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Drake DM, Afsharian K, Or B, Shapiro AM, Lai ML, Miller L, Wells PG. BRCA1 protein dose-dependent risk for embryonic oxidative DNA damage, embryopathies and neurodevelopmental disorders with and without ethanol exposure. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103070. [PMID: 38359745 PMCID: PMC10877410 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Although widely known as a tumor suppressor, the breast cancer 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) is also important in development, where it regulates fetal DNA repair pathways that protect against DNA damage caused by physiological and drug-enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously showed that conditional heterozygous (+/-) knockout (cKO) mouse embryos with a minor 28% BRCA1 deficiency developed normally in culture, but when exposed to the ROS-initiating drug, alcohol (ethanol, EtOH), exhibited embryopathies not evident in wild-type (+/+) littermates. Herein, we characterized a directBrca1 +/- knockout (KO) model with a 2-fold greater (58%) reduction in BRCA1 protein vs. the cKO model. We also characterized and compared learning & memory deficits in both the cKO and KO models. Even saline-exposed Brca1 +/- vs. +/+ KO progeny exhibited enhanced oxidative DNA damage and embryopathies in embryo culture and learning & memory deficits in females in vivo, which were not observed in the cKO model, revealing the potential pathogenicity of physiological ROS levels. The embryopathic EtOH concentration for cultured direct KO embryos was half that for cKO embryos, and EtOH affected Brca1 +/+ embryos only in the direct KO model. The spectrum and severity of EtOH embryopathies in culture were greater in both Brca1 +/- vs. +/+ embryos, and direct KO vs. cKO +/- embryos. Motor coordination deficits were evident in both male and female Brca1 +/- KO progeny exposed in utero to EtOH. The results in our direct KO model with a greater BRCA1 deficiency vs. cKO mice provide the first evidence for BRCA1 protein dose-dependent susceptibility to developmental disorders caused by physiological and drug-enhanced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Drake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kian Afsharian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Or
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron M Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle L Lai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lutfiya Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter G Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Centre for Pharmaceutical Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Di Fusco SA, Spinelli A, Castello L, Marino G, Maraschi I, Gulizia MM, Gabrielli D, Colivicchi F. Do Pathophysiologic Mechanisms Linking Unhealthy Lifestyle to Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Imply Shared Preventive Measures? - A Critical Narrative Review. Circ J 2024; 88:189-197. [PMID: 34544961 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-21-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown a bidirectional link between the cardiologic and oncologic fields. Several investigations support the role of unhealthy behaviors as pathogenic factors of both cardiovascular disease and cancer. We report epidemiological and research findings on the pathophysiological mechanisms linking unhealthy lifestyle to cardiovascular disease and cancer. For each unhealthy behavior, we also discuss the role of preventive measures able to affect both cardiovascular disease and cancer occurrence and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenzo Castello
- Clinical and Rehabilitation Cardiology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital
| | - Gaetano Marino
- Clinical and Rehabilitation Cardiology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital
| | - Ilaria Maraschi
- Clinical and Rehabilitation Cardiology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital
| | | | | | - Furio Colivicchi
- Clinical and Rehabilitation Cardiology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital
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3
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Chen J, Yang K, Qiu Y, Lai W, Qi S, Wang G, Chen L, Li K, Zhou D, Liu Q, Tang L, Liu X, Du X, Guo R, Ma J. Genetic associations of leisure sedentary behaviors and the risk of 15 site-specific cancers: A Mendelian randomization study. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37148539 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leisure sedentary behavior (LSB) is associated with the risk of cancer, but the causal relationship between them has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to assess the potential causal association between LSB and risk of 15 site-specific cancers. METHODS The causal association between LSB and cancer were assessed with univariate Mendelian randomization (UVMR) and multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR). 194 SNPs associated with LSB (from the UK Biobank 408,815 individuals) were adopted as the instrument variables. Sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure the robustness of the results. RESULTS UVMR analysis revealed that television watching significantly increased the risk of endometrial cancer (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.02-1.64, p = 0.04) (mainly the endometrioid histology [OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.02-1.60, p = 0.031]),breast cancer (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04-1.30, p = 0.007) (both ER+ breast cancer [OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.03-1.33, p = 0.015], and ER- breast cancer [OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.26-1.89, p = 2.23 × 10-5 ]). Although causal association was not found between television watching and ovarian cancer, it was seen in low grade and low malignant potential serous ovarian cancer (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.07-2.08, p = 0.018). However, significant results were not obtained in the UVMR analysis between driving, computer use and the 15 types of cancer. Further MVMR analysis indicated that the above results are independent from most metabolic factors and dietary habits, but mediated by educational attainment. CONCLUSION LSB in form of television watching has independent causal association with the risk of endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kaibin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Youyu Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunan, China
| | - Weijie Lai
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sifan Qi
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gaoyuan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Linglong Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Bucy AM, Valencia CI, Howe CL, Larkin TJ, Conard KD, Anderlik EW, Valdivi SI, Bea JW. Physical Activity in Young BRCA Carriers and Reduced Risk of Breast Cancer. Am J Prev Med 2022; 63:837-845. [PMID: 35738959 PMCID: PMC9900869 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A systematic literature review was conducted to determine whether physical activity levels during adolescent and young adult years were associated with a reduced lifetime risk of breast cancer among carriers of deleterious mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. METHODS Ovid/MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, WOS, and CINAHL were searched for articles including information about adolescent and young adult physical activity and breast cancer incidence among women carrying deleterious BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations (search was initiated in October 2019; last update and full analyses were in March 2021). Independent reviewers screened articles at the title/abstract and full-text levels, resolving differences by consensus with lead authors. The NIH Quality Assessment Tools were used to assess sources of bias. RESULTS A total of 1,957 unique articles were identified; 5 met inclusion criteria. Samples size ranged from 68 to 1,185. All studies relied on self-reported adolescent and young adult physical activity. One study measured sports involvement; the others measured recreational activity. One large study was null, whereas 4 others showed a reduction in breast cancer incidence later in life with higher adolescent and young adult physical activity (p≤0.05). However, the protection was limited to premenopausal breast cancer in 1 of the studies (OR=0.62; 95% CI=0.40, 0.96; p-trend=0.01). In addition, adolescent and young adult physical activity was associated with older age at breast cancer diagnosis in 1 study (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS A limited number of studies suggest that adolescent and young adult physical activity may reduce or delay the risk of breast cancer incidence among carriers of deleterious mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Bucy
- Mary Bridge Children's Hospital, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Celina I Valencia
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine Tucson, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Carol L Howe
- Health Sciences Library, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tyler J Larkin
- Department of Counseling & Educational Psychology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kelly D Conard
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine Tucson, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Sarah I Valdivi
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - Jennifer W Bea
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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5
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Bhat M, Pasini E, Pastrello C, Angeli M, Baciu C, Abovsky M, Coffee A, Adeyi O, Kotlyar M, Jurisica I. Estrogen Receptor 1 Inhibition of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Contributes to Sex Differences in Hepatocarcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:777834. [PMID: 34881186 PMCID: PMC8645636 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.777834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a sexually dimorphic cancer, with female sex being independently protective against HCC incidence and progression. The aim of our study was to understand the mechanism of estrogen receptor signaling in driving sex differences in hepatocarcinogenesis. Methods We integrated 1,268 HCC patient sample profiles from publicly available gene expression data to identify the most differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We mapped DEGs into a physical protein interaction network and performed network topology analysis to identify the most important proteins. Experimental validation was performed in vitro on HCC cell lines, in and in vivo, using HCC mouse model. Results We showed that the most central protein, ESR1, is HCC prognostic, as increased ESR1 expression was protective for overall survival, with HR=0.45 (95%CI 0.32-0.64, p=4.4E-06), and was more pronounced in women. Transfection of HCC cell lines with ESR1 and exposure to estradiol affected expression of genes involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. ER-α (protein product of ESR1) agonist treatment in a mouse model of HCC resulted in significantly longer survival and decreased tumor burden (p<0.0001), with inhibition of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling. In vitro experiments confirmed colocalization of β-catenin with ER-α, leading to inhibition of β-catenin-mediated transcription of target genes c-Myc and Cyclin D1. Conclusion Combined, the centrality of ESR1 and its inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis provide a biological rationale for protection against HCC incidence and progression in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Bhat
- Ajmera Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elisa Pasini
- Ajmera Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Angeli
- Ajmera Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cristina Baciu
- Ajmera Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Abovsky
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angella Coffee
- Department of Pathology and University of Minnesota Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Department of Pathology and University of Minnesota Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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6
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Boerema ST, van Velsen L, Vollenbroek MM, Hermens HJ. Pattern measures of sedentary behaviour in adults: A literature review. Digit Health 2020; 6:2055207620905418. [PMID: 32095261 PMCID: PMC7013117 DOI: 10.1177/2055207620905418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective With sensors, we are increasingly able to assess sitting behaviour during the day. However, there is no consensus among researchers on the best outcome measures for representing the accumulation of sedentary time during the day. Methods We analysed the pattern measures of sedentary behaviour. Articles reporting patterns measures in adults, in which behaviour data was collected with a sensor were included. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the pattern measures of sedentary behaviour and provide recommendations for choosing objective measures of sedentary behaviour. Results Most studies report the number of sitting bouts during the day. Others focus on the number of breaks and/or periods of physical activity. Simple measures of sedentary behaviour were most popular. More complex pattern measures, such as the Gini index or the half-life bout duration, that capture the distribution of lengths of sitting periods in a single number, were reported sparsely. The sedentary patterns that were reported in the various studies were difficult to compare, due to the differences among measurement devices, data analysis protocols and a lack of basic outcome parameters such as total wear-time and total sedentary time. Conclusions Objective sedentary measures can be grouped into simple and complex measures of sedentary time accumulation during the day. These measures serve different goals. The answer to the question as to which measures are most suitable to report, is strongly dependent on the research question. We have shown that the reported measures were dependent on (a) the sensing method, (b) the classification method, (c) the experimental and data cleaning protocol and (d) the applied definitions of bouts and breaks. We recommend that studies should always report total wear-time, total sedentary time, number of bouts and at least one measure describing the diversity of bout lengths in the sedentary behaviour such as the half-life bout duration. Additionally, we recommend reporting the measurement conditions and data processing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone T Boerema
- Biomedical Signals and Systems Group, University of Twente, The Netherlands.,eHealth Group, Roessingh Research and Development, The Netherlands
| | - Lex van Velsen
- Biomedical Signals and Systems Group, University of Twente, The Netherlands.,eHealth Group, Roessingh Research and Development, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hermie J Hermens
- Biomedical Signals and Systems Group, University of Twente, The Netherlands.,eHealth Group, Roessingh Research and Development, The Netherlands
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7
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Vardy J, Kay S, Turner J, van der Ploeg HP. Does as Little as Two Hours a Day of Television Viewing Increase the Risk of Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer? JNCI Cancer Spectr 2019; 2:pky074. [PMID: 31360887 PMCID: PMC6649815 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pky074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Vardy
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.,Concord Cancer Centre, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Medical Psychology and Evidence-Based Decision-Making, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - S Kay
- Centre for Medical Psychology and Evidence-Based Decision-Making, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - J Turner
- Concord Cancer Centre, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Medical Psychology and Evidence-Based Decision-Making, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - H P van der Ploeg
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Australia
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8
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Lammert J, Grill S, Kiechle M. Modifiable Lifestyle Factors: Opportunities for (Hereditary) Breast Cancer Prevention - a Narrative Review. Breast Care (Basel) 2018; 13:109-114. [PMID: 29887787 DOI: 10.1159/000488995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing rates of obesity, lack of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and frequent alcohol consumption are major lifestyle-related risk factors for breast cancer. In fact, it has been estimated that about one-third of breast cancer cases are attributable to factors women can change. Most research has focused on examining the impact of one single exposure on breast cancer risk while adjusting for other risk modifiers. Capitalizing on big data, major efforts have been made to evaluate the combined impact of well-established lifestyle factors on overall breast cancer risk. At the individual level, data indicate that even simple behavior modifications could have a considerable impact on breast cancer prevention. Moreover, there is emerging new evidence that adopting a healthy lifestyle may be particularly relevant for women with hereditary susceptibility to breast cancer. On the absolute risk scale, studies suggest that the presence of certain risk factors, such as excessive body weight, had a substantially higher impact on breast cancer risk if women had a hereditary predisposition to cancer. The existing body of knowledge gives the medical professionals guidance as to which factors to focus on when counseling patients. However, well-designed randomized controlled trials utilizing objective methods are crucial to providing concrete recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Lammert
- Department of Gynecology and Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Grill
- Department of Gynecology and Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Department of Gynecology and Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
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9
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Ukawa S, Tamakoshi A, Mori M, Ikehara S, Shirakawa T, Yatsuya H, Iso H. Association between average daily television viewing time and the incidence of ovarian cancer: findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Cancer Causes Control 2018; 29:213-219. [PMID: 29340890 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-018-1001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Seventy-five percent of epidemiological studies have reported that sedentary behavior is associated with ovarian cancer incidence. Although Japan has one of the most sedentary populations, with median sitting times of 7 h/day, this association has not been investigated. This study aimed to elucidate the association between average daily television (TV) viewing time, which is a major sedentary behavior, and the incidence of ovarian cancer in a large-scale nationwide cohort study in Japan. METHODS A total of 34,758 female participants aged 40-79 years without a history of cancer at baseline were included in the study. The inverse probability weighted competing risk model was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the incidence of ovarian cancer. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 19.4 years, 59 participants developed ovarian cancer (ICD-10: C56), 2,706 participants developed other types of cancer, and 4,318 participants died. Participants who watched TV for ≥ 5 h/day were more likely to develop ovarian cancer than those who watched TV for < 2 h/day (HR 2.15; 95% CI 1.54-2.99). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that reducing the amount of time spent sedentarily may be beneficial for preventing ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Ukawa
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Akiko Tamakoshi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Mori
- Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoyo Ikehara
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Shirakawa
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuya
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iso
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Kerr J, Anderson C, Lippman SM. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:e457-e471. [PMID: 28759385 PMCID: PMC10441558 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lifestyle factors of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and diet are increasingly being studied for their associations with cancer. Physical activity is inversely associated with and sedentary behaviour is positively (and independently) associated with an increased risk of more than ten types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (and advanced adenomas), endometrial cancers, and breast cancer. The most consistent dietary risk factor for premalignant and invasive breast cancer is alcohol, whether consumed during early or late adult life, even at low levels. Epidemiological studies show that the inclusion of wholegrain, fibre, fruits, and vegetables within diets are associated with reduced cancer risk, with diet during early life (age <8 years) having the strongest apparent association with cancer incidence. However, randomised controlled trials of diet-related factors have not yet shown any conclusive associations between diet and cancer incidence. Obesity is a key contributory factor associated with cancer risk and mortality, including in dose-response associations in endometrial and post-menopausal breast cancer, and in degree and duration of fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Obesity produces an inflammatory state, characterised by macrophages clustered around enlarged hypertrophied, dead, and dying adipocytes, forming crown-like structures. Increased concentrations of aromatase and interleukin 6 in inflamed breast tissue and an increased number of macrophages, compared with healthy tissue, are also observed in women with normal body mass index, suggesting a metabolic obesity state. Emerging randomised controlled trials of physical activity and dietary factors and mechanistic studies of immunity, inflammation, extracellular matrix mechanics, epigenetic or transcriptional regulation, protein translation, circadian disruption, and interactions of the multibiome with lifestyle factors will be crucial to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kerr
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl Anderson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
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11
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Spira A, Yurgelun MB, Alexandrov L, Rao A, Bejar R, Polyak K, Giannakis M, Shilatifard A, Finn OJ, Dhodapkar M, Kay NE, Braggio E, Vilar E, Mazzilli SA, Rebbeck TR, Garber JE, Velculescu VE, Disis ML, Wallace DC, Lippman SM. Precancer Atlas to Drive Precision Prevention Trials. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1510-1541. [PMID: 28373404 PMCID: PMC6681830 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer development is a complex process driven by inherited and acquired molecular and cellular alterations. Prevention is the holy grail of cancer elimination, but making this a reality will take a fundamental rethinking and deep understanding of premalignant biology. In this Perspective, we propose a national concerted effort to create a Precancer Atlas (PCA), integrating multi-omics and immunity - basic tenets of the neoplastic process. The biology of neoplasia caused by germline mutations has led to paradigm-changing precision prevention efforts, including: tumor testing for mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency in Lynch syndrome establishing a new paradigm, combinatorial chemoprevention efficacy in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), signal of benefit from imaging-based early detection research in high-germline risk for pancreatic neoplasia, elucidating early ontogeny in BRCA1-mutation carriers leading to an international breast cancer prevention trial, and insights into the intricate germline-somatic-immunity interaction landscape. Emerging genetic and pharmacologic (metformin) disruption of mitochondrial (mt) respiration increased autophagy to prevent cancer in a Li-Fraumeni mouse model (biology reproduced in clinical pilot) and revealed profound influences of subtle changes in mt DNA background variation on obesity, aging, and cancer risk. The elaborate communication between the immune system and neoplasia includes an increasingly complex cellular microenvironment and dynamic interactions between host genetics, environmental factors, and microbes in shaping the immune response. Cancer vaccines are in early murine and clinical precancer studies, building on the recent successes of immunotherapy and HPV vaccine immune prevention. Molecular monitoring in Barrett's esophagus to avoid overdiagnosis/treatment highlights an important PCA theme. Next generation sequencing (NGS) discovered age-related clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Ultra-deep NGS reports over the past year have redefined the premalignant landscape remarkably identifying tiny clones in the blood of up to 95% of women in their 50s, suggesting that potentially premalignant clones are ubiquitous. Similar data from eyelid skin and peritoneal and uterine lavage fluid provide unprecedented opportunities to dissect the earliest phases of stem/progenitor clonal (and microenvironment) evolution/diversity with new single-cell and liquid biopsy technologies. Cancer mutational signatures reflect exogenous or endogenous processes imprinted over time in precursors. Accelerating the prevention of cancer will require a large-scale, longitudinal effort, leveraging diverse disciplines (from genetics, biochemistry, and immunology to mathematics, computational biology, and engineering), initiatives, technologies, and models in developing an integrated multi-omics and immunity PCA - an immense national resource to interrogate, target, and intercept events that drive oncogenesis. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1510-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrum Spira
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew B Yurgelun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ludmil Alexandrov
- Theoretical Division, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Rafael Bejar
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madhav Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neil E Kay
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Esteban Braggio
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah A Mazzilli
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Judy E Garber
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary L Disis
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) replacement in GH deficient (GHD) children secures normal linear growth, while in GHD adults it improves metabolic status, body composition and quality of life. Safety of GH treatment is an important issue in particular concerning the controversy of potential cancer risk. Unlike in congenital IGF-1 deficiency, there is no complete protection against cancer in GHD patients. Important modifiable risk factors in GHD patients are obesity, insulin resistance, sedentary behavior, circadian rhythm disruption, chronic low grade inflammation and concomitant sex hormone replacement. Age, family history, hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes or cranial irradiation may present non-modifiable risk factors. Quantifying the risk of cancer in relation to GH therapy in adult GHD patients is complex. There is evidence that links GH to cancer occurrence or promotion, but the evidence is progressively weaker when moving from in vitro studies to in vivo animal studies to epidemiological studies and finally to studies on GH treated patients. GH-IGF inhibition in experimental animals leads to decreased cancer incidence and progression. Epidemiological studies suggest an association of high normal circulating IGF-1 or GH to cancer incidence in general population. Data regarding cancer incidence in acromegaly are inconsistent but thyroid and colorectal neoplasias are the main source of concern. Replacement therapy with rhGH for GHD is generally safe. Overall the rate of de novo cancers was not increased in studies of GH-treated GHD patients. Additional caution is mandated in patients with history of cancer, strong family history of cancer and with advancing age. Childhood cancer survivors may be at increased risk for secondary neoplasms compared with general population. In this subgroup GH therapy should be used cautiously and with respect to other risk factors (cranial irradiation etc). We believe that the benefits of GH therapy against the morbidity of untreated GH deficiency outweigh the theoretical cancer risk. Proper monitoring of GH treatment with diligent cancer surveillance remains essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pekic
- University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Stojanovic
- University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Popovic
- University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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13
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Chehade R, Pettapiece-Phillips R, Salmena L, Kotlyar M, Jurisica I, Narod SA, Akbari MR, Kotsopoulos J. Reduced BRCA1 transcript levels in freshly isolated blood leukocytes from BRCA1 mutation carriers is mutation specific. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:87. [PMID: 27534398 PMCID: PMC4989508 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BRCA1 mutation carriers face a high lifetime risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer. Haploinsufficiency is thought to predispose these women to cancer by reducing the pool of available BRCA1 transcript and protein, thereby compromising BRCA1 function. Whether or not cancer-free BRCA1 mutation carriers have lower messenger (m)RNA transcript levels in peripheral blood leukocytes has not been evaluated. The primary aim of this study was to characterize an association between BRCA1 mutation status and BRCA1 mRNA leukocyte expression levels among healthy women with a BRCA1 mutation. Method RNA was extracted from freshly isolated peripheral blood leukocytes of 58 cancer-free, female participants (22 BRCA1 mutation carriers and 36 non-carriers). The expression levels of 236 cancer-associated genes, including BRCA1, were quantified using the Human Cancer Reference gene panel from the Nanostring Technologies nCounter Analysis System. Results Multivariate modeling demonstrated that carrying a BRCA1 mutation was the most significant predictor of BRCA1 mRNA levels. BRCA1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in BRCA1 mutation carriers compared to non-carriers (146.7 counts vs. 175.1 counts; P = 0.002). Samples with BRCA1 mutations within exon 11 had lower BRCA1 mRNA levels than samples with mutations within the 5′ and 3′ regions of the BRCA1 gene (122.1 counts vs. 138.9 and 168.6 counts, respectively; P = 0.003). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of gene expression profiles from freshly isolated blood leukocytes revealed that BRCA1 mutation carriers cluster more closely with other BRCA1 mutation carriers than with BRCA1 wild-type samples. Moreover, a set of 17 genes (including BRCA1) previously shown to be involved in carcinogenesis, were differentially expressed between BRCA1 mutation carriers and non-carriers. Conclusion Overall, these findings support the concept of BRCA1 haploinsufficiency wherein a specific mutation results in dosage-dependent alteration of BRCA1 at the transcriptional level. This study is the first to show a decrease in BRCA1 mRNA expression in freshly isolated blood leukocytes from healthy, unaffected BRCA1 mutation carriers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0739-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Chehade
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 2J2.00 WC Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachael Pettapiece-Phillips
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Room 316, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leonardo Salmena
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven A Narod
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Room 316, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street Health Science Building, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad R Akbari
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street Health Science Building, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joanne Kotsopoulos
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Room 316, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street Health Science Building, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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