartmann T, Schwermer M, Schneider M, Schröder C, Wagemanns M, Bister A, Kanber D, Steenpass L, Schramm K, Jones B, Jones DTW, Biewald E, Astrahantseff K, Hanenberg H, Rahmann S, Lohmann DR, Schramm A, Ketteler P. A MYCN-driven de-differentiation profile identifies a subgroup of aggressive retinoblastoma. Commun Biol 2024; 7:919. [PMID: 39079981 PMCID: PMC11289481 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma are childhood eye tumors arising from retinal precursor cells. Two distinct retinoblastoma subtypes with different clinical behavior have been described based on gene expression and methylation profiling. Using consensus clustering of DNA methylation analysis from 61 retinoblastomas, we identify a MYCN-driven cluster of subtype 2 retinoblastomas characterized by DNA hypomethylation and high expression of genes involved in protein synthesis. Subtype 2 retinoblastomas outside the MYCN-driven cluster are characterized by high expression of genes from mesodermal development, including NKX2-5. Knockdown of MYCN expression in retinoblastoma cell models causes growth arrest and reactivates a subtype 1-specific photoreceptor signature. These molecular changes suggest that removing the driving force of MYCN oncogenic activity rescues molecular circuitry driving subtype 1 biology. The MYCN-RB gene signature generated from the cell models better identifies MYCN-driven retinoblastoma than MYCN amplification and can identify cases that may benefit from MYCN-targeted therapy. MYCN drives tumor progression in a molecularly defined retinoblastoma subgroup, and inhibiting MYCN activity could restore a more differentiated and less aggressive tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Ryl
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elena Afanasyeva
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Till Hartmann
- Algorithms for Reproducible Bioinformatics, Genome Informatics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwermer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Schneider
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Schröder
- Algorithms for Reproducible Bioinformatics, Genome Informatics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maren Wagemanns
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Arthur Bister
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Deniz Kanber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laura Steenpass
- Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz Institute DSMZ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schramm
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Jones
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Biewald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathy Astrahantseff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Rahmann
- Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics Saar and Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dietmar R Lohmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Ketteler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Sirivolu S, Schmidt MJ, Prabakar RK, Kuhn P, Hicks J, Berry JL, Xu L. Single-cell somatic copy number alteration profiling of vitreous humor seeds in retinoblastoma. Ophthalmic Genet 2024:1-4. [PMID: 39016001 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2024.2374886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterogeneity can impact biomarker identification. Thus, we investigated the somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) of individual tumor cells in the vitreous humor of a retinoblastoma patient using single-cell whole-genome profiling and explored the genomic concordance among vitreous and aqueous humor, vitreous seeds, and tumor. METHODS Aqueous humor (AH), vitreous humor (VH), and tumor biopsy were obtained from an enucleated globe with retinoblastoma and vitreous seeding. Micromanipulation was used to manually isolate 39 live single tumor cells from vitreous seeds harvested from the VH. The SCNA profiles of these individual cells were generated via whole-genome sequencing and analyzed alongside profiles from the tumor mass and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from AH and VH. RESULTS Heatmap of VH single-cell SCNA profiles demonstrates heterogeneity among individual vitreous seeds with one clearly dominant subclone (23 of 37 cells). The SCNA profiles from the cells in this subclone demonstrate an average concordance of 98% with cfDNA profiles from acellular AH and VH and with the tumor profile. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal some heterogeneity among single-cell SCNA profiles in individual VH seeds. Despite this heterogeneity, the dominant vitreous subclone exhibits extremely (>98%) high concordance with the SCNA profile from tumor and AH, suggesting AH cfDNA is representative of the dominant genomic subclone. This may facilitate tumoral biomarker identification via the AH. This preliminary work supports the potential of applying single-cell technology to VH seeds in retinoblastoma as a platform to study tumor subclones, which may provide insight into the genomic complexity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Sirivolu
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael J Schmidt
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rishvanth K Prabakar
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James Hicks
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jesse L Berry
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Yuan W, Xu X, Zhao F. Trends and hot spots in research related to aqueous humor from 2014 to 2023: A bibliometric analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33990. [PMID: 39071583 PMCID: PMC11283149 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze publication trends and investigate research hotspots of aqueous humor (AH) studies. Methods A bibliometric study was conducted based on the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). VOSviewer v. 1.6.18 was utilized to create a knowledge map visualizing the number of annual publications, the distribution of countries, international collaborations, author productivity, source journals and keywords in the field. Results A grand total of 4020 peer-reviewed papers concerning AH were retrieved from 2014 to 2023. The United States of America secured the top position among the most published countries and Duke University emerged as the most active institution. Stamer, WD contributed the most papers in this area. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science was the most prolific journal in AH research. Retrieved publications mainly concentrated on the correlation between AH as a biomarker carrier and different ocular disorders. Six clusters were formed based on the keywords: (1) the diagnosis of endophthalmitis and AH pharmacokinetics; (2) the association of AH with pathogenesis and prognosis of glaucoma; (3) diagnosis and treatment of AH associated with uveitis; (4) the relationship between AH and refractive diseases of the eye; (5) the association of AH with mechanism and biomarkers of ocular tumorigenesis; (6) the indicators of AH associated with fundus disease. Conclusions This study unveiled present patterns of global collaboration, emerging frontiers, fundamental knowledge, research hotspots and current trends in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Fangkun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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Berry JL, Pike S, Shah R, Reid MW, Peng CC, Wang Y, Yellapantula V, Biegel J, Kuhn P, Hicks J, Xu L. Aqueous Humor Liquid Biopsy as a Companion Diagnostic for Retinoblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Options: Five Years of Progress. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 263:188-205. [PMID: 38040321 PMCID: PMC11148850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To define the prospective use of the aqueous humor (AH) as a molecular diagnostic and prognostic liquid biopsy for retinoblastoma (RB). METHODS This is a prospective, observational study wherein an AH liquid biopsy is performed at diagnosis and longitudinally through therapy for patients with RB. Tumor-derived cell-free DNA is isolated and sequenced for single nucleotide variant analysis of the RB1 gene and detection of somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs). The SCNAs are used to determine tumor fraction (TFx). Specific SCNAs, including 6p gain and focal MycN gain, along with TFx, are prospectively correlated with intraocular tumor relapse, response to therapy, and globe salvage. RESULTS A total of 26 eyes of 21 patients were included with AH taken at diagnosis. Successful ocular salvage was achieved in 19 of 26 (73.1%) eyes. Mutational analysis of 26 AH samples identified 23 pathogenic RB1 variants and 2 focal RB1 deletions; variant allele fraction ranged from 30.5% to 100% (median 93.2%). At diagnosis, SCNAs were detectable in 17 of 26 (65.4%) AH samples. Eyes with 6p gain and/or focal MycN gain had significantly greater odds of poor therapeutic outcomes (odds ratio = 6.75, 95% CI = 1.06-42.84, P = .04). Higher AH TFx was observed in eyes with vitreal progression (TFx = 46.0% ± 40.4) than regression (22.0 ± 29.1; difference: -24.0; P = .049). CONCLUSIONS Establishing an AH liquid biopsy for RB is aimed at addressing (1) our inability to biopsy tumor tissue and (2) the lack of molecular biomarkers for intraocular prognosis. Current management decisions for RB are made based solely on clinical features without objective molecular testing. This prognostic study shows great promise for using AH as a companion diagnostic. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Berry
- From the Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); the Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., V.Y., J.B., L.X.); Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., P.K., J.H.).
| | - Sarah Pike
- From the Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.)
| | - Rachana Shah
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (R.S.)
| | - Mark W Reid
- From the Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.)
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- From the Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.)
| | - Yingfei Wang
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (R.S.); Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California (Y.W.)
| | - Venkata Yellapantula
- the Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., V.Y., J.B., L.X.); Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (V.Y., J.B.)
| | - Jaclyn Biegel
- the Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., V.Y., J.B., L.X.)
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., P.K., J.H.); USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences and Department of Biological Sciences (P.K., J.H.), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James Hicks
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., P.K., J.H.); USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences and Department of Biological Sciences (P.K., J.H.), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- From the Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); the Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., V.Y., J.B., L.X.)
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Meel R, Sangwan SK, Agrawal S, Kashyap S, Sharma A. Tumor DNA sampling from aqueous humor in retinoblastoma - A report from South Asia. Indian J Ophthalmol 2024; 72:1012-1016. [PMID: 38454873 PMCID: PMC11329830 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_234_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular tumor in pediatric age group. The role of genetics has been explored in predicting survival prognosis, but its role in predicting globe salvage remains largely unexplored. We hereby aim to isolate cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from aqueous humor (AH) in RB eyes and validate its use for genetic studies. METHODS AH was obtained from 26 eyes undergoing enucleation (arm A) or intravitreal chemotherapy (arm B). Isolation of cfDNA was done using QIAamp ® Circulating Nucleic Acid kit, and the cfDNA was utilized for targeted sequencing of RB1 gene. RESULTS We could isolate cfDNA in all eyes (72% unilateral and 28% bilateral) with a distribution peak between 140 and 160 bp and a mean concentration of 27.75 ng/µl for arm A and 14 ng/µl for arm B. Targeted sequencing done on four samples showed RB1 gene mutations, namely, inframe deletion (c. 78-80del, p.Pro29del), start-loss mutation (c.1A>T, p.Met1?), nonsense mutations (c.2236G>T, p.Glu746Ter), (c.1659T>A, p.Cys553Ter), and (c.2065C>T, p.Gln689Ter), and novel missense mutations (c.672C>A, p.Asp224Glu) and c.692C>T (p.Pro231Leu). Genetic profile of cfDNA extracted from AH and genomic DNA from the tumor tissue was comparable. CONCLUSION Our study supports the previous reports that AH may be used as a source of tumor-derived cfDNA. This is the first report from South Asia on isolation and genetic analysis of cfDNA from AH of RB eyes and, therefore, a big step forward in paving the role of tumor genetics in RB. Further studies are required to elucidate concordance between the tumor and AH genetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Meel
- Oculoplasty and Oncology Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil K Sangwan
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sahil Agrawal
- Oculoplasty and Oncology Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. RP Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arundhati Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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9
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Daniels AB, Sishtla KL, Bogan CM, Pierce JM, Chen SC, Xu L, Berry JL, Corson TW. Aqueous VEGF-A Levels as a Liquid Biopsy Biomarker of Retinoblastoma Vitreous Seed Response to Therapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:18. [PMID: 38861274 PMCID: PMC11174092 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.6.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Regression of retinoblastoma vitreous seeds (VS) during intravitreal chemotherapy can be delayed, resulting in supernumerary injections. Similarly, VS relapse may not be clinically evident at first. A predictive biomarker of tumor regression and relapse could help guide real-time clinical decision making. Retinoblastoma is an oxygen-sensitive tumor; paradoxically, VS survive in the hypoxic vitreous. We hypothesized that VS elaborate pro-angiogenic cytokines. The purpose was to determine if pro-angiogenic cytokine signatures from aqueous humor could serve as a biomarker of VS response to treatment. Methods Multiplex ELISA was performed on aqueous from rabbit eyes with human retinoblastoma VS xenografts to identify expressed proangiogenic cytokines and changes in aqueous cytokine levels during intravitreal treatment were determined. Confirmatory RNAscope in situ hybridization for VEGF-A was performed on human retinoblastoma tumor sections and VS xenografts from rabbits. For human eyes undergoing intravitreal chemotherapy, serial aqueous VEGF-A levels measured via VEGF-A-specific ELISA were compared to clinical response. Results VEGF-A was highly expressed in human retinoblastoma VS in the xenograft model, and was the only proangiogenic cytokine that correlated with VS disease burden. In rabbits, aqueous VEGF-A levels decreased in response to therapy, consistent with quantitative VS reduction. In patients, aqueous VEGF-A levels associated with clinical changes in disease burden (regression, stability, or relapse), with changes in VEGF-A levels correlating with clinical response. Conclusions Aqueous VEGF-A levels correlate with extent of retinoblastoma VS, suggesting that aqueous VEGF-A may serve as a predictive molecular biomarker of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B. Daniels
- Division of Ocular Oncology and Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt Eye Institute and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Kamakshi L. Sishtla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Carley M. Bogan
- Division of Ocular Oncology and Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt Eye Institute and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Janene M. Pierce
- Division of Ocular Oncology and Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt Eye Institute and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Sheau-Chiann Chen
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Liya Xu
- Children's Hospital - Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- Children's Hospital - Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Timothy W. Corson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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10
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Zhou L, Tong Y, Ho BM, Li J, Chan HYE, Zhang T, Du L, He JN, Chen LJ, Tham CC, Yam JC, Pang CP, Chu WK. Etiology including epigenetic defects of retinoblastoma. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2024:100072. [PMID: 38789041 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2024.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB), originating from the developing retina, is an aggressive intraocular malignant neoplasm in childhood. Biallelic loss of RB1 is conventionally considered a prerequisite for initiating RB development in most RB cases. Additional genetic mutations arising from genome instability following RB1 mutations are proposed to be required to promote RB development. Recent advancements in high throughput sequencing technologies allow a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the etiology of RB that additional genetic alterations following RB1 biallelic loss are rare, yet epigenetic changes driven by RB1 loss emerge as a critical contributor promoting RB tumorigenesis. Multiple epigenetic regulators have been found to be dysregulated and to contribute to RB development, including noncoding RNAs, DNA methylations, RNA modifications, chromatin conformations, and histone modifications. A full understanding of the roles of genetic and epigenetic alterations in RB formation is crucial in facilitating the translation of these findings into effective treatment strategies for RB. In this review, we summarize current knowledge concerning genetic defects and epigenetic dysregulations in RB, aiming to help understand their links and roles in RB tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Bo Man Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Hoi Ying Emily Chan
- Medicine Programme Global Physician-Leadership Stream, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jing Na He
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Wai Kit Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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11
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Tang J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Nie J, Wang X, Ai S, Li J, Gao Y, Li C, Cheng C, Su S, Chen S, Zhang P, Lu R. Deciphering metabolic heterogeneity in retinoblastoma unravels the role of monocarboxylate transporter 1 in tumor progression. Biomark Res 2024; 12:48. [PMID: 38730450 PMCID: PMC11088057 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumors exhibit metabolic heterogeneity, influencing cancer progression. However, understanding metabolic diversity in retinoblastoma (RB), the primary intraocular malignancy in children, remains limited. METHODS The metabolic landscape of RB was constructed based on single-cell transcriptomic sequencing from 11 RB and 5 retina samples. Various analyses were conducted, including assessing overall metabolic activity, metabolic heterogeneity, and the correlation between hypoxia and metabolic pathways. Additionally, the expression pattern of the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family in different cell clusters was examined. Validation assays of MCT1 expression and function in RB cell lines were performed. The therapeutic potential of targeting MCT1 was evaluated using an orthotopic xenograft model. A cohort of 47 RB patients was analyzed to evaluate the relationship between MCT1 expression and tumor invasion. RESULTS Distinct metabolic patterns in RB cells, notably increased glycolysis, were identified. This metabolic heterogeneity correlated closely with hypoxia. MCT1 emerged as the primary monocarboxylate transporter in RB cells. Disrupting MCT1 altered cell viability and energy metabolism. In vivo studies using the MCT1 inhibitor AZD3965 effectively suppressed RB tumor growth. Additionally, a correlation between MCT1 expression and optic nerve invasion in RB samples suggested prognostic implications. CONCLUSIONS This study enhances our understanding of RB metabolic characteristics at the single-cell level, highlighting the significance of MCT1 in RB pathogenesis. Targeting MCT1 holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for combating RB, with potential prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jiahe Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Siming Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jinmiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shicai Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shuxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Rong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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12
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Singhto N, Pongphitcha P, Jinawath N, Hongeng S, Chutipongtanate S. Extracellular Vesicles for Childhood Cancer Liquid Biopsy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1681. [PMID: 38730633 PMCID: PMC11083250 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy involves the utilization of minimally invasive or noninvasive techniques to detect biomarkers in biofluids for disease diagnosis, monitoring, or guiding treatments. This approach is promising for the early diagnosis of childhood cancer, especially for brain tumors, where tissue biopsies are more challenging and cause late detection. Extracellular vesicles offer several characteristics that make them ideal resources for childhood cancer liquid biopsy. Extracellular vesicles are nanosized particles, primarily secreted by all cell types into body fluids such as blood and urine, and contain molecular cargos, i.e., lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids of original cells. Notably, the lipid bilayer-enclosed structure of extracellular vesicles protects their cargos from enzymatic degradation in the extracellular milieu. Proteins and nucleic acids of extracellular vesicles represent genetic alterations and molecular profiles of childhood cancer, thus serving as promising resources for precision medicine in cancer diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognosis prediction. This review evaluates the recent progress of extracellular vesicles as a liquid biopsy platform for various types of childhood cancer, discusses the mechanistic roles of molecular cargos in carcinogenesis and metastasis, and provides perspectives on extracellular vesicle-guided therapeutic intervention. Extracellular vesicle-based liquid biopsy for childhood cancer may ultimately contribute to improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilubon Singhto
- Ramathibodi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Pongpak Pongphitcha
- Bangkok Child Health Center, Bangkok Hospital Headquarters, Bangkok 10130, Thailand;
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Natini Jinawath
- Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
- Integrative Computational Biosciences Center, Mahidol University, Nakon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- MILCH and Novel Therapeutics Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Extracellular Vesicle Working Group, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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13
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Joseph S, Pike S, Peng CC, Brown B, Xu L, Berry JL, Chévez-Barrios P, Hubbard GB, Grossniklaus HE. Retinoblastoma with MYCN Amplification Diagnosed from Cell-Free DNA in the Aqueous Humor. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2024; 10:15-24. [PMID: 38751495 PMCID: PMC11095586 DOI: 10.1159/000533311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study was to report the clinicopathologic features of three cases of MYCN-amplified retinoblastoma identified genetically by aqueous humor sampling. Methods Whole-genome sequencing was performed using isolated cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from aqueous humor of 3 retinoblastoma patients. We analyzed genomic copy number and mutational alterations, histologic and pathologic features, and clinical data. Results The most common genetic alteration identified in these three retinoblastoma cases was a focal MYCN amplification on 2p. All tumors showed an early age of diagnosis with a median of 9 months. The tumor histopathologic features included neovascularization and subretinal seeding in case 1, diffuse nature with choroidal and prelaminar optic nerve invasion in case 2, and complete vitreous seeding in case 3. Case 1 expressed RB protein and had no RB1 mutation, case 2 did not express RB protein and had an RB1 mutation, and case 3 did not express RB protein and likely had an epigenetic effect on RB expression. Conclusions Our report shows 3 cases of unilateral retinoblastomas diagnosed in patients ranging from 4 months to 18 months old. Genomic analysis from AH cfDNA revealed MYCN amplification with intact RB protein staining in case 1 and lack of RB staining in cases 2 and 3. RB1 mutational analysis in the AH confirmed a pathogenic variant in case 2. Clinical pathology showed features requiring aggressive treatment, specifically enucleation. Importance MYCN-amplified retinoblastomas demonstrate unique pathogenesis and aggressive behavior, regardless if MYCN is a primary or secondary driver of disease. Genomic analysis from aqueous humor may be useful when deciding to enucleate as opposed to treating conservatively. Focal MYCN amplification on 2p might be relevant for tumor growth in this subset of the retinoblastoma population in terms of targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Joseph
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Pike
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brianne Brown
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - G. Baker Hubbard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hans E. Grossniklaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Luo Y, Xu M, Yang L, Yao Y, Berry JL, Xu L, Wen X, He X, Han M, Fan X, Fan J, Jia R. Correlating somatic copy number alteration in aqueous humour cfDNA with chemotherapy history, eye salvage and pathological features in retinoblastoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2024; 108:449-456. [PMID: 36931696 PMCID: PMC10505245 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-322866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundThis study determined to probe the potential association between somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) in retinoblastoma (RB) aqueous humour (AH) and pathological high-risk factors, clinical features and previous chemotherapy history. METHODS Single-centre retrospective cohort study from including 58 AH samples collected from 58 patients diagnosed. Among them, 41 samples were collected after enucleation and 17 samples were collected before intravitreal chemotherapy. SCNAs were accessed by conducting shallow whole-genome sequencing in cell-free (cf) DNA of AH. HRs and ORs were applied to measure risk factors. RESULTS Canonical RB SCNAs including 1q gain (87%), 2p gain (50%), 6p gain (76%), 16q loss (69%) were frequently detected. Non-classical RB SCNAs in AH including 17q gain (53%), 19q loss (43%), 7q gain (35%) were also commonly observed. 19q loss was significantly more common in patients with cT3c or worse stage than others (p=0.034). 2p gain(p=0.001) and 7q gain(p=0.001) were both more common in patients with primary enucleation than those with previous chemotherapy. Interestingly, both 2p gain (HR=1.933, p=0.027) and 7q gain (HR=2.394, p=0.005) might predict enucleation. Correlation analysis with pathological features among enucleated eyes showed that 19q loss can predict a higher risk for both massive choroid invasion (OR=4.909, p=0.038) and postlaminar optic nerve invasion (OR=4.250, p=0.043). DISCUSSION Sequencing of AH cfDNA in RB can provide sufficient in vivo information. 19q loss was a potential signature of advanced cases clinically and pathologically.Repeated sampling from eyes receiving sequential chemotherapy should be conducted to evaluate fluctuation of SCNA in future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiu Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingpeng Xu
- Department of ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ludi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jesse L Berry
- USC Roski Eye Institute,Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xuyang Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Minglei Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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Muniyandi A, Jensen NR, Devanathan N, Dimaras H, Corson TW. The Potential of Aqueous Humor Sampling in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Retinoblastoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:18. [PMID: 38180770 PMCID: PMC10774694 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare malignant tumor that arises in the developing retina in one or both eyes of children. Pathogenic variants of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene drive the majority of germline and sporadic RB tumors. Considering the risk of tumor spread, the biopsy of RB tumor tissue is contraindicated. Advancement of chemotherapy has led to preservation of more eye globes. However, this has reduced access to tumor material from enucleation specimens. Recently, liquid biopsy of aqueous humor (AH) has advanced the RB tumor- or eye-specific genetic analysis. In particular, nucleic acid analysis of AH demonstrates the genomic copy number profiles and RB1 pathogenic variants akin to that of enucleated RB eye tissue. This advance reduces the previous limitation that genetic assessment of the primary tumor could be done only after enucleation of the eye. Additionally, nucleic acid evaluation of AH allows the exploration of the genomic landscape of RB tumors at diagnosis and during and after treatment. This review explores how AH sampling and AH nucleic acid analysis in RB patients assist in diagnosis, prognosis, and comprehending the pathophysiology of RB, which will ultimately benefit individualized treatment decisions to carefully manage this ocular cancer in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbukkarasi Muniyandi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Nathan R. Jensen
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Nirupama Devanathan
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Helen Dimaras
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
- Division of Clinical Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy W. Corson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Tang J, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Ren Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, Li J, Gao Y, Li C, Cheng C, Su S, Chen S, Zhang P, Lu R. Heterogeneous Expression Patterns of the Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Members in Retinoblastoma Unveil Its Clinical Significance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:31. [PMID: 38231525 PMCID: PMC10795548 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the expression patterns and clinical significance of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex members in retinoblastoma (RB). Methods Single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from five normal retina, six intraocular, and five extraocular RB samples were integrated to characterize the expression patterns of MCM complex members at the single-cell level. Western blot and quantitative PCR were used to detect the expression of MCM complex members in RB cell lines. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to validate the expression of MCM complex members in RB patient samples and a RB mouse model. Results The expression of MCM2-7 is increased in RB tissue, with MCM2/3/7 showing particularly higher levels in extraocular RB. MCM3/7 are abundantly detected in cell types associated with oncogenesis. Both mRNA and protein levels of MCM3/4/6/7 are increased in RB cell lines. Immunohistochemistry further confirmed the elevated expression of MCM3 in extraocular RB, with MCM6 being the most abundantly expressed MCM in RB. Conclusions The distinct MCM expression patterns across various RB cell types suggest diverse functional roles, offering valuable insights for targeted therapeutic strategies. The upregulation of MCM3, MCM4, MCM6, and MCM7 in RB, with a specific emphasis on MCM6 as a notable marker, highlights their potential significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinmiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shicai Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Pike SB, Reid MW, Peng CC, Chang C, Xu BY, Gombos DS, Patel S, Xu L, Berry JL. Multicentre analysis of nucleic acid quantification using aqueous humour liquid biopsy in uveal melanoma: implications for clinical testing. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023:S0008-4182(23)00342-3. [PMID: 38036045 PMCID: PMC11128479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uveal melanoma (UM) tumour biopsy is limited by size and intratumour heterogeneity. We explored the potential of aqueous humour (AH) liquid biopsy for UM by quantifying analytes in samples collected at diagnosis and after brachytherapy to look for clinical correlations with tumour features. DESIGN Case-series study. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-six UM patients and 16 control subjects from a tertiary care hospital. METHODS The study included 119 UM AH samples and 16 control samples analyzed for unprocessed analytes (i.e., dsDNA, miRNA, and protein) using Qubit fluorescence assays. RESULTS Analytes were widely quantifiable among available UM AH samples (dsDNA: 94.1%; miRNA: 88.0%; protein: 95.2%) at significantly higher concentrations than among control samples (dsDNA, p = 0.008; miRNA, p < 0.0001; protein, p = 0.007). In samples taken at diagnosis, concentrations were higher at more advanced American Joint Cancer Commission stages; when comparing most advanced stage III with least advanced stage I, median dsDNA was 4 times greater (p < 0.0001), miRNA was 2 times greater (p = 0.001), and protein was 3 times greater (p < 0.0001). Analytes were quantifiable in >70% of diagnostic samples from eyes with tumours <2 mm tall. Height had a positive association with diagnostic analyte concentrations (dsDNA: R = 0.43, p = 0.0007; miRNA: R = 0.35, p = 0.01; protein: R = 0.39, p = 0.005). Samples taken after brachytherapy showed significantly higher concentrations than diagnostic samples (p < 0.01 for all). CONCLUSIONS UM AH is a rich repository of analytes. Samples from eyes with more advanced stage and larger tumours had higher concentrations, though analytes also were quantifiable in eyes with smaller, less advanced tumours. Future analysis of AH analytes may be informative in the pursuit of personalized UM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Pike
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA; Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mark W Reid
- Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA; Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christina Chang
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Benjamin Y Xu
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dan S Gombos
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sapna Patel
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Liya Xu
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA; Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jesse L Berry
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA; Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
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18
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Marković L, Bukovac A, Varošanec AM, Šlaus N, Pećina-Šlaus N. Genetics in ophthalmology: molecular blueprints of retinoblastoma. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:82. [PMID: 37658463 PMCID: PMC10474694 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents current knowledge on the molecular biology of retinoblastoma (RB). Retinoblastoma is an intraocular tumor with hereditary and sporadic forms. 8,000 new cases of this ocular malignancy of the developing retina are diagnosed each year worldwide. The major gene responsible for retinoblastoma is RB1, and it harbors a large spectrum of pathogenic variants. Tumorigenesis begins with mutations that cause RB1 biallelic inactivation preventing the production of functional pRB proteins. Depending on the type of mutation the penetrance of RB is different. However, in small percent of tumors additional genes may be required, such as MYCN, BCOR and CREBBP. Additionally, epigenetic changes contribute to the progression of retinoblastoma as well. Besides its role in the cell cycle, pRB plays many additional roles, it regulates the nucleosome structure, participates in apoptosis, DNA replication, cellular senescence, differentiation, DNA repair and angiogenesis. Notably, pRB has an important role as a modulator of chromatin remodeling. In recent years high-throughput techniques are becoming essential for credible biomarker identification and patient management improvement. In spite of remarkable advances in retinoblastoma therapy, primarily in high-income countries, our understanding of retinoblastoma and its specific genetics still needs further clarification in order to predict the course of this disease and improve therapy. One such approach is the tumor free DNA that can be obtained from the anterior segment of the eye and be useful in diagnostics and prognostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Marković
- Department of Ophthalmology, Reference Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anja Bukovac
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Maria Varošanec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Reference Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nika Šlaus
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nives Pećina-Šlaus
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Laboratory of Neurooncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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19
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Pike S, Peng CC, Neviani P, Berry JL, Xu L. CD63/81 Small Extracellular Vesicles in the Aqueous Humor are Retinoblastoma Associated. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:5. [PMID: 37410475 PMCID: PMC10337798 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.10.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although biopsy is contraindicated in retinoblastoma (RB), the aqueous humor (AH) is a robust liquid biopsy source of molecular tumor information, facilitating biomarker discovery. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), promising biomarker candidates across multiple cancers, were recently identified in RB AH, but relationships between sEVs and RB clinical features are unknown. Methods We analyzed sEVs in 37 AH samples from 18 RB eyes of varying International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification (IIRC) groups and explored clinical correlations. Ten samples were collected at diagnosis (DX) and 27 during treatment (Tx). Unprocessed AH underwent Single Particle-Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (SP-IRIS) analysis for fluorescent particle count and tetraspanin immunophenotyping; counts were subsequentially converted to percentages for analysis. Results Comparing DX and Tx samples, a higher percentage of CD63/81+ sEVs was found in DX AH (16.3 ± 11.6% vs. 5.49 ± 3.67% P = 0.0009), with a more homogenous mono-CD63+ sEV population seen in Tx AH (43.5 ± 14.7% vs. 28.8 ± 9.38%, P = 0.0073). Among DX samples, CD63/81+ sEVs were most abundant in group E eyes (n = 2) compared to group D (n = 6) by count (2.75 × 105 ± 3.40 × 105 vs. 5.95 × 103 ± 8.16 × 103, P = 0.0006), and to group A + B (n = 2) by count (2.75 × 105 ± 3.40 × 105 vs. 2.73 × 102 ± 2.59 × 102, P = 0.0096) and percentage (32.1 ± 7.98% vs. 7.79 ± 0.02%, P = 0.0187). Conclusions CD63/81+ sEVs enrich AH from RB eyes before treatment and those with more significant tumor burden, suggesting they are tumor-derived. Future research into their cargo may reveal mechanisms of cellular communication via sEVs in RB and novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pike
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Paolo Neviani
- Extracellular Vesicle Core, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Liya Xu
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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20
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He LF, Mou P, Yang CH, Huang C, Shen Y, Zhang JD, Wei RL. Single-cell sequencing in primary intraocular tumors: understanding heterogeneity, the microenvironment, and drug resistance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194590. [PMID: 37359513 PMCID: PMC10287964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) and uveal melanoma (UM) are the most common primary intraocular tumors in children and adults, respectively. Despite continued increases in the likelihood of salvaging the eyeball due to advancements in local tumor control, prognosis remains poor once metastasis has occurred. Traditional sequencing technology obtains averaged information from pooled clusters of diverse cells. In contrast, single-cell sequencing (SCS) allows for investigations of tumor biology at the resolution of the individual cell, providing insights into tumor heterogeneity, microenvironmental properties, and cellular genomic mutations. SCS is a powerful tool that can help identify new biomarkers for diagnosis and targeted therapy, which may in turn greatly improve tumor management. In this review, we focus on the application of SCS for evaluating heterogeneity, microenvironmental characteristics, and drug resistance in patients with RB and UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-feng He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Mou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-hui Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- 92882 Troops of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-di Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-li Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Jansen RW, de Bloeme CM, Cardoen L, Göricke S, van Elst S, Jessen JL, Ramasubramanian A, Skalet AH, Miller AK, Maeder P, Uner OE, Hubbard GB, Grossniklaus H, Boldt HC, Nichols KE, Brennan RC, Sen S, Sirin S, Brisse HJ, Galluzzi P, Dommering CJ, Castelijns JA, van der Valk P, Boellaard R, Dorsman J, Moll AC, de Jong MC, de Graaf P. MRI Features for Identifying MYCN-amplified RB1 Wild-type Retinoblastoma. Radiology 2023; 307:e222264. [PMID: 37191489 PMCID: PMC10315525 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.222264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Background MYCN-amplified RB1 wild-type (MYCNARB1+/+) retinoblastoma is a rare but clinically important subtype of retinoblastoma due to its aggressive character and relative resistance to typical therapeutic approaches. Because biopsy is not indicated in retinoblastoma, specific MRI features might be valuable to identify children with this genetic subtype. Purpose To define the MRI phenotype of MYCNARB1+/+ retinoblastoma and evaluate the ability of qualitative MRI features to help identify this specific genetic subtype. Materials and Methods In this retrospective, multicenter, case-control study, MRI scans in children with MYCNARB1+/+ retinoblastoma and age-matched children with RB1-/- subtype retinoblastoma were included (case-control ratio, 1:4; scans acquired from June 2001 to February 2021; scans collected from May 2018 to October 2021). Patients with histopathologically confirmed unilateral retinoblastoma, genetic testing (RB1/MYCN status), and MRI scans were included. Associations between radiologist-scored imaging features and diagnosis were assessed with the Fisher exact test or Fisher-Freeman-Halton test, and Bonferroni-corrected P values were calculated. Results A total of 110 patients from 10 retinoblastoma referral centers were included: 22 children with MYCNARB1+/+ retinoblastoma and 88 control children with RB1-/- retinoblastoma. Children in the MYCNARB1+/+ group had a median age of 7.0 months (IQR, 5.0-9.0 months) (13 boys), while children in the RB1-/- group had a median age of 9.0 months (IQR, 4.6-13.4 months) (46 boys). MYCNARB1+/+ retinoblastomas were typically peripherally located (in 10 of 17 children; specificity, 97%; P < .001) and exhibited plaque or pleomorphic shape (in 20 of 22 children; specificity, 51%; P = .011) with irregular margins (in 16 of 22 children; specificity, 70%; P = .008) and extensive retina folding with vitreous enclosure (specificity, 94%; P < .001). MYCNARB1+/+ retinoblastomas showed peritumoral hemorrhage (in 17 of 21 children; specificity, 88%; P < .001), subretinal hemorrhage with a fluid-fluid level (in eight of 22 children; specificity, 95%; P = .005), and strong anterior chamber enhancement (in 13 of 21 children; specificity, 80%; P = .008). Conclusion MYCNARB1+/+ retinoblastomas show distinct MRI features that could enable early identification of these tumors. This may improve patient selection for tailored treatment in the future. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Rollins in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W. Jansen
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Christiaan M. de Bloeme
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Liesbeth Cardoen
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Sophia Göricke
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Sabien van Elst
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Jaime Lyn Jessen
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Aparna Ramasubramanian
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Alison H. Skalet
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Audra K. Miller
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Philippe Maeder
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Ogul E. Uner
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - G. Baker Hubbard
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Hans Grossniklaus
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - H. Culver Boldt
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Kim E. Nichols
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Rachel C. Brennan
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Saugata Sen
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Selma Sirin
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Hervé J. Brisse
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Paolo Galluzzi
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Charlotte J. Dommering
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Jonas A. Castelijns
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Paul van der Valk
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Josephine Dorsman
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Annette C. Moll
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Marcus C. de Jong
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
| | - Pim de Graaf
- From the Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (R.W.J.,
C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.A.C., R.B., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.), Human Genetics (C.J.D.),
Pathology (P.v.d.V.), Oncogenetics (J.D.), and Ophthalmology (A.C.M.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Office PK-1X012, De Boelelaan
1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., S.v.E., J.D., A.C.M., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.);
European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (R.W.J., C.M.d.B., L.C., S.G.,
P.M., H.C.B., P.G., J.A.C., M.C.d.J., P.d.G.); Imaging Department, Institut
Curie Paris, Paris, France (L.C., H.J.B.); Institute of Diagnostic and
Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen,
Germany (S.G.); Impact Genetics–Dynacare, Brampton, Canada (J.L.J.);
Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
(A.R.); Casey Eye Institute & Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Ore (A.H.S., A.K.M.); Department of
Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
(P.M.); Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Ore (O.E.U.); Ocular Oncology Service, Emory Eye
Center, Atlanta, Ga (O.E.U., G.B.H., H.G.); Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (H.C.B.);
Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis,
Tenn (K.E.N., R.C.B.); Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Logan
Health, Kalispell, Mont (R.C.B.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences,
Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India (S. Sen); Department of Diagnostic Imaging,
University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
(S. Sirin); and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
(P.G.)
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Semenkovich NP, Szymanski JJ, Earland N, Chauhan PS, Pellini B, Chaudhuri AA. Genomic approaches to cancer and minimal residual disease detection using circulating tumor DNA. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006284. [PMID: 37349125 PMCID: PMC10314661 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies using cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are being used frequently in both research and clinical settings. ctDNA can be used to identify actionable mutations to personalize systemic therapy, detect post-treatment minimal residual disease (MRD), and predict responses to immunotherapy. ctDNA can also be isolated from a range of different biofluids, with the possibility of detecting locoregional MRD with increased sensitivity if sampling more proximally than blood plasma. However, ctDNA detection remains challenging in early-stage and post-treatment MRD settings where ctDNA levels are minuscule giving a high risk for false negative results, which is balanced with the risk of false positive results from clonal hematopoiesis. To address these challenges, researchers have developed ever-more elegant approaches to lower the limit of detection (LOD) of ctDNA assays toward the part-per-million range and boost assay sensitivity and specificity by reducing sources of low-level technical and biological noise, and by harnessing specific genomic and epigenomic features of ctDNA. In this review, we highlight a range of modern assays for ctDNA analysis, including advancements made to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. We further highlight the challenge of detecting ultra-rare tumor-associated variants, overcoming which will improve the sensitivity of post-treatment MRD detection and open a new frontier of personalized adjuvant treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Szymanski
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Noah Earland
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pradeep S Chauhan
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bruna Pellini
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Aadel A Chaudhuri
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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23
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Schmidt MJ, Prabakar RK, Pike S, Yellapantula V, Peng CC, Kuhn P, Hicks J, Xu L, Berry JL. Simultaneous Copy Number Alteration and Single-Nucleotide Variation Analysis in Matched Aqueous Humor and Tumor Samples in Children with Retinoblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108606. [PMID: 37239954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a childhood cancer that forms in the developing retina of young children; this tumor cannot be biopsied due to the risk of provoking extraocular tumor spread, which dramatically alters the treatment and survival of the patient. Recently, aqueous humor (AH), the clear fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye, has been developed as an organ-specific liquid biopsy for investigation of in vivo tumor-derived information found in the cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of the biofluid. However, identifying somatic genomic alterations, including both somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) and single nucleotide variations (SNVs) of the RB1 gene, typically requires either: (1) two distinct experimental protocols-low-pass whole genome sequencing for SCNAs and targeted sequencing for SNVs-or (2) expensive deep whole genome or exome sequencing. To save time and cost, we applied a one-step targeted sequencing method to identify both SCNAs and RB1 SNVs in children with RB. High concordance (median = 96.2%) was observed in comparing SCNA calls derived from targeted sequencing to the traditional low-pass whole genome sequencing method. We further applied this method to investigate the degree of concordance of genomic alterations between paired tumor and AH samples from 11 RB eyes. We found 11/11 AH samples (100%) had SCNAs, and 10 of them (90.1%) with recurrent RB-SCNAs, while only nine out of 11 tumor samples (81.8%) had positive RB-SCNA signatures in both low-pass and targeted methods. Eight out of the nine (88.9%) detected SNVs were shared between AH and tumor samples. Ultimately, 11/11 cases have somatic alterations identified, including nine RB1 SNVs and 10 recurrent RB-SCNAs with four focal RB1 deletions and one MYCN gain. The results presented show the feasibility of utilizing one sequencing approach to obtain SCNA and targeted SNV data to capture a broad genomic scope of RB disease, which may ultimately expedite clinical intervention and be less expensive than other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Schmidt
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rishvanth K Prabakar
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sarah Pike
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Venkata Yellapantula
- The Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - James Hicks
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jesse L Berry
- The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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24
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Peng CC, Sirivolu S, Pike S, Kim ME, Reiser B, Li HT, Liang G, Xu L, Berry JL. Diagnostic Aqueous Humor Proteome Predicts Metastatic Potential in Uveal Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076825. [PMID: 37047796 PMCID: PMC10094875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling (GEP) is clinically validated to stratify the risk of metastasis by assigning uveal melanoma (UM) patients to two highly prognostic molecular classes: class 1 (low metastatic risk) and class 2 (high metastatic risk). However, GEP requires intraocular tumor biopsy, which is limited by small tumor size and tumor heterogeneity; furthermore, there are small risks of retinal hemorrhage, bleeding, or tumor dissemination. Thus, ocular liquid biopsy has emerged as a less-invasive alternative. In this study, we seek to determine the aqueous humor (AH) proteome related to the advanced GEP class 2 using diagnostic AH liquid biopsy specimens. Twenty AH samples were collected from patients with UM, grouped by GEP classes. Protein expression levels of 1472 targets were analyzed, compared between GEP classes, and correlated with clinical features. Significant differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were subjected to analysis for cellular pathway and upstream regulator identification. The results showed that 45 DEPs detected in the AH could differentiate GEP class 1 and 2 at diagnosis. IL1R and SPRY2 are potential upstream regulators for the 8/45 DEPs that contribute to metastasis-related pathways. AH liquid biopsy offers a new opportunity to determine metastatic potential for patients in the absence of tumor biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ching Peng
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shreya Sirivolu
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sarah Pike
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mary E Kim
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Bibiana Reiser
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gangning Liang
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jesse L Berry
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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25
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Im DH, Pike S, Reid MW, Peng CC, Sirivolu S, Grossniklaus HE, Hubbard GB, Skalet AH, Bellsmith KN, Shields CL, Lally SE, Stacey AW, Reiser BJ, Nagiel A, Shah R, Xu L, Berry JL. A multicenter analysis of nucleic acid quantification using aqueous humor liquid biopsy in retinoblastoma – Implications for clinical testing. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2023; 3:100289. [PMID: 37025945 PMCID: PMC10070901 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Retinoblastoma (RB) is most often diagnosed with clinical features and not diagnosed with tumor biopsy. This study describes tumor-derived analyte concentrations from aqueous humor (AH) liquid biopsy and its use in clinical assays. Design Case series study. Participants Sixty-two RB eyes from 55 children and 14 control eyes from 12 children from 4 medical centers. Methods This study included 128 RB AH samples including: diagnostic (DX) samples, samples from eyes undergoing treatment (TX), samples after completing treatment (END), and during bevacizumab injection for radiation therapy after completing RB treatment (BEV). Fourteen-control AH were analyzed for unprocessed analytes (double-stranded DNA [dsDNA], single-stranded DNA [ssDNA], micro-RNA [miRNA], RNA, and protein) with Qubit fluorescence assays. Double-stranded DNA from 2 RB AH samples underwent low-pass whole-genome sequencing to detect somatic copy number alterations. Logistic regression was used to predict disease burden given analyte concentrations. Main Outcome Measures Unprocessed analyte (dsDNA, ssDNA, miRNA, RNA and protein) concentrations. Results Results revealed dsDNA, ssDNA, miRNA, and proteins, but not RNA, were quantifiable in most samples (up to 98%) with Qubit fluorescence assays. Median dsDNA concentration was significantly higher in DX (3.08 ng/μl) compared to TX (0.18 ng/μl; P < 0.0001) at an order of 17 times greater and 20 times greater than END samples (0.15 ng/μl; P = 0.001). Using logistic regression, nucleic acid concentrations were useful in predicting higher versus lower RB disease burden. Retinoblastoma somatic copy number alterations were identified in a TX, but not in a BEV sample, indicating the correlation with RB activity. Conclusions Aqueous humor liquid biopsy in RB is a high-yield source of dsDNA, ssDNA, miRNA, and protein. Diagnostic samples are most useful for RB 1 gene mutational analyses. Genomic analysis may be more informative of tumor activity status than quantification alone and can be performed even with smaller analyte concentrations obtained from TX samples. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah H. Im
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah Pike
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark W. Reid
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shreya Sirivolu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - G. Baker Hubbard
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alison H. Skalet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kellyn N. Bellsmith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Carol L. Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara E. Lally
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew W. Stacey
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bibiana J. Reiser
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aaron Nagiel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rachana Shah
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Liya Xu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence: Jesse L. Berry, MD, Director of Ocular Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027.
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26
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Retinoblastoma: From genes to patient care. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 66:104674. [PMID: 36470558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common paediatric neoplasm of the retina, and one of the earliest model of cancer genetics since the identification of the master tumour suppressor gene RB1. Tumorigenesis has been shown to be driven by pathogenic variants of the RB1 locus, but also genomic and epigenomic alterations outside the locus. The increasing knowledge on this "mutational landscape" is used in current practice for precise genetic testing and counselling. Novel methods provide access to pre-therapeutic tumour DNA, by isolating cell-free DNA from aqueous humour or plasma. This is expected to facilitate assessment of the constitutional status of RB1, to provide an early risk stratification using molecular prognostic markers, to follow the response to the treatment in longitudinal studies, and to predict the response to targeted therapies. The aim of this review is to show how molecular genetics of retinoblastoma drives diagnosis, treatment, monitoring of the disease and surveillance of the patients and relatives. We first recap the current knowledge on retinoblastoma genetics and its use in every-day practice. We then focus on retinoblastoma subgrouping at the era of molecular biology, and the expected input of cell-free DNA in the field.
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Kletke SN, Soliman S, Racher H, Mallipatna A, Shaikh F, Mireskandari K, Gallie BL. A typical anterior retinoblastoma: diagnosis by aqueous humor cell-free DNA analysis. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 43:862-865. [PMID: 36326029 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2141800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aqueous humor from eyes with active retinoblastoma contains tumor-derived cell-free DNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single retrospective case report. RESULTS A 13-year-old girl with acute right eye pain and redness was diagnosed with hypertensive anterior uveitis. Following initial management, she was referred to ocular oncology for an atypical clinical picture. Multiple seeds were noted 360 degrees in the anterior chamber, at the equator of the lens and canal of Petit, and ultrasound biomicroscopy identified a temporal pars plana lesion. While aqueous humor cytology was inconclusive for malignancy, targeted next-generation sequencing of aqueous cell-free DNA identified biallelic RB1 full gene deletion, confirming the diagnosis of retinoblastoma. Partial regression followed three cycles of systemic carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine and three intracameral melphalan injections. Four months later, she had recurrence of the primary tumor and increase in seeding and received the investigational sustained release episcleral topotecan chemoplaque. Stable regression was achieved to 28-month follow-up, with no detectable aqueous cell-free DNA. CONCLUSIONS RB1 sequencing analysis of tumor-derived cell-free DNA from aqueous humor can confirm the diagnosis of retinoblastoma in cases of diagnostic uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kletke
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sameh Soliman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hilary Racher
- Scientific and Laboratory Operations, Dynacare/Impact Genetics, Brampton, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashwin Mallipatna
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Furqan Shaikh
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kamiar Mireskandari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brenda L Gallie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Sirivolu S, Xu L, Warren M, Prabakar RK, Shah R, Kuhn P, Hicks J, Berry JL. Chromosome 6p amplification detected in blood cell-free DNA in advanced intraocular retinoblastoma. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 43:866-870. [PMID: 36342106 PMCID: PMC9877166 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2142246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with retinoblastoma, gains of chromosome 6p have been associated with less differentiated tumors. In cell-free DNA from the aqueous humor (AH), 6p gain has been associated with an increased risk of enucleation. While the identification of somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) via the AH has been well established, these alterations are not routinely identified in the blood due to low tumor fraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS SCNAs were considered positive at 20% deflection from the baseline. Somatic RB1 pathogenic variants were identified with targeted sequencing using a panel including all RB1 exons. RESULTS A 24-month-old patient presented with unilateral retinoblastoma (Group D/AJCC Stage cT2B) and was treated with primary enucleation. In the peripheral blood, a heterozygous mutation (c.3920T>A) in the APC gene was reported. Genomic analysis of the tumor and AH revealed two novel somatic RB1 mutations (c.1589_1590del and c.2330dupC). Both also demonstrated highly recurrent RB-related SCNAs. Chromosome 6p gain was detected in the blood with an amplitude suggesting approximately 12% tumor fraction. At a follow-up of 24 months, there has been no evidence of metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first time an SCNA has been detected in the blood of an RB patient, suggesting in some advanced eyes there may be a high enough tumor fraction to detect these alterations (>5% needed). It remains unclear whether 6p gain or increased tumor fraction in the blood is indicative of increased risk of metastatic disease or new primary cancer; studies to address this are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Sirivolu
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Califorina, USA,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Califorina, USA,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mikako Warren
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rishvanth K. Prabakar
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachana Shah
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Califorina, USA,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James Hicks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Califorina, USA,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Califorina, USA,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA,The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Califorina, USA
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29
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Pike S, Iyengar R, Peng CC, Chevez-Barrios P, Brown B, Shah R, Biegel J, Yellapantula V, Nagiel A, Reiser BJ, Xu L, Berry JL. Malignant teratoid intraocular ciliary body medulloepithelioma in a 5-year-old male with corresponding somatic copy number alteration profile of aqueous humor cell-free DNA. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 43:855-861. [PMID: 36314385 PMCID: PMC9877122 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2138457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraocular, ciliary body, medulloepithelioma (CBME) is a rare tumor of the nonpigmented ciliary body epithelium, typically presenting in childhood. We describe a case of CBME. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ocular examination and imaging guided diagnostic and treatment decisions. Aqueous humor (AH) liquid biopsy was collected from the affected eye at eventual enucleation. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was employed to determine somatic copy number alterations (SCNA) in AH cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Tumor sample was analyzed using various assays to evaluate for oncogenic mutations and SCNAs. Histopathology determined diagnosis. RESULTS A 5-year-old male with glaucoma and cataract in the left eye (OS) experienced worsening left eye pain and redness. There was no light perception OS and the eye was hypotonus. Anterior segment exam showed complete cataract and rubeosis iridis. Ocular B-scan ultrasound OS revealed an intraocular lesion with calcifications and retinal detachment. Orbital MRI suggested left globe hypercellularity. An infiltrative lesion involving the ciliary body was seen in the left eye on examination under anesthesia. Left eye enucleation was performed in the setting of pain, blindness, and tumor, with anterior chamber paracentesis for AH liquid biopsy collection. SCNA profile of AH cfDNA demonstrated loss of copy of chromosomes 4, 6, and 9. Tumor was negative for clinically significant mutations or SCNAs. Histopathology diagnosed malignant teratoid CBME. CONCLUSIONS We present a case of CBME and include the unique SCNA profile of AH cfDNA from the enucleated eye. This case suggests utility of AH liquid biopsy in distinguishing between differential diagnoses for intraocular mass lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pike
- The Vision Center, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rahul Iyengar
- The Vision Center, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- The Vision Center, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Brianne Brown
- The Vision Center, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachana Shah
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute Retinoblastoma Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaclyn Biegel
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Venkata Yellapantula
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Nagiel
- The Vision Center, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bibiana Jin Reiser
- The Vision Center, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- The Vision Center, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- The Vision Center, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Galardi A, Stathopoulos C, Colletti M, Lavarello C, Russo I, Cozza R, Romanzo A, Carcaboso AM, Locatelli F, Petretto A, Munier FL, Di Giannatale A. Proteomics of Aqueous Humor as a Source of Disease Biomarkers in Retinoblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113458. [PMID: 36362243 PMCID: PMC9659039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous humor (AH) can be easily and safely used to evaluate disease-specific biomarkers in ocular disease. The aim of this study was to identify specific proteins biomarkers in the AH of retinoblastoma (RB) patients at various stages of the disease. We analyzed the proteome of 53 AH samples using high-resolution mass spectrometry. We grouped the samples according to active vitreous seeding (Group 1), active aqueous seeding (Group 2), naive RB (group 3), inactive RB (group 4), and congenital cataracts as the control (Group 5). We found a total of 889 proteins in all samples. Comparative parametric analyses among the different groups revealed three additional proteins expressed in the RB groups that were not expressed in the control group. These were histone H2B type 2-E (HISTH2B2E), InaD-like protein (PATJ), and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 V1 (UBE2V1). Upon processing the data of our study with the OpenTarget Tool software, we found that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and CD44 were more highly expressed in the RB groups. Our results provide a proteome database regarding AH related to RB disease that may be used as a source of biomarkers. Further prospective studies should validate our finding in a large cohort of RB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Galardi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza di Sant’ Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Christina Stathopoulos
- Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta Colletti
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza di Sant’ Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lavarello
- Core Facilities-Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ida Russo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza di Sant’ Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cozza
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza di Sant’ Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Romanzo
- Ophtalmology Unit, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Angel M. Carcaboso
- SJD Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza di Sant’ Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Core Facilities-Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francis L. Munier
- Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angela Di Giannatale
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza di Sant’ Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Roohollahi K, de Jong Y, van Mil SE, Fabius AW, Moll AC, Dorsman JC. High-Level MYCN-Amplified RB1-Proficient Retinoblastoma Tumors Retain Distinct Molecular Signatures. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 2:100188. [PMID: 36245757 PMCID: PMC9559112 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvonne de Jong
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: Yvonne de Jong, PhD, Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, De Boelelaan 1117, 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Saskia E. van Mil
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Annette C. Moll
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine C. Dorsman
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Josephine C. Dorsman, PhD, Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, De Boelelaan 1117, 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Azimi F, Mirshahi R, Naseripour M. Review: New horizons in retinoblastoma treatment: an updated review article. Mol Vis 2022; 28:130-146. [PMID: 36034735 PMCID: PMC9352364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare childhood intraocular malignancy with an incidence rate of approximately 9000 children per year worldwide. The management of Rb is inherently complex and depends on several factors. The orders of priorities in the treatment of Rb are saving life, globe salvage and vision salvage. Rarity and the young age at diagnosis impede conducting randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for new therapeutic options, and therefore pre-RCTs studies are needed. This review provides an overview of advances in Rb treatment options, focusing on the emergence of new small molecules to treat Rb. Articles related to the management and treatments of Rb were searched in different databases. Several studies and animal models discussing recent advances in the treatment of Rb were included to have a better grasp of the biological mechanisms of Rb. Over the years, the principles of management and treatment of Rb have changed significantly. Innovations in targeted therapies and molecular biology have led to improved patient and ocular survival. However, there is still a need for further evaluation of the long-term effects of these new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Azimi
- Eye Research Center, the Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirshahi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Naseripour
- Eye Research Center, the Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Im DH, Peng CC, Xu L, Kim ME, Ostrow D, Yellapantula V, Bootwalla M, Biegel JA, Gai X, Prabakar RK, Kuhn P, Hicks J, Berry JL. Potential of Aqueous Humor as a Liquid Biopsy for Uveal Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116226. [PMID: 35682905 PMCID: PMC9181140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor biopsy can identify prognostic biomarkers for metastatic uveal melanoma (UM), however aqueous humor (AH) liquid biopsy may serve as an adjunct. This study investigated whether the AH of UM eyes has sufficient circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) to perform genetic analysis. This is a case series of 37 AH samples, taken before or after radiation, and one tumor wash sample, from 12 choroidal and 8 ciliary body (CB) melanoma eyes. AH was analyzed for nucleic acid concentrations. AH DNA and one tumor wash sample underwent shallow whole-genome sequencing followed by Illumina sequencing to detect somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs). Four post-radiation AH underwent targeted sequencing of BAP1 and GNAQ genes. Post-radiation AH had significantly higher DNA and miRNA concentrations than paired pre-radiation samples. Highly recurrent UM SCNAs were identified in 0/11 post-radiation choroidal and 6/8 post-radiation CB AH. SCNAs were highly concordant in a CB post-radiation AH with its matched tumor (r = 0.978). BAP1 or GNAQ variants were detected in 3/4 post-radiation AH samples. AH is a source of ctDNA in UM eyes, particularly in post-radiation CB eyes. For the first time, UM SCNAs and mutations were identified in AH-derived ctDNA. Suggesting that AH can serve as a liquid biopsy for UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah H. Im
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (D.H.I.); (C.-C.P.); (L.X.); (M.E.K.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (D.H.I.); (C.-C.P.); (L.X.); (M.E.K.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (D.H.I.); (C.-C.P.); (L.X.); (M.E.K.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mary E. Kim
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (D.H.I.); (C.-C.P.); (L.X.); (M.E.K.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Dejerianne Ostrow
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (D.O.); (V.Y.); (M.B.); (J.A.B.); (X.G.)
| | - Venkata Yellapantula
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (D.O.); (V.Y.); (M.B.); (J.A.B.); (X.G.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Moiz Bootwalla
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (D.O.); (V.Y.); (M.B.); (J.A.B.); (X.G.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jaclyn A. Biegel
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (D.O.); (V.Y.); (M.B.); (J.A.B.); (X.G.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (D.O.); (V.Y.); (M.B.); (J.A.B.); (X.G.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rishvanth K. Prabakar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (R.K.P.); (P.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (R.K.P.); (P.K.); (J.H.)
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - James Hicks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (R.K.P.); (P.K.); (J.H.)
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (D.H.I.); (C.-C.P.); (L.X.); (M.E.K.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Correspondence:
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Raval V, Racher H, Wrenn J, Singh AD. Aqueous humor as a surrogate biomarker for retinoblastoma tumor tissue. J AAPOS 2022; 26:137.e1-137.e5. [PMID: 35577019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the feasibility of identifying a germline RB1 pathogenic variant in retinoblastoma (RB) from an aqueous humor (AH) sample. METHODS In this pilot case series, peripheral blood, fresh tumor tissue, and AH were obtained from 3 eyes of 3 RB patients who underwent enucleation at a tertiary eye care institute. After isolation of the cell-free DNA (cfDNA), sequence analysis of the RB1 core promoter and of exons 1 through 27, including nearby flanking intronic regions, was performed using a custom targeted hybridization protocol, followed by high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS The study cohort included 3 enucleated eyes with advanced RB (group E [n = 2], group D [n = 1]). In case 1, deletion of the RB1 promoter to exon 23 (delP->23) on both alleles was identified from tumor as well as AH samples and absent in the blood sample, indicative of absence of a germline RB1 pathogenic variant. In case 2, two heterozygous RB1 nonsense variants, c.610G>T p.(Glu204Ter) and c.751C>T p.(Arg251Ter), were identified in tumor and AH samples (allele frequency of 49% and 45%, resp.) and were absent in the blood sample, indicative of absence of a germline RB1 pathogenic variant. In case 3, a heterozygous c.2326-14T>A substitution on allele 1 and loss of heterozygosity on allele 2 were identified in the tumor and AH (allele frequency of 97%), with the same heterozygous mutation in the blood sample, indicating presence of a germline RB1 pathogenic variant. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenic RB1 variant results from AH in all 3 eyes were concordant with direct tumor DNA sampling, suggesting that AH can serve as a surrogate for tumor tissue. Because the AH can be accessed during treatment, specific testing can be performed even in the absence of enucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Raval
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Jacquelyn Wrenn
- Department of Ocular Oncology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arun D Singh
- Department of Ocular Oncology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. The diagnosis of RB is mainly based on clinical features and imaging characteristics. Prognosis is based on stage of disease and response to treatment. In salvaged globes, direct tumor biopsy for genetic analysis and prognostication is an absolute contraindication at this point of time for the fear of extraocular tumor spread. Currently, there is a search for surrogate markers to allow accurate diagnosis and for prognostication, to predict the chances of globe salvage in RB. Therefore, biofluids such as plasma or aqueous humor have been studied to detect circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or cell-free DNA (cfDNA), respectively, to allow for treatment decision making, monitoring treatment response, and prognostic counselling. METHODS A search of electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar and MEDLINE) of all articles on liquid biopsy in retinoblastoma published in English was performed. The keywords used for the search included "retinoblastoma", "liquid biopsy", "aqueous humor" "circulating tumor cells", "cell-free DNA", "cfDNA", "circulating tumor DNA", "ctDNA", "tumor fraction", "RB1 mutation" and "SNCA". Additionally, historic articles on the advent of liquid biopsy in medicine were also reviewed. Pertinent cross-references from the studies were reviewed. Retrospective interventional and observational case series, observational case series, prospective cohort studies, reviews, case reports, surgical techniques, invited commentary and letters were included. RESULTS A total of 40 relevant articles were selected. Biomarkers in aqueous humor, serum and cerebrospinal fluid and their clinical applications are discussed. CONCLUSION Harvesting aqueous humor from eyes with retinoblastoma has been found safe and superior to blood for the detection of chromosomal changes. cfDNA from aqueous can be a surrogate marker to detect somatic copy number alterations and other genetic alterations in RB. ctDNA in plasma also has potential to help in diagnosis and prognosis of RB. Liquid biopsy in RB is an emerging topic, which could pave way for a better understanding of mechanisms for treatment response, resistance and recurrence in RB as well as possibly provide specific therapeutic targets to improve globe salvage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Ghose
- Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Doculara L, Trahair TN, Bayat N, Lock RB. Circulating Tumor DNA in Pediatric Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:885597. [PMID: 35647029 PMCID: PMC9133724 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.885597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has gained increasing prominence as a minimally invasive tool for the detection of cancer-specific markers in plasma. In adult cancers, ctDNA detection has shown value for disease-monitoring applications including tumor mutation profiling, risk stratification, relapse prediction, and treatment response evaluation. To date, there are ctDNA tests used as companion diagnostics for adult cancers and it is not understood why the same cannot be said about childhood cancer, despite the marked differences between adult and pediatric oncology. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of ctDNA as a disease monitoring biomarker in the context of pediatric malignancies, including the challenges associated with ctDNA detection in liquid biopsies. The data and conclusions from pediatric cancer studies of ctDNA are summarized, highlighting treatment response, disease monitoring and the detection of subclonal disease as applications of ctDNA. While the data from retrospective studies highlight the potential of ctDNA, large clinical trials are required for ctDNA analysis for routine clinical use in pediatric cancers. We outline the requirements for the standardization of ctDNA detection in pediatric cancers, including sample handling and reproducibility of results. With better understanding of the advantages and limitations of ctDNA and improved detection methods, ctDNA analysis may become the standard of care for patient monitoring in childhood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Doculara
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Toby N. Trahair
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Narges Bayat
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard B. Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Richard B. Lock,
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Peng C, Im D, Sirivolu S, Reiser B, Nagiel A, Neviani P, Xu L, Berry JL. Single vesicle analysis of aqueous humor in pediatric ocular diseases reveals eye specific CD63-dominant subpopulations. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e36. [PMID: 36339649 PMCID: PMC9632627 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous humor (AH), the clear fluid in front of the eye, maintains the pressure and vitality of ocular tissues. This fluid is accessible via the clear cornea which enables use of AH as a liquid biopsy source of biomarkers for intraocular disease. Extracellular vesicles are detectable in the AH and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are present in the AH from adults. However, EVs in AH from pediatric eyes in vivo have never previously been explored. We know very little about the heterogeneity of AH EV populations in ocular disease. Twenty-seven processing-free AH samples from 19 patients across four different pediatric ocular diseases were subjected to Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and Single Particle-Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (SP-IRIS) analysis. NTA demonstrated the concentration of AH EV/EPs is 3.11 × 109-1.38 × 1010 particles/ml; the majority sized 76.8-103 nm. SP-IRIS revealed distinct patterns of tetraspanin expression of AH sEVs. An enriched mono-CD63+ sEV subpopulation identified in AH indicates this is a potential AH-specific biomarker. In the setting of retinoblastoma there was a more heterogeneous population of sEVs which normalized with treatment. This suggests a potential clinical application of direct measurement of sEV subpopulations in AH samples to monitor successful tumor response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen‐Ching Peng
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- USC Roski Eye InstituteKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Deborah Im
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- USC Roski Eye InstituteKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shreya Sirivolu
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- USC Roski Eye InstituteKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bibiana Reiser
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- USC Roski Eye InstituteKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- The Saban Research InstituteChildren's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Aaron Nagiel
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- USC Roski Eye InstituteKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- The Saban Research InstituteChildren's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paolo Neviani
- The Extracellular Vesicle Core at Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Liya Xu
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- USC Roski Eye InstituteKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- USC Roski Eye InstituteKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- The Saban Research InstituteChildren's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Fernandez-Diaz D, Rodriguez-Vidal C, Silva-Rodríguez P, Paniagua L, Blanco-Teijeiro MJ, Pardo M, Piñeiro A, Bande M. Applications of Non-Coding RNAs in Patients With Retinoblastoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:842509. [PMID: 35432447 PMCID: PMC9008704 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.842509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in childhood. In the carcinogenic process of neoplasms such as RB, the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has been widely demonstrated recently. In this review, we aim to provide a clinical overview of the current knowledge regarding ncRNAs in relation to RB. Although ncRNAs are now considered as potential diagnostic biomarkers, prognostic factors, and therapeutic targets, further studies will facilitate enhanced understanding of ncRNAs in RB physiopathology and define the roles ncRNAs can play in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernandez-Diaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Paula Silva-Rodríguez
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Paniagua
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - María José Blanco-Teijeiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Pardo
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo Obesidómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Piñeiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Bande
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Bande,
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Cuadrado‐Vilanova M, Liu J, Paco S, Aschero R, Burgueño V, Sirab N, Pascual‐Pasto G, Correa G, Balaguer‐Lluna L, Castillo‐Ecija H, Perez‐Jaume S, Muñoz‐Aznar O, Roldan M, Suñol M, Schaiquevich P, Aerts I, Doz F, Cassoux N, Lubieniecki F, Benitez‐Ribas D, Lavarino C, Mora J, Chantada GL, Catala‐Mora J, Radvanyi F, Carcaboso AM. Identification of immunosuppressive factors in retinoblastoma cell secretomes and aqueous humor from patients. J Pathol 2022; 257:327-339. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cuadrado‐Vilanova
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Jing Liu
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, SIREDO Oncology Center Paris France
- Institut Curie PSL Research University Paris France
| | - Sonia Paco
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosario Aschero
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Victor Burgueño
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Nanor Sirab
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, SIREDO Oncology Center Paris France
- Institut Curie PSL Research University Paris France
| | - Guillem Pascual‐Pasto
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Genoveva Correa
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Leire Balaguer‐Lluna
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Helena Castillo‐Ecija
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Sara Perez‐Jaume
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Oscar Muñoz‐Aznar
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Monica Roldan
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Genetic and Molecular Medicine ‐ IPER, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Esplugues de Llobregat Barcelona Spain
| | - Mariona Suñol
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pathology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Paula Schaiquevich
- Precision Medicine, Hospital de Pediatria JP Garrahan Buenos Aires Argentina
- CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Isabelle Aerts
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, SIREDO Oncology Center Paris France
| | - François Doz
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, SIREDO Oncology Center Paris France
- University of Paris Paris France
| | - Nathalie Cassoux
- University of Paris Paris France
- Institut Curie, Ophthalmic Oncology Paris France
| | | | | | - Cinzia Lavarino
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
| | - Guillermo L. Chantada
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina
- Universidad Austral‐CONICET Institute for Research in Translational Medicine (IIMT) Pilar Argentina
| | | | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, SIREDO Oncology Center Paris France
- Institut Curie PSL Research University Paris France
| | - Angel M. Carcaboso
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
- Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
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Stålhammar G, Yeung A, Mendoza P, Dubovy SR, William Harbour J, Grossniklaus HE. Gain of Chromosome 6p Correlates with Severe Anaplasia, Cellular Hyperchromasia, and Extraocular Spread of Retinoblastoma. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 2:100089. [PMID: 36246172 PMCID: PMC9560556 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gain of chromosome 6p has been associated with poor ocular survival in retinoblastoma and histopathologic grading of anaplasia with increased risk of metastatic spread and death. This study examined the correlation between these factors and other chromosomal abnormalities as well as results of whole genome sequencing, digital morphometry, and progression-free survival. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study from 2 United States tertiary referral centers. PARTICIPANTS Forty-two children who had undergone enucleation for retinoblastoma from January 2000 through December 2017. METHODS Status of chromosomes 6p, 1q, 9q, and 16q was evaluated with fluorescence in situ hybridization, the degree of anaplasia and presence of histologic high-risk features were assessed by ocular pathologists, digital morphometry was performed on scanned tumor slides, and whole genome sequencing was performed on a subset of tumors. Progression-free survival was defined as absence of distant or local metastases or tumor growth beyond the cut end of the optic nerve. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Correlation between each of chromosomal abnormalities, anaplasia, morphometry and sequencing results, and survival. RESULTS Forty-one of 42 included patients underwent primary enucleation and 1 was treated first with intra-arterial chemotherapy. Seven tumors showed mild anaplasia, 19 showed moderate anaplasia, and 16 showed severe anaplasia. All tumors had gain of 1q, 18 tumors had gain of 6p, 6 tumors had gain of 9q, and 36 tumors had loss of 16q. Tumors with severe anaplasia were significantly more likely to harbor 6p gains than tumors with nonsevere anaplasia (P < 0.001). Further, the hematoxylin staining intensity was significantly greater and that of eosin staining significantly lower in tumors with severe anaplasia (P < 0.05). Neither severe anaplasia (P = 0.10) nor gain of 6p (P = 0.21) correlated with histologic high-risk features, and severe anaplasia did not correlate to RB1, CREBBP, NSD1, or BCOR mutations in a subset of 14 tumors (P > 0.5). Patients with gain of 6p showed significantly shorter progression-free survival (P = 0.03, Wilcoxon test). CONCLUSIONS Gain of chromosome 6p emerges as a strong prognostic biomarker in retinoblastoma because it correlates with severe anaplasia, quantifiable changes in tumor cell staining characteristics, and extraocular spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Stålhammar
- Ocular Pathology Service, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aaron Yeung
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pia Mendoza
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sander R. Dubovy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - J. William Harbour
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Hans E. Grossniklaus
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Liu W, Luo Y, Dai J, Yang L, Huang L, Wang R, Chen W, Huang Y, Sun S, Cao J, Wu J, Han M, Fan J, He M, Qian K, Fan X, Jia R. Monitoring Retinoblastoma by Machine Learning of Aqueous Humor Metabolic Fingerprinting. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101220. [PMID: 35041286 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most common intraocular pediatric malignancy, retinoblastoma (RB), accounts for ≈10% of cancer in children. Efficient monitoring can enhance living quality of patients and 5-year survival ratio of RB up to 95%. However, RB monitoring is still insufficient in regions with limited resources and the mortality may even reach over 70% in such areas. Here, an RB monitoring platform by machine learning of aqueous humor metabolic fingerprinting (AH-MF) is developed, using nanoparticle enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI MS). The direct AH-MF of RB free of sample pre-treatment is recorded, with both high reproducibility (coefficient of variation < 10%) and sensitivity (low to 0.3 pmol) at sample volume down to 40 nL only. Further, early and advanced RB patients with area-under-the-curve over 0.9 and accuracy over 80% are differentiated, through machine learning of AH-MF. Finally, a metabolic biomarker panel of 7 metabolites through accurate MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) with pathway analysis to monitor RB is identified. This work can contribute to advanced metabolic analysis of eye diseases including but not limited to RB and screening of new potential metabolic targets toward therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Ludi Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Yida Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Minglei Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Jiayan Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Mengjia He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
- Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
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Barbagallo C, Platania CBM, Drago F, Barbagallo D, Di Pietro C, Purrello M, Bucolo C, Ragusa M. Do Extracellular RNAs Provide Insight into Uveal Melanoma Biology? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5919. [PMID: 34885029 PMCID: PMC8657116 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults, showing a high mortality due to metastasis. Although it is considered a rare disease, a growing number of papers have reported altered levels of RNAs (i.e., coding and non-coding RNAs) in cancerous tissues and biological fluids from UM patients. The presence of circulating RNAs, whose dysregulation is associated with UM, paved the way to the possibility of exploiting it for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. However, the biological meaning and the origin of such RNAs in blood and ocular fluids of UM patients remain unexplored. In this review, we report the state of the art of circulating RNAs in UM and debate whether the amount and types of RNAs measured in bodily fluids mirror the RNA alterations from source cancer cells. Based on literature data, extracellular RNAs in UM patients do not represent, with rare exceptions, a snapshot of RNA dysregulations occurring in cancerous tissues, but rather the complex and heterogeneous outcome of a systemic dysfunction, including immune system activity, that modifies the mechanisms of RNA delivery from several cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences—Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.); (M.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Bianca Maria Platania
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences—Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.B.M.P.); (F.D.)
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences—Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.B.M.P.); (F.D.)
- Center of Research in Ocular Pharmacology—CERFO, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences—Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Cinzia Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences—Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Michele Purrello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences—Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences—Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.B.M.P.); (F.D.)
- Center of Research in Ocular Pharmacology—CERFO, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Ragusa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences—Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.); (M.P.); (M.R.)
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Le Gall J, Dehainault C, Benoist C, Matet A, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Aerts I, Jiménez I, Schleiermacher G, Houdayer C, Radvanyi F, Frouin E, Renault V, Doz F, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Gauthier-Villars M, Cassoux N, Golmard L. Highly Sensitive Detection Method of Retinoblastoma Genetic Predisposition and Biomarkers. J Mol Diagn 2021; 23:1714-1721. [PMID: 34656762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the infant retina. Nearly half of patients are predisposed to retinoblastoma by a germline RB1 pathogenic variant. Nonhereditary retinoblastoma is mainly caused by inactivation of both RB1 alleles at a somatic level. Several polymorphisms have been reported as biomarkers of retinoblastoma risk, aggressiveness, or invasion. The most informative genetic testing is obtained from tumor DNA. Historically, access to tumor DNA has been warranted by the frequent indication of enucleation, which has decreased because of advances in conservative approaches. Recent studies showed that tumor cell-free DNA can be analyzed in aqueous humor from retinoblastoma patients. This report describes a next-generation sequencing method relying on unique molecular identifiers for a highly sensitive detection of retinoblastoma genetic predisposition and biomarkers in a single analysis. It is the first use of unique molecular identifiers for retinoblastoma genetics. This gene panel enables the detection of RB1 point variants, large genome rearrangements, and loss of heterozygosity. It is adapted for genomic DNA extracted from blood or tumor DNA extracted from tumor fragment, aqueous humor, or plasma. The access to tumor cell-free DNA improves the diagnosis of genetic predisposition in case of conservative ocular therapy and provides access to biomarkers guiding the treatment strategy. The analysis of a gene panel is cost-effective and can be easily implemented in diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Le Gall
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Dehainault
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Camille Benoist
- PSL Research University, Paris, France; Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Matet
- Department of Ocular Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Livia Lumbroso-Le Rouic
- PSL Research University, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aerts
- PSL Research University, Paris, France; Oncology Center SIREDO, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Irene Jiménez
- PSL Research University, Paris, France; Oncology Center SIREDO, Institut Curie, Paris, France; INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gudrun Schleiermacher
- PSL Research University, Paris, France; Oncology Center SIREDO, Institut Curie, Paris, France; INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Claude Houdayer
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital and Inserm U1245, Rouen University (UNIROUEN), Normandie University, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - François Radvanyi
- PSL Research University, Paris, France; Molecular Oncology Team, CNRS, UMR144, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eleonore Frouin
- PSL Research University, Paris, France; Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Victor Renault
- PSL Research University, Paris, France; Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - François Doz
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Oncology Center SIREDO, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marion Gauthier-Villars
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Cassoux
- Department of Ocular Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Golmard
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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Francis JH, Gobin YP, Brannon AR, Swartzwelder CE, Berger MF, Mandelker DL, Walsh MF, Dunkel IJ, Abramson DH. RB1 Circulating Tumor DNA in the Blood of Patients with Unilateral Retinoblastoma: Before and after Intra-arterial Chemotherapy. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2021; 1:100042. [PMID: 36247821 PMCID: PMC9560637 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is released by many tumors into the plasma. Its analysis has minimal procedural risk and, in many cancers, has the potential for clinical applications. In retinoblastoma, the clinical correlations of ctDNA in eyes treated without enucleation have not been studied. This purpose of this study was to determine how the ctDNA RB1 variant allele frequency (VAF) changes in patients with unilateral retinoblastoma after intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) treatment. Variant allele frequency is a proxy for tumor fraction. Design Case series from a single tertiary cancer referral center. Participants Five patients with retinoblastoma with at least 1 measurable ctDNA plasma specimen both at the time of active intraocular retinoblastoma before IAC and after at least 1 IAC cycle. Methods Circulating tumor DNA RB1 was detected and VAF was measured before and after IAC treatment. Clinical correlations were made using clinical examination, fundus photography, ultrasound, and OCT. Main Outcome Measures Comparison of ctDNA RB1 VAF before and after IAC treatment for retinoblastoma and concordance of ctDNA RB1 detectability with activity of intraocular disease. Results Twenty-three ctDNA specimens were included from 5 patients. The 5 baseline RB1 VAFs ranged from 0.27% to 4.23%. In all patients, the subsequent post-intra-arterial RB1 VAF was lower than baseline (0.0%-0.17%). At 4 months (2 months after IAC completion), the ctDNA consistently was negative in the patients who demonstrated clinically inactive intraocular disease. Conclusions In this small cohort, a decremental decrease in ctDNA RB1 VAF was found after IAC, suggesting that relative VAF changes could be a biomarker of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine H. Francis
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Y. Pierre Gobin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - A. Rose Brannon
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christina E. Swartzwelder
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael F. Berger
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Diana L. Mandelker
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael F. Walsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ira J. Dunkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - David H. Abramson
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Inter-eye genomic heterogeneity in bilateral retinoblastoma via aqueous humor liquid biopsy. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:73. [PMID: 34316014 PMCID: PMC8316348 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline alterations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene predispose patients to develop retinoblastoma (RB) in both eyes. While similar treatment is given for each eye, there is often a variable therapeutic response between the eyes. Herein, we use the aqueous humor (AH) liquid biopsy to evaluate the cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) from each eye in a patient with bilateral RB. Despite the same predisposing germline RB1 mutation, AH analysis identified a different somatic RB1 mutation as well as separate and distinct chromosomal alterations in each eye. The longitudinal alterations in tumor fraction (TFx) corresponded to therapeutic responses in each eye. This case demonstrates that bilateral RB tumors develop separate genomic alterations, which may play a role in tumorigenesis and prognosis for eye salvage. Identifying these inter-eye differences without the need for enucleated tumor tissue may help direct active management of RB, with particular usefulness in bilateral cases.
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Jiménez I, Frouin É, Chicard M, Dehainault C, Le Gall J, Benoist C, Gauthier A, Lapouble E, Houdayer C, Radvanyi F, Bernard V, Brisse HJ, Gauthier-Villars M, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Baulande S, Cassoux N, Lumbroso L, Matet A, Aerts I, Renault V, Doz F, Golmard L, Delattre O, Schleiermacher G. Molecular diagnosis of retinoblastoma by circulating tumor DNA analysis. Eur J Cancer 2021; 154:277-287. [PMID: 34298378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), a fraction of total cell-free DNA (cfDNA), might be of special interest in retinoblastoma patients. Because the accessibility to tumor tissue is very limited in these patients, either for histopathological diagnosis of suspicious intraocular masses (biopsies are proscribed) or for somatic RB1 studies and genetic counseling (due to current successful conservative approaches), we aim to validate the detection of ctDNA in plasma of non-hereditary retinoblastoma patients by molecular analysis of RB1 gene. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In a cohort of 19 intraocular unilateral non-hereditary retinoblastoma patients for whom a plasma sample was available at diagnosis, we performed high-deep next-generation sequencing (NGS) of RB1 in cfDNA. Two different bioinformatics/statistics approaches were applied depending on whether the somatic RB1 status was available or not. RESULTS Median plasma sample volume was 600 μL [100-1000]; median cfDNA plasma concentration was 119 [38-1980] and 27 [11-653] ng/mL at diagnosis and after complete remission, respectively. In the subgroup of patients with known somatic RB1 alterations (n = 11), seven of nine somatic mutations were detected (median allele fraction: 6.7%). In patients without identified somatic RB1 alterations (n = 8), six candidate variants were identified for seven patients. CONCLUSIONS Despite small tumor size, blood-ocular barrier, poor ctDNA blood release and limited plasma sample volumes, we confirm that it is possible to detect ctDNA with high-deep NGS in plasma from patients with intraocular non-hereditary retinoblastoma. This may aid in diagnosis of suspicious cases, family genetic counseling or follow-up of residual intraocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Jiménez
- SiRIC RTOP « Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique », Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; INSERM U830, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; SIREDO Center: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Éléonore Frouin
- Clinical Bioinformatics, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Chicard
- SiRIC RTOP « Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique », Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; INSERM U830, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; SIREDO Center: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Jessica Le Gall
- Department of Genetics, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Camille Benoist
- Clinical Bioinformatics, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Gauthier
- Pathology Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eve Lapouble
- Somatic Genetics Unit, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Claude Houdayer
- INSERM U1245, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Rouen, France
| | - François Radvanyi
- CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Bernard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé J Brisse
- Imaging Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, PSL Research University, Research Center, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Cassoux
- SiRIC RTOP « Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique », Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; SIREDO Center: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre Matet
- Ocular Oncology Service, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aerts
- SIREDO Center: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Victor Renault
- Clinical Bioinformatics, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - François Doz
- SIREDO Center: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Golmard
- Department of Genetics, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM U830, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; SIREDO Center: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gudrun Schleiermacher
- SiRIC RTOP « Recherche Translationelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique », Translational Research Department, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; INSERM U830, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; SIREDO Center: Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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47
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Kim ME, Polski A, Xu L, Prabakar RK, Peng CC, Reid MW, Shah R, Kuhn P, Cobrinik D, Hicks J, Berry JL. Comprehensive Somatic Copy Number Analysis Using Aqueous Humor Liquid Biopsy for Retinoblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133340. [PMID: 34283049 PMCID: PMC8268955 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aqueous humor (AH) liquid biopsy is an enriched source of cell-free circulating tumor-derived DNA for retinoblastoma (RB). The use of this AH liquid biopsy allows for genomic analysis of eyes in the absence of tumor tissue. Development of this platform was critical because direct tumor biopsy is prohibited in RB due to risk of extraocular tumor spread. In this retrospective study, we provide comprehensive, whole-genome analysis of the somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) in 68 eyes of 64 RB patients. We show that the prevalence of specific SCNAs differ between eyes that required immediate enucleation (surgical removal) and eyes that were attempted to be saved but subsequently failed treatment, requiring secondary enucleation. Increases in chromosomal instability, or higher number of broad genomic alterations, predict higher risk clinical and biomarker features in these eyes. Prospective analyses are needed to further determine the clinical relevance and application of these findings. Abstract Aqueous humor (AH) liquid biopsy has been established as a surrogate tumor biopsy for retinoblastoma (RB). Previous AH studies have focused on highly recurrent RB somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) including gain of 1q, 2p, 6p, and loss of 13q and 16q. In this retrospective study, we provide a comprehensive, whole-genome analysis of RB SCNAs and evaluate associated clinical features for 68 eyes of 64 RB patients from whom AH was obtained between December 2014 and October 2020. Shallow whole-genome sequencing of AH cell-free DNA was performed to assess for SCNAs. The prevalence of specific non-highly recurrent SCNAs, such as 20q gain and 8p loss, differed between primarily and secondarily enucleated eyes. Increases in chromosomal instability predict more advanced seeding morphology (p = 0.015); later age of diagnosis (p < 0.0001); greater odds of an endophytic tumor growth pattern (without retinal detachment; p = 0.047); tumor heights >10 mm (p = 0.09); and containing 6p gain, a biomarker of poor ocular prognosis (p = 0.004). The AH liquid biopsy platform is a high-yield method of whole-genome RB SCNA analysis, and SCNAs are associated with numerous clinical findings in RB eyes. Prospective analyses are encouraged to further elucidate the clinical relevance of specific SCNAs in RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Kim
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ashley Polski
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Rishvanth K. Prabakar
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA;
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Mark W. Reid
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Rachana Shah
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA;
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - David Cobrinik
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - James Hicks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-323-442-6335
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Abstract
Retinoblastoma in children and uveal melanoma in adults can pose a serious threat to both vision and life. For many decades, enucleation was often the only option to treat these intraocular malignancies. For retinoblastoma, intra-arterial chemotherapy is often utilized as the primary treatment at advanced academic centers and has dramatically improved local tumor control and eye salvage rates. For uveal melanoma, both plaque brachytherapy and proton beam irradiation have served as widely utilized therapies with a local failure rate of approximately 1–10%, depending on the series. Major recent advancements have allowed for a better understanding of the genomics of uveal melanoma and the impact of certain mutations on metastatic susceptibility. Gene expression profile stratifies uveal melanomas into two classes: low-risk (class 1) and high-risk (class 2). A loss-of-function mutation of BAP1 is associated with a class 2 gene expression profile and therefore confers worse prognosis due to elevated risk of metastasis. On the other hand, gain-of-function mutations of EIF1AX and SF3B1 correspond to a gene expression profile of class 1A and class 1B and confer a better prognosis. Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) is an antigen that increases metastatic susceptibility when expressed in uveal melanoma cells. In addition to plaque brachytherapy and proton beam irradiation, both of which have demonstrated superb clinical outcomes, scientists are actively investigating newer therapeutic modalities as either primary therapy or adjuvant treatment, including a novel nanoparticle therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Schefler
- Retina Consultants of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Blanton Eye Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan S Kim
- Retina Consultants of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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49
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Price EA, Patel R, Scheimberg I, Kotiloglu Karaa E, Sagoo MS, Reddy MA, Onadim Z. MYCN amplification levels in primary retinoblastoma tumors analyzed by Multiple Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:604-611. [PMID: 34003079 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1923038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a childhood tumor of the developing retina where predisposition is caused by RB1 pathogenic variants. MYCN amplification (MYCNA) has been implicated in around 2% of sporadic unilateral Rb tumors with no detectable RB1 variants. We audited data from tumors collected between 1993 and 2019 to determine if this is the case for patients treated at Barts Health NHS Trust, and how often it occurred alongside RB1 variants. Materials and methods: Screening for MYCNA was carried out by Multiple Ligation Probe Analysis of tumor and blood samples collected for RB1 genetic screening. The cohort consisted of 149 tumors, of which 114 had matched blood samples. Results: 10/149 (6.7%) tumors were positive for MYCNA in a population containing a disproportionate number of cases negative for RB1 pathogenic variants. Of 65 unbiased tumors collected from 2014 to 2019, 2 (3.1%) had MYCNA. All MYCNA samples were from sporadic, unilateral patients and 3/10 (30%) had RB1 pathogenic variants. MYCNA was not detected in any blood sample. No MYCNA tumor had 6p gain which is usually a common alteration in Rbs. Conclusions: MYCNA occurs in a small fraction of Rbs and can occur in the presence of pathogenic RB1 variants. However, where it occurs alongside RB1 alterations, the age of onset appears to be later. MYCNA has yet to be seen as a heritable change. In sporadic cases with early diagnosis, Rbs with no RB1 pathogenic variant identified should be tested for MYCNA. Conversely, tumors with MYCNA should still be screened for RB1 pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Price
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Roopal Patel
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mandeep S Sagoo
- Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - M Ashwin Reddy
- Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Zerrin Onadim
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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50
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Berry JL, Munier FL, Gallie BL, Polski A, Shah S, Shields CL, Gombos DS, Ruchalski K, Stathopoulos C, Shah R, Jubran R, Kim JW, Mruthyunjaya P, Marr BP, Wilson MW, Brennan RC, Chantada GL, Chintagumpala MM, Murphree AL. Response criteria for intraocular retinoblastoma: RB-RECIST. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e28964. [PMID: 33624399 PMCID: PMC8049511 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Standardized guidelines for assessing tumor response to therapy are essential for designing and conducting clinical trials. The Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) provide radiological standards for assessment of solid tumors. However, no such guidelines exist for the evaluation of intraocular cancer, and ocular oncology clinical trials have largely relied on indirect measures of therapeutic response-such as progression-free survival-to evaluate the efficacy of treatment agents. Herein, we propose specific criteria for evaluating treatment response of retinoblastoma, the most common pediatric intraocular cancer, and emphasize a multimodal imaging approach for comprehensive assessment of retinoblastoma tumors in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L. Berry
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Francis L. Munier
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brenda L. Gallie
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley Polski
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sona Shah
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol L. Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dan S. Gombos
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathleen Ruchalski
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christina Stathopoulos
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rachana Shah
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rima Jubran
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Kim
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Prithvi Mruthyunjaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford Byers Eye Institute, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Brian P. Marr
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew W. Wilson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rachel C. Brennan
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Guillermo L. Chantada
- Hemato-Oncology Service, Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - A. Linn Murphree
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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